. ,:.:.-:.\ _.delivered ..,.,supportofallcolonial10' tmovementsagainstImperialil'im ' '.In' the -followingchapter,on"The' Road theDictatorshipoftheProletariat, "wegetatpage35areferencetothe needforutilisinganywarcrisisandfor"discrediting,exposinganddestroy-ingthepoliticalinfluenceofthesO,cial-democracyandoftheyellowTrade Union bureaucrats.".15 o. P. 93.We comenow to the period from,1924to1928,and it is the prosecution case from 'he Fifththat during thisperiod there wasamarkedefforton the part oftheCommunist CongressOnward. Party of Great Britain(to which Ihavesofar made little allusion)to carry out the policy of th(lCommunist International in India, prescribed for it as mentioned earlier.20 ThefirstdocumentonwhichtheProsecutionhas'baseditscasehereis P. 2582,"Bolshevising theCommunist International ", which purports to be the reportoftheEnlargedExecutiveoftheCommunistInternational,March21st .toApril14th,1925.ThisbookwastenderedbytheProsecutionattheendof the evidenceasabookofreference.Oneof theaccusedobjectedthat it should25 have beentenderedbefore .and that there wasacopy in oneof thesearches, and furthersearchshowsthatthisbookwasfoundin thesearchofoneBegarhotta, formerlyamemberandJointSecretaryoftheCommunistParty ofIndiaand appearsasitem141intherelevantsearch-list,P.779.It wasnothowever noticedat thetimewhenevidencewasbeinggivenastothatsearch,or indeed' 30 untilmuchlater.Itappearstobeabookproperlyadmissibleasabookof }'eferenceillconnectionwiththehistoryoftheCommunistInternational(ct. Section 57,Indian Evidence Act).Secondly it appears to methat the presump-tion whicharisesunderSection87oftheEvidence Actmayalsoreasonablybe drawn.Thebook purports tobepublished fortheCommunist International by35 theCommunistParty of Great Britain, 16,King Street,CoventGarden,W.C. 2 and thecontentsaresuchaswewouldexpectsuchareporttocontain.Ipro-pose therefore to accept it as atrue account of the proceedings of this Conference. (It willberememberedthat Ihavealreadyreferredtoit inconnectioriwith .ComradeGallacher'sremarksaboutnothavinganysentimentalbeliefinthe40 freedomofpeoples).Thefollowingitemsofinterest,whichappearfromthis report,havebeenreferredtobytheProsecution :--,-First,onpage5,thereis O.P. H.alistofmemberselectedtothePresidium;oneoftheseisRoyfor" The Orient"..A.gainon page 15, we findalist of the members elected to the Colonial Commissionand undertheheadofIndiathenameofRoy.Royisalsonoted45 as the Secretary of this Commission.. On page 125 at the end of the' report of the EveningSessionon April4th,wefindashortspeechbyComradeRoy(India) reported.Idonotthinkit isworthquotingatlengthandit willbesufficient to notethat heexpressesaconfident hope that I' therevolutionary forces of the colonial andsemi-colonialcountrieswillbebroughtwithintheactiveranksof50 revolutionaryforcesbeingorganisedunder the banner of theCommunistInter-national".Atpage136wefindthattheColonialCommissionsubmittedfour resolutionswhichwereunanimouslyadopted andoneof whichrelatedtoIndia. At the topof thesamepage is set out the policy proposed by tlieColonialCom-missionforIndia.It isasfollows:--,-"TheCommissionisoftheopinion that55 it.is now necessary for the Communists to continue work in the National Congress and in theI.jeft. wing of theSwaraj Party.Allnationalistorganisationsshould beformedintoamassrevolutionaryParty,anall-Indiananti-imperialist .bloc. Theslogan of the People's Party, having forthe main points in its programme: separationfromtheEmpire,ademocraticrepublic,universalsuffrageandthe60 abolitionoffeudalism-slogansputforwardandpopularisedbytheIndian Communists-iscorrect."Thisisanimportantstatementwhichshouldbe borneillmindinconsideringthedevelopmentofCommunistpolicyinIndia duringtheperiodfrom1925-1929asitappearsfromthecorrespondencewhich passedbetweenEuropeandIndia.Theresolutionitself(theReport'states)65 O.P.IN5. O.P.96. O.P.M. containsimltructionsfrom. theColonial' CommissiontotheIndianCommunists ,ito direottheireffortstowardssecuring leadershipov.ertheJIlRsses' ofthe peasantry, and to facilitateand encourage the organisation and amalgamation of trade unions,and take over the leadership of all thejr struggles' '. .. 'The next'historical event is the lecture given by Stalin(Lenin was now dead)6 to the students of the University of the Peoples oHhe East on'18th May 1925 and referredtoearlier.It isapartof"Leninism"byStalin(P.8)andatyped copy was found in the" Kranti" Office, P.1203., In thesame month weget thePolitical Report oftheCentralCommitteeof theFourteenthCongressoftheCommunistPartyoftheSoviet Union,which10 appearsin"Leninism"atpages351--457.Thefirstchapterpages351--381 is beaded" International Situation"and was the portion of the book which was studied first by Hutchinson's Circle of Progressive Youth.The prosecution has referred to this document in connection with the question of individual terrorism aboutwhichthereisaveryfirmdeclarationonpage378whereStalinsays:16 ULet meexplain that communists never havehad and never will haveanything todo'wi.ththetheoryandthepractice ofindividualoutrages; that communists never have' and never will haveanything todowith the theoryand the practice ofconspiraciesagainstindividualpersons.Thetheoryandthepracticeof 'the Comintern isbased upon the idea of organising arevolutionary mass movement2.0 against c.apitalism.That is the true ,task of the communists.Only ignoramuses andidiotscanconfoundconspiraciesandindividualactsofterrorisation' with the policy of theComintern, which is based upon thepromotion of amass move-ment."In tbisconnectionthere isaremark by Lenin himself in P. 975,"Left WingCommunism,AnInfantileDisorder"(recoveredfromthepossessionof26 Dangeaccused)whichcastssomelightontheproperinterpretationofthis declarationofStalin.Atpage19hesays.:"Secondly,initsindividual terrorismandattemptsatassassination,thisparty(theSocialistRevolution-ilries)sawitspeculiarclaimto"revolutionism "and"leftness "-a thing whichweMarxiansrejected.It is,ofcourse,self-evidentthatwerejected30 iridividualterroronlyfromconsiderationsofexpediency ; 'forthosewhowould "onprinciple "condemnterror 'generallyonthepartofavictoriousrevolu-tionary party, beseiged by thebourgeoisieof the wholeworld,had beenscorned andridiculedbyPlekhanov in 1900-1903,whenhewasaMarxistandrevolu-tionary;"This suggests, what one might be inclined in any case to suspect, that36 therejectionofindividualterrorismispurely' onthegroundofexpediency becauseindividualterrorismisasoftenasnotuseless,andthatviewisfully supported l)y Trotsky in P.1236, "The Defence of Terrorism"(Terrorism and Communism)publishedin 1921andfromthe possessionofMirajkar accused.Atpage55ofthisbookTrotskysays:l' But therevolutiondoes40 requireoftherevolutionaryclassthatitshouldattainitsendbyallmethods at its disposal-if necessary,by an armed rising: if required by..... Thequestionoftheformofrepression,or ofitsdegree,ofcourse,isnotone of"principle".It isaquestionofexpediency .... ,...Terrorcanbevery efficientagainstareactionaryclass ,whichdoesnot wanttoleavethesceneof40 operations........Avictoriouswar;generallyspeaking,destroysonlyan insignificantpalt of the conqueredarmy, intimidating theremainderand break-ing their will.Therevolutionworksin thesameway:it killsindividuals,and intimidates thousands."All thisarises from the fact that,as stated on page 51, "theproblemofrevolution,asof war,consistsin breakingthewillofthe foe,50 forcing him.to capitulate and toacceptthe con,ditionsof the conqueror It is interesting to observe that these views are fully accepted by the accused inthiscase.Forexample,Hutchinl;lonviolence 'merelyon thegroundthatthelivesof theworkersareveryprecious.Atthesametime he feels that the terrorist movement is as Lenin puts it "An Infantile Disorder "55 and an fmpedimentto thegrowthand developmentof theCommunist Movement inIndia.Individualterrorism.infactretardsamasSmovement which,when the time comes,will use terrorism just in sofar as it'is felt to be 'neCessary.We shall frnd the same idea put forward in one of the speeches of Dange and a number of the statements made by other accused tothis Court..60 The next landmark to which wecome is the" Resolution on theSituation in GreatBritain ",withasub-heading" TheAchievementsoftheCommunist Party andtheir LessonsfortheSectionsoftheCo:inmunistInternational "re-portedin"Inprecorr ",SpecialNumber,VolumeVI,No.40;dated13thMay 192_6,part of P.2491;at' page 643.In thisthereappearsat page644asection65 "'La IJMCC"" headed'"'The -:: TasksoftheCommunistParty"andsUb-section4ofthisis important.ltruns:" TheBritishmust up t:t. .struggle of the oppressedpeoplesof, thecolomesand mobllisetheBntlshin supportofevery whichd.evelopsagainstistosay,theCommun,lstInternatlOllalcallsuponItsSectIOn,theC.'P.G.B., directly toshow activity regard tothe moveme,ntin',the colonies. 5 10 15 Before Igoontothenextin hl:stoficalsequence,namelyP. 2365; "TheCommunist International' I, which is a report of the' position in all sections oftheWorldOommunist, Party between theFifth andSixth WorldCongresses, that.isbetween1924.and1928,it is necessarytogivesomeaccountofthe orgrtnisationstowhichweshall havefrequentreferencesin thisperiod,namely the Hed International of Labour Unions, its British sectionthe National Minority Movement,andtheCommunistParty ofGreatBritain.Themembersofthe N.1\1.1\1.area11naturally membersoftheC.P.G.B.sothat thismayappear' :fatherliketakingthepartbeforethewhole,butthereissomeconveniencein dealingwiththemin ,thisorder,becausetheR.I.L.U.andNrM.M.canbe O.P.98.moreor lesseompletelydisposedof whereasthesubject of theC.P. G.B.leads straight011tothegeneralhistoryoftheconspiracyandtheevidenceinregard to it. TheRedInter.,P.511(recoveredinthesearchoftheofficeoftheBengalWorkers'and20 natlonalofLabourpeasants' Party at 2/1European Asylum Lane,Calcutta), is asmall book issued Unions.bytheLabourResearchDepartment in 1920entitled" TradeUnionsin Soviet Russia", and contains areport of the Third General Congressof Russian Trade Unions,heldin :March1920.Just preceding that report, in the thesisonTrade UnionsinSovietRussiabyLozovsky,whichtakesupthefirst47pagesofthe book,wefindachapter onInternational policyandon page44asection headed "Unity with theThird International".In this there isapassage whichshows thepositionoftheRussianTradeUnionsrelativetotheCommunistInter-25 O.P.99. national.It isas follows:- "TheThirdInternational isafightingrevolutionaryclasscentre,whichis30 accessible to all proletarian, political, trade union and co-operative organisations, which,not in words,but in deeds, fightfor socialism.It would beagreat crime on our part if weattempted to create aspecial trade union international. ...... . thel'evolutionaryclasstradeunionsmustentertheThirdInternationalin whichthey mustorganise trade unionsectionsor secretariats.For that reason35 theThird Congress decidedtojoin theThird International and tocall upon the revolutionaryclassunionsof allothercountriestofollowitsexample."Very muchaboutthesamedateintheThesesandStatutesadoptedbytheSecond Congressof theCommunistInternationalandreproducedin P. 2395wefindon page 41apassage: "The Communist International intends to organise an inter,40 national section composed of the red labour unions, which recognise the principles of Communism. nSo here weseethe approaching birth of the Red International of LabourUnionsfromtwosides.This is in 1920,and in apamphlet,P. 1230, "LeninandtheTradeU l;lionMovement ", f writtenbyLozovskyafter Lenin's death(recovered fromthe search of theroomof S. S. Mirajkar accusedon20th45 March 1929), thewriter mentionsthat it felltohim with certain .otherstobegin layingthefoundationof theR.I.L.U.in Moscowin1920.In thesameyear-P. 1135, an I. L.P. pamphlet entitled" The Communist International"(recover. edf:romthepossessionofJoglekaraccused)waspublished.It containstwo things,one,theconditionsprescribed by theSecondCongressof theCommunist50 International for the admissioJlof parties to it and, two,the text of the constitu-tionofa" RedHTradeUnionInternationalbytheCommunists.Underthe firS,thead in para. 10 on page 6 wefindthe following:-(( "It isthedutyofeverypartybelongingtotheCOImnllniStInte-rnational to fightvigOl"ously and stubbornly the yellowTrade Union International founded at Amsterdam.It should,ontheother hand,contribute to its utmostabilityto theinternationalunionoftheRedTradeUnionsadheringtotheCommunist International. "Underthesecondheadonpage9thereappearsacircular issuedtoTrade Unionsby Zinoviev,President of theE.C.C.I.,with aview to thetheRedTradeUnionInternational.In thecourseof thiswe findwllattheCommunistInternational's ideasareastothedutiesof thisRed Traqe Mqvementstated.in the following terms55'- .' ,"It mustl'enounceaUsurvivals ofcorporatenarrowness.Itmustplace on the order of the day-in agreement with the Communist Party;-the. immediate 60 o;p.ioo. O,P.IOI. O.P.102. sirnggleforthe'dictatOrshipofthi proletariatandJol' :Sov:iet;rule ... It.refusetoup the old garments of capitalism in thereformist fashion.The newtrade m;nonmovementmustplacethegenera:1strikein theforegroundana prepare 11combination of general strike and' armed insu.rractioll/'.. Going on t()the footof pagel3we findthefollowing6:.. .Communist considers tlieliourlvtscomewhen trade UnIons,freedfrombourgeoisand.'influence,should, delay,fortl).their internati&nal.byindustriesaDdonaWorld-WIdescale.: WemustsetUpinoppositiontotheYellowTradeUnionTnternationa4 whichthe ngentsof the bourgeoisieare endeavouringtore-establishat Amster- Waspington,andParis, theRed,really proletarian,Trade Union Interna. tlOnal,whIChwHlwork in agreement withtheThirdCommunistInternational." Then on page 15there is another passage:H The E;C.C.Lconsidersthat notonlythepoliticalCommunistpartiesshould takepart in theOongresses. Qf theC.I.,butalsothosetradeunionswhichadopttherevolutionaryplatform. The RedTrade UJ;lionsshould unite internationally and becomean integral part (section)of the Communist International. ., .. . . .. .. . . . . . ..Long live theRed TradeUnionInternational I" Theseextractsmakeit quiteclearwhattheintentionsin regard totheRed Trade Unionswere,namelythattheir aim likethat of theCommunistInterna. tional should be armed insurrection. P. 48,"l'he Labour International Handbook" for 1921,edited by R.Pahne Dutt,of whommoreanon,givessomeaccounton page201of theformationof thisInternational,whichshows. thatitwasestablishedunderthenameofthe International()ouncilofTradeandIndustrialUnionsonJuly 15,1920,toaet as "amilitant international committee for the re-organisation of the trade union movement"workinginconjunction withtheE.C.oftheThirdInternational. In the Provisional Rules on the same page we find section II' Aims and Objects " andllos.1and 2amongtheseare as follows:-(1)"Tocarry on an insistent and continuouspropaganda forthe ideasof therevolutionary classstruggle,socialrevolution,dictatorshipof the proletariat andmassrevolutionaryactionwiththeobjectofdestroyingthecapitalists system andthebourge?isState." (2)"To fightagainst the diseaseof classco-operation whichisweakening thelabourmovement,andagainstthehopethatapeacefultransition from capitalism ispossible.". 10 20 25 35 Section III deals with the composition of the organisation and mentions that the International Council'also includes arepresentative of the E. C.C.I.Final-lythebookstates:"TheInauguralCongressoftheneworganisationWas40 summoned :I'or uly 1st, 1921." IntheThirdCongressof the' Co:rnmunistInternational,heldat Moscowin July 1921,wefind that the Trade Union question was exhaustively surveyed,the relations of the R.I. L. U. and I. F. T. U.(the Yellow Trade U,l.uon International) andaprogI'aD)meofactiononthebasisoffactorycommitteesagreedupon.45 (See P. 2366,"Communist Party T'raining", at page 76,and alsoP. 2396,"The Report of the Decisions of the Thlrd Congress of the Communist International ", mentionedalready.at pages69following,thesectionheaded"TheProgramme of Action ").. P.1136,"The'Reds' inCongress ",recoveredfromthepossessionof J oglekaraccused,isareportoftheFirstInternational CongressoftheRed TradeUn,ionInternationalbyJ. T.Murphy,awell-knowilBritishCommunist. Atpage16ofthiswefindcertainspeakersexplainingthatthe .intention was toestablish 'areal working practical arrangement betweenthe tw& 'organisa-tions,thatistheOommunistInternationalandthenew,TradeUnionInterna-tional,anditappearsthattheresolutioninfavollrofaharmonioul;!working arrangement between the twoInternationals being est!lblished was carried by an QVoliticalBureauofthe O.P.130. C.P. G.B.,however,feltittoreleaseArnot in viewoftheimport-anceof the positionoccupiedby him at theL.R.D.(Labour ResearchDepart- 40 ment).TheyaccordinglydecidedtoapproachRathboneinthematterand wrotetoR.P.Dutton22ndFebruary 1925,asking him todoso.Onthe16th ofMarchDuttrepliesinP.(2)sayingthattheParty'slettertohimonthe subjecthad beendelayed,butthatheha,dgiventhemessagetoRathbone. HehadalsoreceivedaletterfromComradePepper,apparentlyanAmerican45 ComradeatMoscow,onthesamesubject.InP.(3),dated19-3-25 RathbonewritestoInkpinsayingthathehasreceivedP.(1)throughR.P. Duttandgivingreasonswhyhecannotdoanythinginthematte,ratpresent. FinallyinP.(4)Inkpin(whoselettersarenotsignedpresumablybecause P.(1)andP.(4)areofficecopies)acknowledgesDutt'sletterP:(2),andex-.50 plainsthedelay.HisexplanationContainsapointofinterestin hisstatement that:"Thenatureoftheletter(P.(1wasonewhichitwasshouldbasentthroughtheordinarychannel.Sotherewasafurtherdelay beore 'I couldarrangeforittobesentthroughyou."Soit isclearthatthE)' C.P.G.B.doesnot likeseRdingthrough thepost lettersin regardtoarrange- 55 mentsforsendingmembersofthePartytoMoscow. Before Igofurther therearesomepoints.. boutRathbonetobe deaitwith. First, wemay notethat in P.(3)Rathbonesays: "When coming here(I'note that thereis noaddressonthe letter)Igavemygroupleadermyaddress 'and also the L. R. D.'s where of course Ihad been working until Icameaway."The' secondpoint i,sas tothe authenticity of Rathbone'sletter andsomefaotswhich appearfromtheproofinthatconnection.In thecaseofRathboneagainthe standardsignaturesarehissignaturesonapassportapplication,P.2438,and on the passport'photograph, P. 2450.Theseare to becompared withthe signa-, tura on the telegraphic Money-order P; 1505, and the photograph of the S1iguature 60 65 Qlt on thisP. '2394P.(3).Thecomparisonleaves'noroomfordoubtthat all th('Ingnatures ure hy the same person"and that isthe opinionbyStott,fW.277.Rathbone'spassport,P.2450,doesnotgiveusany exactmformahon asto ,,:"asin March 1925.It sh,owsthat in ber, 1924, he landed at Dleppe andOctober,1924,andSeptember,1925,IS apla.ceGettesburg.Thenm1927the'passportshowsthathevisited RussIa.as,hlswasrenewedthere on 1-6-27.His passport further bear(\ aEXItVISa,Moscow29-9-27andaFrontier stamp He agam re-entered RUSSIaon 22-10-27and left it 0112l-12-27.', Anotherletter in whichtheComintern issuesdirectionstotheC.P.G.B.10 is P.2372(1),(F.C.25),dated25-4-25recoveredinthesElarch'of'the O.P.G.B.office(ct.thestatementofP.W.4,DetectiveSergeantRenShaw), fromE.H.Brown(towhosedeputation toMoscowIhaverE1ferredu\ dealing with P. to Comrade w40se name has also appeared andappearsagalllmP.2364,theoffiCIalreportoftheNinthCongressofthe,.lIS C.P. G.B.held in October 1927at page65,whereasaParty's delegatetothe B.P.III;E. C.C.I. he makes areport to the Party on the deliberationsof that bodv.In thililletterBrownwritingfortheEditorialBoardoftheCo;uununisttionalaskstheC.P.G.B.toarrange forthepreparation ofarticles,on.certain subjects,I;l.,ndsuggeststhattheymaybepreparedbyMurphyhimself,Dutf;20 Bennett or others;He goes on:"In the ca,se of the Minority Movement pEn'haps ComradePollittdothetrick."Thenlateronhe,says:"In additiona special articleon the Minority Movementisrequired. "Brown goesontoStly: o. P, 132. "It isessentialthatthesearticlesshouldbepreparedanddespatchedatthe earliestmoment", and in it.P.S,headds:., Iamwritingthislettertotht\25 dictationofanimportantmemherofthe 'EditorialBoard."It mayperhaplil benotedthatoneofthesubjectsonwhichanarticlewasrequiredwas"The Colonialdevelopmentsandtheirrelationsto theEmpire ;theforcesoperating :\n.tliecolo:qies". Thereisanother letter fromBrowntoMurphy,[Po2732(2)],(F.Co' 44)30 dated June 12.The only pointtowhichIneeddraw attentiQn isthe mention