memory

MEMORY

MEMORYability to store, retain, and recall information and experiences

Your memory is your mind’s storehouse, the reservoir of your accumulated experiences

LET’S TRY AN EXAMPLE

MEMORY

Memory involves three fundamental processes:

1. Encoding2. Storage3. Retrieval

MEMORY – INFORMATION PROCESSING

Encoding – putting into

Storage – keeping

Retrieval –getting out

STAGE MODEL OF MEMORY

THREE STAGES OF MEMORY

Three memory stores that differ in function, capacity and duration

Long-term memory

Working orShort-term

Memory

Sensory

Input

Sensory Memory

AttentionEncoding

Retrieval

Maintenance Rehearsal

MEMORY – INFORMATION PROCESSING“Three-Stage Processing” Model

Memories are stored in a three-step process of sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

SENSORY MEMORY


Sensory Memory – the immediate, initial recording of sensory information; fleeting, to-be-remembered information

SENSORY MEMORY Function—holds information long enough to be processed for basic physical characteristics

Capacity—largecan hold many items

at once Duration—very brief retention

of images.3 sec for visual info2 sec for auditory

info

Sensory

InputSensoryMemory

SENSORY MEMORY

Sensory memory forms automatically, without attention or interpretation

Attention is needed to transfer information to working memory

Sensory

InputSensoryMemory

SENSORY MEMORY

Visual sensory memoryaka iconic memory

Auditory sensory memoryaka echoic memory

Which lasts longer?

LET’S TRY AN EXAMPLE

SENSORY MEMORY

G Z EP

R K OD

B T XF

SENSORY MEMORY

How many letters can you recall?

Most people can recall four or five letters in that short of a time span, but know that there were more.

SENSORY MEMORY

Sensory memory retention is what is used when you see a face in the crowd for a split second….you recognize features quickly, determine she/he was cute, but then you can’t remember any details of their face

OKAY – GET READY

SENSORY MEMORYWas he/she cute?What was he/she wearing? What color was it?

What color was his/her hair? How long was it?

What color was her lipstick?What was his/her facial expression? What color were his/her eyes?

SHORT TERM MEMORY


Short-Term Memory – activated memory that holds a few items brieflyAka working memory

This is where encoding starts

ENCODINGthe processing of information into the memory system

3 kinds

TYPES OF ENCODINGVisual (Mental) Encoding – the encoding of picture images

Acoustic Encoding – the encoding of sounds

Semantic Encoding – the encoding of meanings, especially of words

VISUAL / MENTAL ENCODING

Remembering visual information is often easier than remembering formulas, definitions, names and dates

Applying mental pictures to words and concepts

CAT

ENCODING –MENTAL / VISUAL IMAGERY

ENCODING – MENTAL IMAGERY When encoding a list of words, apply a

mental picture to each word. IE. Typewriter, fire, cigarette, scary.

AUDITORY ENCODING - SOUNDS

auditory encoding enhances the processing of information by applying rhyme schemes, stories, songs, etc. to the information.

ENCODING – AUDITORY30 Days has September, April, June and November. All the rest have 31, except February…

In fourteen hundred and ninety-two Columbus sailed the Ocean Blue.

"i" before "e," except after "c," or in sounding like "ay" as in "neighbor" or "weigh."

AUDITORY ENCODING - SOUNDSBeer before liquor, never been sicker…liquor before beer, you’re in the clear

Lefty loosey, righty tighty“If the glove doesn’t fit, you must acquit,” is easily remembered by jurors when a lawyer is fighting for his client’s innocence.

ENCODING – AUDITORY ENCODING

Songs are another great way to remember things – SCHOOL HOUSE ROCK !!

HTTP://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=MKO87MKGCNO&FEATURE=RELATED

ENCODING – SEMANTIC

processing and encoding of sensory input that has particular meaning or can be applied to a context

Which is easier to remember? Rdeckeroctnaonleyko entrance key lock door

LET’S TRY IT

Concrete words lab

SHORT-TERM MEMORY2 important characteristics:

STM can contain seven, plus or minus two, "chunks" of information

Items remain in STM around twenty to thirty seconds

SHORT-TERM MEMORYThis type of memory increases as children get older…

…but decreases in old age

ActivityPens and pencils DOWN

Look at the picture You will have15

seconds

SHORT-TERM MEMORY

Write down the words of all the pictures you can remember.

How many objects did you remember?

SHORT-TERM MEMORY

We can only consciously process a very limited amount of information in our short-term memory.

SHORT-TERM MEMORY

Overload your short-term memory?

STAGE 2


Memory

Sensory

Input

Sensory Memory

Attention

SHORT-TERM MEMORY Function—conscious processing of information

where information is actively worked on Capacity—limited (holds 7+/-2 items) Duration—brief storage (about 30 seconds)


Memory

Sensory

Input

Sensory Memory

Attention

CAPACITY LAB

One partner face the board, the other face the back wall

9754 6419 68259 37148 913825 648327 5963827

5316842 86951372 51739826 719384273 163875942 9152438162 1528467318

WHY IS OUR SHORT-TERM MEMORY USEFUL?

SO HOW CAN WE KEEP SOMETHING IN OUR WORKING MEMORY?

MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL Mental or verbal repetition of information allows information to remain in working memory longer than the usual 30 seconds


Memory

Sensory

Input

Sensory Memory

Attention


CHUNKING

What did we learn about grouping in our Sensation and Perception unit?

How many “items” can we hold in STM?

Chunking – Organizing items into familiar, manageable units

CHUNKING NUMBERS

Put your pencil down Remember the numbers I saw verbally

ENCODING –CHUNKING

1,8,1,2,1,7,7,6,1,9,4,1,1,4,9,2


Much easier to encode the numbers into our memory if we “chunk” them:

Try to remember these numbers:1812, 1776, 1941, 1492


Where they easier to remember?

They were the same numbers as before…

1,8,1,2,1,7,7,6,1,9,4,1,1,4,9,2

1812, 1776, 1941, 1492

LONG TERM MEMORY


Long-term Memory – the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memories

can be facts you learned a few minutes ago, personal memories that are decades old, or skills learned with practice

LONG TERM MEMORY

Penny Lab

STAGE 3

Once information passes from sensory to working memory, it can be encoded into long-term memory

Long-term memory


Memory

Sensory

Input

Sensory Memory

AttentionEncoding

Retrieval


LONG-TERM MEMORY Function—organizes and stores information

more passive form of storage than working memory

Unlimited capacity Duration—thought by some to be permanent

Long-term memory


Memory

Sensory

Input

Sensory Memory

AttentionEncoding

Retrieval


TIME FOR AN ANALOGY

Sensory memory: Preconscious STM: Conscious LTM: Subconscious

WHAT ARE THE THINGS WE NEVER FORGET?

AUTOMATIC VS. EFFORTFUL ENCODING

Automatic processingUnconscious encoding of informationExamples:

What did you eat for lunch today?Was the last time you studied during the day or night?

You know the meanings of these very words you are reading. Are you actively trying to process the definition of the words?

AUTOMATIC VS. EFFORTFUL ENCODING

Effortful processingRequires attention and conscious effortExamples:

Memorizing your notes for your upcoming Introduction to Psychology exams

Repeating a phone number in your head until you can write it down

WHICH IS EASIER TO PROCESS….

Concrete or abstract ideas?

SO HOW DO WE GET THINGS INTO OUR LTM?

LTM ENCODING STRATEGIES

Mnemonics device - learning technique that aids memory

What do you do?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6vsYCSmBcM0


Rehearsal – the conscious repetition of information

Is this automatic or effortful?


Elaborative rehearsal: focus on the meaning of information

Examples?


Spacing Effect – rehearsing information repeatedly, over time.

Rehearse a bit, take a break, begin rehearsing as you start forgetting things, take a break, rehearse again as you begin to forget, etc.

LTM ENCODING STRATEGIES Acronyms - Organizing items by creating words or sentences from the first letters of the words or information to be remembered

ENCODING –ACRONYMS

Need to learn the names of North America’s five “Great Lakes”?HOMES – Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior

ENCODING – EFFORTFUL PROCESSINGACRONYMS

National Basketball Association – NBA

Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus – SCUBA

ENCODING – EFFORTFUL PROCESSINGACRONYMS

Can’t remember how to spell Arithmetic?A Rat In Toms House Might Eat Toms Ice Cream

Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally -

How about the planets in order…My Very Educated Mother Just Showed Us Nine Planets –

My Very Educated Mother Just Showed Us Nothing


Encode with emotionFlashbulb Memories – a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Where were you on 9/11/01?Where were you on 9/10/01?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=evj6q0eCdd8


Encode with meaningLab

RETRIEVAL

Retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory storage

You may need to remember exact facts and figures, or you may only need to remember general terms and identifications.

RETRIEVAL

Recall – the ability to retrieve exact information learned at an earlier timeIE. Fill in the blank test.IE. Columbus sailed in the year

________. 6 x 6 = _____. Define retrieval ______. My Social Security number is _______.

WORD LIST LAB

SERIAL POSITION EFFECT

Primacy: first few items are recalled more frequently than the middle items

Recency: people tend to begin recall with the end of the list, recalling those items best

RETRIEVALRecognition – a measure of memory in which a person only needs to identify items previously learnedIE. A multiple-choice test.IE. You can’t remember the names of

all 400 kids you graduated high school with, but if I show you pictures of them you can remember who you went to school with and who you didn’t.

RETRIEVALRelearning – if you’ve learned something and forgot it, you will learn the material more easily and quickly the second time IE. Learned to play the guitar and

played for 5 years. Haven’t played in 10 years, but you pick up a guitar and play a few tunes, and with a few lessons you play as well as you did before.

RETRIEVALRetrieval Cues – clues that provide reminders of information that otherwise would be more difficult to remember; can guide us to the right answers

You forget someone’s name and they tell you the first letter

RETRIEVAL CUES EXAMPLE

Grocery store game

RETRIEVAL

Priming – the activation of particular associations in memory; this may be done consciously or unconsciously, purposefully or accidentally

RETRIEVAL IE. Mnemonic clues (Roy G Biv) are primers that

allow you to remember information many types of factual information

IE. A “Missing Child” poster makes you think about your own abduction as a child

IE. The color red prompts memories of days on your grandfathers farm, with its big red barn

IE. The first letter of each vocabulary word is provided on your test.

RETRIEVAL CUESContext Effects – the tendency to remember information better and more accurately when you are in a physical setting that is similar to the one that you learned the information in the first place

RETRIEVAL CUES

Mood-Congruent – our moods bias our memories (we remember things better when we are in the same mood as when the memory was formed)IE. You see a sappy romantic movie

and then you suddenly remember what your boyfriend was wearing the first night you met

RETRIEVAL CUES

State-Dependent Theory – what we learn in one physical state – such as drunk or sober – is sometimes more easily recalled when we are again in that same state

MEMORY

Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Improving Memory

WHY DO WE FORGET?

Forgetting can occur at any memory stage

Retrieval from long-term memoryDepending on interference, retrieval

cues, moods, and motives, some things get retrieved, some don’t

Long-term storageSome items are altered or lost

Short-term memoryA few items are both noticed

and encoded

Sensory memoryThe senses momentarily register

amazing detail

RETRIEVAL FAILURES

Repression - defense mechanism that banishes arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

IE. trauma

RETRIEVAL FAILURES

Tip-Of-The-Tongue Experience – the inability to get a bit of information that you’re absolutely certain is stored in your memory

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F5GXUs_-YTg&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JHyWTyybCzc

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T36I8Coiz64

MEDICAL MEMORY LOSSAmnesia – severe memory loss

Retrograde – forget things from the past

Anterograde – inability to form new memories but remember the past

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WmzU47i2xgw&feature=related

Alzheimers – as plaques build in the brain and interfere with neural transmissions, memories cannot be formed or retrieved

FALSE MEMORIES Source Confusion – arises when the true

source of a memory is forgotten, so you create details to fill in the gapsYou actually saw that on tv…

• Misinformation Effect – a person’s existing memories can be altered if the person is exposed to misleading information– Lost in the mall– http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=_RLvSGYxDIs

Elizabeth Loftus

FALSE MEMORIES

Eyewitness Testimony…How reliable is it? http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?

id=5153451n&tag=related;photovideo http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=I4V6aoYuDcg&feature=relmfu

HOW TO MAKE MEMORIES LAST?A FEW SUGGESTIONS

Focus your attentionCommit the necessary time

Space your study sessionsOrganize the informationElaborate on the material

HOW TO MAKE MEMORIES LAST?A FEW SUGGESTIONS

Use visual imagery and other mnemonics

Explain it to a friendReduce InterferencesSince we usually remember the early part and the last part, spend extra time on the middle

Use contextual clues to jog memory

memory

Documents

encoding of meanings

encoding of soundssemantic

memory system

examplememory memory

experiencesyour memory

auditory encoding soundsbeer

encoding auditory30

step process of sensory