mediterranean marine environmental awareness course exchange of ballast water at sea and onboard...
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Mediterranean Marine Environmental Awareness Course
Exchange of Ballast Water at Sea and Onboard Treatment
Mediterranean Marine Environmental Awareness Course
Contents
The environmental problem
Ballast water exchange
The transition to ballast water treatment onboard
Systems’ installation criteria
Current technologies
Mediterranean Marine Environmental Awareness Course
Ballast water is important for a vessel’s stability and her structural integrity in the ballasted condition
Mediterranean Marine Environmental Awareness Course
The scale of the problem
Source: UNEP/GRID-Arendal Maps and Graphics Library
The problem of marine invasive species is nothing new. For hundreds of years, species have traveled around the world through international shipping via ballast water and bio-fouling and in other ways having the same effect such as aquaculture and canals.
Mediterranean Marine Environmental Awareness Course
Dinoflagellate Gymnodium catenatumDinoflagellate Gymnodium catenatum
Asterias AmurensisAsterias Amurensis
Mnemiopsis leidyiMnemiopsis leidyiVibrio CholeraeVibrio Cholerae
Dreissena Dreissena PolymorphaPolymorpha
Round GobyRound Goby
The scale of the problem
Mediterranean Marine Environmental Awareness Course Source: ISSG
Zebra Mussel was introduced in lake St. Claire in 1991 and within 10 years has been expanded to all Great Lakes of the United States.
Mediterranean Marine Environmental Awareness Course
In February 2004, the International Maritime Organization adopted the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments aiming to prevent and minimize the risks to the environment, to human health, property and resources caused by the transfer of marine invasive species
Mediterranean Marine Environmental Awareness Course
• Exchange Standard: D-1Exchange Standard: D-1
• Sequential method with at least 95% volumetric exchange
• Flow-through method with at least three times volumetric exchange
Performance Standard: D-2Performance Standard: D-2
• Number of viable organismsof a certain size …
• Less than 10 viable organisms per 1 m³ greater than 50m
• Less than 10 viable organisms per1 ml smaller than 50m and greater than 10m
• Limited number of indicator microbes 1 CFU Vibrio cholera per 100 ml 250 CFU eschericia coli per 100 ml 100 CFU enterocci per 100 ml
BWM Standards
Mediterranean Marine Environmental Awareness Course
Ballast Water Exchange
Ballast Water Exchange should be undertaken:
• at least 200 nm from the nearest land and in water at least 200 m in depth, or if not possible
• at 50 nm and 200 m depth, or if not possible
• in areas designated by the Port State
• Neither deviation nor delay of the ship shall be required and exchange should only be undertaken when safety of the ship is guaranteed
Mediterranean Marine Environmental Awareness Course
Plans & Documents on Board
Each ship shall have on board a:
Ballast Water Management Plan (approved)
Ballast Water Record Book
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Sequential method
Flow-through method
Initial quantity of ballast
Empty tank Insert new ballast
Initial quantity of ballast
1st exchange 2nd exchange 3rd exchange
BW Exchange Methods
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How effective is ballast water exchange?
The need for prompt action and control of the introduction of unwanted marine species, required the maritime industry to adopt Ballast water exchange methods without any previous efficiency tests.
Studies of exchange method’s efficiency with the help of pigments has shown that, a small percentage of these organisms remain at ballast tanks, which under certain circumstances may survive.
Mediterranean Marine Environmental Awareness Course
• Some vessels accumulate tonnes of sediments that contain their own living organisms.
• Great concern is the transfer of phytoplankton cysts in sediments from ships: 65% out of 343 ships inspected in Australia were found with these sediments.
• BWE may provide additional oxygen and food to organisms that remain in the ballast tank.
• It is considered to be more effective when there is a big difference in salinity.
• MEPC 46/3 2000: ΙΜΟ characterize BW Exchange as a temporary measure and brings forward ballast water treatment as an alternative solution to the problem, a solution possibly more effective and safe.
Sediment accumulation in a double botton Sediment accumulation in a double botton tanktank
How effective is ballast water exchange?
Mediterranean Marine Environmental Awareness Course
In the period of 1996 – 1997 surveys have been conducted on container ships that travelled from Oakland, California, Kobe and Yokohama in Japan, with final destination in Hong Kong, a trip that lasted 16 days.
On average, the abundance of harmful plant organisms measured on board at the port of destination after ballast exchange was reduced by 87% compared with the ships that arrived with the original ballast (from 4235 to 550 organisms per liter ballast).
How effective is ballast water exchange?
Mediterranean Marine Environmental Awareness Course
Ballast water management timetable
Res. A.1005 (25Res. A.1005 (25)
Ratification status: 33 countries and 26,46% of world tonnage (per March 2012. Requested: 30/35)
Mediterranean Marine Environmental Awareness Course
An example of a process cycle with a) treatment upon ballasting and b) neutralization of treated ballast water upon de- ballasting
Onboard ballast water treatment
Mediterranean Marine Environmental Awareness Course
Installation criteria of a ballast water treatment system
Mediterranean Marine Environmental Awareness Course
Current Technologies
FiltrationFiltration
Environmentally friendly treatment technique of ballast water.
1st phase of many treatment systems in order to retain the larger organisms and solid particles.
Mediterranean Marine Environmental Awareness Course
HydrocyclonesHydrocyclones
Separate solid particles from water using centrifugal forces. Effective for organisms > 50 micrometers.
Current Technologies
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Ultraviolet radiationUltraviolet radiation
Affixed to the outer membrane of organisms and destroys the cell structure. The effectiveness of this method depends on the turbidity of the ballast and the arrangement of UV radiation tubes.
Current Technologies
Mediterranean Marine Environmental Awareness Course
Addition of stored chemicalsAddition of stored chemicals
They are dosed to ballast water to kill organisms (chlorine gas, They are dosed to ballast water to kill organisms (chlorine gas, chlorine dioxide, sodium hypochlorite and ozone).chlorine dioxide, sodium hypochlorite and ozone).
Current Technologies
Mediterranean Marine Environmental Awareness Course
DeoxygenationDeoxygenation
Remove the dissolved oxygen in the ballast and replaces it with inert gas, usually nitrogen. Eliminates the aerobic bacteria and helps prevent corrosion of the tanks.
Current Technologies
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CavitationCavitation
With the help of hydrodynamic forces or ultrasonic waves the cell walls are effectively destroyed.
Current Technologies
Mediterranean Marine Environmental Awareness Course
Electrolytic ChlorinationElectrolytic Chlorination
Electric current is applied directly to the ballast in electrolytic cells, producing chlorine as the major active substance and other chemical compounds.
Current Technologies
Mediterranean Marine Environmental Awareness Course
Number of approved ballast water treatment systems
About 2/3 of all technologies make use of active substances
Around. 20 type approved systems are currently available (forecast end of 2012: > 30)
Mediterranean Marine Environmental Awareness Course
Estimated number of vessels which need to be fitted with BW treatment systems in the near future
Mediterranean Marine Environmental Awareness Course
Thank you for your attention!
Questions