mep - council on tall buildings and urban habitat...of construction partially based on the 3d...

Title: Modular Skyscrapers for Megacities

Author: Hans Degraeuwe, Founder, Degraeuwe Consulting

Subjects: Architectural/DesignBuilding Materials/Products

Keywords: AdaptabilityAffordable HousingDesign ProcessInterior DesignMEPModular ConstructionVertical Urbanism

Publication Date: 2016

Original Publication: Cities to Megacities: Shaping Dense Vertical Urbanism

Paper Type: 1. Book chapter/Part chapter2. Journal paper3. Conference proceeding4. Unpublished conference paper5. Magazine article6. Unpublished

© Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat / Hans Degraeuwe

ctbuh.org/papers

http://ctbuh.org/papers

CTBUH 2016 Shenzhen · Guangzhou · Hong Kong Conference | 2016年CTBUH深圳 · 广州 · 香港国际会议 1069

Introduction

The sense of urgency regarding the development of Modular SkyScrapers (MSS) for MegaCities is probably best illustrated in McKinsey’s report on the “Global Housing Challenge:”

Based on current trends in urban migration and income growth, McKinsey estimates that “around the world, at least 1.6 billion people could occupy crowded, inadequate, and unsafe housing in urban areas by 2025.”

To replace today’s substandard urban neighborhoods and build the additional mixed-use housing units needed by 2025 will require an investment of $9 trillion to $11 trillion for construction (Woetzel 2014).

Subsequently, in its partnership report “Building Sustainably in an Urbanizing World”

The purpose of this paper is to support the architectural development of a new modern method of construction partially based on the 3D modular and 2D flatpack systematic design of prefabricated building parts applicable in high rise building typologies.

Opportunities to create a better quality, more energy efficient and economical off-site versus on-site construction process are enhanced with the logistic constraints of a 40-foot (12-meter) container and the advantages of a multi-functional long-span slab system that incorporates building services and technical installations into the structural element by means of an integrated installation floor.

This high level of technical knowledge is combined with a second and more human-oriented development path with an in-depth building of architectural excellence. Its aim is to produce diverse, resident-oriented mixed-use environments that are adaptable to mass-customization along with the potential to produce distinct high-rise buildings and affordable housing typologies contrary to other standardized and repetitive modules.

Keywords: Adaptability, Affordable Housing, Interior Design, MEP, Modular Construction, Vertical Urbanism

本文旨在为一种新的现代化施工方式在建筑学上的发展方面提供支持。该方案部分基于3D模块和2D扁平化系统，适用于高层建筑类的预制建筑组件设计。

这种施工方式采用整体装配式楼层，结合一定的建造设施与安装技术，利用物流限制内40英尺集装箱的容量与多功能大跨度面板系统的优势，创造一个相对于现场施工而言更节能、经济和优质的非现场施工过程。

这种高水准的技术知识结合了另一种更加人性化的发展路线，深入探索优秀建筑的建设。其目的是创造多元的、以居民为本的综合使用环境。该技术可应用于大规模定制，区别于其他标准化的重复模块，具有创造独特的高层建筑与经济适用房类型的潜力。

关键词：适应性、保障性住房、室内设计、机电、模块化施工、垂直城市化

Abstract | 摘要Hans Degraeuwe Founder | 创始人 Degraeuwe Consulting NV Veurne, Belgium | 弗尔纳，比利时

Belgian Architect Hans Ferdinand Degraeuwe brings extensive knowledge of managing Corporate Real Estate projects, High Rise Architecture and Hotel/Brand Identity programs. He enriched his wide range experience by consulting European, US, Brazilian, Nigerian and Arabian Gulf clients for the last 29 years and by pioneering specialized Modular SkyScrapers for MegaCities.

比利时建筑师Hans Ferdinand Degraeuwe在管理公司的房地产项目、高层建筑和酒店/品牌标识项目领域拥有广博的知识。在过去的29年中，他作为顾问为欧洲、美国、巴西、尼日利亚和阿拉伯湾的客户提供服务，并且为巨型城市开创了专业模块化的摩天大楼，这都大大丰富了他的工作经验。

Modular Skyscrapers for Megacities特大城市组合式摩天大楼

前言

特大城市中组装式摩天大楼（MSS）的发展迫在眉睫，这一点或许在麦肯锡《全球住房挑战》的报告中能得到最好的阐释。

根据目前城市移民和收入增长的趋势，麦肯锡估计：“到2025年，全球将有至少16亿人口居住在城市内拥挤且危险的不宜居区域”。

想要改善目前城市住户这种不合乎标准的现状，并建造出2025年所需的额外的多功能建筑，需要在建筑领域投入9万亿至11万亿美元（Woetzel 2014）。

随后，在其合作报告《城市化世界中建筑的可持续发展》中，世界银行组织创造性地提出了在全球南部国家（指非洲、中南美洲和亚洲大部分地区）的城市居住区域开启高层建筑投资的试点项目：“必须在

Volume 1 and 2 book.indb 1069 9/12/2016 8:29:45 PM

1070 Advanced Construction and Project Management Practices | 先进的施工和项目管理实践

the World Bank Group identified an ambitious pilot program to jump-start tall building investment in the urban habitats of the Global South – namely, in the nations of Africa, Central, and Latin America, and most of Asia, collectively known as the Global South.

“Suitable housing must be provided rapidly to prevent slum formation. This can be accomplished by the off-site, factory-based, parallel assembly of building subsystems (structural 1D, façade 2D, and floor 3D). This is not only a cheaper, faster and more efficient construction method, but it also reduces construction waste and vehicle travel to and from the building site, as deliveries are made only when components are completed, needing fewer workers on-site during assembly.”

Pilots of this low-cost Modular-Skyscraper-System are to be carried out in Bangladesh, India, Nigeria, and Pakistan (Hoornweg 2013).

Above and beyond the previously described, faster-better-cheaper pilot investment program, is the need to take the opportunity of a higher demand for urban housing in MSS a step further.

McKinsey identified several ways to reduce the cost of delivering affordable urban housing by up to 50 percent; these include:

• Unlocking land at the right location (25 percent);

• Reducing construction costs through value engineering and industrial approaches (16 percent); and

• Reducing financing costs for buyers and developers (nine percent).

Concept

The purpose of this paper is to support this second factor – reducing construction costs through value engineering and industrial methods by the architectural development of a more sustainable, adaptable Modern Method of Construction (MMC) to decrease the overall development, operational, life-cycle and construction costs off-site and on-site through value engineering and industrial approaches in an MSS perspective.

Consequently, efficiency improvements in detailed design, construction, utilization, and operation of high density urban neighborhoods have a huge potential impact on the energy demand during a building’s lifecycle.

In order to maximize the usage efficiency and to enhance this building’s lifecycle, flexible sub-systems have to be developed.

In contrast to these flexible sub-systems, even in industrialized countries the majority of contemporary buildings are used mono-functionally and do not take into account the dynamic requirements of today’s user profiles (e.g. change of use, technological developments, demographic changes).

Therefore, within the World Bank investment program focusing on sustainable buildings of the future for the Global South, a new and adaptable approach to the interdisciplinary design and construction of tall buildings, as well as the flexible design of supply sub-systems is developed architecturally.

Particularly, a concept for flexible floor slab integrated MSS is proposed and its feasibility is analyzed.

Parallel to this paper’s MSS analysis, necessary HVAC and MEP subsystems/components and their estimated capacities were determined. Layout typologies and interior room configurations for different usage scenarios (residential, retail, hotel, and offices) were tested.

Based on this information, technical, sustainability and feasibility scenarios for subsystem/component distribution within the floor slab structure were tested.

Also in parallel, a concept for standardized exchangeable supply units was studied. These sub-systems will require interoperability, scalability, and integrated interfaces for control as well as connections with further facility infrastructure in the tall building structure (building management system, changeable non-load-bearing wall systems, vertical raisers, etc.).

Such a system could be dynamically reconfigured from a hardware and software standpoint over time and adapted to future state-of-the-art technologies and requirements, thereby enhancing usability as well as decreasing the lifecycle cost of the building.

Implementation

With the aim of implementing a sustainable and multi-functional building concept in practice, an entirely flexible building structure with exchangeable wall and floor elements for MSS tall building typologies is envisioned.

短时间内为人们提供舒适的住房，以避免出现贫民窟。要实现这一目标，可以通过采用非现场、基于工厂的平行式组装方式（一维的结构，二维的外立面，三维的楼层）构造建筑子系统。这种建筑方式不仅成本低廉、速度快、效率高，而且可以避免浪费，同时减少来往工地之间的次数，因为各个部件只有在完成后才会被运往工地，且组装部件期间工地上只需要很少的工人即可。

这种低成本的组合式摩天大楼系统将在孟加拉国、印度、尼日利亚和巴基斯坦开展试点（Hoornweg 2013）。

除了上文提到的这些更快、更好、成本更低的试点投资项目之外，还需要进一步推进城市住房对MSS的高需求。

麦肯锡就降低城市经适房50%的建造成本提出了几种方式，包括：

·在合适的区域开发土地（25%）

·通过价值工程和工业方式降低建造成本（16%）

·减少购买者和开发商的集资成本（9%）

概念

本文旨在阐述降低建造成本的第二种方式——通过价值工程和工业手段。依靠持续时间更久、适应性更强的现代建筑方法（MMC）这一建筑发展成果，以MSS的角度，讨论如何利用价值工程和工业手段减少整体开发、运营和生命周期成本以及现场与非现场的建造成本。

因此，对于高密度的城市社区而言，在建筑生命周期期间，精细复杂的设计、施工、使用和操作上的效率改进对其能源需求会产生巨大的潜在影响。

为了最大化使用效率并提高建筑的生命周期，必须开发灵活的子系统。

而与之相反的是，即便是在工业化国家，大多数的当代建筑用途单一，也没有考虑到现今用户概况的动态需求（比如用途变更、技术发展、人口变化）。

因此，世界银行的投资计划正聚焦于南半球的未来可持续建筑发展，新的、适应性强的跨学科高层建筑施工方法和供应子系统的灵活设计方法正以建筑学为基础进行开发。

特别值得一提的是，研究人员们提出了MSS与弹性楼板结合的概念，也对其可行性进行了分析。



A product family of three types of MSS Modules is proposed based on a universal MSS floor system.

This product family can be transported in a conventional ISO container with interior dimensions of up to 12 meters and a maximum width of 2.30 meters (respective of the interior dimensions of that ISO container).

The sub-systems integrated in the MSS floor slab system allow for dynamic adaptations to changing HVAC MEP requirements.

This MSS floor slab allows conversions and changes of use without expensive modification of the super-structure, applying the same Gross Floor Area for different typologies –office, retail, hotel, or residential scenarios – is possible.

Architectural Principles for Integrated Floor Systems

Floor slab systems do not only have load bearing and bracing functionality within a traditional steel or reinforced concrete frame structure; they create also the separation between adjoining functional units and hence influence the overall architecture, the installation of building services as well as physical properties of the building.

In the following paragraphs, an architectural profile for integrated floor slabs has been described that integrates the most important factors in the fields of MMC: structural engineering, architecture, manufacturing, assembly, flexibility, fire protection, building physics, dismantling, recycling and many more.

Architectural Profile

One potential way to design multi-functional slab systems is to suspend the conventional additive ceiling assembly – raised floor, in-situ Reinforced Concrete slab, building services/installations, suspended ceiling – and to prevent the complicated cross sections of traditional floor slabs, where the many slow/inefficient sequential trades have to compromise in the engineering phase and on-site project management.

For example, long span, multi-web frames in integrated floor slab systems could be created off-site in a highly efficient factory environment based on parallel trades. BIM and ERP process software are required.

与本文对MSS的解析相似，研究人员也测定了必要的HVAC和MEP子系统/组件及其预计能力。对适用于不同使用场景（住宅、零售、酒店和办公楼）的布局类型和室内房间配置都进行了测试。

基于这些信息，也对集成面板中的分配子系统/组件对应的可持续性和可行性专门场景进行了测试。

同样地，研究了可交换标准化供应单位的概念。这些子系统需要互操作性、伸缩性和集成控制接口以及能与高层建筑结构中的基础设施进一步连接的接口：建筑管理系统、可改变非承重墙系统、垂直升降机等等。

这样的系统可以实现动态配置，从硬件到软件方面随着时间变化，适应未来最先进的技术和需求，从而在提高可用性同时降低建筑的生命周期成本。

实施

带着可持续多功能建筑概念付诸实际的目的，设想一个完整的灵活建筑结构，包括可建造MSS大楼的可替换墙体和面板元素。

基于通用MSS面板系统，可提出一套包含三种MSS组件的产品。

这套产品可以按惯例放置于国际标准集装箱中运输，其尺寸最高12米、最宽2.3米 (考虑到标准集装箱的内部尺寸）。

MSS面板系统中的集成子系统为HVAC MEP需求变化预留了动态调整的余地。

这款MSS楼板允许用途转换和改变，不用对主体结构进行昂贵的整改，可以将总楼面面积用于不同的用途：办公楼、零售、酒店或者住宅。

集成面板系统的建筑原理

楼板系统不仅因带有一个传统的钢铁或钢筋混凝土框架结构而具有承重支撑功能；他们还隔离了相邻的功能单元，从而影响了整体架构、建筑设施的安装以及建筑的物理性质。

在接下来的段落中，集成楼板的建筑剖面被描述为MMC领域最重要的组成要素：结构工程、构造、制造、组装、灵活性、消防、建筑物理、拆卸、回收及其他。

建筑剖面

设计多功能面板系统可能有这样一个方向：停止建造传统的附加顶棚组件（活动地板、现场钢筋混凝土板、建筑设施/安装、吊顶）；防止传统楼板的复杂截面出现许多缓慢/低效的序贯交易，导致在工程阶段和现场项目的管理受到影响。

例如，在一个高效的工厂环境中基于并行作业创造出大跨度、多网络框架集成楼板系统，必须要使用BIM和ERP过程软件。

这种方案的基本特性为：

·最大程度降低楼层高度以节约开发、建造和运营成本；

·提供静/动载储备、大宽距和预防作用的中间柱网，以便在要求的室内布局下最大限度地灵活使用；

·高度利用非现场预制，使用传统的结构用钢材或钢筋混凝土（RC）框架和连接处，便于扩展、组件重复利用和建筑循环使用，也适用于建设时间不足、起重机使用少的情况；

·承重结构具有完整的可逆超轻建筑设施集成，框架的上层空间到安装空间均可进入；

·热效率方面的超轻量持续高性能预应力混凝土板保证了MMS的消防安全；

·在高架地板结构上有非现场安装、浴室厨房设备和MEP垂直升降机测试等等。

在灵活系统结构建造中，可以制定一些额外的建筑和工程要求：

·在现今和未来使用差异下尽可能灵活地运用结构和室内布局；

·适应性设计需要尊重各种国际国家建筑标准和绿色建筑的要求；

·优秀设计需要考虑不同工程和建筑类型；

·建筑外壳支撑结构的隔离是考虑到内部和外观要求的改变；

·集成子系统元素的使用具有高度的预制性和优化的组件计划/截面，可以减少原材料消耗，安装方便，非现场预测可以帮助加快整体施工进度，同时减轻现场负担（噪音、空气污染）；

·天花板子系统加强了所有集成子系统的集成，提高了单元空间的可访问性并满足结构要求（防火、隔音）；

·连接细节允许使用传统连接方法，便于水平和垂直可连接构件之间的组装/拆卸；

·现场拼接组合，轻松组装/拆卸。



Basic properties of such solutions are:

• A maximum reduction of the floor-to-floor height to reduce development, construction, and operational costs;

• The provision of dead/live load capacity reserves, large spans, as well as the avoidance of an intermediate column grid in order to achieve maximum flexibility of use in the required interior layouts;

• A high degree of off-site prefabrication and use of traditional, structural steel or RC frame, and connections for ease of extension, short building times, light cranage, component reuse, and building recycling;

• The complete and reversible integration of ultra-lightweight building services within the load-bearing structure, with accessibility from the topside of the frame to its installation plenum;

• A continuous ultra-lightweight, high performance, pre-stressed concrete slab for thermal efficiency and fire safety of the MMS;

• The off-site installation and testing of bathroom and kitchen appliances, vertical raisers for MEP, etc. on top of the raised floor structure.

In the engineering of flexible system structures, the following additional architectural and engineering requirements can be formulated:

• The flexibility of the structure in terms of current and future use variations in the maximization of the structural and interior layout grid;

• An adaptable design respective of the terms of various International and National building code requirements and Green Building requirements;

• The design excellence of different engineering and architectural typologies;

• A separation from the support structure of the building envelope in regard to changing interior and façade requirements;

• The use of integrated sub-system elements, which have a high degree of prefabrication and optimized component plan/cross-sections to reduce raw material consumption, enable easy installation, and allow for pretesting off-site in order to achieve a rapid overall construction progress and reduce the burden on-site (noise, air-pollution);

Figure 1. MSS integrated floor slab, Product family Module A B C (Source: Degraeuwe Consulting NV)图1. MSS集成面板，生产模块元素A B C（来源：Degraeuwe Consulting NV）

MSS集成面板的发展史

基于上述设计原理，就可以开发出一个创新的集成面板系统了。

（图1）基于通用MSS面板系统提出一套包含三种组件类型A、B、C的产品：

·A组件：用于景观办公室、零售区域等的2D扁平化组件；

·B组件：用于设施区域的3D混合组件：厨房、浴室、数据中心、技术室等，包括浴室和厨房设备、家具、固定装置、机电管道用垂直升降机、非承重隔离墙等等，均置于高架地板结构上；

·C组件：用于电梯井、楼梯、机械设备间、设备层等的3D立体组件。

这套产品可放置于45英尺高×9英尺×6英寸的ISO标准集装箱，产品尺寸最高至12米，最宽为2.3米（考虑到集装箱内部尺寸）

·A组件：2D扁平化组件，在40英尺的集装箱里可放5套；

·B组件：3D混合组件，40英尺集装箱可以装下2套；

·C组件：3D立体组件，40英尺集装箱可以装下1套。

• Ceiling sub-systems that enhance the integration of all integrated sub-systems, and the accessibility of the plenum within the unit, in addition to complying with the structural requirements (fire protection, soundproofing);

• Connection details that allow using traditional connection methods for easy assembly/disassembly of the horizontal support members with one another and the connection to the vertical support members;

• On-site montage which allows easy assembly/disassembly

Development of an MSS Integrated Floor Slab

Based on the design principles described above, an innovative integrated floor slab system has been developed.

(Figure 1) A product family of three types of Modules is proposed based on a universal MSS floor system for all A, B, and C modules:

• A Module: 2-D flat-pack module for landscape office, retail space, etc.



• B Module: 3-D hybrid module for service areas (kitchen, bathroom, data center, technical rooms, etc.) also including bathroom and kitchen appliances, furniture, fixtures vertical raisers for MEP, non-load-bearing separation walls, etc. on top of the raised floor structure.

• C Module: 3-D volumetric module for elevator shafts, stairs, plant rooms, technical floor, etc.

The product family can be transported in a 45-foot (14-meter) high-top 9 foot 6 inches (three-meter) ISO container with dimensions of up to 12 meters and a width of 2.30 meters (respecting the interior dimensions of that ISO container)

• A Module: 2-D flat-pack module, five fit in a 40-foot (12-meter) ISO container

• B Module: 3-D hybrid module, two fit in a 40-foot (12-meter) ISO container

• C Module: 3-D volumetric module, one fits in a 40-foot (12-meter) ISO container

(Figure 2) To reduce the floor-to-floor height, a newly developed compressed/composite/steel box-beam using a symmetric steel section with regular web openings was proposed and experimentally explored. These box-beams not only allow for lateral routing through the web openings, but also axial and vertical routing, support, and suspension through this specific configuration.

In the MSS, the attention to low construction cost/energy cost in tall buildings increases in the detailed approach. The before mentioned floor-to-floor height has been considered as a significant requirement to increase savings in column, core, façade height, and building services loads and subsequent lower energy costs compared to traditional additive floor systems.

In addition, the MSS floor system is produced as an off-site finished part. The high-degree of prefabrication allows for economical production of the system with consistently high-quality as opposed to traditional methods of construction with complicated and expensive formwork/reinforcement work, weather delays, traffic jams, sequential building trades, etc.

The precast elements which provide for convenient and rapid installation on-site thus reduce interruptions in the implementation process, in turn reducing logistical operations and enabling just-in-time transactions.

(Figure 3) With long spans of up to 12 meters and a width of 2.30 meters – respecting the

（图2）为了降低层高，提出使用对称型钢及常规开孔新开发一种压缩/复合/钢箱梁的想法，并对此进行实验探索。这种材料箱梁允许横向通过孔洞，也能从轴向和垂直向支撑悬架穿过这个特别的箱型梁装置。

对于MSS来说，其具体建造方法很重视降低成本/能源消耗。前面提到过的层高被视为在柱子、建筑中心、立面高度和建筑设施负载方面的重大要求，具有增加储备空间的意义，而且其能源消耗对比传统的附加楼板系统更低。

Figure 2. MSS integrated floor slab, Module A B, reduced floor-to-floor height (Source: Degraeuwe Consulting NV)图2. MSS集成面板，模块A B，降低层高（来源：Degraeuwe Consulting NV）

此外，MSS的楼板系统部分并非现场完成的。高度的预制性使系统的经济生产保持高质量，而传统建造方法则与之相反，其模板工程/钢筋工程复杂昂贵，会因天气、交通拥堵、变化的建筑工人等问题延误。

预制元组件能使安装现场的工作更加快速便捷，从而减少在实施过程被打断的情况发生，减少物流操作并实现即时交易。

（图3）面板系统最高12米，最宽2.3米（考虑到45英尺高柜×9英尺6英寸集装箱的内部尺寸）的大跨度，静/动载5kN/m²，达到了期望中的高度灵活性。MSS面板系

Figure 3. MSS integrated floor slab, Module A B, long span (Source: Degraeuwe Consulting NV)图3. MSS集成面板，模块A B，大跨度（来源：Degraeuwe Consulting NV）



interior of a 45-foot (14-meter) high-top 9 foot 6 inches (three-meter) ISO container – as well as a dead/live load capacity of 5 kN/m², the slab system offers the desired high-degree of flexibility. The detailed load capacity and deformation behavior of the MSS floor slab system elements in the ABC modules is studied in parallel.

(Figure 4) The slab system features a plenum of 0,5 meters, which facilitates the integration of all sub-systems in the load- bearing structure.

Large lateral web openings in the steel box-beam allow a flexible and adaptable MEP and HVAC routing even for ducts with traditional diameters.

(Figure 5) Prefab electrical sub-systems that save construction costs are: preconfigured cable harnesses, cable tray ladders/connecting pieces, low-voltage power main cables, power switchboards, beam integrated cable trays, and raised floor integrated floor boxes.

To incorporate the electrical complexities of wiring in different building types, accommodate for different metering, load profiles, and flexibility for floor sub-tenancies, etc.

Prefab electrical sub-systems that save energy costs are: KNX servers, smart metering,

presence detectors, luminance sensors, automatic lighting control, recessed LED luminaries, etc.

(Figure 6) Prefab HVAC sub-systems that save construction costs are: optional concrete core activation, preconfigured heat pump/cable harness KNX connections, high-velocity supply air ducts and underfloor supply/ventilation systems, ceiling air-diffusers with adjustable blades, etc.

Prefab HVAC sub-systems that save energy costs are: cooling/heating exchangers with return air recuperations, multi-zone ecosystems, high-performance terminal air particle filters, etc. that can cater to different loads and operating profiles. These are adaptable to various typologies: offices have greater loads and different operating profiles to residential or hotel buildings, for example.

(Figure 7) Prefab plumbing sub-systems that save construction costs are: preinstalled back-to-back installations and vertical distribution shaft allocation/horizontal routing, preinstalled appliances, above-raised floors in kitchens/bathrooms, integrated building floor drainage points, etc.

Prefab plumbing sub-systems that save energy costs are: recycled gray water supply, KNX water emergency detectors/sensors, ecoflush appliances, KNX smart metering, etc.

统ABC元素的负载能力和变形特性正在同时研究中。

（图4）面板系统的特色是一个0-5米的空间，在承重结构上可以在这个空间方便地进行所有子系统的装配。

（图5）预制电气子系统可以节约建造成本：预配置电缆线束、电缆桥架梯/连接块、主低压电力电缆、动力配电盘、梁型集成电缆槽、高架地板地面集成电插座。

结合电气布线的复杂性和不同的建筑类型，适应楼层分租时不同的计量、负载简档和机动性等。

预制组合式电气子系统可以节约能源消耗：KNX服务器、智能计量、占用检测器、亮度传感器、自动照明控制、隐藏式LED照明。

（图6）预制组合式HVAC子系统可以节约建造成本：可选的混凝土芯活化、预配置热泵/KNX连接电缆束、高速通风管道和地下供应/通风系统、带可调叶片的天花板空气扩散器。

预制组合式暖通系统可以节约能源消耗：利用回风恢复的冷却/加热转换器、分区域生态系统、高性能空气过滤终端等，可以满足不同的负载和操作简档。适应各种类型：办公室有更大的负载，比如住宅或酒店有不同的操作要求。

（图7）预制组合式管道子系统可以节约建造成本：按对头拼接和垂直/水平方向预

Figure 5. MSS integrated floor slab, Prefab Electrical Sub-Systems (Source: Degraeuwe Consulting NV)图5. MSS集成面板，预制电气子系统（来源：Degraeuwe Consulting NV）

Figure 6. MSS integrated floor slab, Prefab HVAC Sub-Systems (Source: Degraeuwe Consulting NV)图6. MSS集成面板，预制组合式HVAC子系统（来源：Degraeuwe Consulting NV）

Figure 4. MSS integrated floor slab, integrated building services (Source: Degraeuwe Consulting NV)图4. MSS集成面板，与建筑设备集成（来源：Degraeuwe Consulting NV）

Figure 7. MSS integrated floor slab, ) Prefab Plumbing Sub-Systems (Source: Degraeuwe Consulting NV)图7. MSS集成面板，预制组合式管道子系统（来源：Degraeuwe Consulting NV）



装、在高架地板上预装厨房/浴室设备和综合大楼地板排水点。

预制组合式管道子系统可以节约能源消耗：提供中水回用、KNX水紧急情况监测/感应、生态冲洗设备、KNX智能计量。

（图8）预制组合式消防子系统可以节约建造成本：预装垂直洒水管道/消防栓/软管线路/消防喉辘/KNX应急服务器/洒水集成喷头。

（图9）组合式IT设备子系统可以节约建造成本：预装电缆桥架梯、电缆槽和T型接口/服务器房间布局和19英寸机架系统的制冷设备、局域网配电箱/无线网地面路由器、KNX总线系统互联。

（图10）楼层内的供应系统易于进入，可以进行短期调试，方便安装/维护这些组件，而传统方式则将其安装在天花板上。

通过可移动面板在传统网格模式下的使用，从而适应室内类型来达到目的。另外，在高架面板下安装和维护也能提高所需灵活性。

Figure 8. MSS integrated floor slab, Prefab fire protection Sub-Systems (Source: Degraeuwe Consulting NV)图8. MSS集成面板，预制组合式消防子系统（来源：Degraeuwe Consulting NV）

(Figure 8) Prefab fire protection sub-systems that save construction costs are: preinstalled vertical sprinkler stand pipes/hydrants/fire hose hook-ups/hose reels/ KNX emergency servers/ micro-water dispersion integrated sprinkler heads, etc.

(Figure 9) Prefab IT service sub-systems that save construction costs are: preinstalled cable tray ladders, tray and T-junction/server room layouts and cooling for 19” rack systems, LAN distribution boxes/WLAN floor routers, KNX bus system interconnections, etc.

(Figure 10) Ease of access to the supply systems within the floor allows for a shorter commissioning phase and a convenient installation/maintenance of these components “from above” as opposed to the traditional over-the-head installation in the suspended ceiling.

This is achieved by the use of removable raised floor panels in a traditional grid pattern adapted to the interior typology. Alternatively, installation and maintenance under the raised floor panels can increase the required flexibility.

All maintenance-relevant sub-systems of the integrated MSS floor slab system are easily accessible so that targeted, planned maintenance and repair activities can be performed.

The simple implementation of various measures lowers costs during the assembly, commissioning, and operational phases of a project, increases the service life of the sub-systems, and ensures reuse of the support structure for further adaptations.

To improve the thermal comfort and energy efficiency of the enclosed living/working areas, the MEP and HVAC systems are extended with a light-weight concrete floor slab that is equipped with integrated

Figure 9. MSS integrated floor slab, Prefab IT services Sub-Systems (Source: Degraeuwe Consulting NV)图9. MSS集成面板，组合式IT设备子系统（来源：Degraeuwe Consulting NV）

Figure 10. MSS integrated floor slab, Ease of access to the supply systems (Source: Degraeuwe Consulting NV)图10. MSS集成面板，楼层内的供应系统易于进入（来源：Degraeuwe Consulting NV）

heating and/or cooling networks for thermal activation. The concrete slab thus determines partially the thermal performance of the floor slab system.

By its thickness of 10 centimeters the continuous slab additionally fulfils the fire safety requirements in the event of fire exposure from the underside and thermal insulation so as not to affect the tenants below.

At the end of its lifetime, the integrated slab system allows for an easy dismantling and reuse of single components, as well as for building recycling by means of detachable steel frame connections and joints.

Instead of the conventional and complicated destruction of a monolithic reinforced concrete structure, the MSS slab system enables adaptation/recycling of the structure of a building over several cycles of use.

The reduction and prevention of construction waste, a fundamental BIM based assembly allows for a BIM based disassembly and a



在MSS集成面板中，所有与维护相关的子系统都可以轻松接触，所以任何有目的、有计划的维护和维修行为都可以实现。

在组装、调试和运营阶段，各种措施的实现都很简单且能降低花费、提高子系统的设备寿命并保证支撑结构在以后的调整中被循环利用。

为了改善热舒适性和能源效率的封闭生活/工作区域，扩展了MEP和HVAC系统，增加轻质混凝土板，配备集成加热和/或制冷网络的热活化。从而混凝土板也能部分地决定到楼板系统的热性能。

10cm厚连接面板也满足了消防要求，起火时，火焰燃烧地板的同时不会影响到下层的用户，因为隔热性较好。

在集成面板的生命周期完结时，可以进行简单的拆除，单个组件还能重复利用，同时可以通过可拆式钢架连接处和关节处回收建筑。

MSS面板系统替换了传统中拆除巨大复杂钢筋混凝土框架的方式，实现了建筑在几个周期的使用后，其框架依然可适应/回收利用的特性。

material separability of sub-systems and components that achieve high recyclability over all cycles of use.

The possibility of end-of-life dismantling or disassembly depends mainly on the integrated design of the tall building. Through the use of prefabricated components and detachable connectors and screw connections, the MSS floor slab system allows, at the end of a building’s life, for an almost non-destructive disassembly and reuse of individual sub-systems or entire structural components if possible, whereby landfill space, raw materials, and costs/energy can be saved.

Conclusion

The purpose of this paper was to support the architectural development of a new modern method of construction: a concept for flexible floor slab integrated MSS is proposed and its adaptability is analyzed.

Such a system could be dynamically reconfigured from a hardware and software standpoint over time and adapted to future state-of-the-art technologies and requirements, thus enhancing usability as well as decreasing the lifecycle costs of buildings.

为了减少和预防建筑浪费，随着基于BIM的基础装配而来的还有基于BIM的拆卸以及子系统和组件的原料可分离性，正是以上这些才能保证建筑在所有的使用周期中都实现高度的再循环能力。

寿命结束后，建筑物分解或拆卸的可能性主要取决于高层建筑的整体设计。通过使用预制组合式组件和可拆卸连接器以及螺钉， MSS面板系统甚至可以使寿命结束的建筑实现无损拆卸的效果，且单个子系统或全部结构组件能重复使用，借助堆填区，原材料和成本/能源也被节约下来。

结论

本文提出了一种新的现代化施工方式以支持建筑学发展，即MSS与弹性楼板结合的概念，并对其适应性进行了分析。

这样的系统可以在硬件和软件上随着时间进行动态重配置，以适应未来最先进的技术和需求，从而提高建筑的可用性，降低生命循环成本。

References:

Hoornweg, D., Freire, M. and Degraeuwe, H.F. (2013). Building Sustainability in an Urbanizing World World Bank. Partnership Report.

WoetzelL, J. et al. (2014). A Blueprint for Addressing the Global Affordable Housing Challenge. McKinsey Global Institute.


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