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Merging Education, Research and Industry: Teaching Biomedical Engineering Design for Social Impact Bryan J. Ranger Instructor, D-Lab Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Cambridge, MA, USA Contact: [email protected] Int’l Conference on Instrumentation, Communication, Information Technology, and Biomedical Engineering “Science and Technology for A Better Life” Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia November 8, 2017

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Page 1: Merging Education, Research Biomedical Engineering Design · Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia November 8, 2017 • An example to promote this in the classroom is

Merging Education, Research

and Industry: Teaching

Biomedical Engineering Design

for Social Impact

Bryan J. Ranger

Instructor, D-Lab

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Cambridge, MA, USA

Contact: [email protected]

Int’l Conference on Instrumentation, Communication, Information Technology, and Biomedical Engineering

“Science and Technology for A Better Life”

Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia

November 8, 2017

Page 2: Merging Education, Research Biomedical Engineering Design · Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia November 8, 2017 • An example to promote this in the classroom is

• An example to promote this in the classroom is through project-based learning

(PBL)2 and human-centered design (HCD) thinking3 which provide a toolkit for

needs assessment, creative ideation, and rapid iterative improvement for solving

problems.

• Recommendation that engineering programs make design pedagogy a high priority in

future resource allocation decisions4.

1. Sheppard et al. Educating Engineers: Designing for the Future of the Field. (2008)

2. Blumenfeld et al. Motivating Project-Based Learning: Sustaining the Doing, Supporting the Learning. (1991)

3. Brown & Wyatt. Design Thinking for Social Innovation. (2015)

4. Clive et al. Engineering Design Thinking, Teaching, and Learning. (2005)

• Recently, engineering programs have shifted towards encouraging students to develop

deeper levels of contextual understanding1

o Challenge students to critically reflect on the broader impacts of their work

o Develop real-world skills such as persistence, flexibility, and adaptiveness that

are necessary for professional success

INTRODUCTION: LITERATURE REVIEW

Project-based Learning and Human Centered Design in the Classroom

Page 3: Merging Education, Research Biomedical Engineering Design · Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia November 8, 2017 • An example to promote this in the classroom is

• An application of PBL and HCD thinking in the classroom has been in the cross-

disciplinary field of development engineering, which aims to design appropriate

technologies to spur economic and social development in areas with limited resources5

• HCD thinking as applied to development engineering is unique in its focus on6:

INTRODUCTION: LITERATURE REVIEW

1. incorporating international development goals

2. scaling for impact

3. Integrating novel yet lean technologies

Project-based Learning and Human Centered Design in the Classroom

• A pioneer in this field is the MIT D-Lab

5. Margolin. Design for development: towards a history. (2007)

6. Levine et al. Design Thinking in Development Engineering. (2016)

Page 4: Merging Education, Research Biomedical Engineering Design · Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia November 8, 2017 • An example to promote this in the classroom is

Development of appropriate technologies and sustainable

solutions within the framework of international development

Development through discovery, design, and dissemination

d-lab.mit.edu

INTRODUCTION: D-LAB

Page 5: Merging Education, Research Biomedical Engineering Design · Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia November 8, 2017 • An example to promote this in the classroom is

D-Lab Scale-Ups Fellowships d-lab.mit.edu/scale-ups/all-fellows

MIT Scaling Development Ventures Conference sdv.mit.edu

International Development Innovation Network idin.org

Comprehensive Initiative on Technology Evaluationcite.mit.edu

D-Lab Youth Outreachd-lab.mit.edu/youth-outreach

INTRODUCTION: D-LAB

D-Lab Programs

d-lab.mit.edu

Page 6: Merging Education, Research Biomedical Engineering Design · Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia November 8, 2017 • An example to promote this in the classroom is

D-Lab Workshop/Makerspace

• A workshop for international development makers

• Open to all students in D-Lab courses

• Hand tools, power tools, welding, metal fabrication, wood shop

Love to build things by hand?

Welcome to the D-Lab shop!

Never hammered a nail before?

Welcome to the D-Lab shop!

INTRODUCTION: D-LAB

d-lab.mit.edu

Page 7: Merging Education, Research Biomedical Engineering Design · Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia November 8, 2017 • An example to promote this in the classroom is

• Biomass Fuel & Cookstoves

• Mobile Technology Lab

• Off-grid Energy Solutions, Assessment &

Implementation

• D-lab Scale-ups

• Local Innovation & Development

• And many others!

d-lab.mit.edu

INTRODUCTION: D-LAB

D-Lab Undergraduate Research Opportunities (UROP)

Page 8: Merging Education, Research Biomedical Engineering Design · Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia November 8, 2017 • An example to promote this in the classroom is

A few examples from Spring 2017:

• Humanitarian Innovation

• D-Lab: Water and Climate Change

• D-Lab: New Economies

• D-Lab: Earth

• D-Lab: Design

• D-Lab: Energy

• D-Lab: Prosthetics for the Developing World

• Design for Complex Environmental Problems

d-lab.mit.edu/courses

INTRODUCTION: D-LAB

D-Lab Courses at MIT

Page 9: Merging Education, Research Biomedical Engineering Design · Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia November 8, 2017 • An example to promote this in the classroom is

21

million

6.4

million

2.3

million

1.7

million

Only 5-15% of

amputees in

low- and

middle-income

countries

receive a

prosthetic

device

Why ‘Prosthetics for the Developing World’?

Source: World Health Organization. World Report on Disability, 2011.

INTRODUCTION: D-LAB PROSTHETICS

Page 10: Merging Education, Research Biomedical Engineering Design · Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia November 8, 2017 • An example to promote this in the classroom is

A closer look at prosthetics in India…

Extreme affordability Costly

Lack of options

INTRODUCTION: D-LAB PROSTHETICS

Page 11: Merging Education, Research Biomedical Engineering Design · Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia November 8, 2017 • An example to promote this in the classroom is

● Overall goal: completely

immersive design experience

Course Overview

○ Clinical challenge defined by

a partner organization related

to prosthetic, orthotic, or

rehabilitative technology

○ Work as part of a team to

Design, Prototype and

Evaluate a solution

INTRODUCTION: D-LAB PROSTHETICS

Page 12: Merging Education, Research Biomedical Engineering Design · Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia November 8, 2017 • An example to promote this in the classroom is

1. Gain understanding of technical challenges

faced in developing nations

2. Learn about appropriate prosthetic

technologies

3. Explore how MIT can be involved with

developing world challenges

4. Learn hands-on skills, like CAD and prototyping

5. Understand challenges of innovation and

entrepreneurship in resource-constrained

settings

6. Learn about design for scale

Course Goals

INTRODUCTION: D-LAB PROSTHETICS

Page 13: Merging Education, Research Biomedical Engineering Design · Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia November 8, 2017 • An example to promote this in the classroom is

Problem Definition

Background Research

Mission Statement

Functional Requirements & Design Parameters

Strategy to Concept

Design

Experimental Evaluation/Validation

COURSE STRUCTURE: DESIGN PROCESS

Page 14: Merging Education, Research Biomedical Engineering Design · Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia November 8, 2017 • An example to promote this in the classroom is

• International partners provide challenges that they face.Problem Definition

COURSE STRUCTURE: DESIGN PROCESS

Page 15: Merging Education, Research Biomedical Engineering Design · Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia November 8, 2017 • An example to promote this in the classroom is

• Literature and prior art search, targeted interviews with stakeholders and partners.Background Research

● Emphasize understanding the

challenge that the student team is

working on

● Suggestions for getting started:

o Literature search

o Patents

o Prior Art

o Web Search

o Interviews/shadowing

COURSE STRUCTURE: DESIGN PROCESS

Page 16: Merging Education, Research Biomedical Engineering Design · Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia November 8, 2017 • An example to promote this in the classroom is

• A clear and concise statement about what the team plans to accomplish during the semester.Mission Statement

• Clear and concise statement about what the team plans to achieve

during the semester

• Focuses the team and is a good way to start presentations

• Important considerations:

o What problem is the team trying to solve?

o What does the design need to do?

o Who are you innovating for?

o What value are you adding?

COURSE STRUCTURE: DESIGN PROCESS

Page 17: Merging Education, Research Biomedical Engineering Design · Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia November 8, 2017 • An example to promote this in the classroom is

• A list of independent functions that the design must accomplish, and parameters to do so.

Functional Requirements & Design Parameters

Functional Requirements

A list of independent functions that

the design must accomplish

[What?]

Design Parameters

Independent means to accomplish

each functional requirement

[How?]

Source: EC.722 Design Project – S. Tress, M. Freitas,

G.Tso, H. Chen, J. Konuru

COURSE STRUCTURE: DESIGN PROCESS

Page 18: Merging Education, Research Biomedical Engineering Design · Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia November 8, 2017 • An example to promote this in the classroom is

• Start with a broad means to approach the problem, then develop more specific ideas for prototypes.Strategy to Concept

• “Coarse to fine”

• Strategy: broad way to approach

the problem

• Concept: specific devices that

will meet your design goals

Source: Hanumara, Nevan C., et al. IEEE Journal of Translational Engineering in Health and Medicine (2013)

Source: EC.722 Design Project – G. Cartagena,

D. Olaleye, A. Marin, S. Goel

COURSE STRUCTURE: DESIGN PROCESS

Page 19: Merging Education, Research Biomedical Engineering Design · Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia November 8, 2017 • An example to promote this in the classroom is

• A means to realize the decided concept.

• Break the design into modules; prototype the most critical first.Design

• A means to realize chosen concept

• Break up design into modules

• Design for resource-constrained

environments

o Know your constraints

o Seize opportunities to be creativeSource: EC.722 Design Project – R. Das, M. Devlin,

L. Zimmermann, J. Gamble, J. Kudryashev

o Determine most critical module;

prototype this first

COURSE STRUCTURE: DESIGN PROCESS

Page 20: Merging Education, Research Biomedical Engineering Design · Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia November 8, 2017 • An example to promote this in the classroom is

• Bench-top experiments and/or field testing to determine if the functional requirements have been met.

Experimental Evaluation/Validation

Source: EC.722 Design Project – A. Flaherty, S. Le, M. Marzoughi, C. Nobuhara, A. Rajagopal

COURSE STRUCTURE: DESIGN PROCESS

Page 21: Merging Education, Research Biomedical Engineering Design · Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia November 8, 2017 • An example to promote this in the classroom is

33%

67%

Student Gender Distribution(n=97 students; 2008-2017)

Male Female

COURSE STATISTICS

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

2008 2009 2010 2011 2014 2015 2017

Nu

mb

er

of

Stu

den

tsCourse Enrollment (n=97 students; 2008-2017)

Male Female

Page 22: Merging Education, Research Biomedical Engineering Design · Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia November 8, 2017 • An example to promote this in the classroom is

14%

33%

26%

26%

1%

Student Year Distribution [Total](n=97 students; 2008-2017)

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Grad

COURSE STATISTICS

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

2008 2009 2010 2011 2014 2015 2017

Nu

mb

er

of

Stu

den

tsStudent Year Distribution

(n=97 students; 2008-2017)

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Grad

Page 23: Merging Education, Research Biomedical Engineering Design · Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia November 8, 2017 • An example to promote this in the classroom is

65%12%

7%

12%

4%

Student Major Distribution [Total](n=97 students; 2008-2017)

Mechanical Engineering

Bio/biomedical Engineering

Other Engineering (Electrical, Chemical, Materials)

Science (Biology, Physics, Chemistry, Neuroscience)

Business or Social Science

COURSE STATISTICS

Page 24: Merging Education, Research Biomedical Engineering Design · Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia November 8, 2017 • An example to promote this in the classroom is

PARTNERSHIPS

Speakers from experts in the field:

Page 25: Merging Education, Research Biomedical Engineering Design · Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia November 8, 2017 • An example to promote this in the classroom is

Source: Autodesk Design Academy

[academy.autodesk.com]

PARTNERSHIPS

Industry collaboration and sponsorship:

Page 26: Merging Education, Research Biomedical Engineering Design · Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia November 8, 2017 • An example to promote this in the classroom is

Source: misti.mit.edu

PARTNERSHIPS

Page 27: Merging Education, Research Biomedical Engineering Design · Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia November 8, 2017 • An example to promote this in the classroom is

Project Continuation

OUTCOMES

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

2014 2015 2017

Nu

mb

er

of

Pro

jects

Year

Project Continuation

Projects

Projects Continued AfterCourse

• Since 2014, there have been

13 student projects –

8 projects have continued

beyond the class

Page 28: Merging Education, Research Biomedical Engineering Design · Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia November 8, 2017 • An example to promote this in the classroom is

OUTCOMES

o Field-testing

o Additional grant money

o Industry internships

o Patents

o Start-up venture

Photo credit: M. Cavuto & M. Chun

Project Continuation

• Since 2014, there have been

13 student projects –

8 projects have continued

beyond the class

Page 29: Merging Education, Research Biomedical Engineering Design · Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia November 8, 2017 • An example to promote this in the classroom is

Transfemoral Rotator (India)

Student team: K. Baronov, M. Chun, M. Cavuto, K. Durgin, N. Kelsall, M. Zhou

Cavuto, Matthew L., et al. "Design of Mechanism and

Preliminary Field Validation of Low-Cost Transfemoral Rotator

for Use in the Developing World." ASME 2016

Key accomplishments:

• Multiple field trials at

Jaipur Foot and

Mobility India

• 2nd place prize in the

2016 MIT de Florez

Competition

• Manuscript in ASME

• Filed a utility patent

• DFM project in current

course

OUTCOMES: CASE STUDIES

Page 30: Merging Education, Research Biomedical Engineering Design · Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia November 8, 2017 • An example to promote this in the classroom is

Student team: K. Sweeney, E. Green, T. Luu, N. Schwarz, K. Swaminathan

Key accomplishments:

• Field testing with CURE International

• Secured funding from the MIT

Undergraduate Giving Campaign (UGC)

and Tau Beta Pi

• MIT IDEAS Global Challenge Winner

SmartSocket (Kenya & Ethiopia)

OUTCOMES: CASE STUDIES

Page 31: Merging Education, Research Biomedical Engineering Design · Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia November 8, 2017 • An example to promote this in the classroom is

Student team: C. Humure

Key accomplishments:

• Preliminary field testing

at Mobility India

• Continued project as

intern at Autodesk

• Created course on

Autodesk Design

Academy

• Ozy Genius Award

Winner

Adjustable Socket (Rwanda)

OUTCOMES: CASE STUDIES

Page 32: Merging Education, Research Biomedical Engineering Design · Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia November 8, 2017 • An example to promote this in the classroom is

Conclusion

• Work with international collaborators to define

real-world challenges

• Partnerships with industry

• Team project-based learning – design and

making as a way of learning

• Human-centered design thinking that is

societally, financially, and technologically

sensible for intended setting

• 8 of 13 projects continued beyond the course

• Exposure to biomedical design for social

impact

Page 33: Merging Education, Research Biomedical Engineering Design · Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia November 8, 2017 • An example to promote this in the classroom is

AcknowledgementsInstructors/TA’s (past & present)

Matthew McCambridge

David Sengeh

David Hill

Katherine Olesnavage

Murthy Arelekatti

Ken Endo

Todd Farrell

Matthew Furtney

Matthew Cavuto

Matthew Chun

Shriya Srinivasan

On-campus collaborators

MISTI-India (Mala Ghosh & Molly Gallagher)

MISTI-Arab World (David Dolev)

MIT Undergraduate Giving Campaign

MIT Tata Center

MIT IDEAS

MIT Media Lab

Biomechatronics Group (PI: Hugh Herr)

GEAR Lab (PI: Amos Winter)

International collaborators (past & present)

Jaipur Foot Organization [India]

Refugee Open Ware [Jordan]

Mobility India [India]

CURE International [Kenya & Ethiopia]

STAND: The Haiti Project [Haiti]

Transitions [Guatemala]

RiseLegs [India]

Gateway Prosthetics [Kenya]

Autodesk

Sunand Bhattacharya

Erica Nwankwo

Mike Alcazaren

Natalia Polikarpova

MIT D-Lab

Libby Hsu

Nancy Adams

Bob Nanes

Jack Whipple

Richard Brewer

Amy Smith

Melissa Mangino

Victor Grau Serrat

Local collaborators (past & present)

Rogerson Prosthetics and Orthotics

A Step Ahead Prosthetics

Continuum Innovation

IDEO

MGH CAMTech

Page 34: Merging Education, Research Biomedical Engineering Design · Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia November 8, 2017 • An example to promote this in the classroom is

Thank you! Questions?

Contact: [email protected] | bryanranger.com | @bryan_ranger