MEKATRONIKAOleh :Liman Hartawan

Jurusan Teknik MesinFakultas Teknologi IndustriINSTITUT TEKNOLOGI NASIONAL

SensorPustaka;- The Mechatronics Handbook- Introduction to Mchatronics and Measurement Systems

Mechatronic System Components

PengertianSensor is a device that when exposed to a physical phenomenon (temperature, displacement, force, etc.) produces a proportional output signal (electrical, mechanical, magnetic, etc.).Sensor is a device that responds to a change in the physical phenomenon.

TRANDUCERThe term transducer is often used synonymously with sensors.Transducer is a device that converts one form of energy into another form of energy.

SENSOR TRANDUCERSensors are transducers when they sense one form of energy input and output in a different form of energy.Ex. : a thermocouple responds to a temperature change (thermal energy) and outputs a proportional change in electromotive force (electrical energy).

MEASUREMENT OBJECTIVESLinear/Rotational sensorsAcceleration sensorsForce, torque, and pressure sensorFlow sensorsTemperature sensorsProximity sensorsLight sensorsSmart material sensorsMicro- and nano-sensors

TYPES OF SENSORS CLASSIFIED BY MEASUREMENT OBJECTIVES (1/7)Linear/Rotational sensorsLinear/Rotational variable differential transducer (LVDT/RVDT)Optical encoderElectrical tachometerHall effect sensorCapacitive transducerStrain gauge elementsInterferometerMagnetic pickup

TYPES OF SENSORS CLASSIFIED BY MEASUREMENT OBJECTIVES (2/7)Acceleration sensorsSeismic accelerometerPiezoelectric accelerometerForce, torque, and pressure sensorStrain gaugeDynamometers/load cellsPiezoelectric load cellsTactile sensorUltrasonic stress sensor

TYPES OF SENSORS CLASSIFIED BY MEASUREMENT OBJECTIVES (3/7)Flow sensorsPitot tubeOrifice plateFlow nozzle, venturi tubesRotameterUltrasonic typeTurbine flow meterElectromagnetic flow meter

TYPES OF SENSORS CLASSIFIED BY MEASUREMENT OBJECTIVES (4/7)Temperature sensorsThermocouplesThermistorsThermodiodes, thermo transistorsRTDresistance temperature detectorInfrared typeInfrared thermography

TYPES OF SENSORS CLASSIFIED BY MEASUREMENT OBJECTIVES (5/7)Proximity sensorsInductance, eddy current, hall effect, photoelectric, capacitance, etc.Light sensorsPhotoresistors, photodiodes, photo transistors, photo conductors, etc.Charge-coupled diode

TYPES OF SENSORS CLASSIFIED BY MEASUREMENT OBJECTIVES (6/7)Smart material sensorsOptical fiberAs strain sensorAs level sensorAs force sensorAs temperature sensor

PiezoelectricAs strain sensorAs force sensorAs accelerometer

MagnetostrictiveAs force sensorsAs torque sensor

TYPES OF SENSORS CLASSIFIED BY MEASUREMENT OBJECTIVES (7/7)Micro- and nano-sensorsMicro CCD image sensorFiberscopeMicro-ultrasonic sensorMicro-tactile sensor

Another Classified (1/3)Sensors classified as passive or active.In passive sensors, the power required to produce the output is provided by the sensed physical phenomenon itself (such as a thermometer) whereas the active sensors require external power source (such as a strain gage).

Another Classified (2/3)Sensors classified as analog or digital based on the type of output signal.Analog sensors produce continuous signals that are proportional to the sensed parameter and typically require analog-to-digital conversion before feeding to the digital controller.Digital sensors on the other hand produce digital outputs that can be directly interfaced with the digital controller.Often, the digital outputs are produced by adding an analog-to-digital converter to the sensing unit.

Another Classified (3/3)Sensors can also be classified as passive or active.In passive sensors, the power required to produce the output is provided by the sensed physical phenomenon itself (such as a thermometer) whereas the active sensors require external power source (such as a strain gage).

SELECTION CRITERIARangeResolutionAccuracyPrecisionSensitivityZero offsetLinearityZero DriftResponse timeBandwidthResonanceOperating temperatureDeadbandSignal-to-noise ratioStatic and dynamic factors must be considered in selecting a suitable sensor to measure the desired physical parameter.

Linear and Rotational SensorsContactInfraredResistiveTilt (Gravity)CapacitiveAC InductiveDC MagneticUltrasonicMagnetostrictive Time-of-FlightLaser Interferometry

Distance Measuring and Proximity Sensors

Light Detection, Image, and Vision Systems

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L.Hart