megan kraus tdd final

7/30/2019 Megan Kraus TDD Final

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Megan Kraus

Engl 202C Section 18

Technical Definition and Description

From the Tree to the

Paper in Front of You:

The Process of Industrial

Paper Making


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Audience and Scope

The main objective of this technical description is to educate people about the general

process of industrialized papermaking. This document will describe the preparation, how

the different sections in the paper machine operate and the distribution of the finalproduct.

The audience is anyone who is curious or interested in knowing how paper is made. Paper

and paper products are used everywhere and this description can be utilized to help the

audience understand how something they frequently use is made. This document is geared

towards a beginner student studying paper science or a new employee in the paper

industry. The targeted reader can have little to zero knowledge about how paper is made

but should understand that this process involves raw materials through a machine to get

the final product, paper.

Introduction

Paper and paper products are all around us from the cup filled with coffee from Starbucks

to the paper you write on every day. With the amount of paper that we use in our lives

daily, where does it all come from and how is it made?

Industrialized papermaking is the process of transforming raw materials such as wood

and recycled paper products into paper with the use of an industrialized paper machine.

The paper machine is the key player and the largest piece of equipment used in the

papermaking process.

An average paper

machines

dimensions

are 500 feet long by

30 feet wide by

40 feet tall!

It is commonly believed that paper is made by putting trees into paper machines to

produce the final product; however, the process is far more extensive than this belief.

Image of an industrial paper machine inside a paper mill


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The process of industrialized paper making follows a series of steps:

1. Preparation. Trees are harvested and then prepared into the raw material that isput into the machines.

2. Paper Machine Process. Paper machines are so large in size that they contain 4sections that chronologically generate the final product.

3. Final Product & Distribution. The final product is then refined and distributed tovarious customers.Before the papermaking process can be further explained, the preparation of the raw

materials must first be examined.

Preparation

In the industrial paper making process, trees are not simply thrown into the machine and

made into paper, some preparation is needed first.

Harvesting:

The first step in the preparation process is harvesting and preparing the wood from its

simplest form, trees. After the trees are harvested, the bark is removed and the logs are put

into a rotating drum where it is cut into wood chips.

Raw materials used in paper making:

Softwood. Examples of softwood trees are spruce, pine, fir, larch and hemlock Hardwood. Examples of hardwood trees are eucalyptus, aspen and birch. Recycled Fiber. Examples include recycled paper products.

Pulping:

Before any material is put into the paper

machine, it has to be prepared and made

into a substance called pulp, which is a

fibrous material that can be prepared

either chemically or mechanically. The

fibers in the pulp come from the long

fibers of the hard wood and the short

fibers of the soft wood. The strength of

the final product relies on proper fiber

formation.

Trees being de-barked and sent to rotating drum

to be cut into wood chips.


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Pulping Methods:

Mechanical pulping. Grinds the wood chips in order to separate the tiny fibers fromthe rest of the material.

Chemical pulping. Heats and adds chemicals to the wood chips to extract the fibersfrom the rest of the material.

Recycled Fiber Pulping. Screens and cleans bales of recycled paper products such asenvelopes, newspapers, copy paper, and post-it notes and re-pulped, or re-grinded,in order to be added to the machine.

After the raw materials are pulped, it is further cleaned and refined by mixing in more

chemicals and fillers, which are substances such as clay, added to the pulp to change the

opacity of the final product. The chemicals and fillers help to ensure proper fiber

formation.

Paper Machine Process

Once the raw materials are made into pulp and treated with chemicals, water is added to

the mixture to create a slurry which is then sent to the paper machine to begin the process.

Most paper machines have four main operating sections. Each section contains an integral

part of the papermaking process.

A general overview of the different sections of the paper machine with various elements labeled.

Helpful Terms:

Head boxthe receptacle in which the slurry is added

Wire mesh & Rollers aid in the formation of the sheet of fibers

Felt the belt the sheet is transported on throughout the machine

Forming Section Press Section Dryer Section Calendar Section


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Forming Section Wet End

The forming section is commonly known as the wet end because this is the part of the

machine where the pulp with added water enters the machine. The wet end is where the

fibers align to form a sheet. The pulp is put onto the sheet at a specific speed to help the

fibers get aligned to give the sheet its needed strength to continue along the process.

Press Section

The second section of the paper machine is the press section. Once the sheet is formed on

the wire in the wet end, it is transferred onto the felt, which acts much like a conveyor belt.

The felt is a loop of material that supports the fiber sheets and transports them to be

squeezed between press rollers to remove some of the water that was added to make the

liquefied pulp or slurry. In this section, most of the water from the slurry is removed from

the sheet.

Drying Section Dry End

The third section of the paper machine is

the drying section, also known as the dry

end of the machine. After the press

section, the sheet is sent to more rollers

in the dry section where the process is

covered and heated to evaporate the

remaining water from the sheet.

The liquefied pulp is added onto the wire at a specific speed where the fibers align to

create a sheet.

Operators monitor the heat added to the dry end

as the sheet moves through the rollers.


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Calendar Section Product Formation

The last section of the paper machine is

the calendar section. The calendar

section also utilizes rollers to apply

pressure on the passing sheets to make

the sheet surface smooth and glossy. This

section is important in paper formation

because it also gives the paper sheets a

uniform thickness. The sheets are rolled

onto reels where they are stored for

cutting and distribution.

Final Product & Distribution

Not all paper is created equal! There are

various grades, or types of paper that can

be made on industrial paper machines.

Grades are usually made by adding

specific chemicals or dyes to the pulp as

well as adjusting the pressure of the

rollers for thickness. For example,

Splenda packets get their yellow color by

adding a yellow dye to the liquefied pulp.

An operator monitors the final rolling of the sheets

onto the reels.

The yellow color of the Splenda packets comes from yellow

dye added to the pulp in the paper machine process.


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Although paper is widely used across the globe, the paper industry is not a commonly

publicized career. With this being said, it is difficult to imagine that in reality, the industry

is listed as the 10th largest manufacturing industry with over 250 distinct job titles and

employing nearly 700,000 people in the United States. Industrialized paper making plays a

key role not only within the job market but also with the items used everyday.


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Works Cited

http://voith.com/en/markets-industries/industries/paper/new-plants--12510.html http://www.modopapers.com/en/index.php?content_ID=11 http://www.tappi.org/content/enewsletters/ecorr/2005/ecorr_jan1905.htm http://www.oldandsold.com/articles10/paper-making-11.shtml http://www.colourbox.com/preview/2788771-358226-torn-paper-with-trees-through-the-

hole.jpg

http://www.wipapercouncil.org/careers.htm

http://www.paperonweb.com/grade11.htm#a

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460_Helsinki.jpg

http://www.cartotecnicarossi.it/images/img_carta_velina_industriale.jpg
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