“Olive” this Diet and So Will You: Exploring the Mediterranean Diet

Ellen Hashiguchi

Overview Characteristics of the American Diet

Trends in the American Diet

The Health Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet

The Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease in the U.S.

Characteristics of the American Diet Data from WWEIA and the 2003– 2004 and

2005–2006 NHANES Data:

Average Daily Caloric Intake: 2,176 kcal/day.

Top Five food sources of daily caloric intake: cake, cookies, quick bread, pastry, and pie (7.2%) yeast breads and rolls(7.1%) soft drinks (5.4%) beef (4.7%) crackers, pretzels, chips (4.7%)

Huth P, Nutrition Journal, 2013

Characteristics of the American Diet WWEIA & NHANES 2003-2004 & 2005- 2006:

Average intake of added sugars >2 years old 83.9 g/day

The top 3 sources of saturated fatty acids(cheese, beef, and milk) contribute more than 40% of the vitamin B12, almost half of the vitamin D and calcium intake

“Nutrients of Concern” Potassium, Dietary Fiber, Calcium, and Vitamin D

Huth P, Nutrition Journal, 2013

Trends in the American Diet 1970 – 2000: Caloric intake increased by 24.5% (530

calories) Refined Grains: 9.5%

Added fats and oils: 9.0%

Added sugars: 4.7%

Ogden C, CDC, 2011

The Mediterranean Diet Based on the traditional eating habits of

the countries that border the Mediterranean Sea

Ancient Mediterranean diet focused on the 7 biblical species—wheat, barley, grapes, figs, pomegranates, olives, and date honey

Yang J, Plos One, 2014

The Mediterranean Diet Characterized by high consumption of:

Olive oil: Monounsaturated Fat Fruits: Vitamins, Minerals, Fiber Vegetables: Vitamins, Minerals, Fiber Non-refined breads and cereals Legumes: Soluble Fiber Nuts: Unsaturated Fats Fish: omega-3 fatty acids Wine: Resveratrol

Cardiovascular Disease The leading cause of death in the United

States Responsible for 1 in every 3 deaths

Stroke is the #1 cause of long-term disability

CVD treatment costs $312.6 billion/year

Gwynne M, Journal Of Family Practice, 2013

Cardiovascular Disease Modifiable Risk Factors:

Hypertension Tobacco use Diabetes Mellitus Physical inactivity Unhealthy diet

The AHA reports diet is responsible for13% of CVD deaths

Cholesterol/lipids Overweight and obesity

www.world-heart-federation.org/

The Mediterranean Diet and Cardiovascular Disease The Seven Countries Study:

Farmers of Crete followed a high-fat diet but had the lowest cardiovascular mortality rate

Meta-analysis have shown that consumption of marine omega-3s decrease the risk of major cardiovascular (CV) events, such as myocardial infarction (MI), sudden cardiac death (SCD), coronary heart disease (CHD)

Lavie C, Journal Of The American College Of Cardiology , 2009

The Mediterranean Diet and Cardiovascular Disease METHODS: A cross-sectional cohort study of 780

male firefighters, ages 18 years or older, from 11 fire departments in two Midwestern states.

RESULTS: Inverse relationship between Mediterranean Diet and MetS, LDL cholesterol and weight gain. metabolic syndrome score ↓ LDL-cholesterol ↓ Weight gain ↓ HDL-cholesterol ↑

Yang J, Plos One, 2014

Mediterranean Diet vs Low-Fat Diet METHODS: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

compared the Mediterranean Diet with low-fat diets (<30% fat) in overweight/obese participants.

RESULTS: CVD risk factors and vascular inflammatory markers improved more favorably among individuals following the Mediterranean diet than the Low-Fat. Body weight ↓ BMI ↓ Waist circumference ↓ Total cholesterol ↓ C-reactive protein ↓

P-value <.001

Nordmann A, American Journal of Medicine, 2011

Resources

Mediterranean Diet Shopping List

http://oldwayspt.org

Resources Mediterranean Food Pyramid

www.mediterraneanharvest.com

Resources Eat Seasonally

http://www.farmersmarketonline.com/fm/Illinois.htm

Let’s Make a ChangeAMERICAN

MEDITERRANEAN

References: 1. Huth P, Fulgoni III V, Keast D, Park K, Auestad N. Major food sources of calories, added

sugars, and saturated fat and their contribution to essential nutrient intakes in the U.S. diet: data from the national health and nutrition examination survey (2003-2006).Nutrition Journal [serial online]. September 2013;12(1):1-10. 

2. Odegaard A, Koh W, Yuan J, Gross M, Pereira M. Western-Style Fast Food Intake and Cardiometabolic Risk in an Eastern Country.Circulation [serial online]. July 10, 2012;126(2):182-188.

3. Berry E, Arnoni Y, Aviram M. The Middle Eastern and biblical origins of the Mediterranean diet. Public Health Nutrition [serial online]. December 2011;14(12A):2288-2295.

4. Yang J, Farioli A, Korre M, Kales S. Modified Mediterranean Diet Score and Cardiovascular Risk in a North American Working Population. Plos ONE [serial online]. February 2014;9(2):1-9. 

5. Widmer R, Flammer A, Lerman L, Lerman A. The Mediterranean Diet, its Components, and Cardiovascular Disease. American Journal Of Medicine [serial online]. March 2015;128(3):229-238.

6. Lavie C, Milani R, Mehra M, Ventura H. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Diseases. Journal Of The American College Of Cardiology (JACC) [serial online]. August 11, 2009;54(7):585-594.

7. Gwynne M, Mounsey A, Ewigman B, Stevermer J. Mediterranean diet: Higher fat but lower risk. Journal Of Family Practice [serial online]. December 2013;62(12):745-748. 

8. Nordmann A, Suter-Zimmermann K, Briel M, et al. Meta-Analysis Comparing Mediterranean to Low-Fat Diets for Modification of Cardiovascular Risk Factors. American Journal Of Medicine [serial online]. September 2011;124(9):841-851.e2