mesopotamia...2015/09/09 · fertile crescent •greek translation of mesopotamia is “between two...
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MesopotamiaCRADLE OF CIVILIZATION
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Fertile Crescent
• Greek translation of Mesopotamia is “between two rivers”
• Located in between the Tigris and Euphrates River
• Land was excellent for irrigation because of its fertility.
• Stretches from Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea
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Physical Features of Mesopotamia
• Lack of rainfall
• Hot and dry climate
• Windstorms cause river valleys to be muddy during winter
• Catastrophic flooding of Tigris and Euphrates
• No stone nor timber
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So why known as Fertile Crescent?
• Natural levees made it possible for early civilizations to thrive
• Natural Levee: Embankments produced by buildup
of sediment over thousands of years of flooding
• Natural levees provided:
• Protection from enemies
• Swamps provided fish and birds
• Safety from floods
• Provided silt
• Fertile sediments produced by rivers
• Reeds from swamps provide food to livestock
• Reeds were also used for construction
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Political status of Mesopotamia
• From 3000 BCE to 439 BCE many empires rose and fell
• Most of their achievements impact on the technology we have today
• The Four Civilization are
• Sumer
• Akkad
• Assyria
• Babylonia
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Sumer
• 3000 BCE to 2000 BCE • (Existed since before 3000 but not considered civilization then)
• The First Civilization to exist
• Southernmost of the other civilizations
• Formed multiple city-states• A small independent country that consists of a one city and its surround territories
• Most famous of them were Ur and Uruk
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Sumer’s Religion and Form of Government
• Sumer’s city-states ruled as theocracies• Kings served as both government and religious rulers
• Their religion was polytheistic• Around 3,000 gods
• Kingship was created by gods and kings are divinely ordained
• Kings and Priests acted as interpreters of the gods
• Each city-state worshipped and was ‘ruled’ by a different god
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Enlil
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Ziggurats
• Ziggurats- Temples dedicated to the god of the city
• Created by Mudbricks in the shape of many tiers
• 1-7 flat platforms stacked on top of each other
• The Temple was located on the top.
• Served as god’s home
• Offering of food and goods dedicated to the god.
• Most famous of them was the Tower of Babel
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Cuneiform• Cuneiform: Sumerian system of writing
• Symbols
• Each symbol had a particular meaning
• Written by Scribes• Scribes: Trained individuals who knew how to read and
write documents and stories
• Upper class
• Epic of Gilgamesh is the oldest story
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sWppk7-Mti4
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Sumerian inventions
• Wagon wheel
• Archs
• Potter’s wheel
• Sundial
• 12 month calendar
• Metal plow
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Akkad• 2300 BCE to 2100 BCE
• Unified lower Mesopotamia under the leadership of Sargon the Great
• He established the capital of Akkad
• First Mesopotamian empire
• Fell quickly because the King of conquered Akkad and over time the empire collapsed to the Amorites
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Babylon
• 1792 BCE to 1595 BCE
• Babylon was a city-state in Mesopotamia who began to rise in power when King Hammurabi took the throne.
• King Hammurabi conquered all of Mesopotamia and many lands from a country known as Assyria.
• Hammurabi was most famous for his strict laws known as “Hammurabi’s Code”
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Hammurabi’s Code• Strict laws
• Harsh punishments against criminals or law breakers
• Famous for “Eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth” laws• If a son struck his father, son’s hand would be cut off
• Government assumed authority and responsible to protect its citizens
• People now had laws to follow to protect their rights, which decreased the amount of violence among the citizens.
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Hammurabi’s Code
• Laws seen as divine and societal laws
• According to Babylonian belief, Shamash, god of justice and equity, gave laws to Hammurabi.
• Consequences depended on rank of society as well.
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Assyria• 1365 BCE – 612 BCE
• Based in the city of Assur
• Unified all of Mesopotamia through conquest and fear over their citizens and enemies
• Kings had absolute power and their society was well organized
• Known to have most effective military force with the development of iron• Started to use chariots and used iron wheels instead of wood.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pa54hWROpQ
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Neo-Babylon
• Assyria is conquered by the Medes and Chaldeans
• The Chaldeans become known as the Babylonians
• Ruled from 612 BCE to 538 BCE
• Nabopolassar became the first king of Babylon.
• Nebuchadnezzar II rules Babylon from 605 BCE to 562 BCE.
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King Nebuchadnezzar’s conquest and projects• Captured the Kingdom of Israel (will discuss later on) and caused the Diaspora or
what is also known as the Babylonian Exile.
• Built double walls to protect Babylon
• Ishtar Gates
• Hanging Gardens
• Dedicated to his wife
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Fall of Babylon
• In 539 BCE the Babylonian Empire fell to the hands of the Persian Empire ley by Cyrus the Great