metadata for images michael day ukoln: uk office for library and information networking university...
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Metadata for images
Michael Day
UKOLN: UK Office for Library and
Information Networking
University of Bath
http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/
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Metadata for images
Michael Day
The Challenge of Image Retrieval
CIR 99 - Second UK Conference on Image Retrieval,
Forte Posthouse Hotel, Newcastle upon Tyne, 25-26 February 1999.
http://www.unn.ac.uk/iidr/conference.html
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Presentation Outline
Metadata:• Contexts• Dublin Core initiative• Resource Description Framework
Distributed and heterogeneous information:• CIMI• European initiatives
Other metadata applications:• Representation and authentication• Digital preservation
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Metadata
Contexts:• Rapidly growing corpus of image-
based information• CBIR and metadata• Metadata = data about data or “… the
Internet-age term for structured data about data” - Joint NSF-EU Working Group on Metadata (1998)
• Format diversity
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A metadata typology
Simple Rich
Adapted from: Lorcan Dempsey and Rachel Heery, “Metadata: a current view of
practice and issues”, Journal of Documentation, vol. 54, no.2, March 1998,
pp. 145-172.
Band One Band Two Band Three
(full textindexes)
(simplestructuredgenericformats)
(more complexstructure,domainspecific)
(part of largersemanticframework)
Proprietaryformats
ProprietaryformatsDublin CoreROADSIAFA/Whois++templates
FGDCMARC
TEI headersICPSREADCIMI
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Types of metadata
Format diversity likely to persist
Metadata creation and cataloguing
Subject classification schemes:• ICONCLASS
Thesauri• Art and Architecture Thesaurus (AAT)
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Dublin Core (1)
International initiative to define a core set of metadata elements for resource discovery on the Internet
• Six DC workshops (to date):• DC-1 (Dublin, Ohio) - 1995• DC-2 (Warwick) - 1996• DC-3 (Dublin, Ohio) - 1996• DC-4 (Canberra) - 1997• DC-5 (Helsinki) - 1997• DC-6 (Washington, D.C.) - 1998• DC-7 (Frankfurt am Main) - 1999
http://purl.oclc.org/dc
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Dublin Core (2)15 Elements:
• Title • Subject • Description • Creator • Publisher • Contributor • Date • Type
Core elements defined in RFC 2413:
http://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/computing/internet/rfc/rfc2413.txt
• Format • Identifier • Source • Language • Relation• Coverage • Rights
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Dublin Core Qualifiers
TYPE - refines the meaning of elements:– Relation TYPE=IsPartOf
SCHEME - associates the value with an externally defined ‘scheme’:
– Subject SCHEME=DDC– Date SCHEME=ISO 8601
LANGUAGE - indicates the language of the value:
– Title LANGUAGE=en
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Dublin Core syntax
Syntax issues:• Simple DC can be embedded into
HTML Web pages– Limited functionality
• Web moving to Extensible Markup Language (XML)
• Resource Description Framework– RDF ... “an architecture for metadata on
the Web”
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RDF
Resource Description Framework:• World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)• Data model and XML based syntax• An implementation of the conceptual
‘Warwick Framework’• Modular interoperability• Useful for aggregating the different
metadata types required for managing digital information over time
http://www.w3.org/RDF/
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Integrating access
Distributed and heterogeneous information:• ANSI/NISO Z39.50 protocol
Applications:• Computer Interchange of Museum
Information (CIMI) Consortium• Aquarelle project• Electronic Library Image Service for
Europe (ELISE)• Arts and Humanities Data Service
(AHDS)
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Research processes
Metadata interacts with the research process: • Discovery• Retrieval• Collation• Analysis• Re-presentation
David Bearman and Jennifer Trant, Unifying our cultural memory. Information Landscapes for a Learning Society: Networking and the Future of Libraries 3, University of Bath, 29 June - 1 July 1998.
http://www.archimuse.com/papers/ukoln98paper/index.html
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Standards for images
Types (Howard Besser):• Technical information (for viewing)• Capture processes• Quality and veracity• Original object• Authentication• Rights metadata
Where should this metadata be kept?• Image headers• Separate databases
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Making of America II
Three types of metadata:• Descriptive• Structural• Administrative
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Digital preservation
The existence of relevant metadata is the key to the future utilisation of image-based information
Preservation strategies depend upon metadata:
• Digital Rosetta Stone (DRS)• "Super-metadata"
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Research Libraries Group
• Date• Transcriber• Producer• Capture device• Capture details• Change history• Validation key• Encryption• Watermark
• Resolution• Compression• Source• Color• Color management• Color bar / Grey
scale bar• Control targets
RLG Working Group on Preservation Issues of Metadata (1998)
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OAIS
A high-level model for ‘archival information object classes’:
• Content Information• Preservation Description Information
– Reference Information
– Context Information
– Provenance Information
– Fixity Information
• Packaging Information• Descriptive Information
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Implementations
National Library of Australia• PANDORA project• 'logical data model'
Cedars project• Electronic Libraries Programme• Consortium of University Research
Libraries• Defining data elements• Demonstrators
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Conclusions
Metadata complements CBIR approach to image retrieval
Metadata has wider applications than discovery and retrieval
• Representation of information• Rights management• Authentication• Preservation
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UKOLN
UKOLN is funded by the British Library Research and Innovation Centre (BLRIC), the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) of the UK Higher Education Funding Councils, as well as by project funding from the JISC’s Electronic Libraries (eLib) Programme and the European Union. UKOLN also receives support from the University of Bath, where it is based.
http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/