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KH TNG HNG HI.

GV NGUYN MNH HNG.

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KH TNG HNG HI .

1.KH TNG HC.

2.HI DNG HC.

3.CNG TC KH TNG TRN TU.

4.LP K HOCH HNH TRNH .

5.TI LIU THAM KHO.


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1.KH TNG HC.

1.1.Kh quyn.

1.2.Hi nc trong kh quyn.

1.3.My,ma.

1.4.Kh p.1.5.Gi.

1.6.Kh on.

1.7.Front.1.8.Bo nhit i.


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2.HI DNG HC.

2.1.i dng.

2.2.hi lu.

2.3.sng bin.2.4.thu triu.

2.5.Bng bin.


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3.CNG TC KH TNG TRN

TU.3.1.Cng tc quan trc.

3.2.Cng tc thu thp cc thng tin thi

tit trn tu.3.3.Cng tc phn tch v d bo thi tit

trn tu.


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4.1.Mc tiu.

4.2.Chn tuyn.


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5.TI LIU THAM KHO.

5.1.Meteology for seafares.5.2.Admiralty manual of navigation (BR 45) .5.3.American Practical Navigator NATHANIEL

BOWDITCH5.4.Practical navigation for 2nd mate -A.FROST, B.Sc., MASTER MARINER, M.R.I.N.

5.5.Cornell blue book of questions andanswers for third mates W.A. MacEWEN,

MASTER MARINER5.6. S tay hng dn nghip v hng hi

TIU VN KINH.


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5.TI LIU THAM KHO.

5.7.Mariner handbook

5.8.Meteorology for mariners.

5.9.Handbook of meteorology.5.10.Ocean passages for the world.

5.11.Routeing charts.

5.12.Pilot charts.


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1.1.Kh quyn.

1.1.1.c im:-Kh quyn l hn hp kh bao quanh tri t v

c tri t gi li bi lc hp dn.

-Mt kh quyn gim dn theo cao tnh tmt t.

1.1.2.Phn b kh quyn theo chiu thng ng:.1.Tng i lu(Troposphere):0-18km, khng kh

chuyn ng i lu v hn lon ,ni din racc hot ng thi tit, nhit h theo cao,c 6-7C trn 1 km cao.


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1.1.Kh quyn.

p sut khng kh tng i lu cng gimmnh theo cao, cao 5 km p sut cn , cao 10 km l so vi mt t.

.2.Tng bnh lu(Stratosphere): 18-35km, khngkh khng chuyn ng theo chiu thng ngm chuyn ng theo chiu ngang.

.3.Tng trung gian(Mesosphere):35-85km, Chuynng i lu ca khng kh din ra mnh, nhit

gim khi chiu cao tng..4.Tng nhit(Thermosphere):85-800km, nhit ca kh quyn rt cao ,


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1.1.Kh quyn.

khng kh trng thi in ly cao, mt ion dy c, c th phn x sng in t.

.5.Tng ngoi cng :ln hn 800km, khngc ranh gii r rt vi bn ngoi khnggian, lc hp dn ca tri t yu, cccht im ca khng kh thot vo khng

gian, khng truyn sng m.


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1.1.Kh quyn.

1.1.3.Nhit khng kh.

.1.Thang nhit .

Kelvin . [C] = [K] 273.15

[F] = [K] 95 459.67

[K] = [C] + 273.15 [K] = ([F] + 459.67) 59


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1.1.Kh quyn.

Celsius (Centigrade) . [F] = [C] 95 + 32 [C] = ([F] 32) 59

[K] = [C] + 273.15 [C] = [K] 273.15 Fahrenheit . [C] = ([F] 32) 59

[F] = [C] 95 + 32 [K] = ([F] + 459.67) 59 [F] = [K] 95 459.67


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1.1.Kh quyn.

.2.Trao i nhit.

Trao i nhitl hnh thc truyn nhit

t vt ny sang vt khc v ngc li chon khinhit hai hoc nhiu vt thamgia qu trnh trao i nhit cn bng vnhit .Trao i nhit c tn ti di

ba hnh thc: dn nhit, i lu, bc x.


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1.1.Kh quyn.

Dn nhitl s chuyn dch nhit nnggia cc nguyn t hay phn t ca mtvt hoc gia cc vt khi chng tip xc

vi nhau.Trao i nhit i lu:L qu trnh traoi nhit c thc hin nh s chuynng ca cht lng hay cht kh gia ccvng c nhit khc nhau.Trao i nhit bc x.


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1.1.Kh quyn.

1.1.4. Hiu ng nh knh kh quyn..1.Cc tia bc x sng ngn ca mt tri xuyn

qua bu kh quyn n mt t v c phnx tr li thnh cc bc x nhit sng di.Mt sphn ttrong bukh quyn, trong trc ht lixt cacbonv hinc, c thhp th nhng bc x nhit ny v thng qua gi hi m li trong bu kh quyn.


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1.1.Kh quyn.

.2.Ngh nh th Kyoto. l mt ngh nh linquan nChng trnh khung v vn bini kh hu (Framework Convention on

Climate Change)mang tm quc t caLinhip qucvi mc tiu ct gim lngkhthi gy hiu ng nh knh.


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1.1.Kh quyn.


C

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1.1.Kh quyn.


G t d b F it PDF C t F it S ft

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1.2.1.nh ngha:

m l i lng vt l biu th hm

lng hi nc trong khng kh.1.2.2.Thut ng:

.1. m tuyt i: l lng hi nccha trong mt n v th tch khng kh.

n v thng dng l g/m3.


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.2. m tng i: l t s gia lnghi nc thc t c trong kh quyn vilng hi nc bo ha cng nhit .

n v tnh l %.

m tng i c th thay i, ngay ckhi lng hi nc trong kh quyn gi

nguyn, iu ny xy ra do nhit khngkh thay i.


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.3.im sngl nhit m ti sngng t ca hi nc bt u xy ra.Nu nhit im sng cao hn imng lnh, th hi nc s ngng t didng ht nc, cn nu ngc li s tothnh tinh th bng.

.4.M hi:hi nc ngng t trn nhng vtnhn to, chng thng c gi l mhi.



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iu ny xy ra khi b mt vt c nhit thp hn nhit im sng cakhng kh.

Vic xc nh chnh xc nhit imsng ca khng kh s xc nh vic cnn thng gi hm hng hay khng khi tu

chy qua cc vng c nhit khc nhau.



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1.2.3.iu kin ngng kt hi nc trongkh quyn.

.1.Nhit gim n nhit im sng..2.Tn ti cc ht nhn ngng kt.

1.2.4.Nguyn tc thng gi hm hng:

Thng gi khi nhit trong hm cao hnnhit im sng bn ngoi.



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1.2.5. Sng m :.1.nh ngha:Sng m l tp hp cc git

nc li ti hoc cc tinh th bng rt nh lp khng kh st t.

.2.Phn loi:Sng m hnh thnh do s bc hi:s

bc hi xy ra lp khng kh bndi,do tc ng lon lu di chuyn lntrn,gp nhit thp s ngng kt.



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M bc x: hnh thnh do s lnh i camt t vo ban m xung di nhit im sng ca lp khng kh bn trn.

M bnh lu: hnh thnh khi khng khnng m di chuyn ngang trn mt b mtlnh hn nhit im sng ca n.Loi m ny hnh thnh c trn t lin vtrn bin. Thng gp khu vc c dnghi lu lnh i qua.



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Sng m front:hnh thnh dc theo mtfront.

M do bi ct:hnh thnh nhng khuvc sa mc c gi mnh,c th lan ra xab 100 nm.

-Thng tin lin quan n sng m trong

cc sch hng hi:pilot chart,routeingchart,sailing directions



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ng cong m.

nhit 30 F,khngkh c th cha c ti

a 5g/m3. 80 Fkhng kh c th chac ti a 25g/m3.

Nu o c nhit 80 F,khng kh cha

20g/m3, m tng is l 80%,nhit imsng s l 72 F.



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Bng m.

Nhit khng kh.

Gi tr khc bit gia nhit k kh v t.

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m k:



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M bc x.


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M bnh lu.


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Sailing directions.Fog.



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1.3.My,ma.

1.3.1.nh ngha.

My l tp hp ca cc ht nc nh li ti,

cc tinh th bng hay hn hp gia chng.1.3.2.Nguyn nhn,qu trnh hnh thnh:

.1. My c hnh thnh ch yu dochuyn ng thngca khng kh dnn qu trnhlnh on nhit.



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1.3.My,ma.

.2.Cc qu trnh hnh thnh.

i ln do a hnh ni to thnh my nh

ni .Do s i lu .

Do s trt ln nhau ca cc khi khngkh c nhit khc nhau .

Do s ri lon, cun xoy .



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1.3.My,ma.

.3.C ch vt l.

-Sut gim nhit on nhit kh.(Dry adiabaticlapse rate-DALR).

-Sut gim nhit on nhit boho.(saturated adiabatic lapse rate-SALR).

-Sut gim nhit mi trng.(Enviromentallapse rate-ELR).



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p y


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p y


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p y


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1.3.My,ma.

1.3.3.Phn loi my..1.My tng cao.(trn 6000m)

Ci. My ti (Cirrus) .

Cc. My ti-tch (Cirro-cumulus) .Cs. My ti tng (Cirro-stratus) .

.2.My tng trung.(2000m-6000m)Ac. My trung tch (Alto-cumulus).As. My trung tng (Alto-stratus) .


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1.3.My,ma.

.3.My tng thp.(di 2000m)

St. My tng (Stratus).

Sc. My tch tng (Stratocumulus).Ns. My v tng (Nimbostratus).

.4.My pht trin theo chiu thng ng.

Cu. My tch (Cumulus).Cb. My v tch (Cumulonimbus).


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1.3.My,ma.

1.3.4.Bng my.


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1.3.My,ma.


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Ci


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Cc


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Cs


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Ac


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As


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Ns


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Sc


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St


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Cu


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Cb


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1.3.My,ma.

1.3.5. S hnh thnh.Trong cc m my ,cc git nc haycc tinh th bng chu tc ng ca 2 lc.Trng lc ko chng xung di,lc yln do cc dng thng.iu kin xy rama l trng lc ln hn lc y ln pha

trn.(kch thc git nc ln).


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1.3.My,ma.

1.3.6.Phn loi ma:theo cng ,thi gian,kch thc ht,trng

thi ht.

.1.Ma thng.

.2.Ma Phn.

.3.Ma Ro.

.4.Ma .

.5.Tuyt.


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1.3.My,ma.

1.3.7. iu kin thi tit..Ci,Cc,Cs,khng cho ma.

.As,Ns,cho ma thng.

.St,Sc,cho ma phn.

.As,Ns,Sc,Cb,cho ma tuyt.

.Cb cho ma ro v ma .


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1.3.My,ma.

1.3.8. nh hng ca ging thu n tmxa ra a.

.1.Cng cng ln tm xa ra a cng

gim..2.Trong ma ro gim tn hiu t gi tr

ln nht.

.3.Bc sng cng nh kh nng nhnxuyn macng km.


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1.4.Kh p.

1.4.1.nh ngha.kh p c tnh bng cao tngng ca mt ct thy ngn c khi

lng cn bng vi n trong cng iukin v , nhit , cao.

1.4.2.n v o kh p.

.1.Pascal (Pa)- l p lc 1N phn bu trn mt n v din tch ngang 1m(N/ m).


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1.4.Kh p.

.2. mi-li-bar (mb) .

.3. mi-li-mt thy ngn (mm Hg).

.4. 1mb = 1 hPa = 10 Pa..5. 1mm Hg = 4/3 mb (o v 45, nhit 0C, gia tc trng trng l 980.616cm/s) .


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1.4.Kh p.

1.4.3. Bin thin kh p.

.1. theo cao.

P0 = P + P P0:Kh p mt bin

P: kh p o cao no

P: Hiu chnh kh p theo cao(+)


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1.4.Kh p.

.2. Bin thin trong ngy.


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1.4.Kh p.

S liu hiu chnh kh p trong Sailingdirections.

Gi a phng.

Gi tr hiu chnh tnh bng mb.

Gi tr kh p trung bnh tnh bng mb.


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1.4.Kh p.


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1.4.Kh p.

.3. Bin thin trong nm.

Trn cc lc a vo ma h, mt t vkhng kh trn n thng nng ln mnh,quan st thy p sut nh nht, cn mang, khi m khng kh lnh gim xungqu thp th kh p t cc i.


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1.4.Kh p.

Trn i dng, kh p thp nht xy ravo thng 12 v thng ging, cao nht vothng 7 v thng 8, tuy nhin dao ng kh

p hng nm thp hn trn t lin.i lng trung ca bin hng nmtrn cc v trung bnh 5-6 mb, trn min

nhit i khng qu 2-3 mb.


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1.4.Kh p.

.4. ng ng p.

ng ng p l cc ng cong vtrn bn kh tng ni cc im ccng p sut khng kh. Cc ng ngp c th cch nhau mt hoc nhiumilibar ty theo t l bn .


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1.4.Kh p.

1.4.4. Cc h thng kh p.

.1.p thp (xoy thun) -Depression orLow.

L mt khu vc khng kh c ngng p khp kn, c hnh dng hi trnhoc ovan m trung tm c kh p

thp hn kh p xung quanh.


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1.4.Kh p.

Trong khu vc xoy thun, gi s thingc chiu kim ng h Bc Bn Cuv thun chiu kim ng h Nam Bn

Cu.Thi tit trong vng xoy thun thngxu: nhiu my, ma v gi mnh, cbit l gn trung tm. vng nhit i,

xoy thun c th pht trin thnh bonhit i.


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1.4.Kh p.


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1.4.Kh p.


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1.4.Kh p.Depressions over NW Europe


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1.4.Kh p.

iu kin thi tit trong xoy thun mi hnhthnh do front.Phn trc v trung tm ca xoy thun

c c im thi tit ca khi khng khlnh.Vng nng c c im thi tit sau frontnng,trc front lnh.Phn pha sau c c im thi tit saufront lnh.


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1.4.Kh p.


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1.4.Kh p.

.2.p cao (xoy nghch) -Anticyclone.

xoy nghch l mt khu vc p cao cbao quanh bi mt khu vc c p sutnh (p sut tng t ngoi vo tm).

Trong khu vc xoy nghch, gi s thithun chiu kim ng h Bc Bn Cu

v ngc chiu kim ng h Nam BnCu.


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1.4.Kh p.

Thi tit trong xoy nghch thng tt hnthi tit trong xoy thun. c bit l vngp cao tm thng c tm nhn xa tt,

gi nh.


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1.4.Kh p.


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1.4.Kh p.

.3. Vng p thp ph (SecondaryDepression).

L vng p thp hnh thnh bn trong mtxoy thun.Thi tit bn trong vng p thp ph xuhn thi tit bn trong vng p thp chnh.


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1.4.Kh p.


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1.4.Kh p.

.4. Vng p cao ph (SecondaryAnticyclone).

L vng p cao hnh thnh bn trong mtxoy nghch.Thi tit bn trong vng p cao ph th tthn trong vng p cao chnh.


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1.4.Kh p.

.5. Rnh p thp ( Trough of low pressure ).

L phn ko di ca p thp trong khuvc p thp.

Trn bn thi tit c dng mt h thngcc ng ng p hnh trn hay ovan,nhng c mt ch b lm dc theo mt

ng gi l rnh (phn lm hng vtm p thp).


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1.4.Kh p.

1 4 Kh


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1.4.Kh p.

.6. Li p cao (Ridge of high pressure).

L phn ko di ca p cao c dng hnhnm, nm gia hai khu vc p thp.

Thi tit i km thng tt, gi nh.

1 4 Kh


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1.4.Kh p.

1 4 Kh


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1.4.Kh p.

.7. Vng kh p yn nga (Col).

Khi hai p cao v hai p thp phn b idin giao nhau s to thnh vng kh pyn nga.

1 4 Kh


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1.4.Kh p.


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1.5.Gi.

1.5.1.nh ngha.

Gi l s di chuyn ca khng khtheo phng ngang .

1.5.2. Cc lc tc ng ln hng gi.

.1. Lc Gradian kh p (G)

Sinh ra do s chnh lch kh p giahai khu vc khc nhau. N c hng tni p cao n ni p thp.


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1.5.Gi.


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1.5.Gi.

.2. Lc Coriolis (A)

Sinh ra do tri t quay v ngi quan stcng quay vi tc quay ca tri t.Lc ny bng 0 Xch o v tng dnv hai cc. Lc Coriolis s lm gi lch vbn phi hng di chuyn Bc Bn Cu

v lch v bn tri Nam Bn cu.


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1.5.Gi.

.3. Lc Ma St (R)Lc ny c hng ngc vi hng dichuyn ca gi,ln nht b mt t v

gim dn theo cao. cao 600 Kmtr ln, lc ma st coi nh khng ng k,

Lc ma st c xc nh bng cngthc:R = - k.V


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1.5.Gi.

.4. Lc Ly Tm

Nu khng kh chuyn ng trong cc ngng p cong bao gi cng xut hin lc ly tm.

Hng ca lc ly tm vung gc vi hngchuyn ng ca phn t kh v t tm qu ora pha ngoi. Trn thc t , cc dng khng khchuyn ng trn qu o c cong rt nh (r

) nn lc ly tm rt b, i khi c th b qua.C=V2/R.


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1.5.Gi.

1.5.3.nh luat Buys Ballot.

BBC ng quay lng v hng gi,trungtm p thp pha bn tri ngi quantrc.

1.5.4. Gi tng kh quyn t do .

.1. Gi a chuyn.

lc tc dng ln dng kh ch l lcGradient kh p v lc Coriolis.


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1.5.Gi.

Nu ln ca hai lc ny bng nhau vngc hng th chng s trit tiu nhauv gi s thi song song vi cc ng

ng p theo mt tc V khng i.


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1.5.Gi.


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1.5.Gi.

.2. Gi Gradient.

lc Gradient kh p v lc Coriolis khngcn bng nhau, do hng chuyn ngca gi s b b cong sang phi hoc tri .


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1.5.Gi.


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1.5.Gi.

1.5.5.Gi st b mt..1.Tc .W=P/DX30X24.

W wind speed in knots.P change in pressure.mb.Ddistance in NM ,900to isobar lines.

.2.Hng.Lch so vi isobar lines 10-150trn bin,20-300 trn t lin.


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1.5.Gi.

1.5.6.n v o tc v hng gi.

Tc gi:Knot,m/s,km/h,Bf scale.

Hng gi:,ca,gc mn.

1.5.7. Xc nh hng gi v vn tc gitrn tu .


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1.5.Gi.


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1.5.Gi.

1.5.8. Hoa gi trn cc bn thi tit vhi tham kho.


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1.5.Gi.

1.5.9.Gi ma,gi t v gi bin.

.1.Gi ma.

Gi ma sinh ra l do s chnh lch nhit trong mt thi gian di gia i dngv lc a.

Cc khu vc c gi ma nh hng r rt

nht l: n Dng, vng bin TrungHoa (bin ng) v ng .


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1.5.Gi.

.2. Gi t v gi bin .

y l kiu gi a phng ph bin nht,n c sinh ra do s thay i nhit nhng khu vc nm cnh bin.


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Kh


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Kh oan.

-nh ngha :cac khu vc rong ln co cac yeuto nhiet o,kh ap,o am thay oi khong angke .

-Phan loai theo khu vc a ly:.Khoi xch ao..Khoi nhiet i.

.Khoi on i.

.Khoi cc.


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1.6.Kh on. (Air Masses)

1.6.1.nh ngha.

Kh on l mt mng khng kh ln mtrong cc yu t kh tng nh nhit

, m c bin i khng ln,tng i u n theo chiu ngang.

Kh on thng c chiu ngang rng t

vi trm n vi nghn km, chiu thngng t vi km n 10 km


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1.6.2. Phn loi kh on.

.1. Theo khu vc sinh ra.

Kh on Xch o (E-Equatorial) .

Kh on nhit i (T-Tropical) .

Kh on Cc (P-Polar) .

Kh on Bc Cc hay Nam Cc(A-Artichay Antartic) .


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.2. Theo a hnh ca ni m kh onhnh thnh.Kh on bin (m-maritime).

Kh on lc a (c-continental)..3.Kt hp a hnh v khu vc.

Kh on bin nhit i (mT-maritime

Tropical)Kh on lc a nhit i (cT- continentalTropical)

1 6 ( )


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Kh on bin a cc (mP-maritime Polarair).

Kh on i lc a cc (cP-continental

Polar air)..4. Da vo tng quan nhit gia kh

on v b mt bn di.

Kh on m (w-warm air masses) .Kh on lnh (cold air masses) .

1 6 Kh (Ai M )


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1.6.3.c im thi tit trong kh on.

.1.c im thi tit trong kh on ph thuc vo3 yu t.

Ngun gc.hng di chuyn.

Tui.

.2. c im ca khi khng kh nng.

khi khng kh nng khi i ti mt mt m lnhhn b lnh i ch yu v mt m.

1 6 Kh (Ai M )


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Gradien nhit thng ng trong khikhng kh ny gim i. Khi khng khnng ny thng l n nh.

Khi khng kh nng lnh i khng onnhit v i lu ng lc do ma st lmhnh thnh cc my tng v tng tch.Dng ging thy ch yu l ma phn

hay ging thy (tuyt, ma) nh.

1 6 Kh (Ai M )


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Khi khng kh nng chuyn dch b lnhi cc lp thp nht nn khi m cakhng kh ln th c sng m bnh lu

hnh thnh.tri y my,thiu nhng iu kin cnthit i lu nhit pht trin trong khikhng kh nng nn khng xy ra mt s

xo trn mnh m trong kh quyn.

1 6 Kh (Ai M )


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Trong khi khng kh nng, bin hng ngyca gi yu,hu nh khng thy c gi cn.

S n nh ca tng kt khi khng kh nnglm cn tr s trao i theo phng thng ngkhin tt c nhng tp cht trong kh quyn (bi,hi nc, phm vt ngng kt) tp trung li

lp gn mt t lm vn c khng kh v lmgim tm nhn xa.

1 6 Kh (Ai M )


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.3. c im ca khi khng kh lnh.Mt khi khng kh lnh khi i qua mt mt mnng hn, b t nng ln, kt qu l gradien

thng ng ca nhit trong khi khng khny tng ln.

V phng din nhit ng lc, khi khng khlnh nh th thng l khng n nh.

Tm nhn xa trong khi khng kh lnh tt vs xo trn theo phng thng ng mnh ln

1 6 Kh (Ai M )


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Phn pha trc ca khi khng kh lnhang i ti thng xy ra mt s tng psut km theo vi chuyn ng i xung

ca khng kh, hnh thnh nhng vngc bit gy ra thi tit khng n nh rrt .

1.7.Front.


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1.7.Front.

1.7.1. nh ngha .front l mt vng chuyn tip hp gia cc khikhng kh.

1.7.2. Phn loi .Front nng.Front lnh.Front tnh.

Front c t + nng.+ lnh.

1.7.Front.


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o t

Front lnh.

1.7.Front.


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Front nng.

1.7.Front.


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Front c t nng.

1.7.Front.


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Front c t lnh.

1.7.Front.


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1.7.4. Front-iu kin thi tit.

.1. Cc thi im cn xem xt :

Trc khi front ti.

Ngay ti mt front.

Sau khi front qua.

1.7.Front.


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.2. Cc yu t kh tng cn xem xt:

Kh p.

Gi .

My.

Thi tit.

Tm nhn xa.

1.7.Front.


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Front nng.

1.7.Front.


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1.7.Front.


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Front lnh.

1.7.Front.


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1.7.Front.


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Front c t nng.

1.7.Front.


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Front c t lnh.

1.7.Front.


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1.7.5. K hiu front trn bn thi tit.

1.8.Bo nhit i.


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1.8.1. nh ngha : bo l mt nhiu lonxoy thun.

1.8.2.iu kin hnh thnh.

.1. Nhit b mt ca nc bin phi cao,trung bnh 26-270C tr ln, lm nc bchi mnh, to ra mt vng p thp.

.2. phi to ra c xoy cn thit hnh thnh hon lu xoy thun.

1.8.Bo nhit i.


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.3. phi c lc lm lch hng hng cacc dng khng kh (lc c-ri--lt) do squay ca qu t.

1.8.3. Cc giai on ca bo :Hnh thnh.

Pht trin.

Chn mi.Tan r.

1.8.Bo nhit i.


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1.8.4. Phn loi.p thp nhit i (Tropical Depression): Tc gi t34 n tr xung(cp 7 Beaufort) tr xung.Bo nhit i va (Moderate Tropical Storm): Tc

gi t 34 n n 47 n (cp 8 n cp 9)Bo nhit i mnh (severe Tropical Storm): Tc gi t 48 n n 64 n (cp 10 n 11)Cung phong (hurricane): Tc gi t 64 n tr ln(cp gi 12 hay ln hn).

1.8.Bo nhit i.


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1.8.5. Cu trc ca bo.

.1. Mt bo.

ng knh trung bnh mt bo khong 22 km

L khu vc yn tnh duy nht trong mt cn bo .Xung quanh n sng, gi d di.

.2. Bc tng mt bo.

L mt khong cch hp khong 25 km baoquanh mt bo nh mt bc tng chn .

1.8.Bo nhit i.


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my rt dy c v tri di theo chiuthng ng ti cao ln.

my lin tc, gi rt mnh .

.3. Vng ngoi bc tng mt bo.my xon c hi t vo trung tm,khnglin tc.

1.8.Bo nhit i.


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1.8.Bo nhit i.



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1.8.4. iu kin thi tit trong khu vc bo.

.1. p sut.

p sut vng bo trung bnh khong950-960mb, thp hn p sut bnh thng vng khong 5-10%. C bit ctrng hp p sut xung n 885mb

(tng ng vi 663 mm thy ngn).

1.8.Bo nhit i.



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.2. Gi . tng st mt t, gi cc i trong bot ti 40 60m/s c khi ti 85m/s . C bit

c khi trn 115m/s (416 km/h).Tc gi tm (mt) bo t tng thpn tng cao ch t di 5m/s.Bn knh trung bnh ca vng gi mnh

khong 150km.

1.8.Bo nhit i.



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Tc gi tng mt cch t ngt vng gipgii vi mt bo.Trng hp ca bo giai on pht trin nhttrong mt mt phng ngang khng cn i, gi

mnh nht quan st thy bn phi bo, theohng di chuyn ca bo..3. My v ma.

Kch thc ca vng my v ma thay i ph

thuc vo kch thc v pht trin ca bo.

1.8.Bo nhit i.



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Xung quanh mt bo l mt bc tng mypht trin n cao 10 - 12 km.S phn b my khng i xng, phn chnhca my i lu nm gc phn t bn phi

ng trc bo.Chiu di ca gii ma thng giao ng t 50n 400 km.Vng ma xy ra ch yu trong phm vi h my

c dng xon.Phm vi ma ln thng trng hp vi phm vigi mnh.

1.8.Bo nhit i.



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.4. Sng bin .

Gi thi trn mt bin gy ra sng. Sngcao hay thp ty theo gi mnh hay yu.

T tm bo sng c truyn ti tt cmi pha.

Khu vc tm bo hnh thnh nhng sng

bo cc ln, rt dc, hn n, khng chng xc nh .

1.8.Bo nhit i.



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Cng xa tm bo, trong mt khong cchnht nh gi cng d di hn, sng tiptc c hnh thnh pht trin v truyn

theo hng gi thi..5. Sng lng .Sng lng trong khu vc bo l nhngsng di u trn, cch nhau t 200 n

300m.

1.8.Bo nhit i.



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tc truyn sng c th ti 10 ngn hi l mingy. Do , sng lng l mt du hiu botrc mt trn bo sp n.

.6. Thy triu v dng chy trong bo.thy triu dng cao hn mc bnh thng do sthay i kh p trong v ngoi vng bo.

trung bnh nu kh p thay i 1mb th mc

nc bin cng s thay i khong 1cm .

1.8.Bo nhit i.



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Dng chy c hng theo hng gi.

.7. Lng ma trung bnh trong mt cnbo .

300-400mm trong mt ngy m.

Ky hieu bao tren ban o thi tiet.



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y

Bao-kh ap.



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p

Bao-ng di chuyen.



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g y

Bao-gio.



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g

Bao-s di chuyen cua cac dong khong kh.



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y g g

Bao-di chuyen tranh bao.



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y

Bao-di chuyen phong tranh gan iem chuyen hngcua bao



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cua bao.

Bao-vung anh hng trong 24 gi.



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1.8.Bo nhit i.



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1.8.5. Cc khu vc thng xy ra bo nhit itrn th gii.

.1. Bc i Ty Dng.

.2. ng Bc Thi Bnh Dng.

.3. Ty Bc Thi Bnh Dng.

.4. Bc n Dng.

.5. Nam n Dng.

.6. Ty Nam Thi Bnh Dng v vng Chu c.

1.8.Bo nhit i.



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1.8.Bo nhit i.



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1.8.Bo nhit i.



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1.8.Bo nhit i.



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2.HI DNG HC.



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2.1.i dng.

2.2.Hi lu.

2.3.Sng bin.

2.4.Thu triu.

2.5.Bng bin.

2.1.i dng.



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2.1.1.Cc i dng trn th gii.

Thi bnh dng.

i ty dng.

n dng.

Bc bng dng.

Nam bng dng.

2.1.i dng.



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2.1.2.c tnh vt l ca nc bin.

.1. mn.

Khi lng mui tnh bng gam trong 1kg

nc bin..2.Khi lng ring ca nc bin.

L khi lng ca mt n v th tch

nc bin.Gi tr trung bnh 1023g/cm3.

2.1.i dng.



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Ti xch o 1023g/cm3.

Ti Nam cc 1027g/cm3.

2.1.3.Cht y,a hnh y bin.

Thng tin c cho trn hi ,pilotbooks.

Cc tnh ton lin quan :ukc,neo

2.2.Hi lu.



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2.2.1. Khi nim.

s chuyn ng mt khi lng lnnc bin theo chiu ngang vi tc

v phng hng tng i n nh gil hi lu.

2.2.2. Phn loi hi lu.

.1. Theo cc lc, hay cc yu t to nndng chy.

2.2.Hi lu.



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Dng chy gi hay dng chy tri: c to radi tc dng ca lc ma st gi vi mt nc.

Dng chy gradient: c gy nn bi gradientp sut thu tnh, hay khi c nghing mtbin so vi mc nc trung bnh.

Triu lu: c to ra do sng thu triu bi tcng ca lc triu ln cc khi nc.

2.2.Hi lu.



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.2. Theo mc n nh.

Dng chy c nh

Dng chy tun hon

Dng chy nht thi

.3. Theo su.

Dng chy b mt

Dng chy st y

2.2.Hi lu.



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.4. Theo c im chuyn ng

dng chy un khc

dng chy thng

dng chy cong.5. Theo tnh cht l ho

Ngi ta chia thnh: hi lu nng v lnh,

mn v nht.

2.2.Hi lu.



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2.2.3.Thng tin hi lu trong cc sch hnghi.

Ocean current chart.

pilot chart.pilot book.

2.3.Sng bin.



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2.3.1. nh ngha :sng bin l s dao ng ca cc phn tnc quanh v tr cn bng.

2.3.2. Cc yu t ca sng bin..1. cao sng (H): L khong cch o bng mt

theo chiu thng ng t nh sng n chnsng

.2.Bc sng(): L khong cch tnh bng m otheo chiu ngang gia hai u sng hoc haichn sng k tip.

2.3.Sng bin.



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2.3.Sng bin.



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.3. nh sng ( hay u sng): L im cao nhtca ngn sng, chn sngl im thp nht cabng sng.

.4.Ngn sngl phn sng nm trn mc nccn bng, bng sngl phn nm di mcnc cn bng.

.5. dc sng (k = h/): L t s gia cao vbc sng.

.6.Tc sng (c): L khong cch m mt u

dch chuyn trong mt giy theo hng truynsng.

2.3.Sng bin.



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.7.Chu k sng (): L khong thi gian (s)gia 2 u sng lin tip cng qua mtim nht nh no trn mt bin.

.8.Hng truyn sng: L gc c tnh tim Bc (N) v pha ng n hng mt sng i ti (hoc l mt trong 8hng tht ca phng tri m t sng i ti).

2.3.Sng bin.



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2.3.3. Cc dng sng bin..1. Sng gi: To thnh di tc dng ca gi.

.2.Sng triu:xut hin di tc dng ca lc hp

dn c chu k ca mt trng v mt tri.3.Sng trng lc: To ra khi c s nghing camc mt nc bin khi v tr cn bng, gynn di tc dng ca gi v s thay i kh

p.

2.3.Sng bin.



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.4.Sng ng t: To ra trong kt qu cacc qu trnh ng lc hc, xy ra trongv tri t, m trc tin l ng t di

lng nc, ng thi s phun tro ngmv ni la gn bin.

.5.Sng tu bin: Sinh ra khi tu chy.

2.3.Sng bin.



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2.3.4.nh hng ca sng n tu.Lc ngang,lc dc.

Lc cng hng.

2.3.5.Thng tin sng bin trong cc schhng hi.

Pilot chart.

Routeing chart.

2.4.Thu triu.



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2.4.1.nh ngha.Thu triu l mt hin tng dao ngca mc nc bin c chu k, di tc

dng ca lc hp dn v tr .2.4.2. Phn loi thy triu..1. Bn nht triu: Trong vng 24 gi 50

pht nu xut hin hai ln nc ln v

hai ln nc rng c cao thy triubng nhau.

2.4.Thu triu.



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2.4.Thu triu.



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.2. Nht triu: Trong vng 24 gi 50 phtxut hin mt ln nc ln v mt lnnc rng .

2.4.Thu triu.



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.3. Thy triu hn hp.Trong vng 24 gi 50 pht cng xut hinhai ln nc ln v hai ln nc rng

nhng cao khng bng nhau.Nhiu ngy trong vng mt thng phtsinh bn nht triu khng quy lut nhng

c mt s ngy, mi ngy pht sinh mtln triu cao mt ln triu rng .

2.4.Thu triu.



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2.4.Thu triu.



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2.4.3. Cc thut ng.HAT: Highest Atronomical Tide .

LAT: Lowest Atronomical Tide .

HW Nc ln: V tr cao nht ca mcnc bin trong mt chu k dao ng triu.

LW Nc rng: V tr thp nht ca mc

nc bin trong mt chu k dao ng triu.

2.4.Thu triu.


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Nc ln cao v nc ln thp (H.H.W vL.H.W): Trong cng mt ngy cao ca hai lnnc ln khng bng nhau, th ln nc ln c cao cao hn gi l nc ln cao, ln nc

c cao thp hn gi l nc ln thp.Nc rng cao v nc rng thp (H.L.W vL.L.W): Trong cng mt ngy c hai ln ncrng c cao khng ging nhau, th ln lt

c gi l nc rng cao v nc rng thp.

2.4.Thu triu.


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Gi triu: Thi im pht sinh triu gi l gitriu, v d gi nc ln, gi nc rng. cao ca thy triu: cao tnh t s khnghi ln n mt nc ti mt thi im no

.Thi gian nc ln v thi gian nc rng: Thigian ko di t gi nc rng n gi nc lngi l thi gian nc ln. Thi gian ko di t

gi nc ln n gi nc rng gi l thi giannc rng.

2.4.Thu triu.


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Nc ng: thi im thy triu c cao ln nht khi triu cao v c caonh nht lc triu thp, mt bin tm thi

khng dng ln cng khng h xung gil triu ng (nc ng)

Bin triu: Hiu s gia cao triucao v cao triu thp k tip gi l bin triu (Range)

2.4.Thu triu.


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Triu cngKhi lc gy triu ca mt trng v mt tri trngnhau trn cng mt hng lm cho mc ncthy triu dng ln v h xung ln nht gi l

triu cnghocnc cng. Triu kit

Khi lc gy triu ca mt trng v mt trivung gc vi nhau lm cho mc thy triu

dng ln v h xung t nht so vi cc v trkhc gi ltriu kithocnc km.

2.4.Thu triu.


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Nc ln triu cng (High water spings H.W.S)

Nc rng triu cng (Low water spings

L.W.S)Nc ln triu kit (High water neaps H.W.S)

Nc rng triu kit thp (Low waterneaps L.W.N)

2.4.Thu triu.


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Nc ln trung bnh triu cng (Meanhigh water spings M.H.W.S)

Nc rng trung bnh triu cng (Mean

low water spings M.L.W.S)Nc ln trung bnh triu kit (Mean highwater neaps M.H.W.N)

Nc rng trung bnh triu kit (Mean lowwater neaps M.L.W.N)

2.4.Thu triu.


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M.H.H.W (Mean Higher High Water)M.L.H.W (Mean Lower Water)

M.H.L.W (Mean Higher Low Water)

M.L.L.W (Mean Lower Low Water)Chart datum - CD

2.4.Thu triu.


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Cng chnh, cng ph: Trong Bng thytriu, mt cng c cung cp y ccd liu (gi triu v cao thy triu)

hng ngy trong c nm gi l cng chnh.Mt cng m ch a ra nhng s liubiu th mi quan h v cao v gi triuvi cng chnh th gi l cng ph.

2.4.Thu triu.


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2.4.4.Thng tin thy triu trong cc schhng hi.

ATT.

Pilot books.

2.5.Bng bin.


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2.5.1.nh ngha.Bng bin l mt khi rn, mu trngtrong sut .

2.5.2. S hnh thnh bng bin.nhit ng lnh ca nc mn thphn nhit ng lnh ca nc ngt .

nc ngt ng lnh 0C .

2.5.Bng bin.


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mn 5 nc bt u ng lnh 0.3C . mn 35 th bt u ng lnh -2C.

Khi b mt nc bin lnh i, khi mt ca

n s dy c hn, nc lnh s c thay thbng nc m hn, c t trng nh hn bndi. Qu trnh s tip tc cho n khi ton bct nc t trn mt xung ti y t cmt cao nht v s i lu bt u gimxung, s hnh thnh bng bt u.

2.5.Bng bin.


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mn cng cao th nhit t timt cao cao nht ca nc bin cnggim i.

Trong mt s khu vc, mc d nhit rtthp, nhng v ma ng qu ngn nnbng cng khng th hnh thnh.

2.5.3.Thng tin v bng bin trong cc schhng hi.

2.5.Bng bin.


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Pilot chart.

CONG TAC KH TNG TRENTAU.


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-Cong tac quan trac.

-Cong tac thu thap cac thong tin thi tiettren tau.

-Cong tac phan tch va d bao thi tiettren tau.

3.C NG T C KH TNG TR NTU.


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3.1.Cng tc quan trc,hiu chnh,tnhton.

3.2.Cng tc thu thp cc thng tin thi

tit trn tu.3.3.Cng tc phn tch v d bo thi tit

trn tu.

3.1.Cng tc quan tr c,hiuchnh,tnh ton.


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My.Tm nhn xa.Gi.Nhit , m.Kh p.Thi tit qu kh,hin ti.Hng i v tc tu.

Nhit mt bin.Sng bin,bng bin.

3.2.Cng tc thu thp cc thngtin thi tit trn tu.


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cc thng tin thi tit thu c t cc nphm hng hi.NP.

NP 100.NP 136.Pilot chart.Ocean current chart.Routeing charts.



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Cc thng tin thi tit thu c t cc hthng thu bn tin thi tit.

3.2.1.h thng fasimile.

Bn facsimile:l bn synop dngtrong hng hi.

Bn facsimile a ra cc yu t kh

tng cn cho s quan hng hi.



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Bn facsimile c 2 dng.A-analys.F-forecast.

c bn facsimile:

kh pgi,my,ma,tm nhn xa,sng bin.



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3.2.2.h thng Inmasat C.3.2.3.h thng Navtex.

3.2.4.Cc h thng khc.

. . thi tit trn tu.


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3.3.1. Khi nim d bo thi tit .c on kh nng xy ra ca thi tittrong tng lai.

d bo c chia theo thi gian gm:hnngn

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3.3.2. Nguyn tc lp d bo thi tit.k/n bn synop.syn-optic.Xc lp trng thi thi tit hin ti.

Kh nng bin i v tr,cng ca ccTrung tm p,kh on,frontXc lp c trng thi titc tnh nc im a hnh,v tr a l,mabngphng php s tr hoc phng phpsynop.

3.3.Cng tc phn tch v d bothi tit trn tu.


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Phng php s tr l phng php datrn kt qu gii cc phng trnh khng hc v nhit ng hc.

Phng php synop l phng phpngoi suy cc qu trnh kh quyn xy ratrong thi gian k cn v hin ti,t a ra d on v cc i tng synop

trong thi gian k tip.



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Phng php synop cho rng s thay ica cc i tng synop tip theo stng t nh xy ra trong thi gian

ngn trc .Lp d bo cc yu t kh tng v slin quan v tc ng qua li cachng.



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d bo cc khu vc hng hi kh khn:Nhit .Kh p

Sng.gi.sng m.ma.bng bin.



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4.1.Mc tiu.4.2.Chn tuyn.

4.1.Mc tiu.


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Thi gian ngn nht.H hi cho tu v hng t nht.Tc khng i.

Tit kim nhin liu.

4.2.Chn tuyn.


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cn bng gia yu t an ton v yu t thigian,nhn mnh yu t an ton.

Tuyn ngn nht cha phi l tuyn nhanhnht.Tuyn di hn c iu kin thi tit tt hn,

tu hnh trnh tn t thi gian hn.Lu n vng,ma,tn sut,ng i ca bo.

Trnh ccvng c nh hng ca bng,thi tit

xu,kh nng xut hin sng m cao.

4.2.Chn tuyn.


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Li dng dng chy bin hoc hi lu nuc th.Li dng gi ma nu c th.

C k hoch d phng.

Anh hng cua song en toc o chay tau.


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ng ang thi.


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V du chay tau.


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Anh hng cua thi tiet en hieu qua chay tau.


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Cm n.


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