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An Initial Study of Relationships among the R&D Productivitiesof Patent Inventors in Patent, Academic Achievement and Pro-

fessional Performances - An Example of Pixar Animation Studies

�� *�� ! **

Mei-Yin Chen, Sung-Chien Lin

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Abstract

Patent information is seen to be a kind of information with the features of exactitude and trustfulness,

and it can be used as an indicator to measure the capability of research and development in a company.

* �� !"#$%&'()(Student, Graduate Institute of Information Communication, Shih Hsin University)

**�� !"#$%!&'()*

(Assistant Professor, Department of Information Communication, Shih Hsin University)

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This research initially explores the relationships among the R&D productivities of patent inventors in

patents, academic achievements and professional performances in terms of a patent production aspect.

Our research object is the Pixar Company, which had been devoted to 3D animation production for a

long time and become one of the key players in the industry. This paper presents a study to discover the

technical human resource in the company based on inventor analyses from patent information. Three

problems were addressed as follows: (1) Pixar’s key inventors and their active periods, (2) the collabora-

tion among these inventors, and (3) their academic achievements and professional performances and

then examined their relationships among the patents, academic achievements and professional

performances. In the study, we produced a graph to depict the collaboration of patent inventors when

they cooperated to develop technologies and applied patents, and finally we integrated the graph with the

search results from the ACM database and the IMDB databases to synthesize another graph to demon-

strate the relationships among the productivities of key patent inventors in patents, academic achieve-

ments and professional performances. The findings show that in the digital content industry the perfor-

mances of patent producing of technical talents principally come from the accumulation of their aca-

demic ability. When they applied the knowledge and the competence to the industry, they not only

achieved remarkable success but also gained confirmation from international awards. Finally, the study

also approved the potential and the feasibility of applying knowledge and techniques of bibliometrics to

industrial analysis.

Keywords: Patent analysis; Research and development human resource; Digital content industry

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6,760,024 Method and apparatus for rendering 2004/7/6 Lokovic; Veach

shadows

6,707,452 Method and apparatus for surface 2004/3/16 Veach

approximation without cracks

6,697,519 Color management system for 2004/2/24 Rao

converting computer graphic images to

film images

6,677,947 Incremental frustum-cache 2004/1/13 Woodbury; Sayre; Lokovic;

acceleration of line integrals for Duff

volume rendering

6,657,629 Collision flypapering: a method for 2003/12/2 Baraff; Witkin

defining realistic

behavior for simulated objects in

computer animation

6,628,442 Method and apparatus for beam 2003/9/30 DiFrancesco; Burgess

deflection using multiple beam

scanning galvanometers

6,608,631 Method, apparatus, and computer 2003/8/19 Milliron

program product for geometric warps

and deformations

6,489,960 Hybrid subdivision in computer 2002/12/3 DeRose; Kass

graphics

6,483,514 Motion blurring implicit surfaces 2002/11/19 Duff

6,441,820 Pseudo area lights 2002/8/27 Prater

6,433,707 Universal lossless compressor for 2002/8/13 Crandall

digitized analog data

6,300,960 Realistic surface simulation in 2001/10/9 DeRose; Kass

computer animation

6,300,956 Stochastic level of detail in computer 2001/10/9 Apodaca.; Vande; Gritz

animation

6,222,553 Hybrid subdivision in computer 2001/4/24 DeRose; Kass

graphics

6,172,705 Method and apparatus for a film 2001/1/9 DiFrancesco; Martin; Burgess

scanner interface

6,037,949 Texture mapping and other uses of 2000/3/14 DeRose; Kass; Truong

scalar fields on subdivision surfaces in

computer graphics and animation

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6,026,180 Method and apparatus for compression 2000/2/15 Wittenstein; Carpenter;Hourvitz

and decompression of color data

5,867,169 Method and apparatus for 1999/2/2 Prater

manipulating color values in a

computer graphics system

5,831,757 Multiple cylinder deflection system 1998/11/3 DiFrancesco

5,815,202 Method and apparatus for scanning an 1998/9/29 DiFrancesco

image using a moving lens system

5,771,109 Method and apparatus for digitizing 1998/6/23 DiFrancesco

films using a stroboscopic scanning

system

5,734,744 Method and apparatus for compression 1998/3/31 Wittenstein; Carpenter;

and decompression of color data Hourvitz

5,381,518 Method and apparatus for imaging 1995/1/10 Drebin; Carpenter

volume data using voxel values

5,307,452 Method and apparatus for creating, 1994/4/26 Hahn; Fishkin

manipulating and displaying images

5,239,624 Pseudo-random point sampling 1993/8/24 Cook; Porter; Carpenter

techniques in computer graphics

5,194,969 Method for borderless mapping of 1993/3/16 DiFrancesco

texture images

5,175,808 Method and apparatus for non-affine 1992/12/29 Sayre

image warping

5,025,400 Pseudo-random point sampling 1991/6/18 Cook; Porter; Carpenter

techniques in computer graphics

4,897,806 Pseudo-random point sampling 1990/1/30 Cook; Porter; Carpenter

techniques in computer graphics

4,845,666 Computer system for processing 1989/7/4 Porter; Levinthal

binary numbering format and

determining the sign of the numbers

from their two most significant bits

4,835,712 Methods and apparatus for imaging 1989/5/30 Drebin; Carpenter

volume data with shading

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Year Title Author

2003 Untangling cloth Kass; Baraff;Witkin

2001 Subdivision surfaces in feature films DeRose

1998 Subdivision surfaces in character animation Kass; Truong; DeRose

1998 Compositing digital images Porter; Duff

1998 Shade trees Cook

1998 Distributed ray tracing Cook; Porter; Carpenter

1998 Computer rendering of stochastic models Carpenter; Fournier; Fussell

1998 Volume rendering Carpenter; Drebin; Hanrahan

1997 Multiresolution analysis for surfaces of arbitrary Lounsbery; DeRose; Warren

topological type

1997 Can we get there from here? (panel): current Kass; Breen; Eischen; Thalmann

challenges in cloth design, modeling and animation

1996 Hierarchical image caching for accelerated Shade; Lischinski; Salesin;

walkthroughs of complex environments DeRose; Snyder

1996 Interactive multiresolution surface viewing Certain; Popovic; DeRose;

Duchamp; Salesin; Stuetzle

1996 Global illumination of glossy environments using Christensen; Stollnitz; Salesin

wavelets and importance DeRose

1996 Fast rendering of complex environments using a Chamberlain; DeRose;

spatial hierarchy Lischinski; Salesin; Snyder

1995 Multiresolution analysis of arbitrary meshes Eck; DeRose; Duchamp; Hoppe;

Lounsbery; Stuetzle

1995 Computing values and derivatives of Be´zier and Mann; DeRose

B-spline tensor products

1994 Error-bounded antialiased rendering of complex Kass; Greene

environments

1994 Piecewise smooth surface reconstruction Hoppe; DeRose; Duchamp;

Halstead; Jin; McDonald;

Schweitzer; Stuetzle

147

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Year Title Author

1993 Hierarchical Z-buffer visibility Kass; Miller; Greene

1993 Efficient, fair interpolation using Catmull-Clark Kass; Halstead; DeRose

surfaces

1993 Toolglass and magic lenses: the see-through interface Bier; Stone; Pier; Buxton; DeRose

1993 Mesh optimization Hoppe; DeRose; Duchamp;

McDonald; Stuetzle

1993 Functional composition algorithms via blossoming DeRose; Goldman; Hagen; Mann

1992 Inverse problems in computer graphics Kass

1992 An interval refinement technique for surface Kass

intersection

1992 CONDOR: constraint-based dataflow Kass

1992 A reflectance model for computer graphics Cook; Torrance

1992 Surface reconstruction from unorganized points Hoppe; DeRose; Duchamp;

McDonald; Stuetzle

1992 An approximately G1 cubic surface interpolant DeRose; Mann

1991 Height-field fluids for computer graphics Kass

1991 Reaction-diffusion textures Kass; Witkin

1991 B-spline, Po´lya curves, and duality Barry; Goldman; DeRose

1990 Rapid, stable fluid dynamics for computer graphics Kass; Gavin Miller

1989 A multisided generalization of Bézier surfaces Loop; DeRose

1989 A geometric characterization of parametric cubic Stone; DeRose

curves

1989 Stochastic sampling and distributed ray tracing Cook

1988 Composing Bézier simplexes DeRose

1988 Geometric continuity, shape parameters, and DeRose; Barsky

geometric constructions for Catmull-Rom splines

1988 Spacetime constraints Kass; Witkin

1988 Constraints on deformable models: recovering 3D Kass; Terzopoulos; Witkin

shape and nongrid motion

1988 Volume rendering Carpenter; Drebin; Hanrahan

148

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Year Title Author

1987 Signal matching through scale space Kass; Terzopoulos; Witkin

1987 Analyzing oriented patterns Kass; Witkin

1987 The Reyes image rendering architecture Cook; Catmull; Carpenter

1987 Rendering antialiased shadows with depth maps Cook; Reeves; Salesin

1987 A reflectance model for computer graphics Cook; Torrance

1986 Stochastic sampling in computer graphics Cook

1984 Shade trees Cook

1984 Compositing digital images Porter; Duff

1984 Chap - a SIMD graphics processor Porter; Levinthal

1984 The A - buffer, an antialiased hidden surface Carpenter

method

1984 Distributed ray tracing Carpenter; Cook; Porter

1982 Technical correspondence: comment on computer Carpenter; Fournier; Fussell

rendering of fractal stochastic models. author's

reply

1982 Computer rendering of stochastic models Carpenter; Fournier; Fussell

1981 A reflectance model for computer graphics Cook; Torrance

1980 Synthetic texturing using digital filters Cook; Feibush; Levoy

1980 Computer rendering of fractal curves and surfaces Carpenter

1980 Scan line methods for displaying parametrically Carpenter; Whitted; Blinn; Lane

defined surfaces

1980 Computer rendering of fractal curves and surfaces Carpenter

1975 Software design validation tool Carpenter; Tripp

149

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1991 Computer-Assisted 65th �� !"#$%&' The CAPS Development

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1992 RenderMan 66th �� !"#$%&' Carpenter

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Catmull

Porter

Hanrahan

Apodaca

Peachey

1994 film input scanning 67th �� !"#$%&' DiFrancesco

Scientific and Engineering Award Starkweather

Demos

Cameron

Squires

1995 Digital Image 68th �� !"#$%&' Catmull

Compositing Scientific and Engineering Award Porter

Duff

Smith

Toy Story 68th �� !"#$% Lasseter

The Special Achievement Award

1996 Particle Systems 69th �� !"#$%&' Reeves

Scientific and Engineering Award

Direct Input Device 69th �� !"#$% Sayre

Technical Achievement Award

1997 Marionette 3-D�� 70th �� !"#$%&' Duff

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digital paint 70th �� !"#$%&' Shoup

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1998 PixarVision 71th �� !"#$% DiFrancesco

Technical Achievement Award Balasubramanian

Noggle

2000 RenderMan 73th �� !"# Cook

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Catmull

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2002 �� !"#$%& ��Vanguard� Lasseter

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