Mega-ProjectsCross Case Analysis

Group BJonas, Nina, Abdul, Paul

in Cooperation with George

Overview1. Research Question2. Methodology3. Results4. Answers to Research Questions

Starting Point1. RQ: Why do Megaprojects perform like they do?

2. RQ: What can we do to make them perform better?

1. Research Question

Approach for Working Plan

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

• Eisenhard’s Multi Case Study Process: 8 Steps

already completed

Getting started

Selecting Cases

Crafting Instruments and Protocols

Entering the field

Analysing data

Shaping Hypothesis

Enfolding Literature

Reaching Closure

to be done in future

Group Work

Analysing data• Within-case analysis• Cross-case pattern search using divergent

techniques

Shaping Hypothesis• Iterative tabulation for each construct• Replication logic across cases• Search evidence for “why” behind

relationships

2. Methodology

Working Plan and outcomes

1.

2.

3.

4.

Initial thoughts on dimensions of performance

Get familiar with cases (1-2 per person)

Test, expand, reduce number of themes/patterns by analysing

more cases

Identify common themes/patterns

• Definition of performance as factors influencing: a) goals, b) outcomes and c) outputs (time, cost, quality)

• ~ 25% of cases covered

• Check themes/patterns across the first sample

• Saturation• Hypothesis

WORKING STEPS OUTCOMES

inductive

Conclude answers to RQ 1 Derive recommendations answer RQ 2

Anal

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deductive/inductive

2. Methodology

Working Plan and outcomes2. Methodology

Performance indicators1. Initial thoughts on dimensions of performance

3. Results

Basic Model which Rodney refers to:

Technical perspective on project delivery:

(Time, Cost, Quality)

Is the project/product used in the way it was developed

for

Is the origin purpose reached by/through the

project?

First Cases analysed2.

3. Results

Cases covered:

Get familiar with cases (1-2 per person)

Case Project Category Team Member

Anholt Offshore Wind Farm Energy Nina

Kraftwerk Luenen Energy Paul

Kraftwerk Moorburg Energy Paul

Norra Lanken Transportation Jonas

Oasis Class Miscellaneous Abdul

First collection of themes from cases3.

3. Results

Themes from first case sample:

Identify common themes

Theme/Pattern/Hypotheses (Influencing Factor)Theme/Pattern/Hypotheses Category

Impacted Perform-ance Indicator(s)

Direction of Statement

Congruency between political goals (e.g. change in environm. law) and project goals Strategic Mgmt. Goals positiveCongruency between needs (e.g. needs of community) and project goals Strategic Mgmt. Goals positiveIncreasing prices of equipment/technology impact cost Economic Environm. Cost negativeTendering process/conditions impact cost Project Processes Cost negativeUncertainty related to technology/application has impact on cost Tech. Environment Cost negativeEnvironmentalist groups delay projects and have impact on cost Ext. Stakeholders Cost negativeAdditional requirements of authorities increase costs Ext. Stakeholders ? Cost negativeFixed price prevent cost increase Project Processes Cost positiveIf the owner of the project is public it has a negative impact on performance Int. Stakeholders Outcome negativeGood stakeholder management has a postive impact on performance Ext. Stakeholders Outcome positiveGood time management has a postive impact on performance Project Processes Time positiveBankrupcy of supplier caused delay in time scale Int. Stakeholders Time negativeSuccessful managememt of claims has positive impact on time Project Processes Time positiveChecking supplier deliverables on suppliers production location Project Processes Quality positiveDifferent levels of quality check (e.g. contractor, classification society, customer) Project Processes Quality positiveGood procurement contract designs have positive influence on performance Project Processes positiveHigh experience of project manager(s) has a positive influence performance Int. Stakeholders positive

Identify more themes across cases3.

3. Results

Themes from first case sample:

Identify common themes

Theme/Pattern/Hypotheses (Influencing Factor)Congruency between political goals (e.g. change in environmental law) and project goals Congruency between needs (e.g. needs of community) and project goals Increasing prices of equipment/technology impact costTendering process/conditions impact costUncertainty related to technology/application has impact on costEnvironmentalist groups delay projects and have impact on costAdditional requirements of authorities increase costsFixed price prevent cost increaseIf the owner of the project is public it has a negative impact on performanceGood stakeholder management has a postive impact on performance Good time management has a postive impact on performanceBankrupcy of supplier caused delay in time scaleSuccessful managememt of claims has positive impact on timeChecking supplier deliverables on suppliers production locationDifferent levels of quality check (e.g. contractor, classification society, customer)Good procurement contract designs have positive influence on performanceHigh experience of project manager(s) has a positive influence performance

Analysing further cases: total 11

Checking each theme through each of the cases:

Additional requirements of authorities has negative impact on time schedule Ext. Stakeholders ? Time negativeChange in main stakeholder (e.g. financier) has negative impact on time Int. Stakeholders Time negativeHigh support of project by national/local government has positive impact on performance Ext. Stakeholders positiveBad or no risk management increases cost Project Processes Cost negativeIf the owner of the project is equal to the contractor it has a negative impact on performance Int. Stakeholders negativeAddi

tiona

l th

emes

:

Hypothesis support by cases4.

3. Results

yes (support to hypothesis/

theme)

No(no support to hypothesis/th

eme)

yes %of total no. of cases analysed

no % of total no. of cases analysed

1 Congruency between political goals (e.g. change in environmental law) and project goals 8 0 73% 0%2 Congruency between needs (e.g. needs of community) and project goals 6 0 55% 0%3 Increasing prices of equipment/technology impact cost 6 1 55% 9%4 Tendering process/conditions impact cost 1 1 9% 9%5 Uncertainty related to technology/application has impact on cost 4 0 36% 0%6 Environmentalist groups delay projects and have impact on cost 5 1 45% 9%7 Additional requirements of authorities increase costs 5 0 45% 0%8 Fixed price prevent cost increase 2 0 18% 0%9 If the owner of the project is public it has a negative impact on performance 1 3 9% 27%10 Good stakeholder management has a positive impact on performance 4 1 36% 9%11 Good time management has a positive impact on performance 2 0 18% 0%12 Bankruptcy of supplier caused delay in time scale 1 2 9% 18%13 Successful management of claims has positive impact on time 2 0 18% 0%

14Checking supplier deliverables on suppliers production location has positive impact on time, cost and quality 1 0 9% 0%

15 Different levels of quality check (e.g. contractor, classification society, customer) 2 0 18% 0%16 Good procurement contract designs have positive influence on performance 2 0 18% 0%17 High experience of project manager(s) has a positive influence performance 3 0 27% 0%18 Additional requirements of authorities has negative impact on time schedule 2 0 18% 0%19 Change in main stakeholder (e.g. financier) has negative impact on time 1 0 9% 0%20 High support of project by national/local government has positive impact on performance 2 0 18% 0%21 Bad or no risk management increases cost 1 0 9% 0%

22 If the owner of the project is equal to the contractor it has a negative impact on performance 1 0 9% 0%

Green: > 40%; Yellow: 20% <x> 40%

Test, expand, reduce number of themes/patterns by analysing more cases

Attention: rethink the No’s

Conclude answers for RQ 1:4. Answers to Research Questions

Conclude answers to RQ. 1

Themes/patterns/hypothesisDirection of statement

Congruency between political goals (e.g. change in environmental law) and project goals positive

Congruency between needs (e.g. needs of community) and project goals positive

Increasing prices of equipment/technology impact cost negative

Uncertainty related to technology/application has impact on cost negative

Environmentalist groups delay projects and have impact on cost negative

Additional requirements of authorities increase costs negative

Good stakeholder management has a positive impact on performance positive

High experience of project manager(s) has a positive influence performance positive

From negative direction of statements

1. RQ: Why do Megaprojects perform like they do?

Conclude answers for RQ 1:

Conclude answers to RQ. 1 From negative direction of statements

1. RQ: Why do Megaprojects perform like they do?

Increasing prices of equipment/technology impact cost

Uncertainty related to technology/application has impact on cost

Environmentalist groups delay projects and have impact on cost

Additional requirements of authorities increase costs

4. Answers to Research Questions

Prices increase during project duration

Use of complex and innovative technology

Strong negative influence by environmentalists group

Regulations change during project duration

Conclude answers for RQ 1:

Conclude answers to RQ. 2

Themes/patterns/hypothesisDirection of statement

Congruency between political goals (e.g. change in environmental law) and project goals positive

Congruency between needs (e.g. needs of community) and project goals positive

Increasing prices of equipment/technology impact cost negative

Uncertainty related to technology/application has impact on cost negative

Environmentalist groups delay projects and have impact on cost negative

Additional requirements of authorities increase costs negative

Good stakeholder management has a positive impact on performance positive

High experience of project manager(s) has a positive influence performance positive

From positive direction of statements

1. RQ: What can we do to make them perform better?

4. Answers to Research Questions

Conclude answers for RQ 2:Derive recommendations

answer RQ 2

Good stakeholder management has a positive impact on performance High experience of project manager(s) has a positive influence performanceCongruency between political goals (e.g. change in environm. law) and project goals Congruency between needs (e.g. needs of community) and project goals

4. Answers to Research Questions

From positve direction of statements

Next steps:4. Discussion

Steps to improve results:• Analyse rest of cases• Rethink “no’s”