methods of teaching
TRANSCRIPT
DEFINITION OF TEACHINGDEFINITION OF TEACHING
In my mind teaching is not In my mind teaching is not merely a life work, a profession, an merely a life work, a profession, an occupation, a struggle , it is passion. occupation, a struggle , it is passion.
William William LyonLyon
Teaching refers to activities Teaching refers to activities that are designed and performed to that are designed and performed to produce change in student behaviorproduce change in student behavior
ClarkeClarke
VIEWSVIEWS
PROCEED
PROCEED
STRUCTURE OF TEACHINGSTRUCTURE OF TEACHING
LECTURING LECTURING
Presentation of the Presentation of the content by the teacher to the content by the teacher to the students usually accompanied by students usually accompanied by some type of visual aid or hand out.some type of visual aid or hand out.
GUIDELINESGUIDELINES
GENERAL :GENERAL :• Try to motivate your students for Try to motivate your students for
attending to your lecture not only in the attending to your lecture not only in the beginning but to maintain it throughout.beginning but to maintain it throughout.
• Try to make use of the skill of stimulus Try to make use of the skill of stimulus variation by introducing the elements like variation by introducing the elements like pausing , changing voice tone , using pausing , changing voice tone , using gestures and physical movements, gestures and physical movements, adopting multimedia approach etc.adopting multimedia approach etc.
GUIDELINES……GUIDELINES……
• Don’t waste your time in irrelvant facts Don’t waste your time in irrelvant facts and unrequired detailed explanation and unrequired detailed explanation
• Don’t turn your lecturing into mere paper Don’t turn your lecturing into mere paper reading or notes dictating task. reading or notes dictating task.
• Try to summarize the key points of the Try to summarize the key points of the presented material at the end of your presented material at the end of your lecture.lecture.
• Evaluation task at end of the lesson or in Evaluation task at end of the lesson or in mid course.mid course.
GUIDELINES……GUIDELINES……
MOVEMENTS:MOVEMENTS:• Take centre stage – do not get stuck Take centre stage – do not get stuck
in a corner or behind a desk in a corner or behind a desk • Face the audience – do not face the board Face the audience – do not face the board
or screen when speakingor screen when speaking• Make eye contact with the students in all Make eye contact with the students in all
sections of the audience.sections of the audience.• Use natural gestures and facial expression Use natural gestures and facial expression
- but try to avoid mannerism- but try to avoid mannerism
GUIDELINES……GUIDELINES……
• Move around the room – approach people Move around the room – approach people to get their attention and responseto get their attention and response
• Avoid blocking the audience’s view - watch Avoid blocking the audience’s view - watch for craning necksfor craning necks
GUIDELINES……GUIDELINES……
SPEECH:SPEECH:• Slow and clear , and loud enough of Slow and clear , and loud enough of
everyone to hear naturally and lively – everyone to hear naturally and lively – variedvaried
• Write difficult new words on the board , Write difficult new words on the board , pronounce and explain thempronounce and explain them
GUIDELINES……GUIDELINES……
INTERACTION: INTERACTION: • Try to interact with all participants – use Try to interact with all participants – use
name as appropriatename as appropriate• Ask the question suggested in the text- Ask the question suggested in the text-
ask different participantsask different participants• Allow time for the participant to answer- Allow time for the participant to answer-
don’t give answer too quickly –drop hintsdon’t give answer too quickly –drop hints• Respond encouragingly and positively to Respond encouragingly and positively to
all answer – correct errors gentlyall answer – correct errors gently
GUIDELINES……GUIDELINES……
• Involve all students- include quiet ones – Involve all students- include quiet ones – control talkative onescontrol talkative ones
• Avoid discussion which are off point or Avoid discussion which are off point or distracting – postpone them if necessarydistracting – postpone them if necessary
• Try to give satisfactory answers to Try to give satisfactory answers to questions from participantsquestions from participants
GUIDELINES……GUIDELINES……
VISUAL AIDS: VISUAL AIDS: • Have the required aids and equipment Have the required aids and equipment
ready – check and arrange them before ready – check and arrange them before the sessionthe session
• Make sure that everyone can see clearly- Make sure that everyone can see clearly- arrange the room so that they can point to arrange the room so that they can point to what you are taking about on the what you are taking about on the projector, or on the screen coverprojector, or on the screen cover
• Write large and clear on the board Write large and clear on the board
GUIDELINES……GUIDELINES……
USE OF MATERIALS:USE OF MATERIALS:• Do not introduce too much extra material Do not introduce too much extra material
– but give local examples.– but give local examples.• Emphasize important points – do not leave Emphasize important points – do not leave
important point out important point out • Try to avoid repetition unless really usefulTry to avoid repetition unless really useful• If you find it necessary to read from the If you find it necessary to read from the
guide look at the audience sometimesguide look at the audience sometimes
GUIDELINES……GUIDELINES……
• Consult useful reference books, current Consult useful reference books, current journals.journals.
• In support of your lecturing , you may In support of your lecturing , you may need to apply various tactics and need to apply various tactics and techniques like question and answer, techniques like question and answer, demonstration, use of black board , use of demonstration, use of black board , use of proper display material and Av aids .proper display material and Av aids .
GUIDELINES……GUIDELINES……
TIME MANAGEMENT:TIME MANAGEMENT:
• Keep to time – not too fast or nor too Keep to time – not too fast or nor too slowslow
ADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES
• Lecture is a method familiar to most Lecture is a method familiar to most teachers because it was typically the way teachers because it was typically the way they were taught .they were taught .
• Lecturing is a straightforward way to Lecturing is a straightforward way to impart knowledge to students quicklyimpart knowledge to students quickly
• Instructors also have a greater control Instructors also have a greater control over what is being taught in the class over what is being taught in the class room because they are the sole source of room because they are the sole source of informationinformation
ADVANTAGES ……ADVANTAGES ……
• A large number of students can be A large number of students can be accommodated at one time.accommodated at one time.
• It stimulates thinking to open discussion.It stimulates thinking to open discussion.• Multiple resources persons, knowledgeable Multiple resources persons, knowledgeable
and with different points of view can and with different points of view can interact with students.interact with students.
• Allows information of facts ,information Allows information of facts ,information and concepts in a relatively short span of and concepts in a relatively short span of time.time.
CHARACTERISTICCHARACTERISTIC
No interaction
Two-way communication One-way communication
Educator-student questions Few questions
Shared responsibility for active learning
Small group, problem-solving activities
Student depends on educator for all information
No student activities
Variety of supporting media No supporting media
Limited note taking required (students have copies of lecture notes)
Educator-student interaction
Extensive note taking required
TIPS : TIPS : To Reduce Presentation AnxietyTo Reduce Presentation Anxiety
• Avoid eating a big meal before the lecture. Avoid eating a big meal before the lecture. • Arrive early to make sure that everything is ready Arrive early to make sure that everything is ready
before the first student arrives. before the first student arrives. • Make sure all of the media equipment is working. Make sure all of the media equipment is working. • Locate and check the lightingLocate and check the lighting• Decide where the lecture notes will be placed Decide where the lecture notes will be placed
(e.g., on desk, table) when they are not being (e.g., on desk, table) when they are not being held. held.
MORE TIPSMORE TIPS
• Have a glass of water available during the Have a glass of water available during the lecture. lecture.
• Go for a short walk just before the lecture. Go for a short walk just before the lecture. • Look over your lecture notes one last time. Look over your lecture notes one last time. • Take a few deep breaths to relax before Take a few deep breaths to relax before
beginning the lecture.beginning the lecture.
SUMMARYSUMMARY• The first few minutes of a lecturer are important The first few minutes of a lecturer are important
plan them well.plan them well.• Verbal communication skills are critical. Verbal communication skills are critical. • Nonverbal communication skills also are very Nonverbal communication skills also are very
important. these include eye contact , positive important. these include eye contact , positive facial expression ,gestures and movement.facial expression ,gestures and movement.
• Effective questioning and interaction.Effective questioning and interaction.• Evaluation(video recording or an observer can Evaluation(video recording or an observer can
assist)assist)