metal release behavior of alloy 690 coated with cr-oxide
TRANSCRIPT
© 2015 NIPPON STEEL & SUMITOMO METAL CORPORATION All Rights Reserved.
Metal Release Behavior of Alloy 690 Coated with Cr-oxide in Simulated PWR
Primary Water at High Flow Velocity
August 9-13, 2015 Yumi Momozono, Yasuyoshi Hidaka, Manabu Kanzaki
Yasuhiro Masaki, Akihiro Uehira, Osamu Miyahara Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation (NSSMC)
1
17th International Conference on Environmental Degradation of Materials in Nuclear Power Systems – Water Reactors, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
© 2015 NIPPON STEEL & SUMITOMO METAL CORPORATION All Rights Reserved.
Outline
1) Introduction Ni release in PWR and Pre-filming for SG tubing 2) Experimental Recirculation type metal release test at high flow velocity 3) Results 3.1) Ni release rates 3.2) Physical analysis of pre-film 4) Discussion 4.1) Inhibitory effect of pre-film on Ni release 4.2) Ni release behavior on pre-film 5) Conclusions 2
© 2015 NIPPON STEEL & SUMITOMO METAL CORPORATION All Rights Reserved.
Alloy 690 is SG tubing material, which contains 60% Ni. Ni converts into 58Co by neutron irradiation.
reaction①:235U+n→fission product+n reaction②:58Ni+n→58Co(β decay,half life 71days)
Ni is transmuted to radioactive Co
neutron
Core
Primary water
Ni reaction① reaction②
58Co
Ni is released from inner surface of SG tubing
Ni Primary Water
Steam Generator(SG)
(TT690:60Ni-30Cr-9Fe)
SG tubes release
58Ni
58Ni
58Co
Deposit on the surface of primary tubing
fuel
Transport to the reactor core
Figure 1 Ni release from SG tubing in PWR.
Background
4
© 2015 NIPPON STEEL & SUMITOMO METAL CORPORATION All Rights Reserved.
Figure 2 Image of reduction of Ni release by pre-filming.
Pre-filming on the inner surface of SG tubing is expected to reduce Ni release in the early operation period.
Operation Cycle
Reduction of Ni release by pre-filming on SG tubing surface
5
Reduction of Ni release by pre-filming
Ni R
elea
se
SG tube
Pre-filmed barrier
Prevent Ni release.
58Ni
Primary water
© 2015 NIPPON STEEL & SUMITOMO METAL CORPORATION All Rights Reserved.
Alloy 690 contains 30% Cr. Cr-oxide can be formed on the surface of Alloy 690 by control of temperature and potential of oxidation.
Figure 3 Relationship between temperature and potential of oxidation.
6
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
温度(℃)
酸化
ポテ
ンシ
ャル
ΔG
0=RTlnPO2(kcal)
Temperature (°C)
Pote
ntia
l of o
xida
tion
(kca
l)
Cr is oxidized selectively under this condition.
What is pre-filming?
Forming Cr-oxide film on Alloy 690
© 2015 NIPPON STEEL & SUMITOMO METAL CORPORATION All Rights Reserved.
Objective
7
• The amount of Ni released from Alloy 690 is small in PWR primary water environment.
→ It is not easy to evaluate the amount of released Ni. So there is no standardized way to evaluate Ni release.
• To simulate an actual PWR primary water environment,
the recirculation type metal release test system, which mainly focused on high flow velocity, was introduced.
To clarify the effect of pre-film on Ni release and the Ni release behavior on pre-film.
© 2015 NIPPON STEEL & SUMITOMO METAL CORPORATION All Rights Reserved.
Specimens
9
C Si Mn S Ni Cr Fe Cu 0.02 0.3 0.3 <0.001 59.3 29.5 10.0 <0.1
• The specimens are Alloy 690 tubing having an outer diameter of 19 mm and an inner diameter of 17 mm.
• Pre-filming: Annealed at 1100°C in hydrogen with 2000 ppm water
vapor in order to form Cr-oxide film on the surface. • Non pre-filming (as a reference): Annealed at 1100°C in dry hydrogen. • Both test tubing were thermally treated at 725°C in
vacuum for 10 h.
Table 1 Chemical composition (mass%)
© 2015 NIPPON STEEL & SUMITOMO METAL CORPORATION All Rights Reserved.
[Specification] Test solutions are contacted to pure Ti or resin. Max. temp. is 330 ° C. Max. pressure is 17.5 MPa Flow rate 5 L/min (calculated to 1.7m/s(Re=22000))
Heater
High pressure pump
Circulation Pump
Water chemistry control (Con., DO, DH, pH)
Ni, Cr and Fe are free by using pure Ti and resin.
Storage tank
Ni is sampling from outer side of the specimen
Ni is sampling from Inner side of the specimen
High flow velocity (using inner bar)
Specimen (1mL)
Ni release is measured directly
Cooler
10
Figure 4 Recirculation type metal release test equipment.
Recirculation type metal release test
© 2015 NIPPON STEEL & SUMITOMO METAL CORPORATION All Rights Reserved.
( )( )
( )( )
S
WinVinn
outVoutn
×
−
Figure 5 Outline of sampling method.
n(out): Ni amount from SG tubing(n1+n2) (g) V(out): Volume of test solution from outer samplingV1 (L) n(in): Ni amount in test solution (n3+n4) (g) V(in): Volume of test solution from inner samplingV2 (L) W : Flow rate (L/h) S : Inner surface of specimen (m2)
Ni release rate (g/m2/h)
11
Ni release rate is calculated by the amount of Ni in the outlet of test tube subtracted from that in the inlet of the tube. Ni amount is sum of the amount in test solution and in cleaned solution.
Dilute nitric acid solution for cleaning sampling line
Sampling line from outlet of SG tube
Sampling line from inlet of SG tube
Cleaned solution
n1 n2
n3 n4
V1
V2
SG tube
Simulated primary water
Test solution
Test solution
Cleaned solution
Recirculation type metal release test
© 2015 NIPPON STEEL & SUMITOMO METAL CORPORATION All Rights Reserved.
Test condition of recirculation type metal release test
12
Test solution 1000 ppm B + 2 ppm Li Temperature 325°C
Pressure 15.5 MPa Dissolved oxygen <10 ppb
Dissolved hydrogen 2.6 ppm Flow rate 5 L/min
Flow velocity 1.7 m/s (calculated) Test time Pre-filmed: 620 h, Non Pre-filmed: 1129 h
Table 2 Test condition of recirculation type metal release test
The flow velocity in the actual plant is estimated* at approximately 5.5 m/s. * “Handbook of Water Chemistry of Nuclear Reactor System”, Atomic Energy Society of Japan, (2000), p.122
© 2015 NIPPON STEEL & SUMITOMO METAL CORPORATION All Rights Reserved.
Physical analysis of pre-film
13
• X-ray diffraction (XRD; RIGAKU, RINT-2500H) X-ray source: Co Kα (30 kV, 100 mA) Angle of incidence: 0.3° Scanning zone of 2θ: from 10° to 105° • Glow discharge spectroscopy (GDS; HORIBA, GD-Profiler 2) Analyzing area: 4 mm in diameter Power capacity: 35 W Pressure of Ar gas: 600 Pa • Transmission electron microscope (TEM; RIGAKU, JEM-200CX) Acceleration voltage: 200 kV
© 2015 NIPPON STEEL & SUMITOMO METAL CORPORATION All Rights Reserved.
Ni release rates
15
0
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.001
0 500 1000 1500
Ni r
elea
se ra
te (
g/m
2 /h)
Test time (h)
Pre-filmed Alloy 690
Non Pre-filmed Alloy 690
• The Ni release rate of non pre-filmed Alloy 690 tubing decreased with test time like conventional studies.
• The Ni release rate of pre-filmed Alloy 690 tubing also decreased with test time promptly.
• The Ni release rate of pre-filmed Alloy 690 tubing is much lower than that of non pre-filmed Alloy 690 tubing.
Drastically decreased by pre-filming
Figure 6 Ni release rates in simulated PWR primary water at 1.7 m/s.
© 2015 NIPPON STEEL & SUMITOMO METAL CORPORATION All Rights Reserved.
XRD analysis before metal release test
16
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Inte
nsity
(CP
S)
2θ (degree)
△
△
△
△△ △
○
○
○
○
○○
○
○○○
○ ○○
□
□ □
○: Cr2O3
△: MnCr2O4□: Austenite
• Cr2O3 and MnCr2O4 were detected from the pre-film. • According to Ellingham phase diagrams, it was
considered that Cr was mainly oxidized in the main elements (i.e., Ni, Cr, and Fe) of Alloy 690.
Figure 7 XRD analysis of pre-filmed Alloy 690 tubing before the metal release test.
© 2015 NIPPON STEEL & SUMITOMO METAL CORPORATION All Rights Reserved.
GDS depth profile
17
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Ele
men
t con
cent
ratio
n (m
ass%
)
Depth (μm)
Dashed line:Before metal release testSolid line:After metal release test
Cr
NiFeO
Mn
0123456789
10
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Elem
ent c
once
ntra
tion
(mas
s%)
Depth (μm)
NiFe
O
Mn
• The oxide film was highly Cr enriched before and after the metal release test.
• Concentrated Ni on the surface before the test considerably decreased with the decrease of Mn, in contrast to the increase of O in the pre-film.
Figure 8 GDS depth profile of pre-filmed Alloy 690 tubing.
Decrease Decrease
Metal
Cr2O3
(Mn, Ni)Cr2O4Pre-film
Before metal release test
2 layers
© 2015 NIPPON STEEL & SUMITOMO METAL CORPORATION All Rights Reserved.
Cross sectional TEM observation
18
• The pre-film on Alloy 690 was stable even at a high flow velocity of 1.7 m/s.
Before metal release test After metal release test
Figure 9 Cross sectional TEM observation of pre-filmed Alloy 690 tubing.
© 2015 NIPPON STEEL & SUMITOMO METAL CORPORATION All Rights Reserved.
4) Discussion
19
4.1) Inhibitory effect of pre-film on Ni release 4.2) Ni release behavior on pre-film
© 2015 NIPPON STEEL & SUMITOMO METAL CORPORATION All Rights Reserved.
Inhibitory effect of pre-film on Ni release
20
• The reaction resistance of metal release was measured by an electrochemical method of anodic polarization resistance.
• Specimens were immersed in autoclaves filled with simulated PWR primary water for 100 h before the electrochemical measurement.
Test solution 0.5 M Na2SO4 Temperature 35°C
Gas Bubbled with Ar gas
Potential From Open circuit potential (OCP) to OCP + 10mV
Potential sweeping rate 2mV/s
Table 3 Test condition of electrochemical measurement
Personal computer
Aqueous solution
C. E.
R. E.
ArInOutPotentiostat
Specimen
© 2015 NIPPON STEEL & SUMITOMO METAL CORPORATION All Rights Reserved.
Inhibitory effect of pre-film on Ni release
21
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
⊿E
(V)
I(μA/cm2)
Pre-f ilmed Alloy 690
Non Pre-f ilmed Alloy 690
• The anodic polarization resistance of pre-filmed Alloy 690 was approximately 10 times higher than that of non pre-filmed Alloy 690.
• This result indicates that pre-filming is protective toward metal release.
Pre-filmed: 8.1 × 10 -1 MΩ∙cm2
Non pre-filmed: 3.3 × 10 -2 MΩ∙cm2
Figure 10 Anodic polarization resistance after immersion test in simulated PWR primary water.
I: Current density
E: Voltage R: Resistance
10 times higher E=IR
(Ohm’s law)
© 2015 NIPPON STEEL & SUMITOMO METAL CORPORATION All Rights Reserved.
Metal
Cr2O3
(Mn, Ni)Cr2O4Pre-film
Metal
Cr2O3 Pre-film
Ni Mn Cr(Mn, Ni)Cr2O4
Before metal release test After metal release test
Ni release behavior on pre-film
22
• A small amount of Ni was released from pre-filmed Alloy 690 at the beginning of the metal release test.
Figure 11 Schematic diagram of Ni release behavior on pre-film.
• The source of Ni released from pre-filmed Alloy 690 could be the surface layer of the pre-film.
• As shown in GDS depth profile, Ni and Mn decreased after the metal release test. It is assumed that Ni in MnCr2O4 is released.
© 2015 NIPPON STEEL & SUMITOMO METAL CORPORATION All Rights Reserved.
Conclusions • It was clarified that the Ni release rate of pre-filmed
Alloy 690 at 1.7 m/s was much lower than that of non pre-filmed Alloy 690 because the pre-film mainly contains Cr2O3 which is protective to Ni release.
• However, a small amount of Ni was released from pre-filmed Alloy 690 at the beginning of the metal release test. The source of the small amount of Ni released from pre-filmed Alloy 690 could be the surface layer of the pre-film.
• It was also clarified that the pre-film on Alloy 690 was stable even at a high flow velocity of 1.7 m/s.
23