MEMORY

BY: JUNAID ASLAM 09-8022

WHAT IS MEMORY???Memory is persistence of learning or retention

of information over time.3 Domains

EncodeStoreRetrieve

TypesSensoryShortLong

MEMORYStarts with self recognition.

Just Things vs. Things that happened to us.

(Experiment example)

Memory Peak at age 25.27 start to lose.40 brain cells start to dying. (Why?)

MEMORY: PAST & FUTURE

ExperimentPeople who have long term memory problem

are unable to plan for there future.

PHYSIOLOGYMemory not specific in one region. (Rat

maze expt)Temporal lobe: Part of cerebral cortex

involved in the storage of past events.Frontal lobe: Part of brain that is located in

front of parietal lobe and above the Temproal lobe. It is more related to speech.

PHYSIOLOGY

PHYSIOLOGYHippocampus: Plays a role in formation of

new memories & long term memories.Amygdala : emotional memory (flashbulb

memory)Flashbulb Memory: detailed & vivid

memory that is stored on one occasion and retained for a lifetime. Usually very historical or autobiographical. Ex. 9/11

Cerebellum :part of brain where procedural memories are maintained

MEMORY PROCESSING

Encoding: processing of info into memory system. It is affected by divided attention.

Semantic: encoding process of words or

meaning. Acoustic: Encoding process of sound. Visual: encoding process of picture

images.

STORAGEStorage: retention and representation of

information in memory over time.Atkinson-Shiffrin theory: accumulation of

information takes place in three main stores that vary according to time frames.SensoryShortLong

SENSORYSensory: The first type of memory which

holds an exact image of each sensory experience for a very brief interval until it can be fully processed.

Ex. Iconic- visual Echoic- Auditory

SHORT TERMShort term- Type of memory which holds info

for approximately 30 seconds (information will fade from short-term memory unless the material is rehearsed).

Alan Baddeley: working memory-system that holds information while we are thinking.

Capacity 7 ± 2 items, but this can be increased by organizing the material into larger chunks.

LONG TERM MEMORYLong Term: Memory which can retain

enormous amounts of information for a long period of time from days to life time. We can retrieve information from long-term memory.

Divided into

Implicit (Nondeclarative memory): Type of LGM in which behavior is affected by prior experience without that experience being consciously recollected.Example: Procedural (skill-Riding bicycle)

LTM CONTINUE….Explicit (declarative memory)- Type of

long term memory that can be verbally communicated.

Semantic: Persons knowledge about the world. Example: Words/Ideas

Episodic-retention of information about the where and when of life's happeningsExample: events/experience

4 THEORIES OF LTM ORGANIZATION

Hierarchies: memory is organized on a hierarchy from general to specific types of things.

Semantic networks: organized in irregular networks of concepts connected based on the meaning and relationships that we have learned through experiences.

4 THEORIES OF LTM ORGANIZATION

Schema approach: memories are not precise and that we reconstruct our past.

Connectionist networks: memory is stored throughout the brain in connections between neurons, several of which may work together to process a single memory.

RETRIEVALRetrieve: process of getting

information out.

Affected by Retrieval cues and mood.Retrieval cues: is any stimulus that

helps us recall information in long-term memory.

RRRRecallRecognitionRecollection

RETRIEVALRecall: information must be retrieved from

previously learned information.For example, answering a question on a

fill-in-the-blank test.

Recognition: one only has to identify learned items.For example, taking a multiple choice

quiz.

Recollection: Reconstruct memory by using logic, clues, etc.For example, writing an answer on an

essay exam.

SHORT TERM MEMORY TEST

You will have 10 sec to remember.Write down the numbers in order to the

best of your ability.

SHORT-TERM MEMORY TEST

5713091492

MEMORY FAILURE/FORGETTING

Decay- simple degeneration of memory trace as time passes. (phone call example) Memory Trace (engram): postulated

biochemical change in the neural tissue that represents a memory.

Displacement- New information takes the place of old information. Ex. Phone # and example.

MEMORY FAILURE/FORGETTING

Retroactive interference: disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info.

Proactive interference: disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info

SERIAL POSITION EFFECT

Serial Position Effect: tendency for people to remember items towards the beginning and end of a list rather than those items in the middle.Primacy: notion that

items towards the beginning of a list are rehearsed more than the other items

Recency: notion that items towards the end are directly from short term memory and little or no decay has taken place.

SHORT TERM MEMORY TEST

NEXT SLIDE>>>>>

CHUNKING/ASSOCIATION

571-309-1492

COMPARE

HOW TO IMPROVE MEMORY?

Repetition: By repeating over and over. Relationships (Menomonics): Relating with

something that you have already learned or is easy to remember. Word association example.

Avoid distractionEx. Study in quiet place.

AMNESIAAmnesia: Partial or total loss of memory

Causes:Disease (Alzheimer) PhysicalUse of drugs such as propofol. psychological factors such as defense mechanism.

Anterograde: is an inability to store and/or retrieve new information. It is caused by damage in the hippocampus.

Retrograde: is the inability to retrieve old, long-term memories.

Treatments:Usually depends on the cause of amnesia. Psychological: Psychotherapy, such as

hypnosis or drugs like Amytal. Amytal or Hypnosis. love and care can be

helpful for amnesia caused by emotional trauma.

AMNESIA

BIBLIOGRAPHY Psychology, 7e David G. Myers.

http://www.sfn.org/index.cfm?pagename=core_concepts_glossary

Psychology: The Human Experience – Memory (Movie-youtube.com)

How Does Your Memory Work? (Movie-youtube.com)

http://www.usatoday.com/tech/columnist/aprilholladay/2007-03-12-memory-first_N.htm

Alan Baddeley, Human Memory, Theory and Practice (revised Edition)

www.apa.org/journals/releases/neu192181.pdf

Psychology 7 J. Santrock

Essentials of psychology B. Lahey