memory management subdividing memory to accommodate multiple processes memory needs to be allocated...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Memory Management Subdividing memory to accommodate multiple processes Memory needs to be allocated to ensure a reasonable supply of ready processes to](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649ce25503460f949ae007/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 7Memory Management
![Page 2: Memory Management Subdividing memory to accommodate multiple processes Memory needs to be allocated to ensure a reasonable supply of ready processes to](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649ce25503460f949ae007/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Memory ManagementSubdividing memory to
accommodate multiple processes
Memory needs to be allocated to ensure a reasonable supply of ready processes to consume available processor time
![Page 3: Memory Management Subdividing memory to accommodate multiple processes Memory needs to be allocated to ensure a reasonable supply of ready processes to](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649ce25503460f949ae007/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Memory Management RequirementsRelocation
Programmer does not know where the program will be placed in memory when it is executed
While the program is executing, it may be swapped to disk and returned to main memory at a different location (relocated)
Memory references must be translated in the code to actual physical memory address
![Page 4: Memory Management Subdividing memory to accommodate multiple processes Memory needs to be allocated to ensure a reasonable supply of ready processes to](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649ce25503460f949ae007/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Addressing Requirement
![Page 5: Memory Management Subdividing memory to accommodate multiple processes Memory needs to be allocated to ensure a reasonable supply of ready processes to](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649ce25503460f949ae007/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Memory Management RequirementsProtection
Processes should not be able to reference memory locations in another process without permission
Impossible to check absolute addresses at compile time
Must be checked at run time
![Page 6: Memory Management Subdividing memory to accommodate multiple processes Memory needs to be allocated to ensure a reasonable supply of ready processes to](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649ce25503460f949ae007/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Memory Management RequirementsSharing
Allow several processes to access the same portion of memory
Better to allow each process access to the same copy of the program rather than have their own separate copy
![Page 7: Memory Management Subdividing memory to accommodate multiple processes Memory needs to be allocated to ensure a reasonable supply of ready processes to](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649ce25503460f949ae007/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Memory Management RequirementsLogical Organization
Programs are written in modulesModules can be written and compiled independently
Different degrees of protection given to modules (read-only, execute-only)
Share modules among processes
![Page 8: Memory Management Subdividing memory to accommodate multiple processes Memory needs to be allocated to ensure a reasonable supply of ready processes to](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649ce25503460f949ae007/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Memory Management RequirementsPhysical Organization
Memory available for a program plus its data may be insufficientOverlaying allows various modules to be assigned the same region of memory
Programmer does not know how much space will be available
![Page 9: Memory Management Subdividing memory to accommodate multiple processes Memory needs to be allocated to ensure a reasonable supply of ready processes to](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649ce25503460f949ae007/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Fixed PartitioningEqual-size partitions
Any process whose size is less than or equal to the partition size can be loaded into an available partition
If all partitions are full, the operating system can swap a process out of a partition
![Page 10: Memory Management Subdividing memory to accommodate multiple processes Memory needs to be allocated to ensure a reasonable supply of ready processes to](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649ce25503460f949ae007/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Fixed PartitioningEqual-size partitions
A program may not fit in a partition. The programmer must design the program with overlays
Main memory use is inefficient. Any program, no matter how small, occupies an entire partition.This is called internal fragmentation.
![Page 11: Memory Management Subdividing memory to accommodate multiple processes Memory needs to be allocated to ensure a reasonable supply of ready processes to](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649ce25503460f949ae007/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Fixed Partitioning
![Page 12: Memory Management Subdividing memory to accommodate multiple processes Memory needs to be allocated to ensure a reasonable supply of ready processes to](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649ce25503460f949ae007/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Placement AlgorithmEqual-size
Placement it trivialUnequal-size
Can assign each process to the smallest partition within which it will fit
Queue for each partitionProcesses are assigned in such a way as to minimize wasted memory within a partition
![Page 13: Memory Management Subdividing memory to accommodate multiple processes Memory needs to be allocated to ensure a reasonable supply of ready processes to](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649ce25503460f949ae007/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Fixed Partitioning
![Page 14: Memory Management Subdividing memory to accommodate multiple processes Memory needs to be allocated to ensure a reasonable supply of ready processes to](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649ce25503460f949ae007/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Dynamic PartitioningPartitions are of variable length and
numberProcess is allocated exactly as much
memory as requiredEventually get holes in the memory.
This is called external fragmentationMust use compaction to shift
processes so they are contiguous and all free memory is in one block
![Page 15: Memory Management Subdividing memory to accommodate multiple processes Memory needs to be allocated to ensure a reasonable supply of ready processes to](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649ce25503460f949ae007/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Dynamic Partitioning
![Page 16: Memory Management Subdividing memory to accommodate multiple processes Memory needs to be allocated to ensure a reasonable supply of ready processes to](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649ce25503460f949ae007/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Dynamic Partitioning
![Page 17: Memory Management Subdividing memory to accommodate multiple processes Memory needs to be allocated to ensure a reasonable supply of ready processes to](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649ce25503460f949ae007/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Dynamic PartitioningOperating system must decide which
free block to allocate to a processBest-fit Algorithm
Chooses the block that is closest in size to the request
Worst performer overallSince smallest block is found for process, the smallest amount of fragmentation is left
Memory compaction must be done more often
![Page 18: Memory Management Subdividing memory to accommodate multiple processes Memory needs to be allocated to ensure a reasonable supply of ready processes to](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649ce25503460f949ae007/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Dynamic PartitioningFirst-fit Algorithm
Scans memory from the beginning and chooses the first available block that is large enough
FastestMay have many process loaded in the front end of memory that must be searched over when trying to find a free block
![Page 19: Memory Management Subdividing memory to accommodate multiple processes Memory needs to be allocated to ensure a reasonable supply of ready processes to](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649ce25503460f949ae007/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Dynamic PartitioningNext-fit
Scans memory from the location of the last placement
More often allocate a block of memory at the end of memory where the largest block is found
The largest block of memory is broken up into smaller blocks
Compaction is required to obtain a large block at the end of memory
![Page 20: Memory Management Subdividing memory to accommodate multiple processes Memory needs to be allocated to ensure a reasonable supply of ready processes to](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649ce25503460f949ae007/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Allocation
![Page 21: Memory Management Subdividing memory to accommodate multiple processes Memory needs to be allocated to ensure a reasonable supply of ready processes to](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649ce25503460f949ae007/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Buddy SystemEntire space available is treated as a
single block of 2u
If a request of size s such that 2u-1 < s <= 2u, entire block is allocatedOtherwise block is split into two equal buddies
Process continues until smallest block greater than or equal to s is generated
![Page 22: Memory Management Subdividing memory to accommodate multiple processes Memory needs to be allocated to ensure a reasonable supply of ready processes to](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649ce25503460f949ae007/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Example of Buddy System
![Page 23: Memory Management Subdividing memory to accommodate multiple processes Memory needs to be allocated to ensure a reasonable supply of ready processes to](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649ce25503460f949ae007/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Free Representation of Buddy System
![Page 24: Memory Management Subdividing memory to accommodate multiple processes Memory needs to be allocated to ensure a reasonable supply of ready processes to](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649ce25503460f949ae007/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Exercise : Buddy SystemExercise Problem 7.7
A 1-Mbyte block of memory is allocated using the Buddy System.
a. Show the results of the following sequence in a figure similar to Figure7.6 : Request 70, Request 35, Request 80, Return A, Request 60, Return B, Return D, Return C.
b. Show the binary tree representation following Return B.
![Page 25: Memory Management Subdividing memory to accommodate multiple processes Memory needs to be allocated to ensure a reasonable supply of ready processes to](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649ce25503460f949ae007/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Exercise 7.7
![Page 26: Memory Management Subdividing memory to accommodate multiple processes Memory needs to be allocated to ensure a reasonable supply of ready processes to](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649ce25503460f949ae007/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Exercise 7.7
![Page 27: Memory Management Subdividing memory to accommodate multiple processes Memory needs to be allocated to ensure a reasonable supply of ready processes to](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649ce25503460f949ae007/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
RelocationWhen program loaded into memory
the actual (absolute) memory locations are determined
A process may occupy different partitions which means different absolute memory locations during execution (from swapping)
![Page 28: Memory Management Subdividing memory to accommodate multiple processes Memory needs to be allocated to ensure a reasonable supply of ready processes to](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649ce25503460f949ae007/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
RelocationCompaction will also cause a
program to occupy a different partition which means different absolute memory locations
![Page 29: Memory Management Subdividing memory to accommodate multiple processes Memory needs to be allocated to ensure a reasonable supply of ready processes to](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649ce25503460f949ae007/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
AddressesLogical
Reference to a memory location independent of the current assignment of data to memory
Translation must be made to the physical address
RelativeAddress expressed as a location relative to some known point
![Page 30: Memory Management Subdividing memory to accommodate multiple processes Memory needs to be allocated to ensure a reasonable supply of ready processes to](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649ce25503460f949ae007/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
AddressesPhysical
The absolute address or actual location in main memory
![Page 31: Memory Management Subdividing memory to accommodate multiple processes Memory needs to be allocated to ensure a reasonable supply of ready processes to](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649ce25503460f949ae007/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Relocation
![Page 32: Memory Management Subdividing memory to accommodate multiple processes Memory needs to be allocated to ensure a reasonable supply of ready processes to](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649ce25503460f949ae007/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Registers Used during ExecutionBase register
Starting address for the processBounds register
Ending location of the processThese values are set when the
process is loaded or when the process is swapped in