mesopotamia: land between two rivers
DESCRIPTION
Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers. Hot & Dry Very Harsh Intense Rainstorms Temperatures often above 100 degrees Fahrenheit Would be a desert if not for the rivers. Climate. Instructions. Student Handout: The Fertile Crescent. Greek word that means “between two rivers” - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers
![Page 3: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Climate
• Hot & Dry• Very Harsh• Intense Rainstorms• Temperatures often
above 100 degrees Fahrenheit
• Would be a desert if not for the rivers.
![Page 4: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Instructions
• Student Handout:
The Fertile Crescent
![Page 5: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Geography
• Greek word that means “between two rivers”
• It refers to the Tigris & the Euphrates Rivers.
• These two rivers flow into the Persian Gulf.
• One of the world’s earliest civilizations that existed between 5000-539 B.C.E.
• Present day Iraq
• Eastern part of the Fertile Crescent
• The northern part was referred to as Akkad and the southern part was Sumer.
• Irrigation (series of canals) made farming possible in this dry land.
• Many floods, which carried great amount of silt allowed the soil to be constantly replenished.
![Page 7: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Levees
• People were attracted to Mesopotamia Area because of the natural levees that occurred along the Euphrates River.
• Natural levees are embankments produced by the sediment that builds up after thousands of years of flooding.
• The levee surface slopes gently downward away from the river.
• Aside from protection, the silt and sediment was fertile, easily drained, planted, irrigated and cultivated.
![Page 10: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Nomads to farmers: Levees
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n4HLfA5TuPI&feature=related
![Page 13: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Increased cultivated land… Increase in food production, therefore,
population increased.
• It was in this region that humans first abandoned their nomadic lifestyle and built permanent settlements.
• Mesopotamia was not a single civilization or culture.
• It was an area that was composed of several independent city-states, each with its own religion, laws, language and government.
![Page 14: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Brainpop The Sumerians
![Page 15: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The Sumerians
• The first group to inhabit Mesopotamia.
![Page 16: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The Sumerians
• 4000 B.C.E.
• They lived in southern Mesopotamia in a number of independent city-states.
• Each consisted of a small city and its surrounding area.
• The rulers of these city-states constantly were at war with one another.
![Page 17: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The Sumerians
• They used money, which made individuals wealthy.
• The head of the military would become King.
• War leaders evolved into hereditary rulers.
![Page 19: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
NOBILITY
FREE CLIENTS
COMMONERS
SLAVES
![Page 20: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The Royal Standard of Ur
The Royal Standard of Ur
![Page 21: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Ziggurat• In the center of each city was a temple that housed the city’s
gods.
• A ziggurat was a step pyramid that was a religious temple.
• They were polytheistic, which means they believed in many gods.
• They believed that the gods controlled every aspect of nature and everyday life
• It was vital to obey the gods and keep them happy with daily offerings or the gods would send wars, floods, & diseases to punish the people.
• The priest was the only one allowed in ziggurats; therefore, he was very important.
![Page 22: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Ziggurat at UrZiggurat at Ur
Temple
“Mountain of
the Gods”
Temple
“Mountain of
the Gods”
![Page 24: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Cuneiform• The earliest writing was based on pictograms, which were used
to communicate information about taxes and crops.
• Ancient Sumerian record keepers marked pictographic symbols in soft pieces of clay with a pointed reed. The clay tablets were then baked to make them hard.
• Overtime, writing was changed into a script called cuneiform.
• Cuneiform means wedged shaped, because the marks in the clay were wedges.
• Not everyone learned to read and write. The ones that were picked by the gods were called scribes. Boys that were chosen to become scribes (professional writers) began to study at the age of 8. They finished when they were 20 years old.
![Page 26: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sOc2YNnuBdU&feature=related
![Page 27: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Sumerian ScribesSumerian Scribes
“Tablet House” “Tablet House”
![Page 28: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Deciphering Cuneiform
Deciphering Cuneiform
![Page 31: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Sumerian Inventions• http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=c-EPqobSsD8
• Watch the following video, and create a list of the inventions that began in Summer that are still in use today.
![Page 32: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Inventions• Cuneiform• The wheel, which was first
used for pottery and then the 1st wheeled vehicles.
• They developed a number system based on the unit 60. They divided the hour into 60 minutes and the circle into 360 degrees. They also developed basic algebra and geometry.
• The water clock.• The 12 month calendar• The plow• The Sailboat
![Page 33: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Royal Tombs of Ur
• From 1922 to 1934, an archaeologist named C. Leonard Woolley excavated the site of the ancient Sumerian city of Ur
• City famed in Bible as the home of patriarch Abraham
• Many great discoveries such as extravagant jewelry of gold, cups of gold and silver, bowls of alabaster, and extraordinary objects of art and culture
• Opened the world's eyes to the full glory of ancient Sumerian culture
Great Death Pit • Found at Ur was a mass grave containing the bodies of 6 guards
and 68 court ladies (servants of kings and queens) • servants walked down into the grave in a great funeral procession• they drank a poisoned drink and fell asleep never to wake again,
choosing to accompany the kings and queens in the afterlife
![Page 35: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Board Game From UrBoard Game From Ur
![Page 36: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Musical Instrument
![Page 37: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Mesopotamian HarpMesopotamian Harp
![Page 38: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
The Akkadians
![Page 40: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
The Akkadians• They were from the Arabian Peninsula.
• They were Semitic people. They spoke Semitic language related to languages similar to Arabic & Hebrew.
• They formed their own country called Akkad.
• Sargon I conquered the Sumerians in about 2500 B.C.E. He united Akkad & Sumer into a nation called the Kingdom of Sumer.
• They adopted much of the Sumerian Culture. They had many clashes with the Sumerians.
![Page 42: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Sargon of Akkad unified: The World’s
First Empire
Sargon of Akkad unified: The World’s
First Empire
![Page 43: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Instructions
• Student Handout:
Mesopotamia:
The Sumerians
&
Akkadians
![Page 44: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
The Babylonians
![Page 45: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
The Babylonians
• Review Movie and questions:
![Page 46: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
The Babylonians• Henry Rawlinson of England helped find the key to understanding the
Babylonian Language.
• About 1790 B.C.E. King Hammurabi conquered city-states in the Tigris-Euphrates valley and formed the Babylonian Empire
• Adapted and built upon the Sumerian Culture.
• Recorded their laws and customs in the Code of Hammurabi, which was the 1st major collection of laws.
• Believed in astrology and recorded data later essential to astronomy. They also made horoscopes.
• Scribes became leading citizens, as they were educated.
• Practices polytheism. Marduk = God of Earth & Anu = God of Heavens
• Developed a 12 month calendar with 354 days.
![Page 48: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Instructions
• Student Handout:
Babylonia
![Page 49: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Babylonian MathBabylonian Math
![Page 50: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Babylonian NumbersBabylonian Numbers
![Page 51: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Babylonians
![Page 52: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
The Code of Hammurabi
• The 282 laws were engraved in stone and placed in a public location for everyone to see.
• Hammurabi required that people be responsible for their actions.
• Some of Hammurabi’s laws were based on the principle “An eye of an eye, a tooth for a tooth” This means that whoever commits an injury should be punished in the same manner as that injury.
• An example, would be if a son slapped his father, the son’s hand would be cut off.
• The code did distinguish between classes of people. A person’s punishment would depend on who was wronged.
• Consequences for crimes depended on rank in society (ie. only fines for nobility)
![Page 53: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Hammurabi’s [r. 1792-1750
B. C. E.] CodeHammurabi’s [r. 1792-1750
B. C. E.] Code
![Page 54: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Hammurabi, the JudgeHammurabi, the Judge
![Page 55: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Code of Hammurabi
• http://www.youtube.com/user/AllHistories#p/search/0/oDALXORbtR4
(First two minutes)
![Page 56: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Instructions
• Student Handout:
Activity:
The Code of Hammurabi
![Page 57: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Below are situations Hammurabi faced. Decide what you think to be a fair way to deal with the problem.
What should be done to the carpenter who builds a house that falls and kills the owner?
What should be done about a wife who ignores her duties and belittles her husband?
What should be done when a "sister of god" (or nun) enters the wine shop for a drink?
What should be done if a son is adopted and then the birth-parents want him back?
What happens if a man is unable to pay his debts?
What should happen to a boy who slaps his father?
What happens to the wine seller who fails to arrest bad characters gathered at her shop?
How is the truth determined when one man brings an accusation against another
![Page 58: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
What should be done to the carpenter who builds a house that
falls and kills the owner?• Code 229• If a builder builds a
house for a man and does not make its construction sound, and the house which he has built collapses and causes the death of the owner of the house, the builder shall be put to death.
![Page 59: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
What should be done when a "sister of god" (or nun) enters the
wine shop for a drink?
• Code 110• If a "sister of god"
(nun) who is not living in a convent opens a wine shop or enters a wine shop for a drink, they shall burn that woman
![Page 60: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
What happens to the wine seller who fails to arrest bad characters
gathered at her shop?• Code 108• If bad characters
gather in the house of a wine seller and she does not arrest those characters and bring them to the palace, that wine seller shall be put to death.
![Page 61: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
What happens if a man is unable to pay his debts?
• Code 117• If a man be in debt and is
unable to pay his creditors, he shall sell his wife, son, or daughter, or bind them over to service. For three years they shall work in the houses of their purchaser or master; in the fourth year they shall be given their freedom
![Page 62: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
What should be done about a wife who ignores her duties and belittles her husband?
• Code 143• If the woman has not
been careful but has gadded about, neglecting her house and belittling her husband, they shall throw that woman into the water
![Page 63: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
What should be done if a son is adopted and then the birth-parents want him back?
• Code 185• If a man takes in his
own home a young boy as a son and rears him, one may not bring claim for that adopted son.
![Page 64: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
What should happen to a boy who slaps his father?
• Code 195• If a son strikes his
father, they shall cut off his hand.
![Page 65: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
How is the truth determined when one man brings an accusation against another
• Code 2• If any one bring an accusation
against a man, and the accused go to the river and leap into the river, if he sink in the river his accuser shall take possession of his house. But if the river prove that the accused is not guilty, and he escape unhurt, then he who had brought the accusation shall be put to death, while he who leaped into the river shall take possession of the house that had belonged to his accuser
![Page 66: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
The Epic of Gilgamesh
• A long, narrative poem, The Epic of Gilgamesh, is one of the oldest works of literature in the world & Epic Poem.
• The poem tells of a great flood that covers the earth may years earlier.
• The story details the exploits of King Gilgamesh and his companion, Enkidu.
![Page 67: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
GilgameshGilgamesh
![Page 68: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Gilgamesh Epic Tablet:Flood Story
Gilgamesh Epic Tablet:Flood Story
![Page 69: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Epic of Gilgamesh:
• http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/8816-mesopotamia-the-epic-of-gilgamesh-video.htm
![Page 70: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
The Chaldean Empire
![Page 71: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
The Chaldean Empire• 612 B.C. – 538 B.C.
• Known as The Neo Babylonia Empire
• Suffering under the Assyrians, the city of Babylon finally rose up against its hated enemy, the city of Nineveh, the capital of the Assyrian empire, and burned it to the ground.
• Conquered the Phoenicians.
• Forced a large part of the Jewish population to relocate. Numbering possibly up to 10,000, these Jewish deportees were largely upper class people craftspeople. This deportation marks the beginning of the Exile in Jewish history.
• Near one the ruler’s palaces were the famous Hanging Gardens built by King Nebuchadnezzar II.
![Page 72: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
The Hittites
![Page 73: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
The Hittites• 2000 B.C.
• Lived in Central Turkey
• Their culture was greatly influenced by the Babylonians
• They were the first to make iron tools and weapons, thus credited with starting the Iron Age in Western Asia.
• There were many miles between the city-states and many city-states maintained their own language and religions.
• The city-states often fought among themselves until Labarnas became king.
![Page 74: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
The Hittites• Made peace with Ramses
II of Egypt in the 1st Peace Treaty.
• Warlike People.
• One the earliest people to ride horses.
• Their laws were considered the fairest of the time. Their law tried to compensate the person who was wronged.
![Page 75: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Sophisticated Metallurgy Skills
at Ur
Sophisticated Metallurgy Skills
at Ur
![Page 76: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
![Page 77: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Instructions
• Student Handout:
The Hittites
![Page 78: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
The Assyrians
![Page 79: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
The Assyrians• 100 BC. - 612 B.C.
• Named after its original capital Ashur.
• Were the first to outfit armies entirely with iron weapons. And were the first to have a standing army (career = soldier).
• To besiege cities, they devised new military equipment: moveable towers & battering rams. For 500 years they terrorized the region, earning a lasting reputation as one of the most warlike people in history..
• They used chariots, which allowed them to move quickly. They had archers and a cavalry.
![Page 80: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
The Assyrians• They terrorized their enemies by deliberately
employing cruelty & violence. They dammed the rivers leading into Babylon. This deprived the Babylonians of water.
• Women had to be veiled when they appeared in public.
• They divided their empire into provinces, which had their own governor that was responsible to the king. The governor reported directly back to the king sending reports by messengers on horseback- the first mail delivery system.
• Founded one the 1st libraries•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S5uWAWShizQ&feature=related
![Page 81: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Instructions
• Student Handout:
The Assyrians
![Page 82: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
The Persians
![Page 83: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
The Persians• In 539 B.C., Babylon fell to the Persian armies of Cyrus the
Great.
• Located in present-day Iran
• The Persians were tolerant of the people they conquered. They respected the customs & religious traditions of the diverse group in their empire.
• The real unification of the Persian Empire was accomplished under the Persian emperor Darius, who ruled from 522–486 BC
![Page 84: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
The Persians• A skilled organizer, Darius
set up a government that became a model for later rulers.
• He divided the Persian Empire into provinces, each headed by a governor called a satrap.
• Each satrapy, or province, had to pay taxes based on its wealth and resources.
• Special officials, “the eyes and ears of the king,” visited each province to check on the satraps.
![Page 85: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
The Persians• Like Hammurabi, Darius
adapted laws from the people he conquered and drew up a single code of laws for the empire.
• By setting up a single Persian coinage, Darius created economic links.
• Zoroaster guided religious beliefs and also helped unify the empire. He rejected the old Persian gods. Instead, he taught that a single wise god, Ahura Mazda, ruled the world.
![Page 86: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
![Page 87: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
The Phoenicians
![Page 88: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
The Phoenicians• 1200-800 B.C.
• Prospered on the Mediterranean coast north of Palestine.
• Their chief cities were Tyre & Sidon
• They gained fame as sailors & traders
• They made glass from coastal sand.
• From a tiny sea snail, they produced a widely admired purple dye, called Tyrian purple. This became their trademark and the favourite colour of royalty.
![Page 89: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
The Phoenicians• The words Bible &
Bibliography come from the Phoenician city of Byblos.
• Due to their sailing skills, the Phoenicians brought Mediterranean products and culture to other civilizations in the area.
• Replaced the cuneiform alphabet of 550 characters with a phonetic alphabet, based on distinct sounds, consisting of 22 letters.
![Page 90: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
![Page 91: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
The Hebrews (Israelites)
![Page 92: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
The Hebrews (Israelites)• They recorded events and laws
in the Torah their most sacred text.
• To the Hebrews, history and religion were interconnected.
• According to The Old Testament,, the male leader of the Hebrews was Abraham (2000 B.C.).
• Abraham changed people’s belief in many gods to one God called Yahweh.
![Page 93: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
The Hebrews (Israelites)• According to the Torah, the Hebrews had lived near
Ur in Mesopotamia. About 2000 B.C., they migrated, herding their flocks of sheep and goats into a region known as Canaan (later called Palestine).
• Abraham’s grandson was Jacob, who was known as Israel and that is where the term Israelites comes from.
• The Book of Genesis tells that around 1800 B.C. a famine in Canaan forced many Hebrews to migrate to Egypt (led by Jacob’s son Joseph). There, they were eventually enslaved.
• In time, Moses, the adopted son of the pharaoh’s daughter, led the Hebrews in their escape, or exodus, from Egypt.
![Page 94: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
• For 40 years, the Hebrews wandered in the Sinai Peninsula. After Moses died, they entered Canaan and defeated the people there, claiming for themselves the land they believed God had promised them.
• By 1000 B.C., the Hebrews had set up the kingdom of Israel. Among the most skillful rulers of Israel were David, Saul and Solomon.
• Saul was the 1st king of the Israelites.
• According to Hebrew tradition, David was a humble shepherd who defeated a huge Philistine warrior, Goliath. Later, David became a strong, shrewd king who united the feuding Hebrew tribes under a single nation.
The Hebrews (Israelites)
![Page 95: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
• David’s son Solomon, turned Jerusalem into an impressive capital. He built a splendid temple dedicated to God, as well as an enormous palace for himself. King Solomon won praise for his wisdom and understanding. He also tried to increase Israel’s influence by negotiating with powerful empires in Egypt and Mesopotamia.
• The kingdom of Israel paid a heavy price for Solomon’s ambitions. His building projects required such heavy taxes and so much forced labour that revolts erupted soon after his death about 930 B.C.
• The kingdom then split into Israel in the north and Judah in the south.
The Hebrews (Israelites)
![Page 96: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
The Hebrews (Israelites)• Weakened by this division,
the Hebrews could not fight off invading armies. During their captivity, the Hebrews became known as the Jews.
• In time, Hebrew beliefs evolved into the religion we know today as Judaism.
• The Ten Commandments: Laws set out both religious duties toward God and rules for moral conduct toward other people.
![Page 97: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
![Page 98: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
![Page 99: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
The Lydians
![Page 100: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
The Lydians
• 8th Century B.C. to 546 B.C.
• Known for their coins (made of gold and silver), which became the first monetary system in the ancient world.
• Great traders that sparked a commercial revolution.
• Croesus, the king, was thought to
be the richest king in the ancient world.
![Page 101: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Instructions
• Student Handout:Mesopotamia:
Crossword Puzzle & Name the Kingdom
• Mesopotamia Photoessay
![Page 102: Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042505/568136d1550346895d9e6e37/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Civilizations: Meosopiatmia.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7LqB9CyriZY&feature=related
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dq85boCGbGA&NR=1
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yc8m9DHxH4E&feature=related