meljun cortes information concepts

7/27/2019 MELJUN CORTES Information Concepts

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Information Concepts:

Data, Information, and Knowledge

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Data: raw facts

Alphanumeric, image, audio, and video

Information: collection of facts organized in such a

way that they have additional value beyond the

value of the facts themselves

Value of Information is directly linked to howit helps decision makers achieve their organizations

goals and can be measured in time required to make a decision

Increased profits to the company

MELJUN CORTES


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Figure 1.2: The Process of Transforming Data into Information

Data, Information, and Knowledge


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The Characteristics of Valuable

Information

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Table 1.2: Characteristics of Valuable Information


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The Characteristics of Valuable

Information (continued)

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Table 1.2: Characteristics of Valuable Information (continued)


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What Is an Information System?

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Figure 1.3: The Components of any Information System


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Computer-Based Information

Systems

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Computer-based information system (CBIS):single set of hardware, software, databases,

telecommunications, people, and procedures

configured to collect, manipulate, store, and

process data into information


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Computer-Based Information

Systems

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CBIS components

Hardware: computer equipment used to

perform input, processing, and output

activities

Software: computer programs that governthe operation of the computer

Database: organized collection of facts and

information Telecommunications: electronic

transmission of signals for communications

Networks: connect computers and

equipment in a building, around the country,


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BusinessInformation Systems

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Most common types of information

systems used in business

organizationsElectronic and mobile commerce

systems

Transaction processing systemsManagement information systems

Decision support systems

Specialized business information


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Electronic and Mobile Commerce

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E-commerce: any business transaction

executed electronically between parties

Companies (B2B)

Companies and consumers (B2C)

Consumers and other consumers (C2C)

Companies and the public sector

Consumers and the public sector


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Transaction Processing Systems

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Transaction: business-related

exchange

Payments to employeesSales to customers

Payments to suppliers

Transaction processing system (TPS):organized collection of people,

procedures, software, databases, and

devices used to record completed


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Additional Business Information

Systems

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Management Information Systems (MIS)

provide routine information to managers and

decision makers

Knowledge Management Systems (KMS) create, store, share, and use the organizations

knowledge and experience

Artificial intelligence (AI)

field in which the computer system takes on the

characteristics of human intelligence

Decision support system (DSS)

used to support problem-specific decisionmakin


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HARDWARD/ SOFTWARE BASICS

Hardware Components

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Central processing unit (CPU)

Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU): performs

calculations and makes logical comparisons

Control unit: accesses, decodes andcoordinates data in CPU and other devices

Primary memory: holds program instructions

and data for processing

Secondary storage: more permanent storage Input and output devices

Communications devices


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Hardware Components

(continued)

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Figure 2.1: Hardware Components


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Processing and Memory Devices:

Power and Speed

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System unit

Houses the components responsible for

processing (the CPU and memory)

All other computer system devices are linkedeither directly or indirectly into the system unit

housing

Clock speed

series of electronic pulses produced at a

predetermined rate that affects machine cycle

time

Clock speed is often measured in megahertz


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Memory and Storage Characteristics

and Functions

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Types of Memory Random access memory (RAM)

Temporary Volatile

Read-only memory (ROM)

Usually nonvolatile Secondary storage

Also called permanent storage Nonvolatile Greater capacity and greater economy than memory Measured in bytes: kilo, mega, giga, tera Different access methods

Sequential access: data must be accessed in theorder in which it is stored Sequential access storage devices (SASDs)

Direct access: data can be retrieved in any order


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Secondary Storage Devices

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Magnetic tapes Secondary storage used primarily for backups

Magnetic disks Direct access secondary storage, e.g., hard disk

RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks) Stores extra bits so that data can be reconstructed

if system fails

SAN (Storage Area Network)

Provides high-speed connections between data

storage devices and computers over a networkOptical disks Direct access optical disc, e.g., CD-ROM

Digital video disk (DVD) Stores several gigabytes of data

Flash memory


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Input Devices

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Personal computer input devices Keyboard, mouse

Speech-recognition technology Input devices that recognize human speech

Digital cameras Input device used with PC to record/store images in digital

form

Terminals Input and display devices that perform data entry and input at

the same time

Touch-sensitive screens Allow display screens to act as input devices as well as outputdevices

Bar-code scanners Employs a laser scanner to read a bar-coded label

Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) devices Code data on banking forms, such as checks Pen input devices


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Output Devices

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Display monitors (CRTs) Output quality measured by number of pixels

and dot pitch

Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)

Easier on eyes, use less electricity, take up lessspace than CRTs

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)

Directly emits light rather than using backlight

Sharper colors and thinner displays Printersand plotters: hard copy output

Printers: laser, inkjet

Plotters: used for general design work

Digital audio player


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Overview of Software

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Computer programs: sequences of

instructions for the computer

Documentation:describes programfunctions

Systems software:coordinates the

activities of hardware and programs Application software: helps users

solve particular problems


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Systems Software

Controlling operations of computer hardware

Supports application programs problem-solvingcapabilities

Different types of systems software include: Operating systems programs that control the hardware and

interface with applications Common hardware functions

Get input (e.g., keyboard) Retrieve data from disks and store data on disks Display information on a monitor or printer

User interface Allows individuals to access and command the computer system

Command-based user interface: uses text commands Graphical user interface (GUI): uses icons and menus to send

commands to the computer system

Utility programs


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Application Software

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Give users the ability to solve problems and

perform specific tasks Interact with systems software; systems software

then directs the hardware to perform tasks

Proprietary software: unique program for aspecific application, usually developed and owned

by a single company

Off-the-shelf software: existing software

program that can be purchased Customized package


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Personal Application Software

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Serves the needs of an individualuser

Includes personal productivity

software

Enables users to improve their

personal effectiveness


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(continued)

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Table 2.7: Examples of Personal Productivity Software


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(continued)

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Table 2.7: Examples of Personal Productivity Software (continued)


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Workgroup Application Software

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Workgroup application software:

support teamwork, whether people are in

the same location or dispersed around theworld

Groupware: software that helps groups of

people work together more efficiently andeffectively


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Enterprise Application Software

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Software that benefits an entireorganization

Enterprise resource planning (ERP)

software: programs that manage acompanys vital business operations for

an entire multisite, global organization


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Enterprise Application Software

(continued)

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Table 2.10: Examples of Enterprise Application Software


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Information, Decision Support,

and Specialized Software

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Used in businesses of all sizes and types

to increase profits or reduce costs

Available in every industryExample: analysis to increase the cure

rate for cancer


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Data Management


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Data Management

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Without data and the ability toprocess it, an organization could not

successfully complete most

business activities

Data consists of raw facts

For data to be transformed intouseful information, it must first be

organized in a meaningful way


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The Hierarchy of Data

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Bit (a binary digit): a circuit that is either on or off Byte: eight bits

Character: basic building block of information Each byte represents a character

Can be an uppercase letter, lowercase letter,numeric digit, or special symbol

Field: typically a name, number, or combinationof characters that describes an aspect of abusiness object or activityRecord: a collection of

related data fields File: a collection of related records

Database: a collection of integrated and relatedfiles

Hierarchy of data: bits, characters, fields,records, files, and databases


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The Hierarchy of Data

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Figure 3.1: The Hierarchy of Data

D t E titi Att ib t d


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Data Entities, Attributes, and

Keys

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Entity: a generalized class of people,places, or things (objects) for which data is

collected, stored, and maintained

Attribute: characteristic of an entity Data item: value of an attribute

Key: field or set of fields in a record that is

used to identify the record Primary key: field or set of fields that

uniquely identifies the record


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Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys

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Figure 3.2: Keys and Attributes


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The Database Approach

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Traditional approach to database

management

separate data files are created for each

application

Results in data redundancy (duplication)

Data redundancy conflicts with data integrity

Database approach to databasemanagement:

pool of related data is shared by multiple

applications

Si nificant advanta es over traditional


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The Database Approach to Data

Management

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Figure 3.3: The Database Approach to Data Management


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The Database Approach

Advantages

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Table 3.1: Advantages of the Database Approach

e a a ase pproac


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e a a ase pproac(continued)

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Table 3.1: Advantages of the Database Approach (continued)


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Disadvantages

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Table 3.2: Disadvantages of the Database Approach


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Data Modeling and the Relational

Database Model

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When building a database, consider:Content: What data should be collected, at

what cost?

Access: What data should be provided towhich users and when?

Logical structure: How should data be

arranged to make sense to a given user?

Physical organization: Where should databe physically located?


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Data Modeling

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Building a database requires two types of designs Logical design

Abstract model of how data should be structured

and arranged to meet an organizations

information needs Data model: a diagram of data entities and

their relationships

Entity-relationship (ER) diagrams: data

models that use basic graphical symbols toshow the organization of and relationships

between data

Physical design

Fine-tunes the logical database design forerformance and cost considerations


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ER diagram for a Customer Order

Database

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ER diagram Showing the

Relationship between the Manager,

Department and Project

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I l ti th R l ti l


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Implementing the Relational

Database Model

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data elements are placed in two-dimensional tables (relations),

which are the logical equivalent of

files

Each row of a table represents a

data entity

Columns of the table represent

attributes

The domain of the database model


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The Relational Database Model

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Figure 3.5: A Relational Database Model


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Manipulating Databases

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Selecting: eliminates rows according to criteria Projecting: eliminates columns in a table

Joining: combines two or more tables

Linking: relates or links two or more tables usingcommon data attributes


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Manipulating Data (continued)

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Figure 3.7: Linking Data Tables to Answer an Inquiry

D t b M t S t


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Database Management Systems

(DBMS)

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Interface between:Database and application programs

Database and the user

Creating and implementing the rightdatabase system ensures that thedatabase will support both businessactivities and goals

DBMS: a group of programs used as aninterface between a database andapplication programs or a database and

the user


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Overview of Database Types

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Flat file Simple database program whose records

have no relationship to one another

Single user

Only one person can use the database at a

time

Examples: Access, FileMaker, and InfoPath

Multiple userAllows dozens or hundreds of people to

access the same database system at the

same time

Examples: Oracle, Sybase, and IBM


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Distributed Databases

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Distributed databaseData may be spread across several smaller

databases connected via

telecommunications devices

Corporations get more flexibility in how

databases are organized and used

Replicated database

Holds a duplicate set of frequently used data


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Telecommunications

B i C t f


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Basic Concepts of

Telecommunications

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Telecommunications: electronic transmissionof signals for communications

Computer network: communications media,

devices, and software needed to connect two

or more computer systems or devices

Network types: personal area network (PAN),

local area network (LAN), metropolitan area

network (MAN), wide area network (WAN),and international networks


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The Internet

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Internet: collection of interconnected networks, allfreely exchanging information

Internet Protocol (IP): communication standard

that enables traffic to be routed from one network

to another as needed

Uniform Resource Locator (URL): an assigned

address on the Internet for each computer


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Business Networks

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Intranet: internal corporate network built usingInternet and World Wide Web standards and

protocols

Extranet: network based on Web technologies

that links selected resources of a companysintranet with its customers, suppliers, or other

business partners


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Systems Development

An Overview of Systems


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An Overview of Systems

Development

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Managers and employees in all functional areaswork together in a business information system

Users help and often lead the way with

development process

Participants in systems development:

Determine when a project fails

Are critical to systems development success


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Participants in Systems Development

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Development team consists of the following: Project managers: coordinate system development

effort

Stakeholders: directly or indirectly benefit from the

project Users: interact with the system regularly

Systems analysts: analyze and design businesssystems

Programmers: modify or develop programs to satisfyuser requirements

Various support personnel: specialists, vendors

Information Systems Planning and


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Aligning Corporate and IS Goals

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Information systems planning: translatingstrategic and organizational goals into systems

development initiatives

Aligning organizational goals and IS goals is

critical for any successful systems developmenteffort

Determining whether organizational and IS goals

are aligned can be difficult



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y gAligning Corporate and IS Goals

(continued)

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Figure 8.2: Information Systems Planning

Systems Development Life


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Systems Development Life

Cycles

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The systems development process is also calleda systems development life cycle (SDLC)

Common SDLCs

Prototyping

Rapid application development (RAD) Systems development approach that employs tools, techniques, and

methodologies designed to speed application development

End-user development any systems

development project in which the primary effort isundertaken by a combination of business managers and

users

Systems Development Activities


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Systems Development Activities

Systems investigation: problems and opportunities are identified andconsidered in light of the goals of the business

Systems analysis: study of existing systems and work processes to

identify strengths, weaknesses, and opportunitiesfor improvement

Systems design: defines how the information system will do what it

must do to obtain the problem solution

Systems implementation: creation or acquisition of various system

components detailed in the systems design,assembling them, and placing the new or modifiedsystem into operation

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