mendelian genetics basics fernando
TRANSCRIPT
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Genetics basics
Mendelian activity
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Parent Generation
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Parent Generation
Cross pollination
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Parent Generation
?
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• result
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Parent Generation
F1 Generation
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Parent Generation
F1 Generation
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Parent Generation
F1 GenerationSelf pollination
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Parent Generation
F1 Generation
?
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• result
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Parent Generation
F1 Generation
F2 Generation, 3:1 ratio
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Parent Generation
F1 Generation
F2 Generation, 3:1 ratio
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Parent Generation
F1 Generation
F2 Generation, 3:1 ratio
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What Do the Peas Look Like?What Do the Peas Look Like?
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Mendelian vocabulary
Hereditary factorsHybridPure or purebreed
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Dihybrid CrossDihybrid Cross• Traits: : Seed shape & Seed color• Alleles::
R round / r wrinkled
Y yellow / y green
RrYy x RrYy
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RrYy x RrYy
RY Ry rY ryRY Ry rY ry RY Ry rY ryRY Ry rY ry
All possible gamete combinationsAll possible gamete combinations
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Genetic TerminologyGenetic Terminology
TraitTrait - any characteristic that can be - any characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring passed from parent to offspring
HeredityHeredity - passing of traits from - passing of traits from parent to offspring parent to offspring
GeneticsGenetics - study of heredity - study of heredity
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Types of Genetic Types of Genetic CrossesCrosses
Monohybrid cross Monohybrid cross - - cross involving a cross involving a single traitsingle traite.g. flower color e.g. flower color
Dihybrid crossDihybrid cross - - cross involving two traits cross involving two traits e.g. flower color & plant heighte.g. flower color & plant height
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AllelesAlleles - - two forms of a two forms of a gene gene (dominant & (dominant & recessive)recessive)
DominantDominant - - stronger of two genes expressed stronger of two genes expressed in the hybrid; represented byin the hybrid; represented by aa capital letter capital letter (R)(R)
RecessiveRecessive - - gene that shows up less often in gene that shows up less often in a cross; represented by aa cross; represented by a lowercase letter (r)lowercase letter (r)
TerminologyTerminology
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GenotypeGenotype - - gene combination for a traitgene combination for a trait (e.g. RR, Rr, rr) (e.g. RR, Rr, rr)
PhenotypePhenotype - - the physical feature the physical feature resulting from a genotyperesulting from a genotype (e.g. red, (e.g. red, white)white)
TerminologyTerminology
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GenotypesGenotypes
HomozygousHomozygous genotype – When the two genotype – When the two alleles are same (dominant or 2 recessive alleles are same (dominant or 2 recessive genesgenes) ) e.g. TT or tt;e.g. TT or tt; also called also called pure pure
HeterozygousHeterozygous genotype – When the 2 genotype – When the 2 alleles are different- one dominant & one alleles are different- one dominant & one recessive allele (recessive allele (e.g. Tt);e.g. Tt); also called also called hybridhybrid
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Mendel’s LawsMendel’s Laws
1. Law of Dominance2. Law of Segregation
3. Law of Independent assortment
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Law of DominanceStates that on crossing homozygous organisms for single pair of contrasting characters, only one characters make its appearance in F1 generation and is name as Dominant character.
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Law of SegregationLaw of Segregation
• During the During the formation of gametesformation of gametes (eggs or (eggs or sperm), the two sperm), the two allelesalleles responsible for a responsible for a trait trait separate from each other.separate from each other.
• Alleles for a trait are then "recombined" at Alleles for a trait are then "recombined" at fertilization, producing the genotype for fertilization, producing the genotype for the traits of the offspringthe traits of the offspring.
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Law of Independent Law of Independent AssortmentAssortment
• AllelesAlleles for for differentdifferent traits traits are are distributeddistributed to sex cells (& offspring) to sex cells (& offspring) independentlyindependently of one another. of one another.
• This law can be illustrated using This law can be illustrated using dihybrid crossesdihybrid crosses..
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Mendel´s pollination method
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Mendel’s Experimental Mendel’s Experimental MethodsMethods
•Mendel Mendel hand-pollinatedhand-pollinated flowers using a flowers using a paintbrushpaintbrush
–He could He could snip (cut) the snip (cut) the stamensstamens to prevent self- to prevent self-pollinationpollination
•He traced traits through the He traced traits through the several generationsseveral generations
•
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Why peas?Why peas?
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Why peas,Why peas, Pisum Pisum sativumsativum??
Can be grown in a Can be grown in a small areasmall area Produce Produce lots of offspring lots of offspring Produce Produce purepure plants when plants when allowed to allowed to self-pollinateself-pollinate several generations several generations Can be Can be artificially cross-artificially cross-pollinatedpollinatedBisexual.Many traits known.Above all, easy to growAbove all, easy to grow
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• Some slides were taken from a previous work Some slides were taken from a previous work by Dr. R. Siva (VIT University, INDIA)by Dr. R. Siva (VIT University, INDIA)