meljun cortes research seminar 1 selecting a problem and reviewing the research

8/17/2019 MELJUN CORTES Research Seminar 1 Selecting a Problem and Reviewing the Research

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Selecting a Problem and

Reviewing the Research


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SELECTING A PROBLEM


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Selecting a Problem

• Research takes a great deal oftime and energ, and you want tobe sure that the area you select

interests o!.

• If selecting the area goes well, theremaining steps also have a good

chance of going "ell.


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Selecting a Problem (cont’d)

• #alling in lo$e "ith o!r idea can%e fatal& Be committed to yourideas but not so much that it cloudsyour judgment as to the practical andcorrect way to do things.

• Sticking with the rst idea that

comes to mind isn't al"as "ise.


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Selecting a Problem (cont’d)

• !oing something trivial by selecting aproblem that has no conceptual basis ofapparent importance in the eld can lead

to a fr!strating e()erience and onethat )ro$ides no clos!re.

• "hoose a research #uestion that is

doa%le.

• If you do something that has already beendone, you could be "asting o!r time.


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!ening $our Interests

• Personal e()eriences and *rst+handkno"ledge can be the catalyst for startingresearch.

•

,sing ideas from o!r instr!ctor willprobably make you very current with what ishappening in your eld.

• $ou might look for a research -!estion that

re.ects the ne(t ste) in the research process.• $ou may have come up with a research #uestion

%eca!se of this class.


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%ell&written 'ypothesis(review)

• Stated in declarati$e form

• Posits a relationshi) %et"een

$aria%les• Re.ects a theor or %od of

literat!re upon which it is based

•

Brief and to the )oint• Testa%le


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RE/IE0ING T1ELITERAT,RE


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(ypes of Sources


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%hat )eneral SourcesProvide

• )eneral introduction to areas inwhich you might be interested

• Some clues as to where you shouldgo for the more valuable or usefulinformation about your topic

• )reat browsing material


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*+amples of )eneralSources

• Reader’s Guide to PeriodicalLiterature

• Scientifc American

• New York Times

• Time

•

Newsweek


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%hat Secondary SourcesProvide

• Scholarly summary of the researchthat has been done in a particulararea

• urther sources of references


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*+amples of SecondarySources

• Annual Reviews

• $earbooks of the National Society ort!e Study o "ducation

• T!e #ondition o "ducation in $rie%&&'

•

andook o #!ild Psyc!olo*y • "ncyclo+edia o Psyc!olo*y -///0


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%hat Primary SourcesProvide

• Specic information

• 1ore strong literature review


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Peer Review

*ach reviewer makes arecommendation regarding

suitability for publication, "itho!t

them kno"ing the identit of thea!thor2s3 of the materials they arereviewing. (his ensured that e+perts

re$ie" and comment on a researchmanuscript %efore it is )!%lished.


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Peer Review (cont’d)

(he options from which the reviewers canselect include2

•Acce)t o!tright -article is outstanding

and accepted for publication as is0•Acce)t "ith re$isions

•Re4ect "ith s!ggestions for re$isions-article is not acceptable as is3 after

changes are made the author-s0 should beinvited to resubmit it0

•Re4ect o!tright


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4bstract

One+ 2or at most t"o+3 )aragra)hs!mmar of a 4o!rnal article "hich

contains all the information

readers sho!ld need to decide"hether to read the entire 4o!rnal

article&


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Inde+

Al)ha%etical listing of entries %to)ic5 a!thor5 or %oth&


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*+ample of Indices

• "omprehensive !issertation Inde+"itations5http266www.umi.com6products6pt&product&compdisind.shtml7

•

4merican !octoral !issertations5http266www.umi.com6products6pt&product&amerdocdis.shtml7• Social Sciences "itation Inde+

5http266www.isinet.com6products6citation6ssci67

•

Science "itation Inde+

• Bibliographic Inde+ Plus5http266www.hwwilson.com6!atabases6biblio.htm7


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REA6ING AN6E/AL,ATING RESEARC1


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Reading and *valuatingResearch

Researc! articles and re+orts mustalways e carefully evaluated andt!e results never taken at face

value0


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Reading and *valuatingResearch

Researc! articles take all kind os!a+es and orms1 ut t!eir +rimary +ur+ose is to inform and educate

the reader 0


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"riteria2 8udging a ResearchStudy

7&Re$ie" of Pre$io!s Research

– 'ow closely is the literature cited in thestudy related to )re$io!s literat!re9

– Is the review recent9

– 4re there any seminal or o!tstandingreferences you know of that were left

out9


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"riteria2 8udging a ResearchStudy (cont’d)

8&Pro%lem and P!r)ose – "an you !nderstand the statement of the

)ro%lem9

–

Is the )!r)ose of the study clearl stated9 – !oes the )!r)ose seem to be tied to the

literat!re that is reviewed9

– Is the o%4ecti$e of the study clearl stated9

– Is there a conce)t!al rationale to which theh)otheses are grounded9

– Is there a rationale for why the st!d is anim)ortant one to do9


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9&1)othesis

– 4re the research hypotheses clearland e()licitl stated9

– !o the hypotheses state a clearassociation %et"een $aria%les9

– 4re the hypotheses gro!nded in

theor or in a re$ie" and)resentation of rele$ant literat!re9

– "an the hypotheses be tested9


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:&Method

– 4re both the independent anddependent variables clearl de*ned9

– 4re the denitions and descriptions ofthe variables com)lete9

– Is it clear ho" the st!d "as

cond!cted9


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;&Sam)le

– %as the sample selected in such a waythat you think it is re)resentati$e of

the )o)!lation9 – Is it clear "here the sam)le came

from and ho" it "as selected9

–

1o" similar are the participants in thestudy to those who have been used insimilar studies9


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=&References

– Is the list of references c!rrent9

– 4re they consistent in their format9 4re

the references com)lete9

– !oes the list of references re.ect someof the most important reference sources

in the eld9


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>&General Comments A%o!t the Re)ort – Is the report clearl "ritten and

understandable9

– Is the language %iased9

– %hat are the strengths and "eaknesses ofthe research9

– %hat are the )rimar im)lications of theresearch9

– %hat would you do to im)ro$e the research9 – !oes the submitted manuscript conform to the

editor:s or publisher:s specications9


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BASIC PRINCIPLES O#ET1ICAL RESEARC1


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*thical Research

As lon* as researc!ers continue to use!umans and animals as +artici+ants1

t!e way in w!ic! t!ey are treated and

!ow t!ey eneft even indirectly1 rom +artici+ation are critical issues t!at

must e ke+t in t!e oreront o all our

considerations0


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*thical Principles inResearch

• Protection rom arm

• 2aintenance o Privacy

•

#oercion• 3normed #onsent

• #onfdentiality

• -eriefn*• S!arin* $enefts


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ENS,RING 1IG1 ET1ICALSTAN6AR6S


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*nsuring 'igh *thicalStandards

• -o a computer simulation in w!ic!data are constructed and su4ected tot!e e5ects o various treatments (e0*0

2onte #arlo studies)0• 6!en t!e treatment is deemed

!armul1 try to locate a +o+ulation t!at

!as already been exposed to theharmful eects o some variale0

• Always secure informed consent 0


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*nsuring 'igh *thicalStandards (cont’d)

• 6!en +ossile1 +ulis! all re+orts usin* groupdata rat!er t!an individual data to maintainconfdentiality 0

• 3 you sus+ect t!at t!e treatment may !ave

adverse e5ects1 use a small, well-informedsample until you can e/+and t!at sam+le si7eand t!e amitiousness o t!e +ro4ect0

• Ask your collea*ues to review your +ro+osal1

es+ecially your e/+erimental +rocedures1 eore you e*in0

• #onsult t!e institutional review board ora++roval0


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Summary of *thical)uidelines

• The person conducting the research ist!e one w!o is t!e frst and mostim+ortant 4ud*e o its et!ical acce+taility0

•

Every eort s!ould e made to minimizerisk to t!e +artici+ants0

• T!e researc!er is responsible orensurin* et!ical +ractices1 includin* t!e

e!avior o assistants1 students1em+loyees1 collaorators1 and anyoneinvolved0


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Summary of *thical )uidelines(cont’d)

• A fair and reasonable agreement must ereac!ed etween t!e researc!er and t!esu4ects +rior to t!e e*innin* o t!e researc!0

• 3 dece+tion is necessary1 t!e researc!er must

e sure it is usti!ed and a mec!anism muste uilt in to ensure t!at su4ects aredebriefed when the research isconcluded 0

•

Researc!ers must respect a subect"schoice to wit!draw and must not coerce t!esu4ect to return to t!e study0


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• 6!enever +ossile1 +artici+antsshould be shielded rom +!ysicaland +syc!olo*ical !arm0

• 8nce t!e researc! is com+lete1results o t!e work should be madeavailable1 and t!e +artici+ant s!ould

e *iven a c!ance to clarify anydiscrepancies o w!ic! !e9s!e mi*!te aware0


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• 3 t!e researc! activity results in!arm o any kind1 t!e researc!er !ast!e responsibility of correcting

the harm0

• All t!e inormation aout t!e +artici+ants o a study1 and any

related results1 are con!dential 0


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Summary of *thical )uidelinesRegarding "hildren

• T!e ri*!ts o t!e c!ild su+ersede t!e ri*!ts ot!e investi*ator no matter what the age ofthe child 0

• 3 t!ere are c!an*es in a++roved +rocedures

t!at mi*!t a5ect t!e et!ical conduct o t!eresearc!1 consultation with colleagues orexperts should be undertaken0

• T!e c!ild s!ould e fully informed as to t!eresearc! +rocess1 and all :uestions s!ould e

answered in a way t!at can be understood 03 t!e c!ild is too youn*1 t!en t!e c!ild’sre+resentative s!ould e closely involved inall discussions0


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Summary of *thical )uidelinesRegarding "hildren (cont’d)

• #nformed consent from parents,teachers, or whoever is legallyresponsible for the child"s welfare

must e otained in writin*0• 3normed consent must also e otained

rom others who are involved in t!e

e/+eriment esides t!e individual c!ild0• T!e res+onsiilities o t!e c!ild and o

t!e investi*ator must be made clear 0


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• %hen deception is necessary, acommittee of the investigator:s peerssho!ld a))ro$e the planned methods.

•

(he ndings from any study sho!ld %ere)orted to the )artici)ants in a waythat is com)rehensi%le to them.

• Investigators should be especially careful

about the way in which they report resultsto children and sho!ld not )resent theres!lts in the form of ad$ice.

f hi l id li


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• If treatments are e;ective, control groupsshould be o?ered similar o))ort!nitiesto receive the treatment.

• (hese ethical standards sho!ld %e

)resented to st!dents in the co!rse oftheir training.

• *ditors of journals that report investigationsof children sho!ld )ro$ide a!thors

s)ace to summari


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Summary of *thical )uidelinesRegarding =nline Research

• $ou can #uote and analy


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Summary of *thical )uidelinesRegarding =nline Research

• $ou can obtain consent electronically ifparticipants are >? years of age or older, andthe risk is judged to be relatively low. If youcannot obtain informed consent electronically,you need to mail, fa+, or e&mail the properform and ask the participant to sign it andret!rn it. There m!st %e a hard co)&

•

4s best as possible, the con*dentialit ofthe participants and their identity must beassured.


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0RITING T1E LITERAT,RERE/IE0

% iti th @it t


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%riting the @iteratureReview

>. Read other literature reviews.

. "reate a unied theme, or a line ofthought, throughout the review.

A. se a system to organi


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Selecting a Problem and

Reviewing the Research

meljun cortes research seminar 1 selecting a problem and reviewing the research

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