© 2011 IWA Publishing. Membrane-Based Desalination: An Integrated Approach (MEDINA). Edited by Enrico Drioli, Alessandra Criscuoli and Francesca Macedonio. ISBN: 9781843393214. Published by IWA Publishing, London, UK.

Figure 1.2 LC-OCD results for: Fresh water (left), estuarine water (middle) and Seawater (right)

Figure 1.4 Organic matter fractions along the treatment plant

a) b)

Figure 1.10 Bacterial community structure in a full-scale desalination plant (FSDP), Site D, as revealed by capillary electrophoresis single-stranded conformational polymorphism (CE-SSCP). (A) Superimposed normalised DNA profi les showing different peak profi les for seawater samples at different sampling periods respectively. OI, open intake seawater; F, SWRO membrane feed water after pre-treatment. (B) Similarity of the DNA CE-SSCP profi les from samples taken from different compartments of a FSDP; open intake seawater (OI), seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) membrane feed water after pre-treatment (F) at different sampling periods revealed in the dendrogram. Bray Curtis similarities were calculated between pairwise comparisons of the sample profi les and the dendrogram was constructed by the average linkage method.

Membrane Based Desalination: An Integrated Approach (MEDINA)

The following are colour reproductions of fi gures that appear in the book.

Figure 2.4 Biofouling of live (green), dead (red) cells and EPS (blue) on RO membrane of the MBR and the UF system’s permeate after 7 days. A and B UF system permeate and C and D- MBR � UF system’s permeate

Figure 1.11 Schematic representation of the hierarchical classifi cation and distribution of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences into major bacterial groups from clone libraries obtained from water samples a full-scale desalination plant (FSDP) comprising open intake seawater (OI) and seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) membrane feed water after pretreatment (F)

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Figure 3.3 13C-NMR results for deposits from sites D, C(1) and H

Figure 3.4 13C-NMR profi les of autopsied modules from sites D, C(1), and H

Figure 3.13 Bacterial community structure in a full-scale desalination plant (FSDP) as revealed by capillary electrophoresis single-stranded conformational polymorphism (CE-SSCP). (A and B) Superimposed normalised DNA and cDNA profi les showing different peak profi les for SWRO membrane samples respectively

Figure 3.12 Bacterial community structure in a full-scale desalination plant (FSDP) as revealed by capillary electrophoresis single-stranded conformational polymorphism (CE-SSCP). (A) Superimposed normalised DNA profi les for samples taken from different positions in the seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) membrane module relative to the water fl ow fl ux. (B) Superimposed normalised DNA and the corresponding cDNA profi les for seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) membrane samples analysed at two independent dates (2 and 2b)

Figure 3.14 Bacterial community structure in SWRO membranes from desalination plants as revealed by capillary electrophoresis single-stranded conformational polymorphism (CE-SSCP). Superimposed cDNA profi les from Sites A, D, E, G and H

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Figure 4.6 Removal of deposit and total cell counts (TCC) in the mixed fouling layers

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Figure 4.7 Salt retention of fouled membranes before and after cleaning. (The recommended salt retention as given by the manufacturer is 99.0%–99.5% and is marked as light blue bar in the Figure)

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Figure 4.11 Biopolymers distribution in lyophilized deposit after cleaning sequences applied during bench-scale experiments; PR: Proteins, PS: Polysaccharides, PS-AA: Acetic Acid, AS: Amino sugars, PHA: Polyhydroxyaromatic, PHA-ABZ: Alkyl benzene

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Figure 5.33 Water cost of the considered membrane desalination system with MCr operation on RO brine (at different MCr recovery factor and at different temperature of the MCr feed)

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December 21 slope = 45°

Example of comparison with the experimental values Day 02/05/2008 slope = 30°

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Figure 6.10 Comparison between simulation and experimental results

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Figure 6.12 Scheme of the designed plant

Figure 6.13 Example of typical information obtained during simulation runs

Figure 6.14 Temperature profi les

Figure 9.5 MCA ranking results of the four alternatives by four expert groups. BWL: beachwell, UF: ultrafi ltration, CI: conventional pretreatment, CII: conventional pretreatment with waste (sludge) treatment (Lattemann, 2010)