meet harry shields farmer/judge in kansas my great-great grandfather notice: –nose –hairline...
Post on 21-Dec-2015
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Meet Harry Shields
Farmer/judge in KansasMy great-great grandfatherNotice:– Nose– Hairline– Inner eye canthus
We all have relatives characteristics!…sooo…?
“mommy. Where do babies…”
Early conceptions about reproduction…storks?What problems would you see in these?Discovery of egg and sperm leads to questions
Gregor Mendel
Childhood & schoolingApplied math? (stats)Simple experimentsSuccess??? Well???
MENDELIAN GENETICS
Introduction…blending vs particle theory?Mendel’s experiments…peas again!!His results…what do they mean?Some terminology to make genetics easierHow to solve monohybrid problems
Some terms to know
Homozygous…dominant & recessiveheterozygousallelesPunnett squareGenotypePhenotypeGene, gene locus
Incomplete dominance or codominanceMonohybrid crossDihybrid crossTest crossPleiotropyEpistasisPolygenic inheritance
Some terms to know
Crossing overSex-linked genesSex-influenced genesAutosomeGerm cellKaryotypeGene locuspolyploidy
Turners/Kleinfelters/XXXDown syndromeNondisjunctionAmniocentesisChorionic villus samplingLinked genes
BLENDING vs PARTICLE?
Evidence for blending…Consequences of blending theoryEvidence for particle…Consequences of particle theoryEvolution/natural selection seems to favor which theory???
Mendel’s “factors”
Believed in particulate theoryFelt that ‘factors’ were contributed equally from male/femaleThought these ‘factors’ separated during meiosis and recombined at zygote
Gene=location
Occur in pairs of alleles
One from maleOne from female
Mitosis vs meiosis
Garden peas & heredity
Blending vs particle theories…No real evidence for either, until…Science in the early 19th centuryMendels 7 traits!!
Mendel’s “lucky seven”
Seed shapeSeed colorPod shapePod colorFlower colorFlower positionPlant height
Quiz
What are purebreeding plants (homozygous)?What is a hybrid (heterozygous)?What is the ratio of dominant to recessive in the F1 generation?What is meant by segregation of alleles?What is meant by independent assortment of alleles?
Mendel’s pea experiment
‘pure breeding plants’Blend or…?F1 generation suggests what…?F2 generation is the real proof…!!conclusions
Results
Mathematical analysis solved mysteryF1 & F2 generationswhat did 3:1 ratio mean??Dominant/recessiveindependent assortmenttest crosses prove theory
quiz
What is the F2 phenotypic ratio of dom/rec plants?What is the genotypic ratio of the F2 generation?What is a test cross?Why was Mendel able to solve such a difficult problem when others failed?
Mendel’s ‘laws’
Segregation of alleles- remember meiosis?
Independent assortment
Dominance and recessiveness
How to do a punnett square
What is a test cross (back cross)
What if you know the phenotype but not the genotype?What genotype do you always know?Two predicted outcomes
Heterozygous Homozygous
Some problems??
If a brown-eyed man marries a blue-eyed woman and they have brown-eyed 10 kids (!) can you be certain that he is homozygous?What if the 11th is blue-eyed?A brown-eyed man, whose father was brown-eyed and whose mother was blue-eyed, marries a blue-eyed woman whose father and mother were brown-eyed have a blue-eyed son. Give the genotypes for all?
Multiple Alleles???
Replace lost blood???
Why didn’t it work?
Landsteiner solves the mystery (1900) by…
But how could genetics explain it with just 2 genes…?
“it’s in the blood”…?
‘mixed’ blood often agglutinates (thus death)But sometimes it doesn’t? Why?Landsteiner postulates 4 phenotypes based on unseen ‘antigens’ and antibodies in blood!
Blood Types?? Multiple alleles
But how to explain the genetics?
Each parent contributes an “element” (gene)The A and B genes are both dominant or said to be “codominant” and the o is recessive thusThree genes (taken only two at a time) code for blood type…producing 4 possible phenotypes and six genotypes…what are they?
The Simpsons and Nelsons
Both the Simpsons and Nelsons had baby boys the same day in the same hospital. Ricky went home with the Simpsons and Bart the Nelsons. Soon, odd behaviors in both households suggested that something was terribly wrong!! Could they have been switched at birth?? Blood tests were doneand…
The Simpsons and Nelsons
Homer both had type A while Marge had type B. Ricky had type o. (Oh No!!)…Ozzie and Harriet had type A. Bart had type B…Did a switch occur??…what happened next?
But what about pink carnations?
Red flower X white flower produces…Pink???
But what about pink carnations??
Incomplete dominance
Neither gene is dominantIntermediates resultF2 generation reveal the parental phenotypes…why?
Quiz…incomplete dominance
Use the example of snapdragons…a red (RR) flower is crossed with a white (WW) flowerWhat is the F1 phenotypic ratio of 2 hybrids (heterozygotes) mating?What is the genotypic ratio?
Sex determination in other species
Many animal systems have different mechanisms for determining sexSome are variable or changeable!! Why??
Male to female sex ratio
Sex determination
Sex-linked genes
Why are more boys than girls color-blind?What is color-blindness?What is a ‘sex-linked’ trait??
The retina has, normally, 3 kinds of cones…red, blue and green light sensitive…because of 3 different proteins…blue is on chr 7 but red/green on X chr are 98% similar and a mutation causes either the loss of red or green sensitivity
Genetics of Color-Blindness
A man and his wife have normal color vision, but a daughter with color-blindness. He sues his wife for divorce for infidelity. You be the judge!
Down Syndrome
Nondisjunction of 21st chromosomesVariable effectsAmniocentesis can detect trisomy 21 early…Difficult questions remain for the parents…