mep stuart bunn nov10

River health assessment: 河流健康评估:

South East Queensland Healthy Waterways Case study

Prof Stuart Bunn 斯图亚特·巴恩教授

Director, Australian Rivers Institute 澳大利亚河流学会会长

Griffith University 格里菲斯大学

15 major catchments 15个流域 22,353 km2

Background to the study region

研究区域的背景情况

High conservation significance (Ramsar) 意义重大的湿地保护区（Ramsar）

Major commercial and recreational fisheries 主要的商业及休闲渔场

Water supply (urban and rural) 水资源供应（覆盖城市及农村）

Recreation & transport 娱乐与交通

Importance of the region’s waterways

该地区水域的重要性

1881 1991 1947

<30 30-250 250-5,000 Persons km-2

• 20% of original vegetation remains - less adjacent to the streams

剩下20%的原始植被-与河流较少关连

• Altered hydrology - dams & weirs 水文状况受影响-大坝和

• Declining water quality (nutrients & sediment)

水质恶化(营养物和底泥)

• Declines in aquatic diversity

水生物多样性恶化

Threats to ecosystem health and freshwater biodiversity 生态系健康和淡水生物多样性威胁

5

“South-east Queensland‟s catchments and

waterways will, by 2020, be healthy living

ecosystems supporting the livelihoods and

lifestyles of people in South-east Queensland

and will be managed in collaboration between

community, government and industry.”

到2020年东南昆士兰州的流域面积和河流将拥有

健康活跃的生态系统,将支撑起东南昆士兰州人民的生存和生活,并且通过社区,政府和行业的合作进行管理.

Having a common vision:相同的展望

Set values that reflect the vision • numerous workshops with stakeholders

Measurable water quality or ecosystem health

objectives that protect the values • underpinned by sound science

Management actions to achieve these objectives • working with policy makers

Achieving the vision

Adaptive management framework - ongoing knowledge

acquisition

- continuous improvement

in identification and

implementation of

management.

- effective communication

of knowledge for

policy/planning

- critical role of monitoring

Important steps 项目发展的重要步骤

1 Identify the objectives of the program 确定项目目标

2 Identify suitable measures (indicators) of drivers, stressors and response

确认合适的驱使因素，压力源和反应的指标

3 Develop conceptual models linking range of drivers to potential impacts

联系驱使因素和潜在影响开发概念模型

4 River Classification to identify homogenous „river types‟

河流分类从而确认相同的河流类型

5 Trial sampling program and refinement of indicators 采样试验，完善指标

6 Selection of suitable benchmarks for ecological indicators

选取合适的生态指标的基准

7 Reporting & Communication 报告和交流

8 Implement management actions to address priority areas/threats

执行管理行动，明确地区/威胁的优先顺序


2 Identify suitable measures (indicators) of drivers, stressors and

response 确认合适的驱使因素，压力源和反应的指标












No shortage of potential indicators

确保每个潜在指示不遗漏

Everyone has their

own „pet‟ indicators

每个人都会采用自己喜欢的指示方法

ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES

生态系统过程 1 Amino acids in algae 2 Benthic metabolism 3 Tracking sewage Nitrogen using d 15

N 4 Tracking catchment disturbance using d 15

N 5 Tracking Carbon using 13

C 6 Food web structure 7 Nitrogen cycling - denitrification 8 Filamentous algae – nutrient or shade limitation 9 Filamentous algae – using tiles as substrate 10 Chlorophyll a - as measure of productivity 11 Measures of resilience 12 Microbial processing in sediments 13 Depth of biological activity in sediments 14 Macrophyte biomass measure of productivity

BIOLOGICAL PATTERNS

生物规律 28 Genetic structure of population 29 Structure and function of fish communities 30 Structure and function of in-stream habitat 31 Structure and function of macrophyte communities 32 Structure and function of riparian vegetation 33 Structure and function of invertebrate communities 34 Structure of benthic microbial community 35 Structure and function of benthic algal community 36 Structure and function of diatom community 37 Structure and function of frog community 38 Blue-green algae – presence/absence 39 Macrophyte condition 40 Fish condition / Fish kills 41 Recreational fish catch & extent of fish stocking 42 Health and presence of “megafauna” (eg. platypus) 43 Presence of exotic species 44 Asymmetry / high rates of deformities 45 Bio-accumulation

HUMAN HEALTH 人类健康 15 Coliform counts 16 Chryptosporidium counts 17 Giardia counts

DISTURBANCE 直接导致干扰的措施 18 Riparian canopy – Hemiphot assessment 19 Extraction: un/licenced 20 Weirs: presence and effects 21 Hydrological deviation 22 Extent of flow regulation 23 Assessments of channel integrity 24 Pins for measuring erosion 25 Floodplain area 26 Presence of rubbish in urban drains 27 Encroachment of terrestrial vegetation

WATER QUALITY 水的物理化学 46 Nutrient concentrations 47 Nutrient flux from sediments 48 Colour 49 Salinity/conductivity 50 Temperature 51 Dissolved oxygen – snapshot measures 52 Dissolved oxygen – diel measures 53 Turbidity 54 Pesticides – snapshot measures 55 Pesticides – integrative measures 56 Alkalinity - ionic composition

List of potential indicators

Selection of indicators

Important to select a few indicators that are meaningful.

选择有意义的指标非常重要

•Ones that respond to things that threaten the values we

identify 这些指标可以直接响应我们确定的河流既定价值

•Guide management actions 为实施管理提供指导方针

Design of the monitoring program and selection of

indicators are very important.

监测项目的设计及评估指标的选择非常重要




3 Develop conceptual models linking range of drivers to potential

impacts 联系驱使因素和潜在影响开发概念模型










• Show how healthy ecosystems function

展示健康的生态系统如何运作

• Show how important assets are affected

by human disturbance 展示重要的环境

资产如何受人为活动影响

• Indicate critical components in the

ecosystem to target for monitoring 显示

生态系统中必须检测的关键因素

• Highlight appropriate management

actions for rehabilitation 着重强调如何

从利用管理手段复原健康生态系统

GPP R 24 N and P Sediment

Highly Impacted Site 受影响较大的地域

SEQRWQMS 2001

GPP R 24

Minimally Impacted Site 受影响较小的地域

Nutrients Sediment

SEQRWQMS 2001

What factors influence important environmental assets?

影响重要环境资产的因素






4 River Classification to identify homogenous ‘river types’









River Classification 河流分类

Different types of river will:

不同的河流将 • Require different indicators

要求不同的指示物

• Have different targets

有不同的目标

Based on 4 variables – rainfall

– altitude

– slope

– stream size

4 groups – Upland (red)

– Lowland (blue)

– South Coastal (green)

– North Coastal (light blue)

Classification of SE Queensland streams








5 Trial sampling program and refinement of indicators

采样试验，完善指标







Disturbance gradient approach to

detecting impacts

应用干扰变化方法发现影响

• Define a disturbance gradient

定义干扰变化

• Objective comparisons - at same sites & times

目标比较-在相同试点和时间

Testing indicators 测试指标

Literature survey – examples from

previous studies 文献综述——文

献研究中的案例

Ecolo

gic

al health indic

ato

r

生态健康参数指标

Disturbance gradient 干扰变化 Low低 High高

Testing indicators against a disturbance

gradient 测试指标与干扰变化

• 120 freshwater sites (sampled 2x / yr)

Implemented 2002

Final EHMP:

• 5 indicators; 5种指示 • 16 indices; 16个参数

Final EHMP Program 生态健康监控项目

What is ‘healthy’ and what is not?

何为“健康”与“不健康”

Reference or benchmark for indicators

指标基准参考

X

Reference or benchmark for indicators

指标基准参考

Need to define a reference point for indicators

需要定义指标的参考点

– What should we expect at a site?我们对试点应该期待些什么？

Logical reference point is:逻辑参考点是：

– Expected condition if undisturbed by human activity (Biological

Integrity)无人为影响的期待的条件（生物完整性）

In practice 实践中：

– Such sites will not exist for many stream types

该试点不广泛存在在很多河流类型

– Common as a concept, rare in practice

概念里比较普遍，但实践中很少

Report card – communication tool

评估报告卡——沟通工具

Links to policy

Strong link between science and policy makers

Targeted management actions 目标管理行为

Riparian Rehabilitation

河岸生态系统恢复

Sewage Treatment

Plant upgrades 污水处理工厂升级改造

Stormwater Quality Improvement

Devices 雨水质量改善装置

d15N Sewage

Plume 1998

(summer)

d15N Sewage Plume

2008 (summer)

Effectiveness of management actions

~$400M commitment by local government to reduce wastewater

2001 2005

Identifying sources of sediment

Modelling - 70% sediment in

Bay comes from <30%

catchment area

Tracer study confirms

that most sediment

comes from these soils Caitcheon & Howes (2005)

Setting priority targets for restoration

The 10 highest yielding (red) = ~10% of

the total catchment area but supply 60% of

the sediment load.

The next ranked 10 (yellow) = 13% of the

total catchment area and supply a further

22% of the load.

Gully

stabilization

Fencing and riparian rehabilitation

Channel/habitat

restoration

Targetted restoration

Summary 总结

Stream ecosystem health monitoring and reporting need to be

developed in the context of an adaptive process

生态系统健康监控报告需要逐步的被适应并采纳

• clearly linked to identified

values and objectives, 该系统与被认可的价值与目标挂钩

• is informed by rigorous science,

已被科学数据严格论证

• guides management actions

and 为实施管理提供指导方针

• is responsive to changing

perceptions and values of

stakeholders. 响应相关利益者价值观的改变

Thankyou

http://www.healthywaterways.org

mep stuart bunn nov10

Technology