metal packed tower internals

®

Packed Tower Internals

Koch-Glitsch’s dedication to providestate-of-the-art mass transfer equip-ment is demonstrated in a completeline of packed tower internals, devel-oped through extensive testing andyears of experience with mass transferequipment, such as INTALOX® HighPerformance Distribution Systems. Byunderstanding the important role of liq-uid and vapor distribution, Koch-Glitschcan confidently design packed columnsto provide predictable performance.

INTALOX® Packed Tower Systems com-bine INTALOX high performance liquidand vapor distribution with high perform-ance packings such as:

- FLEXIPAC®, FLEXIPAC® HC®,INTALOX® or Wire Gauze Structured Packings

- IMTP® or SNOWFLAKE® High Performance Random Packing

- CASCADE MINI RINGS® orβ-ETA RING® Random Packings

For information regarding Koch-Glitsch randomand structured packings, please ask forbrochures KGRP-1, KGIMTP-1 and KGSP-1.

Hydraulic flow testing is used to confirmthe performance of INTALOX liquid dis-tributors. Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) analysis is available for verificationof vapor distribution designs. Ask yourKoch-Glitsch representative about theseoptional services.

Koch-Glitsch recognizes that not allpacked towers require state-of-the-artliquid distribution uniformity. Koch-Glitsch offers a wide range of traditionalstyle internals, used over many years inless demanding services. This brochuredescribes the importance of liquid andvapor distribution and the circumstancesin which INTALOX Packed TowerSystems should be applied.

Over the years, Koch EngineeringCompany, Inc., now Koch-Glitsch, has

developed and acquired proven internalsand technology for packed columns fromGlitsch and Saint-Gobain NorPro. As aresult of these acquisitions, Koch-Glitschhas identified and now offers the bestproducts and technology from each com-pany. Because of these changes, productmodel designations have also changed.The column internals models listed in thisbrochure represent the majority of rec-ommended column internals for usetoday.

Of course, exact replacements of any column internal formerly sold by Koch,Glitsch or Norton (NorPro) are availableupon request and can be supplied, designedand built to their original specifications.

Versions of many of the internals describedin this catalog are also available in a varietyof FRP and thermoplastic materials. For infor-mation regarding these products, please askfor brochure KGPTIG-1.

Device Type and Description Old NorPro Old Koch Old Glitsch PageModel Model Model Model

Liquid Distributors

INTALOX® High Performance Liquid Distributors 106 Pan distributor 106 7116 Deck distributor 116 8126 Channel distributor with bottom orifices 126 320 8136 Channel distributor with drip tubes 136 321 9141 Tubular distributor 330 POH-921 10156 Trough distributor with enhanced baffle plates 312 NTD-721 10186 Trough distributor with drip tubes 186 311 TNT-727 11

INTALOX® High Performance Liquid Redistributors 107 Pan redistributor 107 7117 Deck redistributor with bottom orifices 117 8127 Channel redistributor with bottom orifices 127 8137 Channel redistributor with drip tubes 137 9

Traditional Performance Liquid Distributors905 Pan distributor with V-notch risers 798 306 NRD-651 12906 Pan distributor with bottom orifices 845 DRO-601 12916 Deck distributor with bottom orifices 816, 916 301 A,B,D RTD-551- 554 13926 Channel distributor with bottom orifices 1016 13976 Trough distributor with bottom orifices 14985 Trough distributor with weirs 806 310, 302 VND-701,711 14986 Trough distributor drip tubes TNT-727 15996 Trough distributor with drip point multipliers TNS 34

Traditional Performance Liquid Redistributors917 Deck redistributor with bottom orifice 817, 917 301 A,B,D RTD-552-554 13927 Channel redistributor with bottom orifice 1017 301 A,B,D RTD-552-554 13

Enclosed Channel and Pressure Fed Liquid Distributors941 Pipe-arm distributor with orifices 844 342, 304 POH-901 16943 Spray nozzle distributor 1044 344, 305 SNH-951-X 16961 Enclosed channel distributor for offshore applications 874 17

Table of Contents

1

Packed Tower Internals Guide

2

Device Type and Description Old NorPro Old Koch Old Glitsch PageModel Model Model Model

Feed Devices

Liquid Feed Devices 18119 INTALOX® High Performance Liquid Only Feed Pipe 119, 129 340 19719 Liquid only feed pipe 719, 729 19

Mixed Liquid/Vapor and Flash Feed Devices705 Flashing feed chamber 855 20745 Flashing feed pipe 655 300 RFD-561 20755 Flashing or mixed phase feed gallery 755 341 RFD-571 21758 Enhanced vapor horn 192 360, 361 VDA-992 22765 Suppressed flashing feed distributor 144 34788 Enhanced V-baffle vapor inlet diffuser 350 VDV-994 21798 Vapor inlet for FCC Main Fractionators 34

Vapor Feed and Distribution Devices716 Deck type vapor distributor 896 CTD-531 23746 Lateral arm vapor distributor 198 342 VDP-991 23748 Vapor diffuser 196 24768 EVENFLOW™ Vane Type Vapor Distributor 194 351 24

Liquid Collectors611 Deck style liquid collector 833 501 CTD-501 25613 Deck style liquid collector for offshore application 34621 Trough style liquid collector 733 500 CTD-521 25622 Trough style liquid collector for fouling services 34633 Chevron vane liquid collector 633 510, 511 26

Packing Bed Limiters 27803 Structured packing bed limiter, non-interfering 133 403 HDG-421 27805 Random packing bed limiter, non-interfering 103 401 BLM-461 28815 Anti-migration screen between different packing sizes 111 34825 Random packing bed limiter 823 BLM-451 28845 Bed limiter used in combination with spray distributors 822 34883 Structured packing bed limiter/liquid distributor support 29

Packing Support Plates 30802 SStructured packing support grid 134 102 HPS-121 30804 Random packing gas injection support plate 804 101R UTS-201 31814 Random packing gas injection support plate, small diameter 818 101 UTS-218 31824 Light duty random packing support plate 809 103 UTS-209 32

General Details and Other TopicsConstruction details 33Special tower internals 34

3

Liquid DistributionLiquid Distribution

Liquid distributors are used in packedcolumns above each bed of packing.The distributor, depending upon itsdesign features, is elevated between 0 to 8 in. [0-200mm] above the packing.The space is determined by the distribu-tor type and the vertical height requiredto disengage the vapor phase from thepacking before it flows through the dis-tributor gas passage area.

An ideal distributor possesses the fol-lowing attributes, each having a specificeffect on the overall performance of thepacked tower:

• Uniform liquid distribution• Proper operation through its

turn-down range• Low vapor phase pressure drop• Resistance to plugging or fouling• Optimal use of vessel height for

proper performance• Minimal liquid residence time• Mixing capability for redistribution

to the next bed

The introduction of high performancetower packings in the 1970’s and 1980’saccentuated the design deficiencies ofdistributors available at the time. Inresponse, Koch-Glitsch introduced dis-tributors with features to correct thesedeficiencies. These important featuresare well understood by Koch-Glitsch andhave been incorporated in the family ofINTALOX high performance distributors.

Koch-Glitsch offers two categories of liquid distributors to meet the require-ments of specific applications. In deter-mining which category to choose, it isnecessary to know the sensitivity of theprocess and whether the liquid distribu-tion will significantly affect the overalltower performance.

As a general rule:

• Koch-Glitsch INTALOX high perform-ance distributors are used typically with FLEXIPAC, FLEXIPAC HC,INTALOX and wire gauze structured packings or IMTP, SNOWFLAKE,CMR and β-ETA RING high perform-ance random packings in the following services: distillation, processes approaching equilibrium or heat-trans-fer applications with close approach temperature.

• Koch-Glitsch “traditional” distributors are generally used with traditional packings (FLEXIRING® and HY-PAK®

Random Packings, plastic Super INTALOX® Saddles, FLEXIGRID®

and GLITSCH GRID® Structured Packings) in general absorption, strip-ping and heat transfer applications.Traditional distributors take advantage of standardized, pre-engineered design and the optimal use of raw materials.These distributors do not generally provide liquid flow uniformity compa-rable to INTALOX high performance distributors.

As always, there are exceptions to thegeneral rules. Occasionally…

• High performance packing may be used with traditional distributors in cases when only certain aspects of a high performance packing are desired. An example would be to take advantage of the high capacity of IMTP packing or the low pressure drop of FLEXIPAC HC structured packing, when the separation efficiencydemands are not high.

• Traditional packing may be used with high performance distributors in cases when a process is licensed and speci-fied with a certain type of packing.

Redistribution

The decision of when to install morethan one packed bed and redistribute theliquid is somewhat more involved.Thereare six major reasons to split a packedbed and redistribute the liquid:

• Feed introduction• Product side draw• High theoretical stage count• Desire to cross-mix the liquid• Liquid maldistribution• Physical weight of the packed bed

Introduction of a liquid or vapor feed toa column requires a space in the packingand redistribution of the liquid phase.Important factors to keep in mind withthe introduction of a liquid feed are thetemperature and composition of the feedstream compared to the internal columnliquid. Normally, unless the feed rate issmall compared to the flow rate of theinternal column liquid, it is desirable tomix the feed with the internal liquid toprovide compositional uniformity beforedistributing it to the packed bed below.It is also advisable to mix the feedstream and internal liquid when theirtemperatures are significantly different.The degree of the thoroughness of themixing depends upon the magnitude ofthe differences and to what extent thegradients are expected to affect theoverall performance.

Liquid cross-mixing and maldistributioncorrection often go hand-in-hand. Whena packed column is designed with a largenumber of theoretical stages or transferunits, a constant liquid to vapor ratio(L/V) is needed to achieve the best over-all column performance. Redistributionof the liquid ensures that the L/V ratio ismaintained, while cross-mixing betweenbeds ensures uniform composition.

Based on Koch-Glitsch’s operating expe-rience, a rule-of-thumb is to limit a singlepacked bed to no more than 20 theoreti-cal stages or transfer units. Consult aKoch-Glitsch technical representative forfurther details. Note that in some spe-cial circumstances, Koch-Glitsch appliesmore restrictive rules than those dis-cussed above.

Perfect liquid distribution is defined asproviding equal liquid per unit area of thepacked bed surface. Theoretically thiswould require an infinite number of liquidstreams, all at identical flow. This is clearlyimpossible. A number of factors such asorifice size, fouling potential and mechani-cal construction limit the ability to makethe "perfect" distributor. INTALOX highperformance distributors approach perfec-tion by applying the following criteria:

• Drip points located in a uniformpattern

• Drip point positions uninterrupted by vapor chimneys or mechanical supports

• Drip points properly spaced with respect to the vessel wall

• Minimal variation in flow between drip points

Koch-Glitsch "traditional" distributorshave less uniform distribution patternsand liquid flow than the INTALOX highperformance distributors. This is due tosignificant standardization and pre-engi-neering of the traditional internals to opti-mize their construction and to fit themfor a wide range of conditions. This opti-mized, standardized design makes tradi-tional distributors an economical alterna-tive. Traditional distributors have beenused successfully for many years in a widerange of applications.

Koch-Glitsch developed a distributor rat-ing system to quantify distributor per-formance or "distribution quality". Therating uses a percentage scale with theo-retical perfection set at 100%. Low per-centage ratings reflect areas of the columnthat are receiving liquid flow significantlydifferent from other areas.

INTALOX high performance distributorsare always recommended for:

• Distillation services with high stage count per bed

• Distillation systems with a low relative volatility

• High purity product distillation services• Distillation services operating near the

minimum reflux ratio or close to a pinchpoint

• Absorption or stripping applications with close approach to equilibrium

• Heat transfer applications with close approach temperatures

The chart below demonstrates the overalleffect that can be expected with variouslevels of distribution quality. The maxi-mum maldistribution that can be toleratedin a packed bed is strongly dependent onthe product composition, the relativevolatility, the liquid to vapor ratio, etc.Koch-Glitsch considers all these aspectsas well as others while designing packedcolumns.

Liquid Rate and Cross FlowCapability

As the liquid rate on a distributor isincreased, the cross flow capability of thedistributor and its pre-distribution systembecome more critical. Since gravity feddistributors are dependent on liquid levelto determine flow, the liquid must becarefully balanced in order to providepoint-to-point flow uniformity. It isimportant that the pre-distribution system

properly meters liquid flow to the distrib-utor without inducing excessive horizontalvelocities, gradients in liquid head or turbulence. Pre-distribution is achieved by the use of feed pipes, pre-distributionchannels and/or parting boxes. The designof the pre-distribution system becomesincreasingly complex as the specific liquid rate and/or the column diameterincreases.

4

Liquid Distribution Quality

Stages Per Bed WithSystem Base HETP

20

16

12

8

4

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100900

The effect of liquid distribution quality on towerperformance is shown by these actual results:

Distribution Quality (%)

Act

ual S

tag

es P

er B

ed o

f P

acki

ng

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

0

The Effect of Liquid Distribution Quality

Stages per Bed withSystem Base HETP

Distribution Quality (%)

Act

ual s

tage

s pe

r be

d

20

16

12

8

The drip point density has an influence on theefficiency of the uppermost part of a packedbed. With the most commonly used sizes ofrandom and structured packings, the effect ofthe drip point density is relatively minor. Inactual laboratory testing, three packings testedunder identical conditions, with the exceptionof drip point density, indicated the effectshown on the right.

The change from 5.5 to 14.5 points/ft2 [60 to155 pts/m2] has a relatively minor effect on the Height Equivalent to a Theoretical Plate(HETP). High drip point densities can greatlyaffect the cost of a high performance distribu-tor and can also limit the vapor capacity forsome distributor types. In addition, distribu-tors with high drip point densities can beprone to fouling due to small orifice diameters (See page 6).

However, drip point density does have a con-siderable affect on the performance of highsurface area, very high efficiency packings. Thetable below details the guidelines for drip pointcount based on the high performance packingto be used.

5

5.5 pts/ft2 8 pts/ft2 12 pts/ft2

[60 pts/m2] [85 pts/m2] [130 pts/m2]

Wire Gauze Packing BX or CY

FLEXIPAC® and FLEXIPAC® HC® 250Y and larger 1.6Y & 1.4Y/350Y 1Y and smallerStructured Packing

INTALOX® Structured Packing 1.5T and larger 1T and smaller

IMTP® Random Packing #25 and larger #15

CMR™ Random Packing #1.5 and larger #1

β-ETA Ring® Random Packing #2 and larger #1

Effect of Drip Point Density on HETP

Drip Points/ft2

#50 IMTP® Packing

#25 IMTP® Packing

INTALOX® Structured Packing 1T

HET

P,in

ches

HET

P,m

m

Drip Point Density

Packing Type

Minimum Recommended Drip Point Density

Drip Points/m2

0 50 100 150 200

0 5 10 15 20

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6

Fouling

For a distributor to perform correctly, itis important that the metering devices donot become fouled. There are severalmechanisms and sources of fouling mate-rials: polymerization, coking, scale, con-struction debris, sediment, rust flakes, etc.All precautions should be taken to elimi-nate fouling materials outside of the col-umn since external strainers and filtersare far easier to clean than distributors.In some cases it is not possible to elimi-nate all external fouling sources. In othercases the source of the fouling materialcan be within the column itself. Therefore,the choice of the distributor should bedependent on the nature of any fouling.

The list below ranks the fouling resist-ance of various metering devices andarrangements for liquid distributors,starting at the top with the most resistant:

• V–notch weir• Spray distributor• Slotted weir• Sidewall orifice• Bottom orifice

Optional strainers and filter boxes can beprovided to protect orifices from smallquantities of particulate matter such asvessel wall or pipe scale. These devicesare not effective if the fouling materialcoats, pastes or sticks to metal surfaces.Distributors with weirs for liquid meter-ing will not meet the criteria for flowvariation for an INTALOX high perform-ance distributor.

Operating Range

A distributor will give its best perform-ance at and around 100% of the designliquid flow rate. As the rate decreasesand the liquid head drops, levelness of thedistributor as well as gradients in liquidlevel become a larger percentage of theoperating liquid head. At some turndownrate, the flow variation from point-to-point will fall outside of acceptable limits.

INTALOX distributors are designed tohave a maximum flow variation, defined asthe coefficient of variation (Cv), equal tono more than 3% at design rates and nomore than 5% at turndown rates. Specialdesigns are available for many INTALOXhigh performance distributors that willresult in even lower flow variation.Typical turndown ranges are given in thedescription for the various distributormodels.

Koch-Glitsch "traditional" distributorsallow greater flow variations thanINTALOX high performance distributorsand typically have a broader range ofoperation. For high turndown require-ments, multi-level orifices or slottedweirs may be used with some INTALOXdistributor designs as well as traditionaldistributor styles. It should be noted,however, that when using these meteringdevices, the flow variation will be higherthroughout all or part of the operatingrange than with a single orifice. Whilethe liquid level is in the area of transitionbetween multi-level orifices, there will bea zone of high flow variation that will sig-nificantly exceed the limits allowable foran INTALOX high performance distribu-tor.

Orifice Size

In gravity-fed distributors, the orifice sizeis dependent upon the drip point density,the specific liquid rate and the height ofthe liquid. For a single level orifice, withan operating range of 60 to 120% of thedesign flow, the approximate orifice sizeis indicated in the graph below.

Approximate Orifice Size for Gravity Flow Distributors

Distributor Orifice Sizing

0 25 50 75 100 125 150

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

1.25

1.00

0.75

0.50

0.25

0.00

Normal Flow Rate (m3/m2 h)

Normal Flow Rate (gpm/ft2)

Orif

ice

Dia

met

er,

(mm

)

Orif

ice

Dia

met

er,

(inch

es)

5.5 points/ft2 [60 points/m

2 ]

8 points/ft2 [85 points/m

2]

12 points/ft2 [130 points/m

2]

Depending on the flow rates, column con-figuration and general mechanical prefer-ences, there are several ways to achievegood liquid distribution.

Deck Type Distributors

Deck style distributors are clamped on anannular ring that is seal welded to thetower wall. For revamp applications oftrayed columns, most often an existingtray ring is utilized and seal welded seg-ments are added as needed. In the casewhere welding is not permitted, bolt-insegments are available by special requestbut provide a less reliable liquid seal.Leakage from and around bolt-in supportring segments can be a significant portionof the total liquid flow, resulting in poordistribution quality. In this case, a troughor channel type distributor should beconsidered.

Channel Type Distributors

The center channel is designed as a struc-tural member allowing the distributors torest on a support ring and span columnsup to 20 ft [6 m] without the need foradditional beams.

Locating the distributor on existing sup-port ring in revamp work often makes iteasy to determine the tower layout.Supporting a channel type distributor onan annular ring generally requires a morecomplex design and construction in orderto provide drip points at the properproximity to the tower wall. Thisincreased complexity can be avoided bysupporting channel type distributor withthe center channel resting on a seat andthe channel troughs hung from beams ora ring above. Both beam and ring sup-ported channel distributors can bedesigned to accommodate uplift condi-tions.The center channel of a channeltype distributor provides cross flowcapacity between troughs, to enable liquidhead equalization.

The addition of covers or hats over thegas riser area provides the ability to turnthe device into a redistributor for usebetween packed beds. This design is especially useful when tower elevation istight and minimal height for redistributionis required.

Trough Type Distributors

Trough type distributors are usually hungfrom beams. When used in conjunctionwith structured packings, in special cir-cumstances, the trough distributor may besupported from an integral support sys-tem resting directly on the packing.Trough type distributors are easilyinstalled and leveled, do not require gas-kets and have no annular ring below tointerfere with the distribution pattern.

Each trough is fed a metered amount ofliquid from one or more parting boxes.Because there is no flow communicationbetween troughs, the performance of theparting box is critical. Koch-Glitsch’syears of experience ensure parting boxdesigns for proper flow metering.

When used between packed beds for re-distribution, a trough type distributorrequires the use of a collector to catchthe liquid from the bed above. The use ofa separate collector provides completecross mixing of the liquid before redistri-bution and also allows mixing of feedstreams with the internal column liquid.A separate collector requires more column height than a channel type redistributor.

Standard connection to the towerwall is by bolting to clips. As anoption, the distributor can be sus-pended from clips or a ring trappedbetween body flanges. Setting thedistributor on an annular ring is notrecommended.

All joints in multi-piece pans are gasketed.

The standard design for a Model 107 redistributor includes gas riser covers and a weld-on wallwiper.

• Orifice strainers• Expandable and gasketed wall

wiper (Model 107)• Suspended mounting• Raised tube metering for high

turndown or fouling concern• Anti-migration bars

Model 106 INTALOX® Pan Distributor (Model 107 Redistributor)

Liquid Distributors

� Diameters 6 - 36 in. [150 - 900 mm]� Orifices in pan floor� Liquid rates above 2 gpm/ft2 [5 m3/m2 h]� Limited fouling resistance

Orifices in the pan bottom are arranged to provideoptimum distribution quality, with gas risers posi-tioned between the drip points. Small diameter pansmay not require gas risers as gas passage is providedin the gap between the pan and the vessel wall.

When used for higher flow rates, this distributor willhave large orifices that will tend not to foul. Orificestrainer caps, raised orifices or a Model 136/137should be considered for low flow rates in combina-tion with fouling concerns. For rates lower than 2gpm/ft2 [5 m3/m2 h] a Model 136/137 should be con-sidered first. This distributor has a standard turn-down range of 2 : 1 and can be leveled during instal-lation.

In towers less than 24 in. [600 mm] diameter, one-piece construction, for installation through a bodyflange, is standard. A special multi-piece constructionis available upon request.

Construction Details Design Options

7

The Model 116/117 distributor isclamped onto an annular ring that isseal-welded to the tower wall, withclamps provided. Hence, distributorlevelness is determined by the ringlevelness. Design of the Model116/117 distributor takes intoaccount support ring levelness tolerances within ASME code or as otherwise specified. All joints aregasketed.

For redistribution between beds, aseparate liquid collector is notrequired. The standard design fora Model 117 redistributorincludes gas riser covers tocollect liquid.

• Orifice strainers• Anti-migration bars in gas risers• Raised tube metering for high

turndown or fouling concern• Construction for mounting

between flanges

Design Options� Diameters 36 - 240 in. [150 - 6000 mm]� Liquid rates between 4 - 80 gpm/ft2

[10 - 200 m3/m2 h]� Orifices in deck

Orifices in the deck are arranged to provide opti-mum distribution quality. The deck-type construc-tion provides good liquid cross-flow between gas ris-ers that are positioned between drip points.

Because this deck style distributor is normallydesigned to be used to handle higher liquid flowrates, the orifices are usually large and do not tend to foul. For liquid rates below 8 gpm/ft2

[20 m3/m2 h], use of a channel or trough style distributor is generally recommended.

The standard turndown range is 2 : 1.

The Model 126/127 distributor restson an annular ring or is suspendedfrom a ring or beams. All joints aregasketed.

The standard design for a Model 127redistributor includes a weld-on wallwiper and bolted gas riser covers,used to collect and redistribute liquid. The redistributor design usesless column height than a separatecollector/distributor layout and isvaluable where space is limited andtotal cross mixing of liquid betweenbeds is not critical.

• Model 127 cross-mixing capability (extent is dependent on diameter and rate)

• Orifice strainers• Leveling screws• Expandable and gasketed wall

wiper (small diameter Model 127)

� Diameters greater than 36 in. [900 mm]� Liquid rates between 2 - 16 gpm/ft2

[5 - 40 m3/m2 h]� Orifices in channel base� Limited fouling resistance� Structural center channel provides flow

equalization

Orifices in the base of the channels are positionedto optimize distribution quality. Vapor passage isprovided by the space between the channels. Rateslower than 2 gpm/ft2 [5 m3/m2 h] can be accommo-dated but a Model 136 sidewall orifice distributorshould be considered first. For systems with liquidrates in excess of 12 gpm/ft2 [30 m3/m2 h] a Model116 deck style distributor should be considered.

The channel-type construction allows easy liquidsealing and distributor leveling, which is essential inlarge diameter towers. Because this distributor normally handles intermediate liquid flow rates,the orifices are usually large enough to allow low to moderate fouling resistance.


Model 116 INTALOX® Deck Distributor (Model 117 Redistributor)

8

Model 126 INTALOX® Channel Distributor with Bottom Orifices ( Model 127 Redistributor)



9

The Model 136/137 distributor areusually constructed as pans for diam-eters below 30 in. [750 mm] and aschannels for diameters above 30 in.[750 mm].

The Model 136/137 distributor restson an annular ring or is suspendedfrom beams or clips. All joints aregasketed.

The standard design for the Model137 redistributor includes a weld-onwall wiper and bolted gas riser cov-ers to collect and redistribute liquid.The redistributor design uses lesscolumn height than a separate collec-tor/distributor layout and is valuablewhere space is limited and total crossmixing of liquid between beds is notcritical.

• Cross-mixing capability (extent is dependent on diameter and rate)

• Orifice strainers• Leveling screws• Multi-level orifices• Expandable and gasketed wall

wiper (small diameter Model 137)• Removable drip tubes

� Diameters greater than 10 in. [250 mm]� Liquid rates between 0.3 - 12 gpm/ft2

[0.75 - 30 m3/m2 h]� Structural center channel provides flow

equalization� Liquid overflow protection� Side-wall orifices � Fouling resistant

Orifices in the sidewalls of the channels are positionedto optimize distribution quality. Vapor passage is pro-vided by the space between the troughs.

The fouling resistance of this distributor is higher thanthat of deck-type distributors because it features adebris collection zone below the sidewall orifices.Thecenter channel of the distributor provides structuralsupport as well as equalization of liquid betweentroughs.

The liquid from each drip point is conducted into thelower vapor velocity region below the distributortroughs. This results in low entrainment levels. Inaddition, overflow holes are provided at each conduc-tor tube to ensure that if the maximum flow range ofthe distributor is exceeded, the liquid will be con-ducted to the packing in a controlled manner ratherthan to randomly spill over the troughs.

The standard turndown for a single sidewall orifice is2 : 1. Using multiple orifices at two or more levels ofthe same discharge conductor can extend the turn-down range. Turndown ratios up to 10 : 1 are achiev-able. The flow variation will be higher throughout allor part of the operating range with multi-level ori-fices.


Model 136 INTALOX® Channel Distributor with Drip Tubes (Model 137 Redistributor)

Model 141 INTALOX® Tubular Distributor� Diameters 6 - 120 in. [150 - 3000 mm]� Liquid rates between 0.3 - 8 gpm/ft2

[0.75 - 20 m3/m2 h]� Enclosed tubular laterals� High distribution point density� Clean service only

The Model 141 distributor is most often used in con-junction with wire gauze packings. Orifices in thebottom of the tubular laterals are positioned to opti-mize distribution quality with a high drip point density.Vapor passage is provided by the space between thelaterals. The Model 141 INTALOX distributor is sug-gested only for towers in extremely clean servicefree of fouling materials and debris.

The standard turndown is 2 : 1. However, the turn-down range can be extended to approximately 5 : 1 ifsufficient column height is available.


The Model 156 is suspended frombeams. The troughs are continu-ous across the column diameterand are fed with one or moreparting boxes. Details of bafflearrangement are variable depend-ing upon specific liquid rates andare determined at the time ofdesign. There are no joints toseal, therefore, no gaskets arerequired for this distributor.

For redistribution between packed beds, a separate liquid collector is required. The use of a separate liquid collector provides total cross mixing of the liquid between beds.

Construction Details Design Options� Diameters greater than 30 in. [760 mm]� Liquid rates between 0.3 - 8 gpm/ft2

[0.75 - 20 m3/m2 h]� Sidewall orifice with enhanced baffle� Fouling resistant� For use with structured packing� High vapor capacity� Low entrainment

The Model 156 INTALOX distributor is designed foruse only above structured packing. Orifices in thesidewalls of the troughs are positioned to issue liquidagainst an enhanced baffle that spreads the liquid in adirection perpendicular to the orientation of the toplayer of the structured packing. The enhanced baffleincreases the effective drip point density by uniformlywetting each and every sheet of structured packing.This increase in effective drip point density providesthe ability to use a larger orifice diameter, contribut-ing to increased fouling resistance.

The baffle plate distributor has excellent distributionperformance characteristics particularly at low liquidrates. Total wetting of the packing surface is com-pleted in only one layer of packing. Vapor passage isprovided by the space between the troughs. The baf-fle also acts to shield the liquid from the vaporstream to avoid entrainment, thereby making this anexcellent distributor choice when operating at highvapor rates.

Model 156 INTALOX® Trough Distributor with Enhanced Baffle Plates

10

As the standard, the Model 141 distributor is supported and leveledfrom an integral distributor supportgrid (Model 883).

For redistribution between packedbeds, a separate liquid collector isrequired. The use of a separate liquidcollector provides total cross mixingof the liquid between beds.

• Turndown ratio greater than 2 : 1• Non-standard mounting

arrangements• Diameters exceeding standard

range

• Mount on packing with the • Model 883 bed limiter/support• Metering boxes

Model 186 INTALOX® Trough Distributor with Drip Tubes

11

As the standard, the Model 186 dis-tributor is suspended from beams.By special request, and within a limit-ed range of diameters, provisions canbe made for the distributor to reston an existing support ring.

Model 186 troughs are continuousacross the column diameter and arefed with one or more parting boxes.There are no joints to seal, therefore,no gaskets are required.


• Orifice strainers• Multi-level orifices• Metering Boxes• Mounted on support ring or

supported by Model 883 bed limiter/support


[0.75 - 25 m3/m2 h]� Sidewall orifice� Liquid overflow protection� Fouling resistant� Low entrainment

Orifices in the sidewalls of the troughs are posi-tioned to optimize distribution quality. Vapor passage is provided by the space between thetroughs. Special designs can handle liquid ratesabove or below the above stated range.

The liquid from each drip point is conducted intothe lower vapor velocity region below the distribu-tor troughs. This results in low entrainment levels.In addition, overflow holes are provided at eachconductor tube to ensure that if the maximumflow range of the distributor is exceeded, the liquidwill be conducted to the packing in a controlledmanner rather than to randomly spill over thetroughs.

The standard turndown for a single sidewall orificeis 2 : 1. Using multi-level orifices at each dischargeconductor can extend the turndown range up to10 : 1. The flow variation will be higher through-out all or part of the operating range with multi-level orifices.


This distributor is supported eitherby a full support ring or by lugs.Gasketed joints are standard formulti-piece pans when liquid ratesare below 4 gpm/ft2 [10 m3/m2 h].

• One-piece construction for body flanged columns

� Diameters 12 – 48 in. [300 - 1200 mm]� Liquid rates between 1 - 8 gpm/ft2

[2.5 - 20 m3/m2 h]�Weir in riser

The Model 905 pan distributor is used for highlyfouling services in towers with a diameter of lessthan 48 in. [1200 mm]. Cylindrical risers with "V"shaped weirs act as liquid downcomers as well asvapor risers. A high liquid turndown ratio is possibledue to the weirs. However, the vapor velocity in theriser limits both liquid and vapor flow rates sinceboth phases are flowing counter-currently in thesame passages.

Model 905 Pan Distributor with V-Notch Risers

This distributor is supported eitherby a full support ring or by lugs.Gasketed joints are standard formulti-piece pans when liquid ratesare below 4 gpm/ft2 [10 m3/m2 h].

This device is not available in a designsuitable for use as a redistributor.

• One-piece construction for body flanged columns

• Gasketing for liquid rates above 4 gpm/ft2

• Raised tube metering for high turndown or fouling concern

• Anti-migration bars

� Diameters up to 48 in. [1200 mm]� Liquid rates between 1 - 30 gpm/ft2

[2.5 - 75 m3/m2 h]� Orifices in pan bottom

The pan-type construction provides liquid level bal-ance. Vapor passage is provided by circular gas risersas well as around the periphery of the pan. Forsmall diameters, all vapor passage may be providedby the gap between the pan and the vessel wall,rather than gas risers.

For towers with diameters up to 20 in. [500 mm], thestandard is to construct the pan in one piece forinstallation through a body flange. The standardturndown range is 2.5 : 1.

Model 906 Pan Distributor with Bottom Orifices

12



The distributor rests on an annularring and is secured with tray clamps.

For redistribution between beds, aseparate liquid collector is not need-ed. The standard design for a Model917 redistributor includes gas risercovers to collect liquid.

Distributors in services with liquidrates below 4 gpm/ft2 [10 m3/m2 h]are gasketed as standard.

• Gasketing for liquid rates above 4 gpm/ft2

• Parting box


[2.5 - 120 m3/m2 h]� Orifices in deck

The deck-type construction gives liquid level balancearound the periphery of the distributor and addition-ally across the mid-span beam in large diametercolumns. Vapor passage is provided through long,rectangular gas risers.

At lower liquid rates, as distribution orifice diame-ters get smaller, this distributor provides minimalfouling resistance. If fouling resistance is important atrough type distributor with sidewall orifices shouldbe considered.

The maximum turndown range is determined bythe size of the manway access. The standard turn-down range is 2.5 : 1.

Model 916 Deck Distributor with Bottom Orifices (Model 917 Redistributor)

The Model 926/927 distributor restson an annular ring. Gasketed jointsare standard for liquid rates below 4 gpm/ft2 [10 m3/m2 h].

The Model 927 redistributor includesgas riser area covers to collect liquidas well as a wall wiper to be weldedto the column wall.

• Cross mixing (Model 927)• Clamped to support ring for

uplift resistances• Leveling screws


[2.5 - 50 m3/m2 h]� Orifices in base � Limited fouling resistance� Structural center channel provides flow

equalization

The Model 926 distributor is a channel type distribu-tor providing good cross flow and liquid handlingcapacity with low leakage compared to a deck style(Model 916) distributor. The structural center sumpallows this distributor to be used in large diametercolumns, up to 26 ft [8 m], without the need for additional support beams. The standard turndownrange is 1.8 : 1.

Model 926 Channel Distributor with Bottom Orifices (Model 927 Redistributor)

13



As the standard, the Model 976 dis-tributor is suspended from beams.Within a limited range of diameters,provisions can be made for the dis-tributor to rest on an existing sup-port ring.

For redistribution between packedbeds, a separate liquid collector isrequired. The use of a separate liquidcollector provides cross mixing ofliquid between beds.

There are no joints to seal for thisdistributor, therefore, no gaskets arerequired.

• Orifice strainers• Mount on support ring


[2.5 - 50 m3/m2 h]� Orifices in troughs

Orifices are located in the base of the troughs.Vapor passage is provided by the space between the troughs.

The trough-type construction allows easy liquid sealing and distributor leveling. Troughs are fed with a parting box.


Model 976 Trough Distributor with Bottom Orifices

The Model 985 distributor rests on afull annular ring.

For redistribution between packedbeds, a separate liquid collector isrequired.

• Clamped to support ring• Uplift resistant • Distribution notch shape • Guide channels


[5 - 100 m3/m2 h]� Weirs in troughs

The Model 985 is a weir-trough distributor for ver-satile liquid flow handling capability in towers withdiameters larger than 36 in. [900 mm]. This distribu-tor is particularly effective in handling high liquidflow rates in moderate and severely fouling services.

Model 985 distributors designed for the highest flowrates employ triangular weirs, also called "V" notch-es. If fouling is not severe, distributors designed forlower flow rates employ vertical rectangular notches,also called slotted weirs, for better flow control.Vapor passage is provided by the space betweentroughs.

Liquid is proportionately metered to the closed-endtroughs by one or more parting boxes. The normalturndown ratio is 2.5 : 1. Higher turndown ratios canbe achieved with special parting box design.

Model 985 Trough Distributor with Weirs

14



Model 986 Trough Distributor with Drip Tubes

15

As the standard, the Model 986 dis-tributor is suspended from beams.Upon special request, and within alimited range of diameters, provisionscan be made for the distributor torest on an existing support ring.


• Orifice strainers• High turndown ratio• Metering boxes• Mount on support ring or

supported by Model 883 bed limiter/support


[0.75 - 50 m3/m2 h]� Sidewall orifice� Liquid overflow protection� Fouling resistant� Low entrainment

The construction and many features of this distribu-tor are similar to the high performance Model 186liquid distributor, except that many aspects of theconstruction are standardized, resulting in a distribu-tion pattern and/or point-to-point flow variation thatfalls outside the INTALOX high performance criteria.

Orifices are located in the sidewalls of the troughs.Vapor passage is provided by the space between thetroughs. The Model 986 distributor is a versatile dis-tributor with a wide range of applicability. It is partic-ularly desirable for use where liquid rates are low orin towers where fouling resistance and/or high turn-down is required.

The liquid from each drip point is conducted into thelower vapor velocity region below the distributortroughs. This results in low entrainment levels. Inaddition, overflow holes are provided at each conduc-tor tube to ensure that if the maximum flow range ofthe distributor is exceeded, the liquid will be con-ducted to the packing in a controlled manner ratherthan to randomly spill over the troughs.

The standard turndown for a single sidewall orifice is2 : 1. Using multi-level orifices at each discharge con-ductor can extend the turndown range up to 10 : 1.The flow variation will be higher throughout all orpart of the operating range with multi-level orifices.


The header section is flanged forstandard horizontal feed from theside of the tower.

Inlet flange mates to a 150 psi [PN 10]flange. The end of the header oppo-site the flange connection as well asthe lateral ends are supported byclips as required. Laterals attach tothe main header with flanged connec-tions as standard.

When an external column feed is notpresent and for using this device as aredistributor, a total draw-off liquidcollector with an external pump loopis required.

• Threaded header and laterals (4" [100 mm] and under)

• Vertical-feed header, on tower centerline

• Bayonet-style construction for small towers

� Diameters greater than 18 in. [430 mm] � Liquid rates between 1.5 - 10 gpm/ft2

[4 - 25 m3/m2 h]

The Model 941 liquid distributor requires little col-umn elevation to accomplish its distribution task, andit provides high open area for high vapor flow. TheModel 941 distributor should be used only withclean liquids or with a filter designed to remove anyparticles that could block the orifices.

The standard design of the Model 941 distributorhandles liquid rates up to 10 gpm/ft2 [25 m3/m2 h],but special designs can handle higher rates. The nor-mal turndown ratio for the Model 941 distributor is 2.5 : 1.

Model 941 Pipe-Arm Distributor with Orifices

The header section is flanged forstandard horizontal feed from theside of the tower.

The flange mates to a 150 psi [PN 10]flange. Laterals attached to the mainheader with flanged connections arestandard.

For small diameter columns, the ends of the header and laterals are supported by clips as required.For larger diameter columns, lateralsare attached to beams.

• Maximum free passage nozzles for fouling services

• Special piping design for fouling service

� Liquid rates between 0.2 - 50 gpm/ft2

[0.5 - 120 m3/m2 h]

Spray nozzle distributors are primarily used wheregood liquid coverage and complete wetting of thebed is necessary. They are commonly used in scrub-bers and in the wash, pumparound and heat transfersections of refining columns. For further detailregarding refining applications, please ask forBrochure KGSS-1.

The Model 943 spray nozzle distributor can bedesigned for very low liquid rates because each spraynozzle covers a large area of the tower. It can utilizerelatively large nozzle opening sizes, so each nozzleprovides a reasonable flow, even at low irrigationrates.

Full cone spray nozzles with an angle of 90° or120° are the standard design for most applica-tions. Spray nozzles providing maximum free passageand special distributor configurations to prevent liq-uid stagnation are typically recommended for refin-ing column wash beds or other applications wherecomplete wetting is critical to avoid fouling.

Turndown ratio is limited to 2 : 1 by the range ofeffective operation of the spray nozzles.

Model 943 Spray Nozzle Distributor

16



Model 961 Enclosed Channel Distributor for Offshore Applications

17

This distributor is hung from beamsand is securely attached to withstandthe rigors of column motion.

When located at the top of the column with a reflux stream, thereflux pump pressure is used to provide liquid head.

For use as a redistributor, a separateModel 613 liquid collector, (specificallydesigned for motion column service),is used in conjunction with the Model961 distributor to provide the neces-sary liquid head.

The column height requirement isdependent upon turndown range andmotion dynamics.

• Dependent on column configuration and requirement.


[2.5 - 75 m3/m2 h]� For off-shore columns subject to motion

The Model 961 is a distributor designed specificallyfor off-shore column applications subjected to tilt andmotion. Orifices are located in the base of theenclosed channels. Liquid is fed to each channel usinga pre-distribution header. Vapor passage is providedby the space between the channels.

The enclosed channel construction allows the use ofhigh liquid heads to minimize the flow variation dueto the tilt and the effects of motion and accelerationof swaying columns.

Because of the unique nature and design of theModel 961 distributor, a Koch-Glitsch representativeshould be contacted for these applications.


Testing of Model 961 enclosed channel distributor in the Koch-Glitsch test facility simulating wave motion.

Obtaining desirable tower performancerequires the proper handling of liquidand vapor entering the column. Thetypes of feeds or inlets into a columncan generally be classified into fourmajor categories:

• Liquid only (contains less than 1% vapor by volume )

• Mixed liquid and vapor, flashing or suppressed flash

• Vapor only • Reboiler returns

The selection criteria for each categoryof feed device is unique.

Liquid-Only Feeds

Among the factors Koch-Glitsch consid-ers in designing a liquid feed device are;type of distributor, expected distributorperformance, flow rate, operating range,degree of sub-cooled liquid and whethermixing with overhead liquid is required.

When the feed or reflux liquid is signifi-cantly sub-cooled, a specially designedfeed arrangement may be required.A liquid with a wide temperature gradient, even if properly distributed to a packed bed, can induce mal-distribu-tion due to uneven condensation.

The feed arrangement for these condi-tions depends on the distributor type.Please consult a Koch-Glitsch technicalrepresentative for recommendations.

Liquid-Vapor and Flashing Feeds

For mixed liquid-vapor or flashing feeddevices above a distributor, the selectiondepends on the distributor type, liquidand vapor flow rates, turndown, columnheight needed for disengagement andvapor distribution as well as the degreeof mixing of the inlet liquid with theoverhead liquid. In all cases, separatingthe vapor and the liquid phases is a pri-mary concern. In some cases therequirements for additional pre-distribu-tion may alter certain distributor designs.

Vapor-Only Feeds

Two factors must be considered inchoosing the proper device for a vaporonly feed.

1. The kinetic energy of the inlet vapor must be considered in relation to the pressure drop in the packed bed, the feed nozzle arrangement and the tower separation requirements.

2. If there is a gross mismatch in the composition and/or temperature between the inlet vapor stream and bulk vapor flow, mixing of the two vapors optimizes the performance of the packing above.

Specific equipment for vapor distributionmay not be required if sufficient columnheight is available for equalization or ifthe pressure drop in the packed bed issufficient to provide proper vapor distri-bution.

Reboiler Returns

To determine the need for and the typeof device required for a reboiler return,the first step is to consider the conditionof the stream and its kinetic energy.

For vapor-only returns, the kinetic energy of the inlet vapor must be considered in relation to the pressuredrop in the packed bed, the feed nozzlesize and arrangement, as well as thetower separation requirements.

For a mixed liquid-vapor or suppressedflash reboiler return stream, the selec-tion of the device depends on flow rate,ratio of liquid and vapor flow, flowregime, nozzle size and arrangement,column height needed for vapor disen-gagement and the tower separationrequirements.

CFD Modeling

Good vapor distribution is essential toachieve superior separation efficiency.Particularly in refinery towers, poor vapordistribution can be a major source ofcoke formation resulting in frequent unitshutdowns. Koch-Glitsch uses modernComputational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)modeling technology to analyze the per-formance of existing equipment and todevelop new improved designs. Thisinvolves computer modeling of the 3-dimensional configuration of the columninternals to provide detailed predictionsof fluid flow (velocity profiles, etc). Acommercially available CFD softwarepackage is used in conjunction withexpertise developed by Koch-Glitsch toanalyze vapor and liquid distributors aswell as packing performance.

Koch-Glitsch offers CFD services for thefollowing tasks:

• Development and optimization of new mass transfer equipment

• Troubleshooting or analysis of existing equipment

• Confirmation of equipment designs prior to fabrication and installation

Feed Devices

18

The Model 119 feed pipe is attachedto an internal column flange with fur-ther support by tower wall clips.

Branched piping is flanged as the standard, although, piping may havethreaded connections for pipe diame-ters less than 4 in. [100 mm]. Forlarge diameter headers, where man-way access is limiting, field weldingmay be required.

• Bayonet-style construction for limited applications

• All-flanged construction• Special design for subcooled feed

� Feed to INTALOX high performance distributors

The Model 119 liquid only feed pipe is used whenliquid is fed from outside the column onto a Koch-Glitsch INTALOX high performance distributor orredistributor. The incoming flow must contain lessthan 1% vapor by volume.

The Model 119 feed pipe is a metered piping systemconsisting of one or more headers in conjunctionwith lateral branches, downpipes, and/or pre-distri-bution channels or parting boxes that feed directlyto an INTALOX distributor. It is limited in turndownto a 2 : 1 ratio. The Model 119 feed pipe metersflow to one or more appropriate feed areas, match-ing the hydraulic requirements of the distributor.Excessive turbulence and horizontal flow velocity inthe distributor are eliminated.

Model 119 INTALOX® High Performance Liquid Only Feed Pipe

The Model 719 feed pipe is attachedto an internal column flange with fur-ther support by tower wall clips.

Piping may have threaded connec-tions for pipe diameters less than 4 in. [100 mm]. For large diameterheaders, where manway access is limiting, field welding may berequired.

• Bayonet-style construction• All-flanged construction

� Feed to traditional liquid distributors

The Model 719 liquid only feed pipe is used whenliquid is fed from outside the column onto a tradi-tional distributor or redistributor. The incoming flowmust contain less than 1% vapor by volume.

The Model 719 feed pipe is a piping system consist-ing of one or more headers in conjunction withdownpipes, pre-distribution channels or partingboxes that feeds directly to a traditional style distributor. The standard turndown ratio is 2.5 : 1

Model 719 Liquid Only Feed Pipe

19



For column diameters under 22 in.[530 mm], the Model 705 feed cham-ber is constructed in one piece. Forlarger diameters the chamber is con-structed in multiple pieces.

For inlet pipe sizes less than 4 in.[100 mm], the Model 705 feed cham-ber attaches to a threaded, bayonetstyle pipe (supplied by others). Inletsizes 4 in. [100 mm] and largerare attached with a flange asstandard.

• Supply of bayonet inlet

� Diameters up to 48 in. [1200 mm]� Handles most two-phase feeds

The Model 705 is a two-phase feed device that isattached to a radial inlet. By using centrifugal force,the vapor exits the top of the chamber and the liquid is conducted out the bottom to a distributoror pre-distributor located below.

One or more Model 705 chambers may be used in larger diameter columns if the flow rates are suitable.

Model 705 Flashing Feed Chamber Construction Details Design Options

The Model 745 feed pipe is connect-ed to an internal column flange andfurther supported by a wall clip. Theflash trough bolts to clips, seats orbeams depending upon location andsize.

The inlet pipe flange is gasketed,while the need for gasketing of theflash trough depends on the typedevice below it.

• Bayonet type feed pipe• Vapor hood

� Diameters greater than 36 in. [900 mm]� Feed device separates liquid and vapor of

flashing inlet streams

The Model 745 feed pipe is used to handle flashinginlet streams by separating the phases. The liquidimpinges on an angled baffle trough, promoting dis-engagement of the liquid and vapor phases. Thevapor exits above and the liquid is directed down-ward. The liquid may be sent directly to a distribu-tor, a pre-distributor or to a collector locatedbetween packed beds. An optional vapor hood isavailable to improve the mixing of the incomingvapor with the bulk vapor flow.

This model uses less column height than the Model755 feed gallery but is limited to feeds that are flash-ing at the column inlet.

All pieces are designed to pass through vessel manways.

Model 745 Flashing Feed PipeConstruction Details Design Options

20

The inside of the gallery is normallypolygonal, built in sections as neces-sary for column access. The gallery isclamped to a support ring as thestandard attachment.

• Joint gasketing• Liquid collection from above

� Diameters greater than 36 in. [900 mm] � For liquid/vapor mixed or flashing feeds� Applicable for all liquid to vapor ratios

The Model 755 flashing feed gallery is a feed deviceto accommodate mixed liquid/vapor or flashingfeeds. Incoming flow is directed tangentially againstthe tower wall. A gallery below the inlet deflectorcollects liquid into a pool, allowing the vapor phaseto disengage. The liquid then flows directly to a distributor or into a parting box in a controlledmanner.

In many cases the gallery can be fitted with coversto collect liquid from a packed bed above, providinga combination flash device with liquid collector.

Model 755 Flashing or Mixed Phase Feed GalleryConstruction Details Design Options

This device is field welded to the vessel wall.

• Erosion allowance• Anti-swirl baffle

� Diameters greater than 30 in. [760 mm] � Non-fouling� Suitable for vapor-only, mixed liquid-vapor

or flashing feeds

The Model 788 V-Baffle is used for vapor-only, mixedliquid/vapor feeds or flashing feeds where the flowenergy is excessive. This device reduces the inletstream energy and can often be designed to providea level of vapor distribution that eliminates the needfor a more complex vapor distributor. It is a veryeffective phase separator for two phase feeds.

The vapor diffuser divides the inlet stream and thendirects the streams tangentially to each side. Apatented Enhanced V-Baffle design often providesadditional control of the incoming stream. The pres-sure drop across this device is relatively low com-pared to deck or pipe type vapor distributors.

Model 788 Enhanced V-Baffle Inlet DiffuserConstruction Details Design Options

21

Model 758 Enhanced Vapor Horn

22

The enhanced vapor horn is availablein any weldable metal and is designedfor field welded assembly to providemaximum strength and reliability.

This technology can be successfullyadapted to a wide variety of feedinlet configurations including bothradial and tangential feed nozzles aswell as the use of multiple feed inlets.

• Radial or tangential inlets• Multiple feed inlets• Heavy-duty design for increased

uplift protection• CFD analysis• Wear plates

� Diameters greater than 6 ft [1.8 m]� Suitable for vapor-only, mixed liquid-vapor

or flashing feeds

Vapor horns have been utilized primarily for twophase inlets of refinery fractionators. These devicesare designed to provide both bulk phase separationof the vapor and liquid as well as initial distribution ofthe feed vapor. Performance of these feed inletdevices is critical to ensure adequate gas oil qualityand yield, maximum column capacity and proper washbed performance. Koch-Glitsch’s proprietaryenhanced vapor horn, an extension of conventionalvapor horn technology, provides improved vapor dis-tribution and de-entrainment of the feed.

For vapor/liquid phase separation, the open bottomconstruction and the centrifugal action induced tothe feed stream will direct entrained liquid particlesto the column wall, where they will flow down intothe column sump or collector tray below.

The patented enhanced vapor horn employs baffles,in a proprietary arrangement, to avoid excessiveimpingement and feed splashing which can result inthe formation of small liquid particles that are morelikely to be re-entrained. The baffles help break thehigh feed inlet velocity for both improved vapor dis-tribution and de-entrainment. Uniform velocity (inboth the vertical and horizontal direction) is desiredto minimize re-entrainment of liquid.

Once the bulk phase separation is complete and theswirling motion is no longer desirable, patented anti-swirl baffles eliminate the cyclonic motion of thevapor.

Koch-Glitsch has applied both large scale laboratorytesting and CFD analysis to evaluate, optimize andvalidate the de-entrainment and vapor distributionperformance. Koch-Glitsch has hundreds of commer-cial installations of this technology in columns withdiameters up to 50 ft [15 m].


The main header attaches to an inletflange (supplied by others) and is fur-ther supported supplied by a wallclip. The laterals are supported bywall clips, as needed.Access diametermust be sufficient to accommodatethe header assembly. For large diame-ter headers, where manway access islimiting, field welding may berequired.

Laterals are flanged as the standard,but may have threaded connectionsfor pipes 4 in. [100 mm] and less.

• All flanged construction • Bayonet-type for small columns

� Diameters greater than 18 in. [450 mm]� Vapor-only inlet streams

The Model 746 lateral arm vapor distributor is usedwhen a vapor feed requires uniform distributionacross the tower area. Typical applications includevapor feed at the bottom of the tower or betweenbeds.

When used at the bottom of a tower it can savetower elevation compared to a deck type (model716) vapor distributor. When used between beds, itwill ensure that the vapor feed is well distributedand well mixed with the vapor from the bed below.

To achieve good distribution the required pressuredrop across the vapor distributor is determined bythe flow rate and size of the inlet. Turndown is gen-erally 4 : 1, but can be higher or lower dependingupon the allowable pressure drop for the process.

Model 746 Lateral Arm Vapor DistributorConstruction Details Design Options

The Model 716 vapor distributor isclamped to a support ring and typi-cally requires bolting bars and seg-mental supports for its downcomerand seal pan. Midspan beams may beused for larger diameter towers.

Standard construction will withstand50 lbs/ft2 [0.024 bar] upward force.However, special designs are availablewhich can withstand greater upliftrequirements.

• Liquid draw sump• Pipe downcomers, if applicable• Uplift specifications

� Diameters greater than 30 in. [760 mm]

The Model 716 vapor distributor is a deck type usedto correct poor vapor distribution below a packedbed. This device can be used between packed bedswhere a vapor feed is introduced or above reboilerreturn streams.

The vapor is metered through vapor risers as liquidis collected from a packed bed above. The liquidleaves the vapor distributor through a downcomer.To perform the task of vapor distribution, the Model716 will consume some pressure drop.

The turndown ratio is generally about 4 : 1, providedpressure drop is not excessive for the process.

Model 716 Deck Type Vapor DistributorConstruction Details Design Options

23

This device is attached to an internaltower inlet flange (supplied by others) and is further supported bya vessel wall clip as the standard construction.

Optionally, the inside pipe can bedesigned to bayonet into the vaporinlet nozzle, in lieu of an internalflange.

One-piece construction is standardprovided column access diameter issufficient. Otherwise, multi-piececonstruction is provided. In somecases, field welding of multi-piececonstruction may be required.

• Bayonet inlet construction

� Diameters greater than 48 in. [1200 mm]� Vapor-only inlet streams

The Model 748 vapor diffuser is used for vapor-onlyfeeds where the flow energy is excessive. Thisdevice is not a vapor distributor. It reduces thevapor energy such that a more complex vapor distributor may not be necessary.

The vapor diffuser uniformly meters the vaporstream out the upper area of the pipe and theshroud and then directs the flow downward to eachside. The pressure drop across this device is relatively low compared to the Model 746 vapor distributor.

Turndown is generally 4 : 1.

Model 748 Vapor DiffuserConstruction Details Design Options

Multi-piece construction is supplied for installation througha vessel manway. Flanged andbolted construction is supplied as the standard. Field welded con-struction is an available option.

The inlet attachment requires weld-ing to the vessel wall. Additionalsupport clips welded to the vesselmay be required. As an option,attachment can be made to anexisting internal nozzle flange.

• Field welded construction• Attachment to existing flange• CFD analysis

� Diameters greater than 72 in. [1800 mm]� Preferred for vapor-only feed

The Model 768 EVENFLOW™ vane type vapor dis-tributor is used for high energy vapor inlet streamsentering through a radial inlet. Although the devicehas been utilized in applications with high velocitymixed phase feeds, the performance of the device isbest when limited to vapor-only feeds.

Baffles used in conjunction with a tapered configura-tion provide vapor distribution with minimal pres-sure drop. The curved baffle plates partition theinlet vapor stream into multiple small segments,reducing the velocity and directing the segmentedstreams horizontally across the column area.

Performance of the EVENFLOW vapor distributorhas been validated using CFD analysis as well asnumerous successful commercial installations.

Model 768 EVENFLOW™ Vane Type Vapor Distributor

24


Joint construction details are vari-able depending upon the degree ofleakage allowable. Both gasketedand seal welded construction areavailable for deck sections as wellas for attachment inside the col-umn.

If the deck sections exceed theheight permitting manway access,due to tall vapor riser height, thevapor risers are supplied as sepa-rate pieces. These can be suppliedas flanged, bolted and gasketed con-struction or to be field seal weldedto the decks during installation.

• Vapor riser height• Seal welded or gasketed

construction• Sump configurations• Downcomer variations• Body flange mounting

� All diameters� For total or partial liquid draw-off� Suitable to feed a liquid distributor

or trayed section below

The Model 611 deck collector is versatile in designand construction depending on the applicationrequirements. With tall vapor risers, large holdupvolumes can be retained on the deck. One or moresumps, downcomers or downpipes can be provided.

Model 611 Deck Style Liquid Collector

Model 621 Trough Style Liquid Collector


All trough joints are bolted and gas-keted. The troughs rest on a 360ºsupport ring.

The center sump must be partiallywelded to a seat. The wall wiper iswelded to the vessel as the standard.Vapor riser covers are bolted abovethe riser area and drain into the cen-ter sump.

If the sump size required for processconditions exceeds the size of man-way access, these pieces are suppliedin sections, to be field welded.

• Sloped construction for drainage• Gasketed and clamped wall wiper • Manway access through collector

� Diameters greater than 40 in. [1000 mm]� Permits thermal expansion� Minimizes field welding� Total or partial liquid draw� 25 - 40% open area

The Model 621 trough collector is a good choicewhere thermal expansion is a concern. The trougharrangement rests on a support ring permitting freeexpansion while minimizing the amount of welding tothe vessel wall. A wall wiper above the troughs collects and directs liquid to the troughs. Liquidflows from the troughs into a center sump.The troughs and sump sizes are variable and aredesigned to meet the application needs.

This collector can be used for total or partial draw-off and/or to feed a liquid distributor below.


25

The collector vanes are supported bychannels bolted to an annular sump.The annular sump is seal welded tothe vessel and is supplied by others.For small diameter columns withbody flanges, the ring of the annularsump may be supplied as sandwichedbetween body flanges.

As there are no joints to seal, no gaskets are needed for the collectoritself. Gaskets may be required forflanged connections of downpipes asrequired.

• Vane shape and size• Supply of annular sump• Mount between vessel body

flanges

� Diameters greater than 30 in. [760 mm] � High vapor capacity� Low pressure drop� Can be used for draw-off or collection

of liquid between packed beds

The Model 633 chevron-type vane collector can beused as a collector for liquid draw-off or as part of aliquid collector/redistribution system betweenpacked beds.

When used as a collector between packed beds, it ischosen because it has low vapor phase pressuredrop.

In addition to collection and mixing between beds,a liquid-only feed entering the column can be intro-duced with a simple inlet into the collector annulus.This enables the feed to be totally mixed with thebulk column liquid while eliminating the need for aseparate feed pipe for the inlet stream.

Due to the wide range of applications for this typecollector, the construction details are quite variable.

All equipment is designed to pass through vesselmanways for installation.

Model 633 Chevron Vane Liquid Collector

26


Structured Packing

Bed limiters for structured packing arerecommended when there is the potentialfor packing displacement during upsetconditions. Many columns operate at alow pressure drop and a low percentageof flood and are not prone to suddenvapor surges. In these cases, bed limitersare not required.

In some cases, where upset conditions arenot a concern, the Model 883 bedlimiter/liquid distributor support forstructured packing may act as a supportfor a trough type liquid distributor.Except in the case of the Model 883, thebed limiter is not included as part of anyother support device.

Only a non-interfering bed limiter designshould be used with INTALOX high performance distributors.

Random Packing

A packing retention device is recommend-ed whenever there is the potential forsufficient vapor load to fluidize the top ofa packed bed.

As packing approaches and enters anupset or flooding condition, the pressuredrop rises quickly and often uncontrol-lably. If a packed column goes into flood,this rate will nearly always result in thetop of the bed being fluidized. Becauseconditions that result in the fluidization ofsome or all of the packing at the top of abed are difficult to predict, a packingretention device is always recommendedfor random packings.

The two basic ways to prevent theupward movement of random packing areto use bed limiters or anti-migrationdevices.

Bed limiters confine the packing move-ment and either attach to the vessel wallor rest on top of the packing. Sometimes,locator bars are used to limit movement.

Bed limiters attached to the vessel eitherby clips or clamped to a support ring gen-erally require integral structural membersthat can interfere with the liquid distribu-tion pattern. These types are not recom-mended for use with high performanceliquid distributors. Only a non-interferingbed limiter design should be used withINTALOX high performance distributors.

Another method of retaining packing is touse anti-migration bars at the base of thevapor risers of a liquid distributor. Formost distributor designs using round orrectangular vapor risers, this option isavailable provided the distributor is notcontinuously subjected to high vapor load.

The anti-migration devices will not pre-vent the packing from becoming fluidizedand unleveled at the top of the bed, butwill keep the packing from being blown upthrough the vapor risers.

Bed Limiters

Standard construction will withstand50 lbs/ft2 [0.024 bar] upward force.

• Greater uplift resistance• Jack screws for diameters under

36 in. [900 mm]

� For all column diameters� Minimizes interference of high performance

liquid distributors

The Model 803 bed limiter is designed for use withsheet metal or gauze type structured packing. Thebed limiter is bolted to vertical wall clips attached tothe vessel wall.

When used to restrict small diameter, one-piecepacking layers, the bed limiter is normally integratedwith the liquid distributor (see Model 883 bed lim-iter). In this case, the uplift protection provided islimited by the allowable method of attachment tothe vessel.

Model 803 Structured Packing Bed Limiter, Non-Interfering

27


Standard construction will withstand50 lbs/ft2 [0.024 bar] upward force.

• Increased uplift resistance

� For all column diameters� Requires no vessel attachments� Minimizes interference of drip point from

high performance liquid distributors

The Model 805 bed limiter is used to retain randompacking when used in conjunction with an INTALOXhigh performance liquid distributor. The structuralcomponents of this bed limiter are designed to mini-mize the interference of the liquid flow from the dis-tributor.

Model 805 Random Packing Bed Limiter, Non-Interfering

The bed limiter is designed to with-stand 50 lbs/ft2 [0.024 bar] uniformuplift.

The standard method of attachmentto the vessel is to clamp to an annu-lar ring welded in the column. As anoption, the attachment method maybe with clips welded to the vesselwall.

• Increased uplift resistance• Jack screws or clamps for

diameters up to 36 in. [900 mm]• Clip mounted to vessel

� For all column diameters� Fastens to vessel wall� For use with traditional distributors

The Model 825 bed limiter is used with most ran-dom packing when traditional liquid distributors areused. To provide uplift resistance, this bed limiter isattached to the column.

Model 825 Random Packing Bed Limiter

28



Model 883 Structured Packing Bed Limiter/Liquid Distributor Support

29

Standard construction is to have theModel 883 bed limiter rest directlyon the structured packing with theweight of the distributor limiting thebed movement.

As an alternative, the Model 883 bedlimiter can be attached to the vesselwith wall clips. When attached withclips, standard construction will with-stand 50 lbs/ft2 [0.024 bar] upwardforce.

• Jack screws for diameters under36 in. [900 mm]

• Attach to vessel wall clips for uplift resistance

� For all column diameters with structured packing

� Supports tubular, channel or trough type liquid distributors

� Used for large diameter columns to reducestructural components

� Provides limited uplift resistance� Eliminates interference of high performance

liquid distributors

The Model 883 bed limiter is primarily used forlarge diameter columns where the tower is not subject to process upsets or flooding. The bedlimiter acts as a structural support and leveling

device for the liquid distributor. The weight of the distributor retains the packing while simplifyingthe mechanical structure needed to support the distributor.

The Model 883 bed limiter is also applied in smalldiameter columns with one-piece packing layers,where no vessel support rings, clips or other inter-nal protrusions from the wall are permitted.


Every packed bed will need a support.Two critical factors to be considered inthe design of a packing support are:

• It must physically retain and support the packed bed under operating conditions in the column including but not limited to packing type and size,design temperature, bed depth,operating liquid holdup, material of construction, corrosion allowance,material buildup in the bed and surge conditions.

• It must have a high percentage of free area to allow unrestricted counter-current flow of downcoming liquid and upward flowing vapor.

Pressure drop calculations for all Koch-Glitsch packings include the pressure dropof the properly designed support. All sup-ports are designed to handle the flowrates specified at the time of order place-ment and will not limit the capacity of thepacking they retain.

Random packing uses a gas-injection typesupport that provides separate passagesfor liquid and vapor flow so that the twophases do not compete for the sameopening. Packing elements are retainedwith specific slot openings while the con-tour of the support provides a high per-centage of open area.

The inherent construction of structuredpacking allows it to be supported by asimple open grid structure.

FLEXIGRID structured packing may utilize a beam and/or an open grid structure.

Support Plates

For very small diameter columns, thesupport rests on lugs. For all others,the Model 802 support grid rests ona 360º support ring. Support ringload calculations are the responsibili-ty of others.

Midspan beams may be required,depending upon column diameter andload requirements.

Grid sections are bolted together butare not clamped to the support ringas the standard.

• Support ring clamps• Uplift resistance

� All column diameters� Supports all sheet metal or wire gauze

packings

The open grid type structure of the Model 802 sup-port grid allows free and uniform passage of the liq-uid and vapor so the packing capacity is not limited.

The supports for smaller columns having body flangeaccess are generally supplied as one-piece units. Allothers are supplied for installation through vesselmanways.

Model 802 Structured Packing Support Grid

30


The support rests on a 360º supportring. Support ring load calculationsare the responsibility of others.

Columns with diameters larger than14 ft [4.2 m] generally require theuse of midspan beams. Smaller diameter columns may requiremidspan beams depending uponmaterial of construction, design loadand temperature.

� Diameters greater than 36 in. [900 mm]� Gas injection design

The Model 804 gas injection support is designed tosupport the desired packing under the specifiedoperating conditions while not limiting the capacityof the packing. Therefore, beam height, materialthickness and slot size will vary depending on pack-ing size, bed weight and process conditions.

Sections are clipped together and the assembly isclamped to the vessel support ring as the standard.

Model 804 Random Packing Gas Injection Support Plate

This support rests on a 360º supportring. Support ring load calculationsare the responsibility of others.

Optional one-piece construction (forbody flanged columns only) may reston tower clips.

• One piece construction• Support ring clamping

� Diameters 12 - 48 in. [300 - 1200 mm]� Gas injection design

The Model 814 support combines a high percentagefree area with excellent mechanical strength. Two tofour piece construction is supplied as the standard,depending on diameter.

Model 814 Random Packing Gas Injection Support Plate



31

Expanded metal is utilized in the con-struction of the Model 824 supportplate and its availability may limit thematerials of construction offered forthis support.

• Support ring clamps for towers greater than 12 in. [300 mm]

• One-piece construction


32

Model 824 Light Duty Random Packing Support Plate� Diameters 4 - 36 in. [100 - 900 mm]� Low hydraulic loading� Low support strength requirements

The Model 824 light duty support should only beused for columns with low operating bed weightsand low to moderate hydraulic loads. Typically, it isused with plastic packings or short beds of metalrandom packings.

Metal

Tower internals are available in any formable, weldable sheetmetal material. Where pipe is involved in the design, the choicemust be any weldable metal for which pipe and flanges are read-ily available. The following materials are most often used fortower internals:

• Carbon steel (not recommended for liquid distributors)

• Stainless steel (low carbon content is preferred); Ferritic, Austenitic,Duplex, Martensitic

• Nickel alloys• Copper alloys• Titanium, Zirconium

Internals are not stress relieved or annealed and do not typicallyconform to pressure vessel standards.

Internals fabricated from sheet metal materials will be suppliedin "as-sheared" condition.

Designs including corrosion allowances are available for manytower internals. Designs with corrosion allowances are not recommended for liquid distributors since corrosion of themetering device will affect performance. Designs for INTALOXhigh performance liquid distributors are not available with corrosion allowances.

Bolting

With the exception of specific sizes for pipe flanges, all fastenerswill be 3/8 in. [10 mm] unless otherwise specified. Bolting willconform to AISI standards. Bolting conforming to ASME specifi-cations is available by special request.

Certification

Material certification is available for all fabricated internals.Positive Material Identification (PMI) testing is available by spe-cial request.

Gasketing

For multi-piece tower internals requiring gasketed joints, manychoices of gasket material are available. Where gasketing isrequired, braided fiberglass tape is supplied as the standard forlinear joints. Depending on the service, FLEXITALLIC® SF2400,expanded PTFE or spiral wound stainless steel with flexiblegraphite filler gaskets are supplied as the standard for flangedconnections. Other gasket materials are available by specialrequest.

Flanges

For tower internals using pipe sections or branches and wherethe connections are inside the column pressure boundary, thestandard connections use flanges. These flanges may be standardmachined pipe flanges with 150 psi [PN 10] rating or flanges fab-ricated by Koch-Glitsch from plate, depending on material ofconstruction, size and availability.

FLEXITALLIC® is a registered trademark of Flexitallic Limited Corporation.

In some cases for pipe connections with diameters under 4 in.[100 mm], threaded connections may be used. Please includespecific requirements concerning flange type, rating or pipeschedule specifications at the time of inquiry.

Manway Access

All tower internals are designed in sections to pass through vessel manways. Tower internals are designed to pass through a vessel manway of 18 in [450 mm] minimum inside diameter,unless otherwise specified. Larger manways often provide theability to increase turndown ratio on distributors and/or tooptimize the design of components for faster, easier installation.Please provide manway locations and sizes at the time ofinquiry.

Scope of Supply

For the fabricated internals in this brochure, Koch-Glitsch sup-plies all removable parts. The internals do not include vesselattachments, unless specifically stated in the item description, forconnection or support, although these may be quoted/suppliedseparately. Examples of such attachments that may be requiredare:

• Support rings• Sump frames• Internal flanges at feed inlet nozzles• Wall clips for support• Ring channel (Model 633)

Construction Details

Tower I.D.

Up to 18[up to 457]

18.1 - 24.24[458 - 615]

24.25 - 48.24[616 - 1225]

48.25 - 72.24[1226 - 1835]

72.25 - 96.5[1836 - 2450]

96.6 -144.5[2451 - 3670]

144.6 - 168.7[3671 - 4285]

168.8 - 216.3[4286 - 5495]

216.4 - 240.5[5496 - 6110]

Internals Resting onor Clamped toSupport Ring

0.75[20]

1.0[25]

1.5[40]

2.0[50]

2.5[65]

3.0[75]

3.5[90]

4.0[100]

4.5[115]

Internals Through-Bolted or

Using LevelingScrews

1.5[40]

1.5[40]

2.0[50]

2.0[50]

2.5[65]

3.0[75]

3.5[90]

4.0[100]

4.5[115]

all dimensions are expressed in inches [millimeters]

If the support ring size is other than these listed above, special consideration must be given to the plate diameter and vessel tolerances.

Minimum Support Ring Widths

33

34

Special Tower InternalsThe following is a partial list of other tower internals not specifically covered in detail in this brochure. For further informationconcerning these models, please contact a Koch-Glitsch representative.

Device Model Description

Liquid Distributors 996 Trough type distributor with drip point multipliers for very low liquid load

Feed Devices 765 Suppressed flash vapor feed distributor for flashing feed or suppressed vaporization reboiler return

798 Vapor inlet designed for FCC Main Fractionators for extreme fouling application

Liquid Collectors 613 Deck style liquid collector for off-shore columns subject to tilt and motion

622 Trough style liquid collector for fouling services

Bed Limiters 815 Anti-migration screen used to separate two different random packing sizes in a single bed

845 Bed limiter designed for random packed beds using spray nozzle distributors to minimize disruption of spray pattern at the top of the bed

Liquid / Liquid 534 Packing support/disperser plate for use when light phase is dispersedExtraction Internals

535 Packing support/disperser plate for use when heavy phase is dispersed

544 Feed pipe for dispersed phase to be used in conjunction with Models 534 or 535 above

545 Feed distributor for the continuous phase

Supports and 800 Annular support ring or support ring segmentTower Attachments

801 Free Flow support ring

810 Support beam – fabricated channel or I-beam

811 Free Flow support beam

820 Support truss – fabricated truss or lattice beam

828 Drip ring

830 Beam seats and clips

858 Rosette style wall wiper

Koch-Glitsch Corporate Offices

Worldwide Headquarters

Koch-Glitsch, LP

4111 East 37th Street North Wichita, KS 67220 – United States tel: (316) 828-5110 fax: (316) 828-7985

Europe

Koch-Glitsch Italia S.r.l.

Viale Giulio Cesare 29 24124 Bergamo – Italy tel: +39 035 2273.411 fax: +39 035 2273.400

Asia

Koch-Glitsch Korea, Ltd.

17-8, 8F, Dongsung Bldg. Yoido-dong, Youngdeungpo-ku

Seoul 150-874 – Korea tel: +82-2-3276-7500 fax: +82-2-3276-7590

Koch-Glitsch (A division of Koch Chemical Technology Group India Pvt. Ltd). Corporate Park II, 10th Floor Sion-Trombay Road Chembur, Mumbai 400 071 – India tel: +91 22 6771 7171 fax: +91 22 6771 7161

For a complete list of our offices and facilities, visit us on the Web at www.koch-glitsch.com. Emergency Numbers

US: 1-888-KOCH-911. Europe: +39-06-928-911, +44-1782-744561, or your local Koch-Glitsch office.

Trademarks BETA RING, CASCADE MINI-RINGS, FLEXIGRID, FLEXIPAC, FLEXIRING, GLITSCH GRID, HY-PAK, IMTP, INTALOX, INTALOX PACKED TOWER SYSTEMS with process tower “L”, KOCH-GLITSCH, and “K” KOCH-GLITSCH and SNOWFLAKE are registered trademarks of Koch-Glitsch, LP and are registered in the US and various other countries worldwide. HC is a registered trademark of Koch-Glitsch, LP and is registered in the US. BETA RING, CMR, INTALOX PACKED TOWER SYSTEMS, and YORK-EVENFLOW are trademarks of Koch-Glitsch, LP. All other trademarks, service marks, or registered trademarks that appear in this document are the trademarks or service marks of their respective owners.

Patents BETA RING®, channel distributor, enhanced vapor horn, enhanced V-baffle, FLEXIRING®, IMTP®, trough distributor with drip tubes, trough distributor with flow multiplier technologies are protected by various patents worldwide.

Legal Notice The information contained in this bulletin is believed to be accurate and reliable, but is not to be construed as implying any warranty or guarantee of performance.

Bulletin KGMTIG-1. Rev. 3-2010. Printed in USA. © 2003-2010. Koch-Glitsch, LP. All rights reserved.

metal packed tower internals

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