metaphor, popular science, and semantic tagging

Metaphor, PopularScience, and

Semantic Tagging

Marc Alexander*, Jean Anderson*, Fraser Dallachy*,Christian Kay*, Scott Piao†, and Paul Rayson†* University of Glasgow, UK † Lancaster University, UK

@marcgalexander @fraserdallachy @samuelsproject

Dr Marc Alexander University of Glasgow

Jean Anderson University of Glasgow

Professor Dawn Archer University of Central Lancashire

Dr Alistair Baron Lancaster University

Professor Jonathan Hope University of Strathclyde

Professor Lesley Jeffries University of Huddersfield

Professor Christian Kay University of Glasgow

Dr Paul Rayson Lancaster University

Dr Brian Walker University of Huddersfield

Brian Aitken University of Glasgow

Dr Fraser Dallachy University of Glasgow

Dr Scott Piao Lancaster University

Professor Mark Davies Brigham Young University

Professor Anthony Johnson Åbo Akademi University

Ilkka Juuso University of Oulu

Professor Tapio Seppänen University of Oulu

Also Oxford University Press and, through a linked project, the University ofWisconsin-Madison and the Folger Shakespeare Library.Also Oxford University Press and, through a linked project, the University ofWisconsin-Madison and the Folger Shakespeare Library.

Data Deluge, Brett Ryder, The Economist, Feb. 2010

Words, words. They’reall we have to go on.

Tom Stoppard (1967), Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead.

01 The world01.01 The earth01.01.01 Region of the earth01.01.02 Geodetic references01.01.03 Direction01.01.04 Land01.01.05 Water01.01.06 Named regions of earth01.01.07 Structure of the earth01.01.08 Minerals01.01.09 Earth science01.01.10 The universe01.01.11 Atmosphere, weather

01.02 Life01.02.00.01 Source/principle of life01.02.00.02 Continuance/tenacity of life01.02.00.03 Giving of life01.02.00.04 Resurrection/revival01.02.00.05 Birth01.02.00.06 Rebirth/regeneration01.02.00.07 Age01.02.00.08 Sex01.02.00.09 Absence of life/consciousness01.02.01 Health and disease01.02.02 Death01.02.03 Biology01.02.04 Plants01.02.05 The body01.02.06 Animals01.02.07 People01.02.08 Food and drink01.02.09 Textiles01.02.10 Clothing01.02.11 Cleanness

01.03 Physical sensibility01.03.00.01 Ability to be perceived by senses01.03.00.02 Acuteness of physical senses01.03.00.03 Aberrant sensory perception01.03.00.04 Physical insensibility01.03.00.05 Sensuous pleasure01.03.00.06 Moderation in sensuous gratification01.03.00.07 Asceticism01.03.01 Sleeping and waking01.03.02 Sexual relations01.03.03 Use of drugs, poison01.03.04 Touch01.03.05 Taste/flavour01.03.06 Smell/odour01.03.07 Sight01.03.08 Hearing/noise

01.04 Matter01.04.01 Alchemy01.04.02 Chemistry01.04.03 Properties of materials01.04.04 Constitution of matter01.04.05 Liquid01.04.06 Gas01.04.07 Physics01.04.08 Light01.04.09 Colour01.04.10 Condition of matter

01.05 Existence in time and space01.05.01 Existence01.05.02 Creation01.05.03 Causation01.05.04 Occurrence01.05.05 Action/operation01.05.06 Time01.05.07 Space01.05.08 Movement

01.06 Relative Properties01.06.01 Relationship01.06.02 Kind/sort01.06.03 Order01.06.04 Number01.06.05 Measurement01.06.06 Quantity/amount01.06.07 Wholeness

01.07 The supernatural01.07.01 The paranormal01.07.02 The occult01.07.03 Supernatural being/spirit01.07.04 Deity

02.01 Mental capacity02.01.01 Spirituality02.01.02 Intellect02.01.03 Consciousness02.01.04 Disposition/character02.01.05 The psyche02.01.06 Thought02.01.07 Perception/cognition02.01.08 Understanding02.01.09 Lack of understanding02.01.10 Intelligibility02.01.11 Memory02.01.12 Knowledge02.01.13 Belief02.01.14 Expectation02.01.15 Attention, judgement02.01.16 Importance02.01.17 Esteem/regard02.01.18 Contempt

02.02 Emotion02.02.01 Seat of the emotions02.02.02 Emotional perception02.02.03 Quality of affecting emotions02.02.04 Effect produced on emotions02.02.05 Emotional attitude 02.02.06 State of feeling/mood02.02.07 Manifestation of emotion02.02.08 Capacity for emotion02.02.09 Sentimentality02.02.10 Absence of emotion02.02.11 Types of emotion02.02.12 Intense/deep emotion02.02.13 Sincere/earnest emotion02.02.14 Zeal/earnest enthusiasm02.02.15 Strong feeling/passion02.02.16 Violent emotion02.02.17 Excitement02.02.18 Composure/calmness02.02.19 Pleasure/enjoyment02.02.20 Mental pain/suffering02.02.21 Anger02.02.22 Love02.02.23 Hatred/enmity02.02.24 Indifference02.02.25 Pity/compassion02.02.26 Jealousy/envy02.02.27 Gratitude02.02.28 Pride02.02.29 Humility02.02.30 Fear02.02.31 Courage

02.03 Philosophy02.03.01 Philosopher02.03.02 Ancient Greek philosophy02.03.03 Scholasticism02.03.04 Philosophy of history02.03.05 Metaphysics02.03.06 Epistemology02.03.07 Idealism02.03.08 Subjective idealism/subjectivism02.03.09 Philosophy of reflection of self02.03.10 Absolute idealism

02.03.11 Philosophy of mind-body interrelation02.03.12 Rationalism02.03.13 Scepticism02.03.14 Materialism02.03.15 Naturalism02.03.16 Pantheism02.03.17 German romanticism02.03.18 Aesthetics02.03.19 Philosophy of will02.03.20 Existentialism02.03.21 Philosophy of optimism02.03.22 Philosophy of pessimism02.03.23 Moral philosophy02.03.24 Pragmatism02.03.25 Theoretical scientific philosophy02.03.26 Empiricism02.03.27 Logic02.03.28 Philosophy of Language02.03.29 Mathematical philosophy

02.04 Aesthetics02.04.01 Aesthetic appreciation/good taste02.04.02 Lack of taste/bad taste02.04.03 Fashionableness02.04.04 Unfashionableness02.04.05 Beauty02.04.06 Attractiveness02.04.07 Beautification02.04.08 Lack of beauty

02.05 Will/faculty of will02.05.01 Free will02.05.02 Necessity02.05.03 Will/wish/inclination02.05.04 Intention 02.05.05 Resolving/making a decision02.05.06 Motivation

02.06 Refusal/denial

02.07 Having/possession02.07.01 Owning02.07.02 Possessor02.07.03 Possessions/property02.07.04 Non-possession/not having02.07.05 Wealth02.07.06 Poverty02.07.07 Sharing02.07.08 Obtaining/acquiring02.07.09 Loss02.07.10 Retaining/keeping02.07.11 Relinquishment02.07.12 Giving02.07.13 Taking02.07.14 Provision/supply

02.08 Language02.08.01 A language02.08.02 Languages of the world02.08.03 Speech/act of speaking02.08.04 Study of language02.08.05 Naming02.08.06 Statement02.08.07 Malediction/curse

03.01 Society/the community03.01.01 Kinship/relationship03.01.02 Study of society03.01.03 Society in relation to customs/values/beliefs03.01.04 Social communication/relations03.01.05 Social attitudes03.01.06 Social class/rank03.01.07 Dissension/discord

03.02 Inhabiting/dwelling03.02.01 Inhabiting type of place03.02.02 Inhabiting/dwelling temporarily03.02.03 Providing with dwelling place03.02.04 Removing from dwelling place03.02.05 Furnishing with inhabitants03.02.06 Inhabitant/resident03.02.07 Inhabited place

03.03 Armed hostility03.03.01 War03.03.02 Armed encounter03.03.03 Victory in arms03.03.04 Defeat03.03.05 Attack/assault03.03.06 Defence03.03.07 Military operation(s)03.03.08 Drill/training03.03.09 Military administration & organization03.03.10 Military life/service03.03.11 Military force/power03.03.12 Military forces03.03.13 Band of warriors/armed men03.03.14 Person/nation/party waging war03.03.15 Fighting man/warrior03.03.16 Military equipment03.03.17 Hostilities at sea03.03.18 Hostilities in the air03.03.19 Peace/absence of war

03.04 Authority03.04.01 Power03.04.02 Command 03.04.03 Control03.04.04 Strictness03.04.05 Lack of strictness03.04.06 Rule/government03.04.07 Office03.04.08 Exercise of authority03.04.09 Fact of being subject to authority03.04.10 Lack of subjection/submission03.04.11 Lack of power/authority03.04.12 Punishment03.04.13 Law

03.05 Morality03.05.01 Duty/obligation03.05.02 Dueness/propriety03.05.03 Rightness/justice03.05.04 Virtue03.05.05 Moral evil

03.06 Education03.06.01 Upbringing03.06.02 Teaching03.06.03 Learning03.06.04 Member of university03.06.05 Educational administration03.06.06 Place of education03.06.07 Theories of education

03.07 Faith03.07.00.01 Creed03.07.00.02 Doctrine03.07.00.03 Tradition03.07.00.04 Communion03.07.00.05 Religion03.07.00.06 Theism03.07.00.07 Belief in Devil/devils/demons03.07.00.08 Orthodoxy03.07.00.09 Heterodoxy03.07.00.10 Free-thought03.07.00.11 Superstition03.07.00.12 Heresy

03.07.00.13 Conformity03.07.00.14 Non-conformity03.07.00.15 Apostasy03.07.00.16 Sectarianism03.07.00.17 Catholicity03.07.00.18 Bible, scripture03.07.00.19 Patristics03.07.00.20 Law03.07.00.21 Theology03.07.00.22 Holiness03.07.00.23 Piety03.07.00.24 Spirituality03.07.01 Sect03.07.02 Church government03.07.03 Worship03.07.04 Artefacts

03.08 Communication03.08.01 Expression03.08.02 Manifestation03.08.03 Representation03.08.04 Indication03.08.05 Information03.08.06 Record03.08.07 Writing03.08.08 Printing03.08.09 Reading03.08.10 Book03.08.11 Journalism03.08.12 Broadcasting03.08.13 Correspondence03.08.14 Telecommunication

03.09 Travel/travelling03.09.00.01 A journey03.09.00.02 Traveller03.09.00.03 Condition of not travelling03.09.00.04 Travel in specific course/direction03.09.00.05 Travel from place to place03.09.00.06 Departure/leaving/going away03.09.00.07 Arrival03.09.00.08 Return03.09.00.09 Guidance in travel03.09.00.10 Authorization to travel to/from/in a country03.09.00.11 Going on foot03.09.01 Transport03.09.02 Means of travel/transport03.09.03 Travel by railway03.09.04 Navigation03.09.05 Air/space travel

03.10 Occupation/work03.10.01 Work03.10.02 A position/situation/office03.10.03 Function/duty03.10.04 Following an occupation03.10.05 Business/transactions03.10.06 Industry03.10.07 Study/science of work03.10.08 Condition of not working03.10.09 Worker03.10.10 Workplace03.10.11 Equipment for work03.10.12 Materials03.10.13 Trade and commerce

03.11 Leisure03.11.01 Amusement/entertainment03.11.02 Social event03.11.03 The Arts/Art03.11.04 Sport 03.11.05 Dance

The Historical Thesaurus

of the OED is unique

—the largest thesaurus

in the world and the first

historical thesaurus to be

created in any language.

Based on the Oxford

English Dictionary, it

contains every word in

English from Old English

to the present, allowing

users to explore words

connected in meaning

throughout the history

of the language.

Professor Christian J Kay, MA, AM, DipGenLing

Illaor sectem exero deliquat. Min ulput nonsequ amconse quiscidunt ing etum zzrit lore erosto odo commy num ex eraessit nim dionulla facinci blaorem nos nostisc illaorperate tionse tat. Duipis nonsequat lore ea consequis atueros enim dunt nostiscing er at, conse conse consequipit vendion.

Professor Jane Roberts, MA, DPhil, DLitt, HDipEd

Xer acidunt esendrem voluptat alis alismodiat velit, volut autpatie tatinci psusting et lore tio dolenibh euis accummodolor summodigna con erit ad eugiam, quating ercil et, sectem vulputatie vulpute volore tio do consed tem irit in volenibh exer si.

Professor Michael L Samuels, MA, DLitt, FRSE

Sumsan hendit luptat vel utpat. Dui blaorperat augiamcommy nibh ex elissit am, consenim in utat aliscil iril ut luptat non ver inim vel et, velenit et esenis ea feumsandigna core feugiametue core modion endiam vel utatem venis et dolor si bla facipis am, quat, consed ea feumsandreet vent lore con.

Irené A W Wotherspoon, MA, Mlitt

Feumsandigna core feugiametue core modion endiam vel utatem venis et dolor si bla facipis am, quat, consed ea feumsandreet vent lore con ut la feugueratem essequat, sit praesenibh el ute eu feum deleniam esendio erit nullandigna acinisc iduipit iure dolobor ercilla corero odolessed magnit.

The H I S TO R I C A L TH E SAURU S of the Oxford English Dictionary

main category number, part of speech, heading

synonyms in chronological orderlabel showing geographical area

subcategory number and heading

indicates that word Is only found in Old English

03 Society 03.01 Society/the community

1541; 16331651– a 1693 02.05 great-

great-great-grandfather oe 1747– 03 grandmother

oe – c 1425 a 1225–1424– c 1425–1609 ( Scots & N. English ) c 1440–1628 1663–1749– c 1844– 1863–1867– ( colloq. ) 1940– ( colloq. ) 03.01 condition of

1846 03.02 step-grandmother

1839 03.03 great-grandmother

oe 1530–1538–1665 03.04 great-(great-)grandmother

1679; 1863 03.05 great-great-grandmother

oe 18191825/7– 03.06 great-great-

great-grandmother oe 04 great(-great)

grandparent 1905– ( colloq. )

03.01.01.03.03 adj. Pertaining to a grandparent1903– 01 to a grandfather

1824– 1844– 02 to a grandmother

1790/1811– 1842–03 grand-/great- oe

03.01.01.03.03 vi. Be a grandparent01 be a grandmother 1901–

03.01.01.03.03 vt. Be a grandparent01 be a grandmother of 1901– 02 deprive

of a grandfather 1748

03.01.01.03.04 n. Grandchild c 1470– ( Scots ) 1587–

1927– ( NZ ) 01 state of having grandparents

1889– 02 great-grandchild

1701 ( Scots ) ; 1786 ( Scots ) 1753–03 great-(great-)grandchild 1905– ( colloq. ) 04 grandson oe oe oe ; c 1440–1534 1297–1699 1533; 1536

1535 1570 ( Scots ) 1586–1625 04.01 step-grandson

1900– 04.02 great-grandson oe c 1425–1623 ( Scots ) ; 1658 ( Dict. )

1536 ( Scots ) 1716–1729 ( Scots ) 04.03 great-great-grandson

oe 04.04 great-great-great-grandson

oe 05 grand-daughter oe oe 1297– 1611– 05.01 step-granddaughter

1898– 05.02 great-granddaughter

oe 1753–05.03 great-great-granddaughter oe

1896– 05.04 great-great-

great-granddaughter oe

03.01.01.03.04 adj. Having feelings be tting a grandchild

1922–

03.01.01.03.05 n. Sibling1903– ( chie y Anthropology ) 1919–

01 collectively 1889– 1919– ( Biology &

Medicine/Obstetrics ) 02 having both parents in common

1508– 03 having one parent in common

1903– 03.01 relationship of 1553–03.02 having same father 1880 ( Roman

Law ) 03.03 having same mother oe 1432/50

03.01.01.03.05 adj. Pertaining to siblings01 having same parents oe oe

1340– 1882– 02 having same

father oe 1861 ( Roman

Law ) 1880 ( Roman Law ) 03 having same

mother oe oe 1432/50–1579/80–1669

1591–1756 04 elder

1851– 05 younger 1611–1876–

03.01.01.03.05.01 n. Brother oe oe – a 1666;

1860– ( colloq. ) 1881– ( colloq., orig. US ) 1898– 01 collectively oe

oe – c 1205 a 1635 02 whole brother

oe oe

1340– 1377– 02.01 collectively

oe 03 half-brother

c 1330– 03.01 by same father oe 1880 03.02 by same mother

1647– a 1661 04 bastard brother

oe 05 stepbrother

1440– 1933 ( colloq. ) 06 twin-brother

1598– 07 younger brother 1610–1827–1856 1895– ( orig. US ) 08 foster-brother

oe – 13821470/85 1526

1735; 1828 09 with same godfather 157110 brother-in-law oe c 1300–

1677 1865–1898 11 father of son-

/daughter-in-law 1611

03.01.01.03.05.01.01 n. Relationship of brothers oe a 1300; 1526; 1594

1390; 1582–1669 c 1450– 01 quality

1470/85– 1893 01.01 lack of

1647; 1885 02 personality of brother

c 1400–1635 03 condition of step-brother

1869 04 condition of foster-brother

1886 05 condition of brother-in-law

1840

03.01.01.03.05.01.01 adj. Brotherly oe – c 1470

1494– 1570– 1889 01 not

1586– 1594–1667; 1877–1865– 02 caused by brothers

1850 03 elder brother 1947– 04 younger

brother 1885 05 having no brother

oe 1460–18651798

03.01.01.03.05.01.01 adv. In a brotherly manner1526– 1611– 1837;

1859 1890 01 not 1574– a 1635

03.01.01.03.05.01.01 vi. Act as a brother a 1648

03.01.01.03.05.01.01 vt. Be brother to c 1600 01 treat as/call brother 1584; 1706;

1820 1881 02 make a brother of

c 1825 03 provide with brother(s) 1752

03.01.01.03.05.02 n. Sister oe – 1275–1390 1656;

1808– ( colloq. ) 1725– ( Scots colloq. ) 1846– ( colloq. ) 1925– ( slang ) 01 collectively

oe oe 02 whole sister

1377– 1382–1570 03 half-

sister c 1205– 04 step-sister

c 1440– 05 twin-sister 1707– 06 younger

sister 1679 1920– ( orig. US ) 07 foster-

sister 1649; 1840– 08 same godparents

1496 09 sister-in-law oe c 1440– 10 mother-in-law of daughter

1701 11 sister & wife 1743–1853 12 one

regarded as sister oe – 13 sisterly

condition/relationship 1390– c 14001390– 13.01 of twins 1824 14 sisterly

quality 1879– 14.01 lack of

1748– 15 addressing as sister 1818

03.01.01.03.05.02 adj. Sisterly1570– 1597– 1836–

1838– 1864 01 not 1747– 02 that

is a sister 1819 03 by one’s sister 165404 younger sister 1864 05 having no

sister 1738–1860 1856–

03.01.01.03.05.02 adv. In a sisterly manner1576– 1616– 1825–

03.01.01.03.05.02 vi. Be a sister01 call each other sister c 1603 02 be provided

with sister 1752

03.01.01.03.05.02 vt. Be sister to1608– ( chie y g. ) 01 treat as sister 1871–

1875– 02 call sister 1663–03 deprive of a sister 1875

03.01.01.03.06 n. Uncle oe –1855 ( N. English & Scots dial. ) c 1290–

c 1450; 1696 ( dial. ) 1589; 15891589– a 1652; 1684– ( dial. ) c 1589–1760; 1838– ( dial. )

1798– 1822– ( S. Afr. ) 1841–1907– ( colloq. ) 01 as form of address

c 1374– 02 paternal uncle oe 03 maternal

uncle oe 1871– ( Anthropology ) 03.01 collectively/relationship

1920– ( Anthropology ) 04 great-/grand-uncle

1438– a 1547; a 1850– 1475; 1777– 05 step-uncle

1812– 06 husband of aunt

1561–1779 07 uncle & nephew oe oe 08 condition of uncle

1742– 1844 1846 1937

03.01.01.03.06 adj. Pertaining to an uncle1831– 1847 1928–

03.01.01.03.06 adv. In the manner of an uncle1957

03.01.01.03.06 vi. Act as uncle1662

03.01.01.03.06 vt. Uncle01 deprive of an uncle 1748

03.01.01.03.07 n. Aunt1297– c 1440 1621–1823

1777; 1888 ( dial. ) 1792– 1815–1845– ( S. Afr. ) 1958– ( S. Afr.

colloq. ) 01 paternal aunt oe 02 maternal aunt

oe 03 great-/grand-aunt 1656; 1870– c 1800– 04 older friend regarded as

1937– 05 unmarried 1709–06 condition of aunt 1862 1870

03.01.01.03.07 adj. Pertaining to an aunt1823 ( humorous ) 1844–

1874 ( humorous )

03.01.01.03.08 n. Nephew/niece oe 1596–1763 ( Scots ) 01 nephew

oe oe oe – c 1540 oe –1680; 1955

1297– 1387 c 1500– a 1592 1533–1569; 1889 1535 01.01 half-nephew

1824– 01.02 son of one’s nephew/niece

a 1632; 1826– 01.03 one’s son’s/daughter’s nephew

1581– 16111927– ( NZ ) 01.04 nephew-in-law

1838– 01.04.01 about to become 183401.05 condition of nephew 1647– 02 niece

oe oe oe – c 15001297– 1494–1585 02.01 half-niece

1824– 02.02 daughter of one’s nephew/niece

c 1250 1542–1543 1543–15451830– 02.03 one’s son’s/daughter’s niece

1884 1927– ( NZ ) 02.04 step-

niece 1852– 02.05 niece-in-law

a 1556 02.06 condition of niece 1834

03.01.01.03.08 adj. Pertaining to a nephew/niece01 to a nephew 1837– 1873 02 having

no niece 1892

03.01.01.03.09 n. Cousin oe oe oe

c 1290– c 1314; a 1555 c 1380– ( chie y Law & technical ) 15981794 01 collectively a 1797–1845– 1874 01.01 brothers’ children

1656 01.02 sisters’ children

oe 02 female cousin oe 03 young

male cousin 1878 04 father’s sister’s son

oe 05 rst cousin 1660–1886 06 child of father’s sister/mother’s

brother 1932– 07 one of children of

two sisters/brothers 1918– 08 step-

cousin 1876– 09 cousin’s wife/husband

1874– 10 parent’s rst cousin

1747– 1878 11 child of parent’s

cousin 1871 12 child of rst cousin

1494; 16671660– 1688– 13 son of

cousin oe 14 parent’s second cousin

03.01.01.03.09

order of parts of speech n. adj. adv. v. vi. v. pass. vt. v. refl. v. impers. phr. int. conj. prep. 1221

1214-1279_HTE_Main Text_section31221 1221 11/27/08 8:59:07 PM

01

The Earth

01 The Earth

02

The Mind

03

Society

02 The Mind

03 Society

A sample entry from the Historical Thesaurus:

The twenty volume set of the Oxford English Dictionary

Disambiguation

01.02.02.03.05.02.07|04 n Health and disease Medicinal potion/draught :: medicated wine wine 1652–01.02.05.13.09.02.02|06.14 n Plants Tree/plant producing edible berries :: grape-vine wine 1340/70–163201.02.09.02.02.02 n Food and drink Wine wine OE–01.02.09.02.02.02.12 n Food and drink Non-grape and home-made wines wine 1398–01.02.09.02.14.01|08 vt Make wine store wine/stock cellar wine c164501.02.09.02.19|05 vt Provide/serve (with) drink supply with specific drink wine 1862–01.02.09.02.20.01|18 n Food and drink Drinking vessel :: glass wine 1848–

01.02.09.02.21|10.09 vi Drink drink intoxicating liquor :: drink winewine(and dine) 1829–

01.04.09.07.03|02.02 n Colour Red/redness :: shades of red :: deep red /crimson wine 1895–01.04.09.07.03|07 aj Pertaining to colour Red :: deep red/crimson wine 1950–01.05.05.12.01.03.02|02.03 n Action/operation Patronage :: patron :: as lord/protector wine OE

01.05.05.15.01.05|17.06.03 n Action/operation Care/protection :: protector :: one who looks after a lord wine OE

02.02.22.12|01 n Love One who loves/a lover :: male lover wine OE02.02.22.15|14 n Love Friendliness :: friend wine OE–148102.02.22.15|14.19 n Love Friendliness :: friend :: friendly/gracious lord wine OE03.04.09.02.01.02.02|09 n Being subject to authority Attendant :: confidential servant/companion wine OE03.07.05.15.07.02 n Artefacts Wine wine OE–03.11.02.05.01|11 n Social event Party :: drinking-party wine 1857–

Disambiguation

Semantic Context Distance01.02.02.03.05.02.07|04 n Health and disease Medicinal potion/draught :: medicated wine wine 1652–01.02.05.13.09.02.02|06.14 n Plants Tree/plant producing edible berries :: grape-vine wine 1340/70–163201.02.09.02.02.02 n Food and drink Wine wine OE–01.02.09.02.02.02.12 n Food and drink Non-grape and home-made wines wine 1398–01.02.09.02.14.01|08 vt Make wine store wine/stock cellar wine c164501.02.09.02.19|05 vt Provide/serve (with) drink supply with specific drink wine 1862–01.02.09.02.20.01|18 n Food and drink Drinking vessel :: glass wine 1848–





Disambiguation

Semantic Context Distance01.02.02.03.05.02.07|04 n Health and disease Medicinal potion/draught :: medicated wine wine 1652–01.02.05.13.09.02.02|06.14 n Plants Tree/plant producing edible berries :: grape-vine wine 1340/70–163201.02.09.02.02.02 n Food and drink Wine wine OE–01.02.09.02.02.02.12 n Food and drink Non-grape and home-made wines wine 1398–01.02.09.02.14.01|08 vt Make wine store wine/stock cellar wine c164501.02.09.02.19|05 vt Provide/serve (with) drink supply with specific drink wine 1862–01.02.09.02.20.01|18 n Food and drink Drinking vessel :: glass wine 1848–





01.02.09.02.02.02

01.04.09.07.03|02.02

02.02.22.15|14

03.11.02.05.01|11

Disambiguation

Time Filtering01.02.02.03.05.02.07|04 n Health and disease Medicinal potion/draught :: medicated wine wine 1652–01.02.05.13.09.02.02|06.14 n Plants Tree/plant producing edible berries :: grape-vine wine 1340/70–163201.02.09.02.02.02 n Food and drink Wine wine OE–01.02.09.02.02.02.12 n Food and drink Non-grape and home-made wines wine 1398–01.02.09.02.14.01|08 vt Make wine store wine/stock cellar wine c164501.02.09.02.19|05 vt Provide/serve (with) drink supply with specific drink wine 1862–01.02.09.02.20.01|18 n Food and drink Drinking vessel :: glass wine 1848–





Disambiguation

Time Filtering (Present Day)01.02.02.03.05.02.07|04 n Health and disease Medicinal potion/draught :: medicated wine wine 1652–01.02.05.13.09.02.02|06.14 n Plants Tree/plant producing edible berries :: grape-vine wine 1340/70–163201.02.09.02.02.02 n Food and drink Wine wine OE–01.02.09.02.02.02.12 n Food and drink Non-grape and home-made wines wine 1398–01.02.09.02.14.01|08 vt Make wine store wine/stock cellar wine c164501.02.09.02.19|05 vt Provide/serve (with) drink supply with specific drink wine 1862–01.02.09.02.20.01|18 n Food and drink Drinking vessel :: glass wine 1848–


01.04.09.07.03|02.02 n Colour Red/redness:: shades of red:: deep red /crimson wine 1895–01.04.09.07.03|07 aj Pertaining to colour Red :: deep red/crimson wine 1950–01.05.05.12.01.03.02|02.03 n Action/operation Patronage :: patron :: as lord/protector wine OE



Disambiguation

Time Filtering (1400)01.02.02.03.05.02.07|04 n Health and disease Medicinal potion/draught :: medicated wine wine 1652–01.02.05.13.09.02.02|06.14 n Plants Plant producing edible berries:: grape-vine wine 1340/70–163201.02.09.02.02.02 n Food and drink Wine wine OE–01.02.09.02.02.02.12 n Food and drink Non-grape and home-made wines wine 1398–01.02.09.02.14.01|08 vt Make wine store wine/stock cellar wine c164501.02.09.02.19|05 vt Provide/serve (with) drink supply with specific drink wine 1862–01.02.09.02.20.01|18 n Food and drink Drinking vessel :: glass wine 1848–





Disambiguation

Polyseme Density01.02.02.03.05.02.07|04 n Health and disease Medicinal potion/draught :: medicated wine wine 1652–01.02.05.13.09.02.02|06.14 n Plants Tree/plant producing edible berries :: grape-vine wine 1340/70–163201.02.09.02.02.02 n Food and drink Wine wine OE–01.02.09.02.02.02.12 n Food and drink Non-grape and home-made wines wine 1398–01.02.09.02.14.01|08 vt Make wine store wine/stock cellar wine c164501.02.09.02.19|05 vt Provide/serve (with) drink supply with specific drink wine 1862–01.02.09.02.20.01|18 n Food and drink Drinking vessel :: glass wine 1848–





Disambiguation

Polyseme Density01.02.02.03.05.02.07|04 n Health and disease Medicinal potion/draught :: medicated wine wine 1652–01.02.05.13.09.02.02|06.14 n Plants Plant producing edible berries :: grape-vine wine 1340/70–163201.02.09.02.02.02 n Food and drink Wine wine OE–01.02.09.02.02.02.12 n Food and drink Non-grape and home-made wines wine 1398–01.02.09.02.14.01|08 vt Make wine store wine/stock cellar wine c164501.02.09.02.19|05 vt Provide/serve (with) drink supply with specific drink wine 1862–01.02.09.02.20.01|18 n Food and drink Drinking vessel :: glass wine 1848–





Disambiguation

Human Scale Distance01.02.02.03.05.02.07|04 n Health and disease Medicinal potion/draught :: medicated wine wine 1652–01.02.05.13.09.02.02|06.14 n Plants Tree/plant producing edible berries :: grape-vine wine 1340/70–163201.02.09.02.02.02 n Food and drink Wine wine OE–01.02.09.02.02.02.12 n Food and drink Non-grape and home-made wines wine 1398–01.02.09.02.14.01|08 vt Make wine store wine/stock cellar wine c164501.02.09.02.19|05 vt Provide/serve (with) drink supply with specific drink wine 1862–01.02.09.02.20.01|18 n Food and drink Drinking vessel :: glass wine 1848–





hsd2.5

1

01

0.5

0.5

0.5

1

1

0.5

2

1.5

0.5

0.5

1

2.5

00.5

Disambiguation

Other Methods

Disambiguation

Other MethodsHighly polysemous words

Disambiguation


set (345 meanings), run (302), strike (256), fall (206), cast (187), round (179), turn (174), point (169), slip (165), pass (160), shoot (159), take (158)...

Disambiguation



eg, take (199 results) – likely to be 02.07.13 (‘move a thing from an initial place into one’s possession’)

Disambiguation




Template rules

Disambiguation




Template ruleseg, sneeze usually 01.02.02.01.04.18.14|02 vi ‘have

respiratory spasm’, but if in a structure sneeze NP PP (eg ‘sneeze the napkin off the table’) then tag as 01.02.02.01.04.18.14|03 vt ‘eject/cast by sneezing’

http://historicalthesaurus.arts.gla.ac.uk/category/?id=10671&qsearch=sneeze&word=sneeze&page=1


Disambiguation






Topic identification



Disambiguation






Topic identificationCollocation/machine learning (OED)



The Fabric of the CosmosRelevant: 01.05.07 Space (LL 13655.8) 01.05.07.01 Distance (LL 6344.8) 01.04.07.05.04.08 Photon (LL 4912.5) 01.05.06.07 Computation of time (LL 3603.5)

Analogical: 01.02.09.15 Spinning textiles (LL 3193.5) 03.11.03.01.08.02 Stringed instruments (LL 2277.7) 03.11.03.02.09.14 Pattern/design (LL 1949.8) 01.02.09.14.01.03 Woven fabric (LL 1922.2)

Since we speak of the ‘fabric’ of spacetime, the suggestion goes, maybe spacetime is stitched out of strings much as a shirt is stitched out of thread. That is, much as joining numerous threads together in an appropriate pattern produces a shirt’s fabric, maybe joining numerous strings together in an appropriate pattern produces what we commonly call spacetime’s fabric. Matter, like you and me, would then amount to additional agglomerations of vibrating strings.

Greene 2004: 486-7

0

5

10

15

20

FC001.txt

FC009.txt

FC020.txt

FC031.txt

FC040.txt

FC050.txt

FC060.txt

FC069.txt

FC079.txt

FC087.txt

FC095.txt

FC108.txt

FC118.txt

FC154.txt

FC163.txt

FC174.txt

FC186.txt

FC201.txt

FC216.txt

FC229.txt

FC244.txt

FC263.txt

FC273.txt

FC282.txt

FC295.txt

FC313.txt

FC329.txt

FC336.txt

FC349.txt

FC359.txt

FC374.txt

FC390.txt

FC398.txt

FC410.txt

FC417.txt

FC424.txt

FC431.txt

FC439.txt

FC446.txt

FC453.txt

FC460.txt

FC467.txt

FC474.txt

FC487.txt

FC496.txt

FC510.txt

FC520.txt

FC537.txt

FC550.txt

FC558.txt

FC569.txt

FC577.txt

FC584.txt

FC591.txt

Figure 5: FC Analogical Textual Clusters

Frequency

Filename

fabric feel figure new region sense string

The Music of the PrimesAnalogical: 01.05.07.01.01 Distance/farness 01.05.07.06 Direction

Frequent lexical items: way far line level point

Gauss’s two-dimensional map of imaginary numbers charts the numbers that we shall feed into the zeta function. The north-south axis keeps track of how many steps we take in the imaginary direction, whilst the east west axis charts the real numbers. We can lay this map out flat on a table. What we want to do is to create a physical landscape situated in the space above this map. The shadow of the zeta function will then turn into a physical object whose peaks and valleys we can explore.

Sautoy 2003: 85

0

7.5

15.0

22.5

30.0MP003.txt

MP010.txt

MP018.txt

MP026.txt

MP032.txt

MP039.txt

MP046.txt

MP057.txt

MP062.txt

MP068.txt

MP074.txt

MP083.txt

MP088.txt

MP093.txt

MP099.txt

MP105.txt

MP111.txt

MP119.txt

MP127.txt

MP135.txt

MP143.txt

MP149.txt

MP157.txt

MP162.txt

MP170.txt

MP175.txt

MP183.txt

MP189.txt

MP195.txt

MP202.txt

MP208.txt

MP216.txt

MP221.txt

MP226.txt

MP231.txt

MP240.txt

MP246.txt

MP252.txt

MP258.txt

MP263.txt

MP269.txt

MP277.txt

MP282.txt

MP288.txt

MP293.txt

MP298.txt

MP305.txt

MP310.txt

MP317.txt

MP324.txt

Figure 7: MP Analogical Textual Clusters

Frequency

Filename

far level line point way

www.glasgow.ac.uk/samuelsQuestions: [email protected]

SAMUELS Alpha Test Site:http://is.gd/samuels

http://www.glasgow.ac.uk/samuels

http://www.glasgow.ac.uk/samuels

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

http://goo.gl/8srV1Q

http://goo.gl/8srV1Q

EEBO-TCP Corpus (40,000 Early Modern English

texts; almost all the books and pamphlets published in English before 1700)

Hansard Corpus (2.3 billion words; approximately

every word uttered in Parliament over the past two hundred years)

strike

276 meanings including phrases, 181 meanings on own

01.02.01.01.05.02|03.05 n

Health and disease :: Disorders of cattle/horse/sheep :: disorders of cattle/sheep :: other disorders strike (1933–)01.02.01.03.04.14|02 vt

Make healthy :: Practise physiotherapy :: rub/stroke with hands strike (1400 + 1611 + 1886 dial.)01.02.02.04.03|07 vt

Come by death :: Kill by specific method :: by poisoning strike (1592–1621)01.02.04.10.08|01 viPlant :: Be a root :: grow (as root) strike (1682–)01.02.06.18.05.02|04 n

Animals :: Suborder Ophidia (snakes) :: act of darting at prey strike (1879–)01.04.03.03.02.03|12.06 vt

Burn/consume by fire :: kindle/set alight :: produce (fire/spark) by striking strike (c1450– also fig.)01.04.09.03.03|01 vi

Dye :: sink in strike (c1790–)01.05.06.06.01|04 vt

Time :: Clock :: strike strike (1417–)03.10.04.03|05 vi

Carry on an occupation/work :: Participate in labour relations :: strike strike (1768–)

http://historicalthesaurus.arts.gla.ac.uk/category/?id=8642&qsearch=strike&word=strike&page=1






















































Disambiguation

POS Filtering01.02.02.03.05.02.07|04 n Health and disease Medicinal potion/draught :: medicated wine wine 1652–01.02.05.13.09.02.02|06.14 n Plants Tree/plant producing edible berries :: grape-vine wine 1340/70–163201.02.09.02.02.02 n Food and drink Wine wine OE–01.02.09.02.02.02.12 n Food and drink Non-grape and home-made wines wine 1398–01.02.09.02.14.01|08 vt Make wine store wine/stock cellar wine c164501.02.09.02.19|05 vt Provide/serve (with) drink supply with specific drink wine 1862–01.02.09.02.20.01|18 n Food and drink Drinking vessel :: glass wine 1848–





Disambiguation

MWE Resolution01.02.02.03.05.02.07|04 n Health and disease Medicinal potion/draught :: medicated wine wine 1652–01.02.05.13.09.02.02|06.14 n Plants Tree/plant producing edible berries :: grape-vine wine 1340/70–163201.02.09.02.02.02 n Food and drink Wine wine OE–01.02.09.02.02.02.12 n Food and drink Non-grape and home-made wines wine 1398–01.02.09.02.14.01|08 vt Make wine store wine/stock cellar wine c164501.02.09.02.19|05 vt Provide/serve (with) drink supply with specific drink wine 1862–01.02.09.02.20.01|18 n Food and drink Drinking vessel :: glass wine 1848–





Disambiguation

POS Filtering01.02.02.03.05.02.07|04 n Health and disease Medicinal potion/draught :: medicated wine wine 1652–01.02.05.13.09.02.02|06.14 n Plants Tree/plant producing edible berries :: grape-vine wine 1340/70–163201.02.09.02.02.02 n Food and drink Wine wine OE–01.02.09.02.02.02.12 n Food and drink Non-grape and home-made wines wine 1398–01.02.09.02.14.01|08 vt Make wine store wine/stock cellar wine c164501.02.09.02.19|05 vt Provide/serve (with) drink supply with specific drink wine 1862–01.02.09.02.20.01|18 n Food and drink Drinking vessel :: glass wine 1848–





metaphor, popular science, and semantic tagging

Education

uk lancaster university

university ofwisconsinmadison

sourceprinciple of life01

continuancetenacity

folger shakespeare library

physical insensibility01

acuteness of physical

physical sensibility01

￼metaphor, popular science, and semantic tagging

metaphor, popular science, and semantic tagging