metabolism 9 - student council. foundation block/team … · 1- amphi = dual, amphibolic: dual...
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Metabolism
9
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objectivesUnderstand the concept of metabolic pathways.
Identify types and characteristics of metabolic pathways:(anabolic and catabolic)
Identify ATP as the energy source for cells
metabolismMetabolism consists of:
Anabolic pathways:Consuming energy(Endergenic) building up
Catabolic pathways:Producing energy(Exergenic) breaking down
All the chemical reactions taking place inside a cell are collectively known as METABOLISM
Metabolic Pathway:➢ A multi-step sequence of chemical reactions➢ A product of first reaction becomes a substrate for second reaction ➢ Integrated pathways: Metabolism
Pathway Vs chemical reaction
Note :A ——> BB——>CC——>DEach product is a substrate for another reaction Note : Pathway is a Sequence of reactions
The Metabolic map● Different pathways can intersect(تتقاطع
( مكونین شبكة متكاملة forming an integrated and purposeful network of chemical reactions “The Metabolic Map”
● Pathways that regenerate or produce a component are called cycles
Note : don’t memorize this map just get the idea
فكرتھا زي قوقل ماب ولو واحد وصف لك تروح مكان بیقول لك تمشي لین جامعة الملك سعود من طریق االمام وبعدین تاخذ یمین... كذا ما راح تقدر تجیھ اال من طریق
واحد لكن لما یعطیك خریطة او اللوكیشن بالجوال راح یعطیك قوقل ماب اكثر منطریق عشان تصل
Dr’s note :The porpoises of metabolic map:1-to get a clear vision2- if there are any changes in one pathway it will help us to know what other pathways will be affected
Pathway classified into
Catabolic pathway Anabolic
Divergent process
Precursor molecules into
complexmolecules
Stage 1 : hydrolyze the complex
molecule to their components building
blocks
Stage 2: convert the
building blocks into Acetyl CoA
Stage3: oxidation acetyl CoA,oxidative
phosphorylation To produce ATP
Energetic reaction
require ATP
Note : it breaks down so many complex molecules
Note : it will make more complex and multiple different molecules from few building blocks
Note : 1- Energetic: energy consuming 2- Divergent : We can make complex molecules from few building blocks
Requires NADPH
Clas
ses
of
met
abolism
Anabolic
Catabolic
EndergonicRequires ATP
Simple to complexmolecule
Involves oxidationsLose H+ (electron)
ExergonicProducing ATP
Complex to simplemolecules
Involves reductionsGain H+ (electron)
Convergent process
Divergent processRequires NAD+
Comparison of catabolic and anabolic pathways
Energy currency : ATPATP H O ADP P 2 i
Adenosine Triphosphate= ATPwhich consists of ( 3 Phosphate groups + Nitrogen Base (Adenosine)).When ATP loses its 3rd phosphate group, will become ADP + P group and the energy released (when fuel molecules are oxidized).
● The free energy liberated in the hydrolysis of ATP is used to drive the endergonic reactions
● ATP is formed from ADP and Pi when fuel molecules are oxidized
● This ATP-ADP cycle is the fundamental mode of energy exchange in biological systems
Note : if you hydrolyze them , they will produce a lot of energy
i
Amphibolic Pathway1- Amphi = Dual, amphibolic: dual pathway (both catabolic and anabolic).
2- Krebs cycle is mainly a catabolic cycle, but with some anabolic features, e.g. part of Krebs cycle is used for the synthesis of glucose from amino acids Therefore, Krebs cycle is amphibolic.
Regulation Of Metabolism
Intercellular communications(outside the cell)
Intracellular signals(inside the cell)
Allosteric activators:
(allosteric regulation is the regulation of enzymes or other proteins by the
binding of an effector molecule at the
protein's allosteric site; that is, a site
other than the protein's active site)
Substrate availability:
if the substrates needed are
available in cell
Chemical signaling
Second messengersProduct
inhibition:a type of enzyme
inhibition: it is ability of the products to control the metabolism
Note : A hormone (1st) binds to a receptor outside the cell, leading to the activation of cell messengers (2nd) inside the cell.
(hormones or neurotransmitters):
first messenger
-(cAMP, cGMP) c= cyclic m= mono
-(Ca++ /phosphatidylinositol)
Just know the names
Oxidation & Reduction in metabolism
- Energy rich compounds
Reduction“anabolic”
Oxidation“catabolic”
loss of electrons
Loss of hydrogen
Gain of hydrogen
gain of electrons
They are E-rich reduced coenzymes, gain hydrogen. Oxidation
NAD= Nicotin-amide Adenine Di-nucleotide From NADH to NAD+ (oxidation) “loss of hydrogen” From NAD+ to NADH (reduction) “gain of hydrogen”
في عملیات األیض(metabolism)
یحدث نقل اإللكترونات من الغذاء(oxidized) إلى الكوانزیم(reduced)
(reducing Agent)
(Oxidation Agent)
used for energy
production
CARBOHYDRATES (Glucose): the major metabolic fuel of most
tissues, major source of energy.
LIPIDS (fatty acids):major source of energy
PROTEINS (Amino acids):
a minor source of energy -little existent-
Electron transport
chain
Take home messageMetabolism is the sum of all biochemical pathways that occur inside the cells. A metabolic pathway is a multistep sequences of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
Catabolism is a convergent process that provides energy to cells in the form of ATP.Anabolism is a divergent process that consumes energy for the synthesis of complex molecules.
Metabolic pathways are tightly regulated and highly integrated.
ATP is the energy currency of the cells
Quiz Q5: what is the pathway that Producing energy?
A) Anabolic Pathway B) Catabolic Pathway C) Both D) None of the above
Q6: ATP is
A) Adenosine twophosphate
B) Adenotine Triphosphate C) Adenosine Triphosphate D) Adrenal Triphosphate
Q7: Which types of pathways that Krebs cycle use :
A) Anabolic Pathway B) Catabolic Pathway C) Amphipolic D) None of the above
Q8: From NADH to NAD+ by
A) Oxidation reaction B) reduction reaction C) Both D) none of them
Q1:what is the pathway that consumes ATP?Q2:what is the pathway reaction and give an example?Q3: What is the reduction reaction ?Q4: Hydrolysis of ATP will produce ?
MCQs SAQ
1)B2)C3)C4)A
MCQs answers
A1: Anabolic Plat wayA2: multi-step sequence of chemical reactions like glycolysis A3: gains electron or H+A4: ADP+P (free energy)
Team members
Team leaders
Girls Team : Boys Team :● Alia Zawawi ● Nada Babilli● Rania Aqil● Reem alamri ● Reema Alomar● Reem Alqahtani● Renad Alhomaidi● Samar Almohammedi ● Shaden Alobaid● Budoor Almubarak● Somow Abdulrahman● Noura Alsalem● Lama Alahmadi● Sadem Alhazmi
● Mansour albawardi● Hassan alshurafa● Abdulrahman almebki● Mohammed alsayyari● Abdullaziz alomar● Ahmed Alkhayat● Bander alharbi● Abdulaziz alrabiah● Saud alrasheed● abdullah almazroo● Hamad almousa
● Shatha Aldhohair ● Mishal AlthunianMade by :
● Nuha Alkudsi● Norah Alsheikh● Muneerah Alssdhan● Mayasem Alhazmi