Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Dr. Michael A. Schroeder Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Publication_Date: February, 2002 Title: Current and Historic Distribution of Greater and Gunnison Sage- Grouse in North America Edition: 1.1 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Olympia, Washington Publisher: Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife Description: Abstract: This is a polygonal ARC/INFO GIS cover showing the current and historic range of the greater sage-grouse(Centrocercus urophasianus) and Gunnison sage-grouse (Centrocercus minimus) in Western North America. This data was initially researched and compiled by Dr. Michael A. Schroeder, research biologist for the Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife. The initial draft of current and historic range data was mapped and submitted to state, federal, or provincial natural resource agencies and other experts for review, comment, and editing. The final product represents the best available science and expert review available at the time of compilation.

Purpose: Relatively accurate mapping of a species' distribution is extremely important, particularly in an age where satellite imagery and habitat maps can be linked with management scenarios, which effectively address issues of population viability, land-use planning, and habitat quality, quantity, and distribution. However, the utility of these applications are limited by the availability, currency, digital compatibility, and/or quality of species’ range data, which is readily available in a mapped format. For example, much of the historic information is in manuscript or narrative form, and therefore not readily available in digitally “mapped” or “georeferenced” formats for GIS analysis and modeling. Also, the scale, resolution, and detail in which range distribution data are recorded and/or compiled, can be quite variable and inconsistent across the landscape.

The purpose of this data compilation and mapping effort was to digitally compile and standardize current and historic sage-grouse range data, at a regional scale, for Western North America. The GIS data layers resulting from this effort will serve as a baseline for future projects to update and refine sage-grouse distribution. The layers will be used as a starting point to monitor and analyze changes in the range over time. Definition of “Historic Range” – The historic distribution represents the bird’s maximum distribution from the early 1800’s to the present (late 1990’s).

Definition of “Current Range” – The current sage-grouse distribution is the range believed to be occupied in the late 1990’s, based on the best information available.

Supplemental_Information:

Procedures_Used: There were three general processing phases required for the creation of the sage-grouse distribution GIS cover: data research/compilation, data review, and database construction.

DATA RESEARCH AND COMPILATION PROCESS The first step in creating the sage-grouse database was to research, compile, and synthesize the most pertinent data available on the historic and current distribution of sage-grouse in North America.

Current Distribution - The current distribution for sage-grouse in North America was estimated by Dr. Schroeder using numerous state-specific maps, on which the projected current distribution was delineated. The source information gathered on current range was reviewed, interpreted, synthesized, and then transcribed onto 1:2,000,000 scale U.S. Geological Survey maps. The polygonal data on the USGS maps was then digitized and attributed, using ARC/INFO software, to create a working draft coverage of sage- grouse distribution for North America. Historic Distribution - The historic distribution is extremely difficult to document due to a paucity of information. Consequently, sources like the journals of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were used, which described the 1803- 1806 expedition from the St. Louis, Missouri area to the west coast of Oregon and back (transcribed by Moulton (1986-1997; Vol. 2-11)). Swainson and Richardson (1831) was one of the few other contemporary publications that provided information about the early distribution of sage-grouse. Additional summaries on the historic distribution were also considered including McClanahan (1940) and Aldrich and Duvall (1955). The extent of the pre-settlement ranges were also modified with the aid of maps of original habitats (Kuchler,1964). References on habitat distribution were evaluated relative to specific information on habitat use (Schroeder et al. 1999, Connelly et al. 2000). The source information gathered on historic range was reviewed, interpreted, synthesized, and then transcribed by Dr. Schroeder onto 1:2,000,000 scale U.S. Geological Survey maps. The polygonal data on the USGS maps was then digitized and attributed, using ARC/INFO software, to create working draft coverage of sage-grouse distribution for North America.

DATA REVIEW PROCESS A draft map of western North America was created at a 1:2,000,000 scale, using the US National Atlas information as a base. The GIS cover, representing current and historic sage-grouse distribution, was then overlaid onto this base map. Numerous representatives from the western states and provinces were sent a copy of this preliminary map and provided an opportunity to review, comment, and revise the “draft” set of current and/or historic sage-grouse range polygons (see the Data_Set_Credits section for a list of respondents). California and Washington responded by providing digital data of current and historic range within their borders. Most other states responded with proposed changes on draft maps. Other written and oral comments/suggestions were received from several states. Dr. Schroeder received all the submitted responses and compiled the necessary data revisions. In some cases, data discrepancies occurred between contributors. Dr. Schroeder facilitated the resolution of these range boundary conflicts among the contributors.

DATABASE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS Dr. Schroeder compiled all final revisions/edits on the same base map, which had been distributed for review/comment. These maps were then forwarded to the GIS section of the Wildlife Program at WA Department of Fish and Wildlife for final construction of a GIS database, which represents current and historic range of sage-grouse in North America. Using ARC/INFO ARCEDIT software, the digital GIS coverages provided by California and Washington were inserted/imported into the sage-grouse distribution coverage for North America. Using the data compilation and editing tools within ARCEDIT, all final revisions/edits delineated on the draft map were incorporated.

Process_Step: Compilation Process_Description: Using U.S. Geologic Survey's 1:2,000,000 National atlas series maps as a base, a preliminary historic and current sage-grouse range was drawn on mylar acetate sheets by Dr. Schroeder. The sheets were registered to the national atlas maps using the Albers projection the atlas series was created in. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: U.S. Geologic Survey's 1:2,000,000 National Alas Series maps. Process_Date: Approximately February, 1999 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Step: Create the initial draft sage grouse range polygonal cover. Process_Description: John Talmadge - CREATE NAGROUSE ../TICCOVS/TICSALBERUSA Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: April 14, 1999 Process_Time: 10:51 am Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Step: Add digitized coverage of Washington state. Process_Description: John Talmadge - ARCEDIT /STRIDER3/WILDGIS3/GROUSE/NAGROUSE/COVERS Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: between April 14, 1999 12:33pm to April 15, 1999 4:32pm Process_Time: 12:33pm to 4:32pm Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None

Process_Step: Add polygons to the draft range polygonal cover. Process_Description: John Talmadge - ARCEDIT /STRIDER3/WILDGIS3/GROUSE/NAGROUSE/COVERS Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: April 14, 1999 12:33pm to April 15, 1999 4:32pm Process_Time: 12:33pm to 4:32pm Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Step: Build Draft Sage Grouse polygonal cover. Process_Description: John Talmadge - BUILD NAGROUSE POLY Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: April 16,1999 Process_Time: 9:47 am Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Step: Error check the draft sage grouse polygonal cover.

Process_Description: John Talmadge - LABELERRORS NAGROUSE Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: April 16, 1999 Process_Time: 9:49 am Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Step: Add polygons to the draft range polygonal cover. Process_Description: John Talmadge - ARCEDIT /STRIDER3/WILDGIS3/GROUSE/NAGROUSE/COVERS Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: April 16, 1999 Process_Time: 10:19 am Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Step: Build Draft Sage Grouse polygonal cover. Process_Description: John Talmadge - BUILD NAGROUSE POLY Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: April 16, 1999 Process_Time: 10:20 am Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Step: Error check the draft sage grouse polygonal cover. Process_Description: John Talmadge - LABELERRORS NAGROUSE Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: April 16, 1999 Process_Time: 10:21 am Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Step: Center the label points within the polygons of the draft Sage grouse polygonal cover. Process_Description: John Talmadge - CENTROIDLABELS NAGROUSE Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: April 16, 1999 Process_Time: 10:22 am Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Step: Build draft Sage Grouse polygonal cover. Process_Description: John Talmadge - BUILD NAGROUSE POLY Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: April 16, 1999 Process_Time: 10:23 am Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Step: Add polygons to the draft range polygonal cover. Process_Description: John Talmadge - ARCEDIT /STRIDER3/WILDGIS3/GROUSE/NAGROUSE/COVERS Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: April 16, 1999 Process_Time: 10:32 am Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Step: Build draft Sage Grouse polygonal cover. Process_Description: John Talmadge - BUILD NAGROUSE POLY Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: April 16, 1999 Process_Time: 10:33 am Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None

Process_Step: Error check the draft sage grouse polygonal cover. Process_Description: John Talmadge - LABELERRORS NAGROUSE Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: April 16, 1999 Process_Time: 10:35 am Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Step: Add polygons to the draft range polygonal cover. Process_Description: John Talmadge - ARCEDIT /STRIDER3/WILDGIS3/GROUSE/NAGROUSE/COVERS Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: April 16, 1999 Process_Time: 10:39 am Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Step: Build draft Sage Grouse polygonal cover. Process_Description: John Talmadge - BUILD NAGROUSE POLY Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: April 16, 1999 Process_Time: 10:39 am Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Step: Add polygons to the draft range polygonal cover. Process_Description: John Talmadge - ARCEDIT /STRIDER3/WILDGIS3/GROUSE/NAGROUSE/COVERS Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: April 16, 1999 - April 20, 1999 Process_Time: 11:10 am, 9:10 am Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Step: Build draft Sage Grouse polygonal cover. Process_Description: John Talmadge - BUILD NAGROUSE POLY Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: April 20, 1999 Process_Time: 09:11 am Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Step: Add polygons to the draft range polygonal cover. Process_Description: John Talmadge - ARCEDIT /STRIDER3/WILDGIS3/GROUSE/NAGROUSE/COVERS Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: April 20, 1999 - April 22, 1999 Process_Time: 09:14 am - 12:52 pm Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Step: Draft Map Process_Description: A map was created of the Western North America using the digital information from the U.S. Geological Survey National Altas to create a base cover containing graphically imbedded registration tics on which the newly created Sage Grouse range was displayed. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: U.S. Geological Survey National Altas Process_Date: May, 1999 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Step: Sage Grouse map dissemination for input and review

Process_Description: Copies of the draft map were produced and sent to Dr. Schroeder who in turn distributed the maps to the representatives from the natural resource agencies of California, Oregon, Washington, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Utah, Wyoming, Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Alberta, and Sackatchewan, along with a number of other experts in the field with whom he had been in contact. These agencies were from the following state and provinces; The copies were returned to Dr. Schroeder for compilation from all agencies except the California Department of Fish and Wildlife who had created a digital cover from their own information. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: May, 1999 - November, 1999 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Step: The directory was moved due to UNIX Hardware updates. Process_Description: John Talmadge - EXTERNALALL Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: May 26. 1999 Process_Time: 3:40 pm Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Step: Incorporated California Department of Fish and Wildlife digital data with the draft Sage Grouse cover. Process_Description: John Talmadge - UNION NAGROUSE CAGROUSE SAGEGROUSE 10 Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: November 8, 1999 Process_Time: 2:16 pm Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Step: Edit draft Sage Grouse polygonal cover, adding in changes proposed by the natural resource agencies with conflicts resolved by Dr. Schroeder. Process_Description: John Talmadge - ARCEDIT /DATA16/WILDGIS2/GROUSE/NAGROUSE/COVERS Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: November 8, 1999 Process_Time: 3:15 pm - 5:31 pm Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Step: Interim build of the draft Sage Grouse cover Process_Description: John Talmadge - BUILD SAGEGROUSE POLY Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: November 8, 1999 Process_Time: 5:36 pm Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Step: Edit draft Sage Grouse polygonal cover, adding in changes proposed by the natural resource agencies with conflicts resolved by Dr. Schroeder. Process_Description: John Talmadge - ARCEDIT /DATA16/WILDGIS2/GROUSE/NAGROUSE/COVERS Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: November 9, 1999 - November 10, 1999 Process_Time: 9:16 am - 1:30 pm Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None

Process_Step: Edit draft Sage Grouse polygonal cover, adding in changes proposed by the natural resource agencies with conflicts resolved by Dr. Schroeder. Process_Description: John Talmadge - ARCEDIT /DATA16/WILDGIS2/GROUSE/NAGROUSE/COVERS Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: November 18, 1999 Process_Time: 3:30 pm - 4:11 pm Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Step: Interim build of the draft Sage Grouse cover Process_Description: John Talmadge - BUILD ../COVERS/SAGEGROUSE POLY Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: November 18, 1999 Process_Time: 4:27 pm Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Step: Edit draft Sage Grouse polygonal cover, adding in changes proposed by the natural resource agencies with conflicts resolved by Dr. Schroeder. Process_Description: John Talmadge - ARCEDIT /DATA16/WILDGIS2/GROUSE/NAGROUSE/COVERS Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: November 18, 1999 - November 19, 1999 Process_Time: 4:34 pm - 11:26 am Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Step: Interim build of the draft Sage Grouse cover Process_Description: John Talmadge - BUILD SAGEGROUSE POLY Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: November 19, 1999 Process_Time: 11:30 am Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Step: Interim build of the draft Sage Grouse cover Process_Description: John Talmadge - ARCEDIT /DATA16/WILDGIS2/GROUSE/NAGROUSE/COVERS Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: February 18, 2000 Process_Time: 4:04 pm Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Step: Create an export file Process_Description: John Talmadge - EXPORT COVER SAGEGROUSE SAGE Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: February 8, 2000 Process_Time: 3:24 pm Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Step: Create an export file Process_Description: John Talmadge - EXPORT COVER ../COVERS/SAGEGROUSE SAGE99 Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: February 29, 2001 Process_Time: 10:07 am Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None

Process_Step: Created a subdirectory to put export files in Process_Description: John Talmadge - EXTERNALALL Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: April 26, 2001 Process_Time: 1:38 pm Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Step: Create an export file Process_Description: John Talmadge - EXPORT COVER SAGEGROUSE NA_SAGE Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: March 6, 2001 Process_Time: 9:02 am Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Step: 2 Precautionary builds of the sage grouse cover Process_Description: John Talmadge - BUILD SAGEGROUSE POLY Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: May 15, 2001 Process_Time: 9:03 am, 9:06 am Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Step: First attempt at creating metadata, later removed Process_Description: John Talmadge - DOCUMENT SAGEGROUSE CREATE Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: June 11, 2001 Process_Time: 10:56 am Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Step: Create Metadata for Sagegrouse cover Process_Description: John Talmadge - DOCUMENT SAGEGROUSE UPDATE John Talmadge - Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: December 18, 2001 – January 18, 2002 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Step: Add Historic item to sagegrouse cover Process_Description: John Talmadge - ADDITEM SAGEGROUSE.PAT HISTORIC

Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: Jamuary 31, 2002 Process_Time: 1:45 PM Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None

Process_Step: Add Current item to sagegrouse cover Process_Description: John Talmadge - ADDITEM SAGEGROUSE.PAT CURRENT

Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: January 31, 2002 Process_Time: 1:46 PM Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None

Process_Step: Populate the historic and current attribute items Using the status attribute item. Process_Description: John Talmadge - ARCEDIT Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: January 31, 2002 Process_Time: 2:00 PM

Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None

Process_Step: Remove the status attribute item for the cover Process_Description: John Talmadge - DROPITEM SAGEGROUSE.PAT STATUS

Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: January 31, 2002 Process_Time: 2:30 PM Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Step: Revise Metadata for Sagegrouse cover Process_Description: Shelley Snyder and John Talmadge - Edit metadata document in MS Word Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: None Process_Date: January 14, 2002 - February 1, 2002 Intermittently Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: None

Revisions: Two attribute items were added, one dedicated to historic range and one dedicated to current range, replacing the status attribute item which was deemed to be confusing and misleading. Reviews_Applied_to_Data: Representatives from the natural resource agencies of California, Oregon, Washington, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Utah, Wyoming, Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Alberta, and Sackatchewan, along with a number of other experts in the field, were contacted to review and edit draft map of current and historic sagegrouse distribution. Related_Spatial_and_Tabular_Data_Sets: No related tables or datasets are associated with this Arc/Info polygonal cover. Other_References_Cited: Aldrich, J. W. 1946. New subspecies of birds from western North America. Proceedings of Biological Society of Washington 59:129-136.

Aldrich, J. W. 1963. Geographic orientation of North American Tetraonidae. Journal of Wildlife Management 27:529-545.

Aldrich, J. W., and A. J. Duvall. 1955. Distribution of American gallinaceous game birds. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Circular 34.

Aldridge, C. L. 1998. Status of the Sage Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in Alberta. Alberta Environmental Protection, Wildlife Management Division, and Alberta Conservation Association, Edmonton. Wildlife Status Report 13. Bent, A. C. 1932. Life Histories of North American gallinaceous birds. Dover Publications, Inc.

Braun, C. E. 1995. Distribution and status of Sage Grouse in Colorado. Prairie Nat. 27:1-9.

Braun, C. E. 1998. Sage Grouse declines in western North America: what are the problems? Proceedings of the Western Association State Fish and Wildlife Agencies 78:139-156.

Connelly, J. W., and C. E. Braun. 1997. Long-term changes in Sage Grouse Centrocercus urophasianus populations in western North America. Wildlife Biol. 3:229-234.

Connelly, J. W., H. W. Browers, and R. J. Gates. 1988. Seasonal move- ments of sage grouse in southeastern Idaho. Journal of Wildlife Management 52:116-122.

Crawford, J. A. 1982b. History of Sage Grouse in Oregon. Oregon Wildlife March:3-6.

Drut, M. S. 1994. Status of Sage Grouse with emphasis on populations in Oregon and Washington. Audubon Society of Portland, Oregon.

Emslie, S. D. 1986. Late pleistocene vertebrates from Gunnison County, Colorado. Journal of Paleontology 60:170-176.

Emslie, S. D., and T. H. Heaton. 1987. The late Pleistocene avifauna of Crystal Ball Cave, Utah. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 21:53-60.

Grayson, D. K. 1976. A note on the prehistoric avifauna of the lower Klamath Basin. Auk 93:830-833.

Griner, L. A. 1939. A study of the Sage Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), with special reference to life history, habitat requirements, and numbers and distribution. Masters Degree thesis, Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, Utah.

Hammerstrom, F. N., Jr., and F. Hammerstrom. 1961. Status and problems of North American grouse. Wilson Bulletin 73:284-294.

Hays, D. W., M. J. Tirhi, and D. W. Stinson. 1998. Washington State status report for the Sage Grouse. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington. Hornaday, W. T. 1916. Save the Sage Grouse from extinction, a demand from civilization to the western states. New York Zoological Park Bulletin 5:179-219.

Howard, H. 1946. A review of the Pleistocene birds of Fossil Lake, Oregon. Contributions to paleontology. Carnegie Institute Washington Publication 551:141-195.

Howard, H. 1952. The prehistoric avifauna of Smith Creek Cave, Nevada,with a description of a new gigantic raptor. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Science. 51(2):50-54.

Howard, H., and A. H. Miller. 1933. Bird remains from cave deposits in New Mexico. Condor 35:15-18.

Johnsgard, P. A. 1983. The grouse of the world. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE.

Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Potential natural vegetation of the conterminous United States. American Geographic Society Special Publication, Number 36, Philadelphia, PA.

Leach, H. R., and A. L. Hensley. 1954. The Sage Grouse in California,

with special reference to food habits. California Fish and Game Department 40:385-394.

Leopold, A. 1931. Report on a game survey of the North Central States. American Game Association, Madison, WI.

Locke, S. B. 1932. The sage hen situation and its needs. Trans. American Game Conference 19:408-410.

Lords, J. L. 1951. Distribution, ecology, and population dynamics of the Sage Grouse in Utah. M.S. thesis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.

McClanahan, R. C. 1940. Original and present breeding ranges of certain game birds in the United States. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Biological Survey, Wildlife Leaflet. BS-158.

Miller, L. 1963. Birds and Indians in the west. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Science. 4(64):178-191.

Moulton, G. E. (ed.). 1986-1993. The journals of Lewis and Clark. Vols. 2-11. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE.

Patterson, R. L. 1952. The Sage Grouse in Wyoming. Sage Books, Inc., Denver, CO.

Peterson, J. G. 1970. The food habits and summer distribution of juvenile Sage Grouse in central Montana. Journal of Wildlife Management 34:147-155.

Phillips, A., J. Marshall, and G. Monson. 1964. The birds of Arizona. University of Arizona Press, Arizona.

Rea, A. M. 1980. Contributions to Science and Natural History Museum. Los Angeles County. 330:209-224.

Ridgway, R., and H. Freidman. 1946. The birds of North and Middle America,Part 10, Galliformes. Smithsonian Institute Bulletin 50:1-484.

Sealy, S. G. 1963. Sage Grouse distribution. Alberta Department of Lands And Forests, Edmonton, Alberta. Wildlife Investigations Program Representative

Schroeder, M. A., J. R. Young, and C. E. Braun. 1999. Sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). In The birds of North America. No. 425 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.

Schroeder, M. A., D. W. Hays, M. F. Livingston, L. E. Stream, J. E. Jacobson, D. J. Pierce, and T. McCall. 2000. Changes in the distribution and abundance of sage grouse in Washington. Northwestern Naturalist 81:104-112.

Short, L. L. 1967. A review of the genera of grouse (Aves, Tetraonidae). Am. Mus. Novit. 2289.

Shufeldt, R. W. 1913. Review of the fossil fauna of the desert region

of Oregon, with a description of additional material collected there. Bulletin American Museum of Natural History 32:123-178.

Skaar, P. D. 1992. Montana bird distribution, Fourth Edition. Special Publication Number 2, Montana Natural Heritage Program, Montana.

Small, A. 1994. California birds: their status and distribution. Ibis Publishing Company, California.

Stephens, D. A. 1991. Idaho bird distribution. Idaho Museum of Natural History, Pocatello, ID

Swainson, W., and J. Richardson. 1831. Fauna boreali-Americana. Part 2. The birds. J. Murray Publication, London, U.K.

Wallestad, R. O. 1975a. Life history and habitat requirements of Sage Grouse in central Montana. Montana Department Fish, Game, and Parks, Helena, MT.

Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 1995. Washington State management plan for Sage Grouse. Washington Department Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, WA. Yocom, C. N. 1956. The sage hen in Washington State. Auk 73:540-550. Zwickel, F. C., and M. A. Schroeder. Grouse of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1803-1806. In preparation. Notes: None Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: From the first documented sightings by Europeans in the early 1800’s to the late 1990’s when this information was compiled. Currentness_Reference: This dataset was current up to 1999 when the information was compiled. Status: Progress: Complete, based on the information gathered in 1999 Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None Planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -125.03133079 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -100.60760074 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 51.6028701 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 33.4297098 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: Sage Grouse, Historic Range, Current Range, North America Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Place_Keyword: North America Stratum:

Stratum_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Stratum_Keyword: None Temporal: Temporal_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Temporal_Keyword: Current, Historic Access_Constraints: n/a Use_Constraints: For use at scales greater then 1:1,500,000. Point_of_Contact: John Talmadge Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 600 Capitol Way North Olympia, WA 98501-1091 (360)902-2492 Data_Set_Credit: Department of Biology University of Regina Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2 306-585-4562 Tony Apa Colorado Division of Wildlife 317 West Prospect Fort Collins, CO 80526 719-255-6196 Bradley D. Bales Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Oregon 503-872-5260 Sam Blankenship California Department of Fish and Game 1416 9th Street Rm. 1270, Sacramento, CA 95814 916-653-1759 Joseph Bohne Wildlife Management Coordinator Wyoming Game and Fish Department P.O. Box 67 Jackson, WY 83001 307-733-2321 Clait E. Braun Ecologist Grouse, Inc. 5572 N Ventana Vista Road Tuscon. AZ 85750 520-529-0365 Jack W. Connelly Idaho Department of Fish and Game 1345 Barton Road Pocatello, ID 83204

208-232-4703 Tom Christiansen Wildlife Biologist Wyoming Game and Fish Department 351 Astle Avenue Green River, WY 82935 307-875-3225, Ext. 227 John A. Crawford Professor of Wildlife Ecology Oregon State University Department of Fisheries and Wildlife NASH 104 Corvallis, OR 97331 541-737-1971 Charles Eustace, Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks 2300 Lake Elmo Drive Billings MT 59101 406-444-2612 Robert M. Gibson School of Biological Sciences 348 Manter Hall University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 Frank Hall Associate Wildlife Biologist California Department Fish and Game 728-600 Fish & Game Road, Wendel, CA 96136 530-254-6808 Wayne Harris Wildlife Ecologist Saskatchewan Environment and Resource Management Box 5000 350 Cheadle St. W Swift Current, SK S9H 4G3 306-778-8218 Tom Hemker State Gamebird Biologist Idaho Fish and Game P. O. Box 25 Boise, ID 83707 208-334-2920 G. D. Kobriger North Dakota Game and Fish Department Route 1, Box 56, Dickinson, ND 58601 701-227-7431

Ken Lungle Provincial Bird Game Specialist Alberta Environment Main Floor, 9915-108 Street Edmonton, Alberta T5K 2G8 708-427-6612 John McCarthy Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks 1420 East Sixth Avenue Helena, MT 59601 406-444-2612 Brian Meiers South Dakota Game, Fish and Parks Department Box 14 Buffalo, SD 57720 605-375-3700 Dean L. Mitchell Upland Game Coordinator Utah Division Wildlife Resources 1594 W. No. Temple, Ste. 2110 Box 146301, Salt Lake City, UT 84114-6301 801-538-4786 Kerry P. Reese University of Idaho, Wildlife and Range Sciences Moscow, ID 83844-1136 208-885-6434 Eric Rickerson Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife 2501 SW 1st Ave Portland, OR 97207 503-872-5260 San J. Stiver Nevada Division of Wildlife 1100 Valley Rd. Reno, NV 89512 775-688-1523 Walt Van Dyke District Wildlife Biologist Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife 3814 Clark Blvd. Ontario, OR 97914 541-889-6975

Chris Warren U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 11103 E. Montgomery Drive Spokane, WA 99206 509-921-0160

Todd Thompson Bureau of Land Management N. 1103 Fancher Road Spokane, WA 99212 509-536-1241 Security_Information: Security_Classification_System: None Security_Classification: Unclassified Security_Handling_Description: None Native_Data_Set_Environment: SunOS, 5.8, sun4u UNIX, ARC/INFO version 8.1 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: See Entity_Attribute_Information Quantitative_Attribute_Accuracy_Assessment: Attribute_Accuracy_Value: See Explanation Attribute_Accuracy_Explanation: Attribute accuracy is described, where present, with each attribute defined in the Entity and Attribute Section. Logical_Consistency_Report: Polygon topology present. Completeness_Report: Given the scale (1:2,000,000) the data is obviously highly generalized. For more specific information about an individual state or province it would be best to contact the natural resource agency responsible for managing the Sage-grouse in that jurisdiction. The accuracy varies from state to state depending on the knowledge of the biologists involved. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Quantitative_Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Assessment: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Value: 100,000 Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Explanation: Resolution as reported Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: n/a Cloud_Cover: n/a Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: SDTS_Terms_Description: SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: Point Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 131 SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: String Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 312 SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: GT-polygon composed of chains Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 132 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Map_Projection: Map_Projection_Name: Albers Conical Equal Area Albers_Conical_Equal_Area: Standard_Parallel: 29.5 Standard_Parallel: 45.5 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -96 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 23

False_Easting: 0.00000 False_Northing: 0.00000 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: coordinate pair Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 1.0 Ordinate_Resolution: 1.0 Planar_Distance_Units: METERS Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: Unknown Ellipsoid_Name: Clarke 1866 Semi-major_Axis: 6378206.4 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 294.98 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: SAGEGROUSE.PAT Entity_Type_Definition: Polygonal data of historic and current Sage-grouse range Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Compiled from information provided by each Natural Resource Agency and other experts in the current range. Attribute: Attribute_Label: AREA Attribute_Definition: Area of polygon in square meters Attribute_Definition_Source: Computed Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Positive real numbers Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:

Attribute: Attribute_Label: PERIMETER Attribute_Definition: Perimeter of polygon in meters Attribute_Definition_Source: Computed Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Positive real numbers Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:

Attribute: Attribute_Label: SAGEGROUSE# Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number Attribute_Definition_Source: Computed Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Sequential unique positive integer Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:

Attribute: Attribute_Label: SAGEGROUSE-ID Attribute_Definition: User-assigned feature number Attribute_Definition_Source: User-defined Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Integer Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:

Attribute: Attribute_Label: HISTORIC Attribute_Definition: The historic distribution represents the bird’s maximum distribution from the early 1800’s to the present (late 1990’s). Attribute_Definition_Source: Documenting the historic distribution was extremely difficult due to the paucity of information. Consequently, sources like the journals of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were used, which described the 1803-1806 expedition from the St. Louis, Missouri area to the west coast of Oregon and back (transcribed by Moulton (1986-1997; Vol. 2-11)). Swainson and Richardson (1831) was one of the few other contemporary publications that provided information about the early distribution of sage-grouse. Additional summaries on the historic distribution were also considered including McClanahan (1940) and Aldrich and Duvall (1955). The extent of the pre- settlement ranges were also modified with the aid of maps of original habitats (Kuchler,1964). References on habitat distribution were evaluated relative to specific information on habitat use (Schroeder et al. 1999, Connelly et al. 2000). The source information gathered on historic range was reviewed, interpreted, synthesized, and then transcribed by Dr. Schroeder onto 1:2,000,000 scale U.S. Geological Survey maps. The polygonal data on the USGS maps was then digitized and attributed, using ARC/INFO software, to create historic portion of the GIS coverage of sage-grouse distribution for North America. Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 1 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: – Historic sage grouse distribution is present. Enumerated_Domain_Value: 0 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: – Historic sage grouse distribution is not present.

Attribute_Label: CURRENT Attribute_Definition: The current sage-grouse distribution is the range believed to be occupied in the late 1990’s, based on the best data and information available.

Attribute_Definition_Source: The current distribution for sage-grouse in North America was estimated by Dr. Schroeder using numerous state- specific maps, on which the projected current distribution was delineated. The source information gathered on current range was reviewed, interpreted, synthesized, and then transcribed onto 1:2,000,000 scale U.S. Geological Survey maps. The polygonal data on the USGS maps was then digitized and attributed, using ARC/INFO software, to create a current range portion of the GIS coverage of sage-grouse distribution for North America. Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 1 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Current sage-grouse distribution present. Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 0 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Current sage-grouse distribution not present. 5 ITEMS: STARTING IN POSITION COLUMN ITEM WIDTH OUTPUT DATA NUMBER Alternate Name NAME WIDTH TYPE DECIMALS 1 AREA 4 12 F 3 5 PERIMETER 4 12 F 3 9 SAGEGROUSE# 4 5 B - 13 SAGEGROUSE-ID 4 5 B - 17 HISTORIC 1 1 I -

18 CURRENT 1 1 I - Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: Not Available Distribution_Information: Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: February 1, 2002 Metadata_Contact: John Talmadge Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 600 Capitol Way North Olympia, WA 98501-1091 (360) 902-2492 talmajft@dfw.wa.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: June 8, 1994 Metadata_Time_Convention: Local Time Metadata_Security_Information: Metadata_Security_Classification_System: None Metadata_Security_Classification: Unclassified Metadata_Security_Handling_Description: None