meridians exist in dermis.pdf

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CIHS Journal 2008: Vol 3 No1 1

Acupuncture Meridians exist in Dermis (Connective Tissues)

Comparative studies of Electrical Potential Gradient

and

Direction of Current Flow in Epidermis and Dermis

Hiroshi Motoyama, Ph.D., Ph.D.


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Meridians Exist in Dermis2

Contents

Abstract ........................................................................................................................... 3

I. Objectives ............................................................................................................ 3II. Experimental Method......................................................................................... 3

1) Differential Amplifier and its Zero Adjustment [Fig. 1, Graph -1, 1-2 ]......... 3

2) Dermal Electrical Potential Measurement at 3 Acupuncture points of the Triple

Heater Meridian.................................................................................................... 4

3) Epidermal Electrical Potential Measurement.................................................... 4

4) Dermal and Epidermal Electrical Potential Measurements at 3 Acupuncture

points of the Heart Constrictor Meridian.............................................................. 4

5) Test Subjects ......................................................................................................... 4

III. Statistical Analysis and Consideration.............................................................. 5

1) Data of Electrical Potential Measurements and their Statistical Analysis [Graph

3]........................................................................................................................... 5

2) Dermal Electrical Potential Gradient and Direction of Current Flow .............. 5

3) Epidermal Potential Gradient and Direction of Current Flow .......................... 9

4) Comparison of Average Electrical Potential of Dermal and Epidermal

measurements ......................................................................................................11

IV. Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 12

V. Postscript ........................................................................................................... 13


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Acupuncture Meridians exist in Dermis (Connective Tissues)

Comparative studies of Electrical Potential Gradient

and

Direction of Current Flow in Epidermis and Dermis

Abstract

Epidermal and Dermal electrical potential measurements were performed at 3

acupuncture points of the Heart Constrictor and the Triple Heater meridians and 2

acupuncture points of the Lung meridian. Data analysis of these measurements in

terms of electrical potential gradient and direction of current flow revealed the results

consistent with those obtained from earlier experimental studies as reported in

[Measurement of ki-energy, diagnosis and treatment by Motoyama, Tokyo 1985 ].

It has been confirmed that, in Yin meridians such as Heart Constrictor meridian and

Lung meridian, ki-energy flows from bottom to top1 while, in Triple Heater meridian,

direction of the flow is from top to bottom,.

In contrast to this the electrical potential gradient and direction of current flow as

obtained by Epidermal potential measurements have been found not in agreement

with the above described directions of the ki-energy flow.

I.

Objectives

The objective of this study is to confirm and demonstrate that the acupuncture meridians

exist in the dermis and that there is ki-energy flow in there, and furthermore that the

meridians do not exist on the epidermis..

II.

Experimental Method

1) Differential Amplifier and its Zero Adjustment [Fig. 1, Graph -1, 1-2 ]

A special differential amplifier devised by Motoyama and Kinoshita2, designed and

built by Kinoshita, which was further improved by Digitex LAB.CO.LTD, was used.

(Its noise level was lower than typical electrometer made in USA.) Before

performing measurement each negative input terminal was grounded. Likewise

the indifferent electrode pasted on the outer skin surface of subjects left arm was

also grounded. Under this grounded condition zero-adjustment was performed on


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the computer screen. Next, both positive and negative input terminals were

inter-connected and further zero-adjustment was performed on the computer screen.

The subject to be tested is then instructed to enter the shielded room, sit on thereclining chair and maintain stable posture.

2) Dermal Electrical Potential Measurement at 3 Acupuncture points of the

Triple Heater Meridian

A special #3 needle (0.20mm diameter) with insulation resin coating such that

electrical conduction is allowed only at its bottom tip where metal of the needle is

exposed to 0.3mm length. The length of the needle was 1.3 sun. The needle was

inserted to 3mm depth at about 45 degrees to the skin surface on left Yochi (TE 4),

left Gaikan(TE5) and left Shiko (TE6) [Fig.2]. Each needle was connected to

(+) electrode and electrical potential was measured continuously for 600 sec. When

needle is inserted into the dermis, ionic polarization takes place between the

stainless steel of the needle and ions in the dermis. It takes 5~10 minutes for the

signal to stabilize. Electrical potential signal was read after it was sufficiently

stabilized.

3) Epidermal Electrical Potential Measurement

Next, non-polarizable surface electrode(9.5 mm x 4.5 mm) made of silver/silver

chloride compound was pasted on the skin surface at left Yochi, left Gaikan and left

Shiko of the Triple Heater meridian, and their electrical potential was measured

continuously for 600 sec.

4) Dermal and Epidermal Electrical Potential Measurements at 3

Acupuncture points of the Heart Constrictor Meridian

By following the same measurement procedure used for acupuncture points of the

Triple Heater meridian described above, Dermal and Epidermal electrical

potentials at Gekimon (PC4), Kanshi (PC5) and Naikan (PC6) were measured for

600 sec on a different day. [Fig.3]

5) Test Subjects

Total 10 subjects ( 5 males and 5 females )


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III. Statistical Analysis and Consideration

1) Data of Electrical Potential Measurements and their Statistical Analysis

[Graph 3]As shown in Graph 3 (Dermal potential measurement performed on subject

N.Y.; date 2004.4.4), Dermal electrical potential is measured at each point.

Then, electrical potential differences among the points are calculated to

determine the direction of the potential gradients. By the same procedure,

potential difference and the direction of the potential gradient are determined for

the Epidermal potential measurements as well.

Next, data are organized as shown in Table 1-1, from which Table 1-2 is produced.

Chi squared test is then applied to the m x n table to test the directions of

currents in the dermis or on the epidermis.

2) Dermal Electrical Potential Gradient and Direction of Current Flow

(1) Dermal Electrical Potential Gradient and Current Direction in Triple

Heater Meridian

According to Table 1-2, statistical test of frequencies of normal direction

[YochiGaikanShiko] and reverse direction in terms of electrical potential

gradient and current direction shows P=1.4 x 103 < 0.002, i.e., high level of

significance. Here, normal direction or reverse direction refer to the direction

of ki-energy flow which has been known clinically since ancient times.

Namely, in Yang meridians ki-energy flows from top to bottom and in Yin

meridians it flows from bottom to top. This fact was experimentally

confirmed by Motoyama. [Ref: Fig 5, page 70 Measurement of ki-energy

flow , Diagnosis and Treatment ] Furthermore, under normal conditions,

Motoyama found that, in 6 pairs of Yin-Yang meridians, BP(ki-energy) of

Yin meridian > BP(ki-energy) of Yang meridian. [refer to Table A,

page 46 of the same reference]

Table 1-2, which is produced from Table 1-1, shows that 3 subjects out of 10

showed normal direction of current flow by [YochiGaikanShiko] and

that 10 out of 10 showed normal direction by [GaikanShiko]. In contrast

to this, [GaikanYochi], which means reverse electrical potential or

reversed direction of ki-energy flow, is seen in 7 subjects out of 10.

According to Table 1-2, the test result from 2

is P=1.4 x 103

< 0.002, which


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indicates frequency of normal flow direction in Yochi Gaikan Shiko in

Triple Heater meridian is significantly higher than frequency of reverse flow

direction in Gaikan Yochi.

In Graph 2 it is to be noted that, when the needle is inserted into the dermis,

the electrical potential varies greatly due to the onset of polarization between

the needle and ions in the dermis. This polarization stabilizes in 5~10

minutes. Dermal electrical potential reading at each acupuncture point is

taken after stabilization of this polarization.

Above facts imply following 3 things;-

Between Gaikan and Shiko, the flow is [Gaikan Shiko], i.e., normal

direction from top to bottom in 10 subjects out of 10.

Between Yochi and Shiko, 3 out of 10 showed the flow direction of

[YochiShiko], i.e., normal direction.

Between Gaikan and Yochi 7 subjects out of 10 showed reverse direction

of flow. Namely, [Gaikan Yochi] or electrical potential of Gaikan is

higher than that of Yochi.

Looking at Table 1-3, it is evident that Gaikan has the highest average

electrical potential.(1161 mV), while that of Yochi was 1104 mV and that of

Shiko was 215 mV. The fact that Gaikan shows highest potential might be

explained as follows;

Together with Naikan of Heart Constrictor meridian, Gaikan of Triple Heater

meridian has been clinically known since ancient times to be the point of

inter-connection through which Triple Heater meridian and Heart Constrictor

meridian exchange the information. Therefore, as point for the

transmission of information, it might require higher electrical potential.

Lastly, as regards the electrical potential gradients of Triple Heater meridian,

3 subjects out of 10 showed the flow of [YochiShiko], which is a normal

direction. Furthermore, 10 out of 10 showed normal direction with respect

to [Gaikan Shiko] and 3 out of 10 show normal directions in [Yochi

Gaikan]. Thus, 16 cases of normal flow direction. In contrast to this

cases of [Gaikan Yochi], i.e., reverse direction were 7 out of 10.

Therefore, it can be said that, in Triple Heater meridian, normal flow, i.e.,

cases of from top to bottom are more frequent that those of reverse


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direction.

The reason why there are cases of reversed flow is presumably due to the

reversal of [BP(ki-energy flow) of Heart Constrictor meridian BP (ki-energy

flow) of Large Intestine(=Yang meridian) ]. Thus, electrical potential

gradient or direction of ki-energy flow of Lung meridian is always in the

normal direction or from bottom to top. [see Table 3-1]

In contrast to this, with respect to Heart Constrictor meridian and Triple

Heater meridian, when normal and reverse directions of Yin-Yang pair

meridian are examined by AMI data, 7 out of 10 showed [Heart

Constrictor < Triple Heater ] or reversed relation. [see Table 2-1] In his


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earlier publication titled Data analysis, Diagnosis and Method of

Treatment by AMI, Motoyama pointed out that the internal organs

corresponding to those meridians of reversed relation have greaterpropensity for disease due to ki-energy depletion in corresponding Ying

meridians. This implies that in that particular meridian the ki-energy is

not flowing properly causing decrease of ki-energy flow. In such

meridians that show Yin-Yan reversal it appears that reversal of

ki-energy flow is likely to occur. The mechanism for this phenomenon is

yet to be studied.

Stress of Modern Life causes the reversal in Heart Constrictor and Triple

Heater meridians.

The reversal in Heart Constrictor and Triple Heater is common in people

of modern society who do not have organic disorder. [ref. Data analysis,

Diagnosis and Method of Treatment by AMI by Motoyama.(to be

published)] In many cases the stress affects the functions of heart.

On the other hand the Triple Heater meridian reflects the fatigued

condition of the whole body. Modern life causes stress and overwork,

which in turn induces excess or deficiency and imbalance of ki-energy

thereby giving rise to the reversal of [Heart Constrictor < Triple Heater].

(3)Dermal Potential Gradient and Current Direction in Lung Meridian

According to Table 3-2, derived from Table 3-1, ki-energy flows from

Kosai to Taien, i.e., from bottom to top in all of 8 subjects. P of 2 =

8.0, P = 4.7 x 103< 0.005 (2 = 7.9). This indicates that this result,

i.e., ki-energy flow from Kosai to Taien, is not accidental but due to

some underlying cause that exists in the meridian. In Yin meridians such

as the Lung meridian it was already mentioned in III 2) 2 that the

ki-energy flows from bottom to top. [Graph 3]

In Large Intestine meridian(Yang meridian), which is in Yin-Yang pair

relationship with the Lung meridian(Yin meridian), as evident in Table

3-1, of the 8 subjects tested by AMI 7 did not show [Yin


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In contrast to this, as described earlier in III 2), (1)(2), in Heart

Constrictor and Triple Heater meridians, reversal of [Heart Constrictor(Yin meridian) < Triple Heater (Yang meridian)] is observed and the

direction of electrical potential gradient and ki-energy flow were also

found reversed.

Above observations imply that:-

There is Yin-Yang relationship among meridians

If normal relationship of [Yin > Yang] is not maintained,

reversal or disturbance may occur in the flow of ki-energy.

Therefore, in order to correct the direction of ki-energy flow it is

important to perform treatment by applying needle placement or

pressure stimulus at the Yu-point and Bo-point of the Yin

meridian that shows such reversals. [ref Data analysis, Diagnosis and

Method of Treatment by AMI Hiroshi Motoyama (to be published)]

3) Epidermal Potential Gradient and Direction of Current Flow

(1)

Epidermal Potential and Current Direction in Triple Heater Meridian

[Table 4-1, 4-2, 4-3]

According to Table 4-2, gradients of epidermal(surface) electric

potential and epidermal(surface) electric current do not have

statistically significant differences in frequencies between the normal

direction [Yochi Gaikan Shiko: from top to bottom] and the

reversed direction [YochiGaikan Shiko: from bottom to top]. In

contrast to this dermal measurements clearly showed the direction of

[Gaikan Shiko: from top to bottom] in a statistically significant

manner. [see Table 1-2] This provides one evidence that the

acupuncture meridian exists in the dermis.

As for the magnitude of electrical potential, average dermal values for

Yochi , Gaikan and Shiko were 1104mV, 1161mV and 215mV

respectively, while those of epidermal values were smaller being

49mV, 52mV and 47mV respectively. [Table 4-3]

Graph 4 shows that the polarization at the interface of skin surface and

electrode is less than that of the dermal potential. As regards the


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potential differences between pairs of points on the Triple Heater

meridian, the differences for [Yochi- Gaikan] and [Gaikan -Shiko] were

in 10mV~30mV range. [Graph 4] In terms of the dermal potential,however, the differences were very large at about 1200mV for [Gaikan

-Shiko] pair of the Triple Heater meridian. [see Graph 2] Thus, much

larger current flows in the dermis from top to bottom direction than in

the epidermis(surface). The test result of 2 test from Table 4-2 shows

no significant difference in normal and reverse direction by epidermal

(surface) electrical potential measurements.

(2)Epidermal Potential and Current Direction in Heart Constrictor

Meridian [Table 5-1, 5-2, 5-3]

Table 5-2 implies that there is statistically significant difference between

the frequencies of normal and reverse cases by epidermal(surface)

electrical potential measurements. Chi square test indicates

significance of P=4.5 x 103 < 0.005. 10 subjects out of 11 showed

normal direction [KanshiNaikan], while 8 subjects out of 11 showed

reverse direction [KanshiGekimon]. Thus, the electrical potential

gradient and current flow by epidermal(surface) measurements yielded

results such that both bottom to top and top to bottom directions are

inter-mixed in statistically significant manner, in much the same way as

in the case of dermal measurements.

This result implies that the epidermal(surface) electrical potential

gradient and surface electrical current may reflect those of the dermis to

a certain degree.

As shown in Table 2-4, in contrast to the average electrical potential in

the dermis being 1107mV, that of the epidermis(surface) is found to be

quite small at 28mV. Furthermore, there are statistically significant

differences between the average potential values of the dermis and the

epidermis(surface) at the 3 acupuncture points [Table 2-5]. This

result is might be explained by the difference of electrical resistance

present in the dermis and the epidermis (surface) as well as the

presence of electromotive force in the dermis. (For electromotive force

in the dermis, refer to Electromotive force in living body --to be


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published.).

(3)Epidermal Potential and Current Direction in Lung Meridian (Table 6-1,

6-2, 6-3)

Chi square test of Table 6-2 gives 2 = 0.50 < 20.5 = 3.8. This

implies that there is no statistically significant difference between the

frequencies of normal cases and reverse cases in terms of electrical

potential gradient or direction of current flow between [KosaiTaien]

points. Thus, although dermal potential gradients and electric current

showed clear directionality of [KosaiTaien](see Table 3-2),

epidermal potential gradients and electric current do not have definite

directionality. (see Graph 5).

This result provides evidence that the meridian exists in the dermis and

ki-energy flows in there.

4) Comparison of Average Electrical Potential of Dermal and Epidermal

measurements

(1) Comparison of Dermal electrical potential of Heart Constrictor and

Triple Heater meridians

Table 7-1 shows that the average electrical potential of the 3 points

satisfies [Heart Constrictor(Yin meridian): 1107mV > Triple Heater

meridian(Yang meridian): 683mV]. This result reconfirms the

experimental finding that [BP (ki-energy flow) of Yin meridian > BP

(ki-energy flow) of Yang meridian] as demonstrated by Table A in page

46 of Measurement of Ki-energy Flow, Diagnosis and Treatment

(2)Comparison of Epidermal electrical potential of Heart Constrictor and

Triple Heater meridians

As evident in Table 7-2, average potential of the 3 points shows [Heart

Constrictor(Yin meridian): 28mV < Triple Heater (Yang meridian):

49mV], which does not satisfy the relationship of [Ki-energy of Yin

meridian > Ki-energy of Yang meridian]. In contrast to this, as


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described earlier, dermal potential gradients and current flow satisfy

the relationship of [Heart Constrictor meridian > Triple Heater meridian],

thereby reflecting the presence of the meridian and the ki-energy flow.Thus, epidermal potential gradients and current direction are dissimilar

to those of acupuncture meridians. This result is in agreement with

what was described in III, 2) and 3) above.

(3)

On the difference of Dermal electrical potential gradient between

Naikan(Heart Constrictor meridian) and Gaikan(Triple Heater

meridian)

According to Table 8, electrical potential of Gaikan (Triple Heater

meridian) is higher than that of Naikan(Heart Constrictor meridian) in all

subjects tested. Chi square test yields 2= 7.0 > 2.01 = 6.6, indicating

that the frequency of cases such that [Electrical Potential of Naikan Heart Constrictor: 683mV].

Nevertheless, relative potential between Naikan and Gaikan proves to be

[Heart Constrictor < Triple Heater]. Naikan and Gaikan are special in

that they are the points inter-connecting the Heart Constrictor meridian

and the Triple Heater meridian. (see page 70-73, Measurement of

ki-energy flow/diagnosis and treatment Hiroshi Motoyama).

Might it be that between the acupuncture points forming a pair

inter-connecting two meridians of Yin-Yang correspondence,

acupuncture point of the Yang meridian has higher electrical potential

than that of Yin meridian? Many of the subjects tested this time

showed reversal, i.e., [Heart Constrictor meridian < Triple Heater

meridian]. Whether this fact has any relevance to the reversal observed

at those inter-connecting points, i.e., Naikan and Gaikan, is yet to be

clarified.

IV.

Conclusion

Above considerations lead to following conclusions;-

1)

With respect to the direction of dermal electrical potential and the ki-energy


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flow, results obtained this time reinforce those of Motoyamas earlier

experiments and provides further evidence for the existence of acupuncture

meridians, existence of Yin and Yang distinctions as well as the direction ofthe ki-energy flow, showing coincidence with the direction of ki-energy flow,

i.e., bottom to top in Yin meridian and top to bottom in Yang meridian, which

has been clinically known since ancient days. (Ref. III, 2) (1), (2), (3) )

2) Directions of epidermal potential gradients and electric currents do not

show well-defined directionality such as bottom to top in Yin meridian and

top to bottom in Yang meridian. Therefore, it is evident that epidermal

electrical potential gradient and electric current do not have close linkage

with acupuncture meridians. (III,2),(1), (2), (3))

3) In Yin-Yang meridian pairs such as Heart Constrictor and Triple Heater

meridians, if they show [Yin < Yang] reversal, ki-energy flow may assume

both normal and reverse directions. (III, 1), (1),(2))

4) In Yin-Yang meridian pairs which do not show such reversals, e.g., Lung

meridian(Yin) and Large Intestine meridian(Yang), ki-energy flow is in

normal direction, i.e., bottom to top, in most subjects.

5) Acupuncture meridians exist in the dermis.

6)

Conclusion

A)

For Yang meridians direction of electrical potential gradient and current

flow is from top to bottom irrespective of the BP values of the Yin-Yang

pair being normal or reversed, i.e., whether [Yin BP > Yang BP] or

[Yin BP < Yang BP].

B)

The Yin-Yang reversal, i.e., cases of [Yin BP< Yang BP], implies that the

cause for the reversal lies in the Yin meridian of the Yin-Yang pair.

V.

Postscript

In my earlier paper Acupuncture Meridians exist in Dermis no measurement of

dermal electrical potential gradient and direction of current flow was performed for the

Large Intestine meridian. Further study was performed this time not only with respect to

the Large Intestine (Yang) meridian, which is in Yin-Yang pair relationship with the

Lung (Yin) meridian, but also with respect to the Stomach (Yang) and the Spleen (Yin)

meridians, another Yin-Yang pair. Dermal electrical potential gradient and direction of

current flow were measured by the same experimental setup and procedures as

described in the earlier paper. Chi-squares test was applied to collected data with the

earlier experiment data and it has been confirmed once again that the direction of


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current flow in the dermis is from bottom to top for Yin meridians and from top to

bottom for Yang meridians. The results obtained this time are presented here as

supplement for the earlier study.

In consideration of the observation that, where [Yin BP>Yang BP] relation is reversed,

reversal of electrical potential gradient and direction of current is occasionally detected,

BP measurement was first performed by AMI for each subject to determine groupings in

terms of [Yin BP>Yang BP] (normal) or [Yin BP yang BP

and yin BP < yang BP were counted by meridian name and by current flow direction.

Result is summarized in Table 13.

Set of numbers were extracted from Table 13 to produce (m x n) tables for Chi-squares

test as follows;

Chi-squares test applied to Table 14, which includes both Yin-Yang normal and

Yin-Yang reversed cases, shows that there is statistically significant(4.7104 )

difference in the frequency of occurrences between the normal direction and

reversed direction of the current flow. This means that in Ying meridians Ki-energy

flow is more frequently from bottom to top while in Yang meridians it is from top to

bottom. Careful scrutiny of the Table 13 and Table 14 indicates that in all Yang

meridians the Ki-energy(BP) flows from top to bottom (Yu-points-Internal Organs)

without exception. (Concerning the mechanism of this phenomenon refer to Study of

Nerves and Meridians by AMIand Measurement of ki-energy Flow, Diagnosis and

Treatment by Hiroshi Motoyama)

It is to be noted that, among the Yin meridians, Lung meridian showed normal

(bottom-to-top) flow in all the 8 subjects. However, in Spleen (Yin) meridian, of the

total 6 subjects 4 showed normal (bottom-to-top) flow but 2 showed reversed

(top-to-bottom) flow.

More cases of reversed flow were detected for Heart Constrictor (Yin) meridian; only 3

cases were normal and 7 cases were reversed.

Therefore, it may be concluded that in Yang meridians Ki-energy in general flows in

normal (top-to-bottom) direction but that the Ki-energy flow direction may be

reversed in Yin meridians.


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By dividing the Table 14 into cases of [Yin BP>Yang BP] and those of [Yin BP


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Intestine meridian. Furthermore, in pairs of meridians that are in Yin-Yang

relationship,e.g.,Lung(Yin)-Large Intestine(Yang) and

Spleen(Yin)-Stomach(Yang), it was shown that the direction of Ki-energyflow is from bottom to top for Yin meridians and from top to bottom for Yang

meridians.

It is important to note that in case of the Stomach, Large Intestine and

Triple Heater meridians, which are Yang meridians, the directions of

electrical potential gradient and current flow were normal, i.e., from top to

bottom for both groupings of [Yin BP>Yang BP](normal) and [Yin BP Yang BP](normal) grouping. This result

implies that the Yin-Yang reversal, i.e., [Yin BP < Yang BP], primarily

reflects the conditions of the Yin meridian.


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Tables, Figures and Graphs

Figure 1: Basic Circuit Diagram

Graph 1-1: Electrometer when inputs were shorted (04/15/2004)

-10-9

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

89

10

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

time[msec]

Voltage[mV]

Sampling Time = 1msec


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Graph 1-2: Noise when differential amplifier inputs are shorted: Gain= x1

(2004/03/24)

-10

-9-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

34

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

time [sec]

Voltage[mV]

1CH

Sampling Time = 100msec


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Figure 2: Triple Heater Meridian Figure 3: Heart Constrictor

Meridian

(Yochi, Gaikan, Siko) (Naikan, Kansi, Gekimon)


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Graph 3: Dermal potential- N.Y (male, 2004.4.4)


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Table 1-1 Triple Heater Meridian: Dermal Potential and Direction of Electric Current

(unit of potential = mV; unit of BP = A)

No. subjectMale

/FemaleMeridianPoints

leftYochi

leftGaikan

leftShiko

Reversal by BP (HeartConstrictor


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Table 1-2: Triple Heater Meridian: Dermal Potential and Direction of Electric

Current

Dermal Potential and Direction of Current Flow

Meridian. Point Yochi-Shiko*1

Gaikan-Shiko*2

Yochi-Gaikan*3

Normal 3 10 3Reversed 0 0 7

*1: "Normal" in the order of YochiGaikanShiko*2: "Normal" in the order of GaikanShiko*3: "Normal" in the order of YochiGaikan

x Table

2Test Result

2

13

1.410-3

0.600.75

6.0

Cramer's V

2(0.95)

Degree of Freedom

2

value

(upper probability integral)Analysis Coefficient

Table1-3: Average Dermal Potential of Triple Heater Meridian Points

Meridian Point Average Dermal Potential(mV)

Yochi 1104Gaikan 1161Shiko -215


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Graph 2: Dermal Potential: Triple Heater (Left Yochi, Left Gaikan, Left Sikou)

N.Y. (male, 2004.1.25)

-(-) input of each channel was grounded

- indifferent electrode on outer left arm was also grounded

- measurement was performed inside the shield room which was electrically grounded

-Gain setting = x 1

- Sampling time = 100ms

Notes: Ch1(+)=Left Naikan, ch2(+)=Left Kanshi, ch3(+)=Left Gekimon, ch4(+)=Left Taien,

ch5(+)=Left Kosai. Non-polarizable electrode attached to each point.

Ch1(-)=ch2(-)=ch3(-)=ch4(-)=ch5(-)=connected to GND. Indifferent electrode pasted on outer

left arm also connected to GND


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Table 2-1: Heart Constrictor Meridian: Dermal Potential and Direction of Electric

Current


No. subjectMale


Gekimon Kanshi NaikanReversal by BP (Heart

Constrictor


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Current

Meridian. Point ekimonKanshi*KanshiNaikan

*2GekimonNaikan

*3


*1"Normal" in the order of GekimonKanshi*2"Normal" in the order of KanshiNaikan*3"Normal" in the order of GekimonKanshiNaikan

x Table

2Test Result

Analysis Coefficient

Degree of Freedom 2

8.9

1.210-2

Cramer's V

2(0.95)

0.61

6.0

0.52

2

value

(upper probability integral)

Table2-3: Average Dermal Potential of Heart Constrictor Meridian Points

Meridian Point Average Dermal Potential(mV)Gekimon 1095Kanshi 1168

Naikan 1059


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Fig 4: Left Lung Meridian Fig:5 Large Intestine Meridian


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Table 3-1: Lung Meridian: Dermal Potential and Direction of Electric Current


No. subjectMale


Kosai TaienReversal by BP (Lung < Large

Intestine)*1 Su-Su F Potential 888 760 Normal

Direction Lung(1656)L.I.(1396)2 Iw-Yu F Potential 799 675 Normal

Direction Lung(1935)L.I.(1414)3 In-Ti F Potential 674 671 Normal

Direction Lung(1124)L.I.(730)

4 Tan-Hi M Potential 1040 590 NormalDirection Lung(1844)L.I.(1630)

5 Tad-Hi M Potential 1171 618 NormalDirection Lung(1998)L.I.(1804)

6 Ya-Na M Potential 674 419 NormalDirection Lung(1690)L.I.(1360)

7 Ao-Ak M Potential 2500 2422 ReversedDirection Lung(1682)L.I.(1780)

8 Wa-Ak M Potential 817 523 NormalDirection Lung(1708)L.I.(1336)

1070 835Average of PotentialNote: "Normal" or "Reversed" are determined by comparing

the BP values obtained by AMI measurements. (xxx)

Table 3-2 : Lung Meridian: Dermal Potential and Direction of Electric Current

Meridian Points KosaiTaien*

2(0.95) 3.8

Normal 8 Degrees of Freedom 1Reversed 0 No. of Items 2

2

8.0Normal 8Reversed 0

*"Normal" in the order ofKosaiTaien

Table3-3: Averages of Dermal Potential and Epidermal Potenrtial of Lung Meridian

Points

Meridian Points Average Dermal Potential(mV) Average Epidermal Potential(mV)Kosai 1070 19Taien 835 12

Average 953 15


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Table 4-1: Triple Heater Meridian: Epidermal Potential and Direction of Electric

Current

(unit of potential = mV)

No. subjectMale


leftYochi

leftGaikan

leftShiko

1 It-Ka F Potential 61 64 60Direction

2 Tu-Em F Potential 30 27 24Direction

3 In-Hi F Potential 35 35 27

Direction4 Iw-Yu F Potential 104 108 101

Direction5 In-Ti F Potential 10 26 14

Direction6 Tan-Hi M Potential 121 113 119

Direction7 Sa-Ke M Potential 53 52 51

Direction8 Tad-Hi M Potential 21 26 28

Direction9 Iw-Sh M Potential 14 24 -5

Direction10 Ya-Na M Potential 39 47 48

Direction49 52 47Average of Potential


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Table 4-2: Triple Heater Meridian: Epidermal Potential and Direction of Electric

Current

Meridian Points Yochi-Shiko*1

Gaikan-Shiko*2

Yochi-Gaikan*3

Normal 3 7 4

Reversed 2 3 6

*1: "Normal" in the order of YochiGaikanShik

*2: "Normal" in the order of GaikanShiko

*3: "Normal" in the order of YochiGaikan

x Table

2Test Result

2

1.9

0.39

0.26

0.27

6.0

Analysis Coefficient

Cramer's V

Degree of Freedom

2

value

(upper probability integral)

2(0.95)

Note: mxn 2test on Table 4-2 shows that there is no

statistically significant difference between the normal andrecersed directions.

Table4-3: Average Epidermal Potential of Triple Heater Meridian Points

Meridian Point Average Epidermal Potential(mV)

Yochi 49

Gaikan 52Shiko 47


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Graph 4: Epidermal Potential Left Triple Heater Meridian (Yochi, Gaikan, Shiko), I.S.

Male 1.24.2004

File Name: Electrodes on Left Yochi, Left Gaikan & Left Shiko 040124-02.OPG 2004/1/24 15:1:54 ID: Name IW-Sh Male

Left Gaikan ch2(+)

Left Yochi ch1(+)

Left Shiko ch3(+)

movedhead

toleft

scra

tched

ear

by

righ

t

10mV

30mV

(-) input of eachchannel wasgrounded

indifferenteelctrode on outerleft arm was alsogrounded

measuremet wasperformed inside theshielded room whichwas elec tricallygrounded

Gain Setting = x 1

Sampling time=100

Epidermal Potentialat each point

Notech1(+)=left yochich2(+)=left Gaikanch3(+)=left Shiko Non-polarized electrode attached to each point ch1(-)= ch2(-)=ch3(-) =connec ted to groundIndifferent electrode pasted on outer left arm was connected to ground


31/41



Current


No. subjectMale

/FemaMeridianPoints

Gekimon Kanshi Naikan

1 It-Ka F Potential 105 94 82Direction

2 Su-Su F Potential 18 26 18Direction

3 Iw-Yu F Potential 45 47 43Direction

4 In-Ti F Potential 26 20 22Direction

5 Tak-Ta F Potential 40 43 39Direction

6 Tan-Hi M Potential 31 37 25Direction

7 Tad-Hi M Potential -5 8 7Direction

8 Iw-Sh M Potential 8 8 0Direction

9 Ya-Na MPotential

35 37 28Direction10 Ao-Ak M Potential -1 6 -11

Direction11 Wa-Ak M Potential 15 17 16

Direction29 31 25verage of Potentia


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Table 5-2: Heart Constrictor Meridian: Epiermal Potential and Direction of Electric

Current

Epidermal Potential and Direction of Current FlowMeridian. Points GekimonKanshi KanshiNaikan GekimonNaikan


*1"Normal" in the order of [GekimonKanshi*2 "Normal" in the order of [KanshiNaikan*3 "Normal" in the order of GekimonKanshiNaik

x Table

2Test Result

2

11

4.510-3

0.560.67

6.0

Cramer's V

2(0.95)

Degree of Freedom

2

value

(upper probability integral)Analysis Coefficient

Table 5-3: Average Epiermal Potential of Heart Constrictor Meridian Points

Meridian Point Average Epidermal Potential(mV)Gekimon 29

Kanshi 31Naikan 25

Table 2-4: Heart Constrictor Meridian: Averages of Dermal Potential and Epidermal

Potential

Meridian. Points Average Dermal Potential(mV) Average Epidermal Potential(mV)

Gekimon 1095 29

Kanshi 1168 31

Naikan 1059 25

Average Potential 1107 28


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Table 2-5:t-test of the differences between Dermal potential and Epidermal potential

measured at 3 meridian points of the Heart Constrictor meridian

Left Gekimon

No. subject Dermal Epidermal Dermal Epidermal1 It-Ka 869 105 Average 1095 29

2 Su-Su 1152 18 Variance 2.4105

9.0102

3 Iw-Yu 1097 45 Number of samples 11 114 In-Ti 698 26 Pearson Correlation -0.385 Tak-Ta 928 40 Observed - Expected 0

6 Tan-Hi 1036 31 Degrees of Freedom 107 Tad-Hi 1021 -5 t 7.0

8 Iw-Sh 1142 8 P(T


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Table 6-1: Lung Meridian: Epidermal Potential and Direction of Electric Current


No. subjectMale


Kosai Taien

1 Su-Su F Potential 19 3Direction

2 Iw-Yu F Potential 44 39Direction

3 In-Ti F Potential 21 23Direction

4 Tan-Hi M Potential 35 10Direction5 Tad-Hi M Potential 8 11

Direction6 Ya-Na M Potential 18 19

Direction7 Ao-Ak M Potential -4 -17

Direction8 Wa-Ak M Potential 12 6

Direction19 12Average of Potential

Table 6-2: Lung Meridian: Epidermal Potential and Direction of Electric Current

Meridian Points KosaiTaien*

2(0.95) 3.8

Normal 5 Degrees of Freedom 1Reversed 3 Number of Samples 2

2

0.50Normal 5Reversed 3

*"Normal" in the order ofKosaiTaien

Table6-3 :Average Epidermal Potential of Lung Meridian Points

Meridian PointKosaiTaien

Average Epidermal Potential(mV)1912


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Graph 5: Dermal(skin surface) PotentialLeft Heart Constrictor meridian Naikan,

Kanshi, Gekimon, Left Lung meridianTaien, Kosai I.T. Female 2004.04.04

Graph 6 Dermal(skin surface) Potential Left Heart Constrictor meridian Naikan, Kanshi, Gekimon, Left Lung meridianTaien, Kosai I.T. Female 2004.04.04

I.T.

(-) input of eachchannel wasgrounded

indifferentelectrode on outerleft arm was alsogrounded

measurement waperformed insidethe shielded roomwhich waselectricallygrounded

Gain setting = x 1

Sampling Time= 100

Left Kanshi ch2(+)Left Naikan ch1(+)

Left Gekimon ch3(+)

Left Kosai ch5(+) Left Taien ch4(+)

bodymoveme

nt

movedhead

shiftedbodyposition

scratchedhead

byright

scratchedhead

byright

touchednosebyr

ight

Epidermal skin surface) Potential at each point

Note ch1(+)=Left Naikanch2(+)=Left Kanshich3(+)=Left Gekimonch4(+)=Left Taiench5(+)=Left Kosai Non-polarizable electrode attached to each point. ch1(-)=ch2(-)=ch3(-)=ch4(-)=ch5(-)= connected to GND. Indifferent electrode pasted on outer left arm also connected to GND.

bodymoveme

nt

bodymovem

ent


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Table 7-1: Comparison of Dermal Potentials between Heart Constrictor and Triple

Heater meridians

H.C. Average of 3 H.C. pointsdermal 1107Gekimon Average of 3 T.H. pointsdermal 683KanshiNaikan Average of H.C.dermal Average of T.H.de

Average of 3 pointsdermal 1107

T.H.

YochiGaikanShiko

Average of 3 pointsdermal 683

Average Dermal Potential(mV)109511681059

Average Dermal Potential(mV)

11041161-215

Table 7-2: Comparison of Epidermal Potentials between Heart Constrictor and Triple Heater

meridians

H.C. Average of 3 H.C. pointsepidermal 28Gekimon Average of 3 T.H. pointsepidermal49Kanshi

Naikan Average of H.C.epidermal < Average of T.H.epidermalAverage of 3 pointsepidermal 28

T.H.YochiGaikanShiko

Average of 3 pointsepidermal 49

29Average Epidermal Potential(mV)

495247

31

25

Average Epidermal Potential(mV)


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Table 8: 2 value on frequencies of cases of [Naikan > Gaikan] and those of [Naikan

meridians exist in dermis.pdf

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