metabolism of nutrients in liver
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Metabolism of Nutrients in Liver. Anusorn Cherdthong , PhD 137748 Applied Biochemistry in Nutritional Science Email: [email protected] E-learning: http://ags.kku.ac.th/eLearning/137748. Introduction. Role of liver: Biosynthesis Metabolic regulation Inactivation or detoxification - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Anusorn Cherdthong, PhD137748 Applied Biochemistry in Nutritional Science
Email: [email protected]: http://ags.kku.ac.th/eLearning/137748
Metabolism of Nutrients in Liver
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Introduction
Role of liver:BiosynthesisMetabolic regulationInactivation or detoxificationSecretion
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Liver metabolism
Riis (1983)
Ruminant
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Liver metabolism
Riis (1983)
Non-ruminant
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Carbohydrate metabolism
Major metabolism:GlycolysisPentose phosphate pathway : PPP or hexose monophosphate shunt : HMS
GluconeogenesisGlycogenolysisGlycogenesis
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Glycolysis or Embden-Meyerhof Minus PathwayConsisted of 11 reaction
Product: (1 glucose)
Pyruvate2 ATP
McDonald et al. (2011)
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Krebs cycle Occurred at mitocondria
Oxidation acetyl Co A—H2O, CO2
Consisted 9 reactionsProduct: 3 NADH 3, 1 FADH2 , 1GTP McDonald et al.
(2011)
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Pentose phosphate pathway Occurred at cytosolProvided NADPH, ribose
McDonald et al. (2011)
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Gluconeogenesis glucokinase Km 10 mM (nonruminant)
Hexokinase KM 0.01-0.1 mM (ruminant)
Substrate are glucogenic, amino acids, lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, propionate
Consisted of 3 reaction
McDonald et al. (2011)
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Gluconeogenesis Substrates
McDonald et al. (2011)
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Carbohydrate metabolism
GlycogenolysisLysis of glycogen when neededAppeared in live and musleEnd products are lactate or pyruvateRequired enzyme phosphorylase a
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Carbohydrate metabolism
Glycogenesis synthesis of glycogenOccurred at liver and muscle Required enzyme glycogen synthetase
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Protein metabolism
Major metabolismAmino acids degradation Amino synthesisRegulation of protein synthesisProtein degradation
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Protein metabolism
Amino acids degradationAA was used for energy source End products are amino group and carbon skeleton
Ex: alanine degradation Pyruvate, aspatice acidOxaloacetate, glutamate -ketoglutarate
2 reactions are deamination, carbon skeletal pathway
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McDonald et al. (2011)
Utilization of C skeleton
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Urea cycle1 urea/ 4 ATPExcrete via urine
McDonald et al. (2011)
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Protein metabolism
Amino synthesis Biosynthesis of non-essential amino acids
Required glutamate dehydrogenaseNADP as Co AATP Re-used ammonia for synthesis Consisted of oxidation and tranamination reaction
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Protein metabolism
Regulation of protein synthesisControl by RNA content in muscle, ATP and initiation process
Occurred ribosomes high synthesis rate when fasting
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Protein metabolism
Protein degradationEnzymes: endoenzymes and exoenzymes Endoenzymes: cathepsins B and D—short chain polypeptide
Exoenzymes---degrade polypeptide to AACathepsins B-- albumin, ribonuclease and cytochrome C
Cathepsins D--- haemoglobin Aminopeptidease D and alanine aminopeptidases degrade peptide at N-terminal
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Lipid metabolism
Major metabolismLipolysisGlycerol lysisFatty acid biosynthesisBiosynthesis of triacylglycerolsBiosynthesis of cholesterolBiosynthesis of glycerolKetone bodies
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Lipid metabolism
LipolysisRequired glycerol 3-phosphate Major reaction is -oxidationOccurred in mitochondria Acyl Co A formCarnitine transfer Acyl Co A across inner mitochondreia and need Carnitine acyltransferase I
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Lipid metabolism
Lipolysis-oxidation—degrade FA on C beta4 step of -oxidation
Dehydrogenation 1HydrationDehydrogenation 2Thiolytic cleavage
2 atom C are end product
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Lipid metabolism
Glycerol lysisFor energy source Start from fructose-1,6 diphosphate—glycolysis—pyruvate—TCA
44 ATP/ 2 Glycerol
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Lipid metabolism
Fatty acid biosynthesisOccurred when sufficient energy, high Acetyl CoA
Require NADPHStore as tryacylglecerolConsisted 2 sinthesis systems
De novo synthesisSaturated FA with more than 16 C
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Lipid metabolism
Biosynthesis of triacylglycerolsOccurred when more CHOSubstrates are FA (Fatty acyl-Co A ) and glycerol (Glycerol-3-phosphate)
Diacylglycerol-3-phosphate was found in reaction
1,2-Diacylglycerol +Fatty acyl-Co A = triacylglycerols
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Lipid metabolism
Biosynthesis of cholesterolNormally found in LiverLDL carrier cholesterol to other organs3 step of biosynthesis:
Synthesis mevalonate from acetyl Co A
Synthesis squalene from mevalonateSynthesis cholesterol from squalene
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Lipid metabolism
Biosynthesis of glycerolSynthesis from glucose via glycolysisStart with dihydroxyacetone phosphate--- glyceral- 3 –phosphate--- phospho diglyceride--- diacylglycerol--- triacylglycerol
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Lipid metabolism
Ketone bodiesOccurred when starvationNamely: Acetone, acetoacetate and D--hydroxybutyrate
Ketone bodies were transfer to organ for energy
Enzyme require: thiolase, HMG-Co A synthase, HMG-Co A lyase, D--hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and acetoacetate decarboxylase
Ketosis: high accumulated of KB
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Conclusion
1
2
Metabolism of nutrient in liver
Carbohydrate metabolism : Glycolysis, PPP, Gluconeogenes, Glycogenolysis and Glycogenesis
3Protein metabolism : AA metabolism, urea cycle, protein metabolism
4Lipid metabolism : Lipolysis, glycerol lysis, fatty acid, triacylglycerols, cholesterol Ketone bodies
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Thank you!