mesopotamia
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Mesopotamia. The First Civilization. Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia. Geography of Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia means “land between the 2 rivers”—Tigris & Euphrates - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Mesopotamia
The First Civilization
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Mesopotamia
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Mesopotamia
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Mesopotamia
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Mesopotamia
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Mesopotamia
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Geography of Mesopotamia Mesopotamia means “land between
the 2 rivers”—Tigris & Euphrates “Fertile Crescent” refers to the area of
rich soil created by the flooding of the Tigris & Euphrates
BUT…river flooding was very irregular, region became very dry because of surrounding deserts, few natural resources, not easy area to defend against invasion
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The First CivilizationSumer was 1st civilization;
composed of many city-statesSumerians overcame harshness
of dry season by building irrigation ditches to allow for farming
Built many city-states with large walls for protection and began to trade to increase resources
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Sumerian Writing
Sumerians were the 1st to develop writing, called cuneiform. Wedge-shaped letters were written into wet clay and dried
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Sumerian Way of Life
Sumerians were polytheistic (worshiped many gods) & believed the gods were powerful, immortal, and that there was no joy in the afterlife
Built ziggurats (temples) to worship the gods
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Sumerian Social ClassesPriests were early government
leaders, but successful military commanders eventually became kings, sharing power with priests
Social status: –1st king & priest–2nd merchants–3rd workers –4th slaves
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Sumerian Women Sumer was a patriarchalpatriarchal society
(men were superior to women)Women had many rights, could
hold jobs as priests and shopkeepers, but could not attend school
"Pay heed to the word of your mother as though it were the word of a god."
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End of the Sumerians
Sumer survived for 2,000 years, but the last 1,000 consisted of many battles between their own city-states
Eventually, Sumer was overtaken by invaders
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Examining Mesopotamian Civilizations & Constructing
Timeline of Empires
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Sumerians
First civilizationDeveloped irrigation, city-
states with high walls, trade, cuneiform
Polytheistic, built ziggurats
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Babylonians
Created first empire in Mesopotamia
Developed Hammurabi’s Code—first written set of laws
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Hammurabi’s CodeHammurabi’s prologue explains
the purpose of the code:
“to cause justice to prevail in the land, to destroy the wicked and the evil, and to prevent the strong from oppressing the weak . . . To enlighten the land and to further the welfare of the people.”
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»282 specific laws.
»The code uses the principal of “eye for an eye” to punish crimes.
»Different punishments for rich and poor, men and women.
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Hebrews (Jews)Monotheistic, led to
oppression in EgyptLed by Moses to (Canaan)
Israel; given 10 Commandments
Ethical Monotheism - be kind (their emphasis on proper conduct – God punishes the wicked and greedy)
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Phoenicians Traders, excellent sailorsCreated trading colonies
throughout Mediterranean Sea
First alphabet—simplified cuneiform to 22 letters
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PhoeniciansPhoenician colonies:
–Carthage–Sicily–Corsica–Sardinia
What is the Phoenicians’ most lasting contribution?
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AssyriansMighty fighters; greatest
armyOrganized, used iron
weapons (no mercy!!!)First library (in the city of
Nineveh – 25,000 clay tablets).
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Chaldeans
Created Hanging GardensZodiac calendar—stars could
predict human destinyDeveloped 4-week month
based on phases of moonLast Mesopotamian empire
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Persians1st Foreign empire, conquered
Mesopotamia and Egypt; Tolerant—allowed conquered areas to
keep local customs & religionDeveloped first roads, standard coins,
standard weights & measuresZoroaster—prophet who wrote about
heaven & hell; you could choose your path based on how you lived your life; different from Sumerian’s view of dull afterlife
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Current Countries with the Borders of the Persian Empire
Iran Libya Tajikistan Turkey
Pakistan Russia? Afghanistan Georgia
Syria Iraq Kazakhstan Lebanon
Israel Jordan Azerbaijan Kyrgystan
Egypt Kuwait Uzbekistan Sudan
Turkmenistan Cyprus*