methods & techniques in participatory design...– 1960s & -70s work environment’s...
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Methods&TechniquesinParticipatoryDesign
ToneBratteteigDepartmentofInformatics,UniversityofOsloin5510–17/9/2018
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• applicationarea– whatkindofsystemsisthemethodapplicablefor?
• perspective/worldview– e.g.,PD
• guidelines– techniques– tools– principlesfororganization
ToneBratteteig;in5510–17/9/2018
methods&techniquesfordesignofIT
Bratteteigetal2012Andersenetal1986
• futureusersoftechnicalsolutionsshouldhaveasayinthedesignofthosesolutions1) providingknowledgethatwillimprovethedesign2) easetheintroductionofthenewtechnology3) inNluencefutureworkingconditions/changesthatwillaffectthem
• havingasayismorethanhavingyourvoiceheard• theorganizationofthedesignprocessshouldfacilitateuserparticipationthroughouttheprocessemphasizing– mutuallearning(problemsettingandsolving)– co-constructionofthenewsolutioninitsrealcontext
PD(ParticipatoryDesign)basics
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• theroots:industrialdemocracy– 1960s&-70sworkenvironment’spsycho-socialaspects– HumanFactors=/=Taylor’sscientiNicmanagement– socio-technicalsystems(Mumford:ETHICS,Checkland:SSM)
☞ workenvironmentprotection(legislation)• theautomationofwork
– skills(upskilling,deskilling)/autonomy&control• acriticalview:technologyisnotneutral
– alternativetechnologicalsolutions– Scandinavianapproaches:collaborationwithtradeunions
atinybitofhistory:originofPD
KristenNygaard
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thegoalofPD:“ResultsareallactioncarriedoutbytheMWU*,centrallyandlocally,whichonthebasisofactivitiesandinsightgainedwithintheprojectareaimingatgivingtheMWUanditsmembersincreasedinNluenceontheplanning,controlanddataprocessingoftheNirms.”(Nygaard&Bergo1975:7)*MWU=IronandMetalWorkers’Union
atinybitofhistory:PDasacriticalposition
KristenNygaard
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• politics–thepoliticalsystem:government,society,economy– “theactivitythroughwhichpeoplemake,preserve,andemendthegeneralrulesunderwhichtheylive”(Heywood2000)
– takingsides(stakeholders,interestgroups)• power:theabilitytoachieveadesiredoutcome
– indemocracies:resolvingconNlict(compromise,negotiation)
atinybitofhistory:talkingaboutpolitics
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• power:theabilitytoachieveadesiredoutcome– indemocracies:resolvingconNlict(compromise,negotiation)
• technologyisnotneutral(Marcuse,Foucault++)– designfromsomewhere(Suchman)– “docategorieshavepolitics?”(Winograd/Suchman,Winner)– “sortingthingsout”(Bowker&Star)
atinybitofhistory:talkingaboutpower
powerover:gettingapersontodosomethingthats/hewouldotherwisenotdopowerto:capacity,potential,ability HannaPitkinformsofpower:-power/knowledge(Foucault) -authorityfromposition -trust,loyalty- organizationalstructures -controlofresources -agendacontrol- … -non-decisionmaking (Borum&Enderud)
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• futureusersoftechnicalsolutionsshouldhaveasayinthedesignofthosesolutions1) providingknowledgethatwillimprovethedesign2) easetheintroductionofthenewtechnology3) inNluencefutureworkingconditions/changesthatwillaffectthem
• havingasayismorethanhavingyourvoiceheard• theorganizationofthedesignprocessshouldfacilitateuserparticipationthroughouttheprocessemphasizing– mutuallearning(problemsettingandsolving)– co-constructionofthenewsolutioninitsrealcontext
PDasaperspectiveondesignofIT
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useispartofeverydayactivities
time
useinactivities
usecontext/everydayactivities
useinactivities
useinactivities
useinactivities
designproject-outsideusecontext-butalsoinsidethelargerusecontext
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designuse
time
taskdeliverable
designusebuyuseinactivitiesthrowaway
usecontext
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• havingasay– havingavoice≠havingasay– power
• mutuallearning– two-waylearning– developingtechnicalimagination
• co-realization– basedondifferentexpertise(speaktheirownlanguage)
– intertwininganalysis&design
PDbasics
Bratteteigetal2012
-modelpower-agendacontrol
-problemsetting-levelsofin`luence
-tacitknowledge-prototyping
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dimensionsofdesignofIT
Andersenetal1986
Reflection
Change
Visions Exist
Information technology design project
Performance Management
Design
Realization
Planning
Regulation
Product- oriented
Process- oriented
Exist Visions
Evaluation Analysis
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!!!
! planning!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!inves'gate!the!! ! !problem!situa'on!
!!!“see3move3see” ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!mutual!learning!!!!!test!&!evaluate! ! ! ! ! !!!!inves.gate!prac.ces!
!!!!!! ! !!! !!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!
!! ! !!
!problem!solving ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!problem!definion!!!!!materialize, ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!iden5y!needs!&!!!!!!!concre.ze ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!wishes!
!!!! ! ! !!!!!concre'ze!!! ! !!!!!evalua'on!criteria!! ! !!!!requirements!spec.!!! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!
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SoftwareTechnologyforEvolutionaryParticipatorySystemsdevelopmentChristianeFloydetal
STEPS
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ParticipatoryDesignProject
MUST Concepts• VisionPhases• Technologyusage• Standardsystem• Etcetera
Techniquesandtools• Observation• Diagnosticmapping• DeadSeascrolls• Hearingetc.
Principles• Coherentvision• Genuineuserparticipation• Firsthandexperiencewithusers’practices• Anchoringvisions
Projectorganisation• Projectestablishment• Strategicalignment• Ethnographicanalyses• Visionsdevelopment
KeldBødker,FinnKensing,JesperSimonsen
MetodeforforUndersøgelseiSystemudvikling–ogTeoriherom
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CESD
MortenKyng,KajGrønbæk,PrebenMogensen
Design Analysis Computer Supported Supported Management Work Realisation
Technology
Developers’ Practices Users’
Practice
Visions
Bratteteig et al 2012
Cooperative Experiments and
Interventions
Project Assignment
CooperativeExperimentalSystemsDevelopment
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usersasinspiration
degreesofuserinclusionindesign
designersimmerseinusecontext
userexperience
human-centreddesign
inspiration investigation cooperationcommunity
designersactive
usersactive
participatorydesign
user-drivendesign
userdesign&innovation
SampsaHyysala:inuse@Aalto
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user-centreddesign
• documentanalysis• interview• observation• futureworkshop• thinkingaloud• workshopofvariouskind• scenario• cartography
tools&techniques
• prototyping• brainstorming• storyboard• roleplay• (cultural)probe• walkthrough• …
Bratteteigetal2012
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make
tell enact
AParticipatoryDesignpracticeentailstoolsandtechniquesthatcombinetelling,makingandenacting.(Brandtetal2012,p.165)
• tellingaboutexistingpractices• introducingchangeperspectives• tellingaboutneedsanddreams• balancebetween“whatis”and
“whatcouldbe”
• inspirationfromtheatretechniques• scenarios• performanceswithprops,mock-ups&
prototypes• developingknowledgethroughpractice
• participatoryprototyping• mock-ups• paperprototypes
• probes• meansofexploringexperience• emotions• ambiguous
• generativetools• ambiguityandcreativity
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futureworkshop
2-day 1-day 1/2–dayPhase schedule schedule schedulePreparationphase 1h ½h 1/2hDesigningtheroom,introducingtheThemeandworkingmethodCritiquephase 4h 2½h 1hCreatingaricher;commonimageOftheproblematicsituationFantasyphase 6h 2h 1½hGeneratingvisionsofanimprovedSituationwithoutrestrictionsRealizationphase 4h 2h 1½hBringingthevisionsdowntoearthandDevelopingaplanFollow-UpPhase Jungk&Müller,1987
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!
Doverse"elserD
DDD
Tone!Bratteteig,!inf1510:!18.!mars!2013!
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MajavanderVelden,MargaretSommervold
SuhasJoshiEspenJohnsenm.`l.
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II.
Researchquestions(cont)
KarolineStark
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Researchquestions(cont)
- PeterHavgar
Designing for Intellectual Disability Combining User-Centered Design and Research through Design
Peter Havgar
Design, Use, Interaction at the Department of informatics UNIVERSITY OF OSLO
30.08.2016
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SuhasJoshi
!
!
SuhasJoshi&ThomasIversen
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'''
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theproject2004-2006
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!!!
! planning!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!inves'gate!the!! ! !problem!situa'on!
!!!“see3move3see” ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!mutual!learning!!!!!test!&!evaluate! ! ! ! ! !!!!inves.gate!prac.ces!
!!!!!! ! !!! !!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!
!! ! !!
!problem!solving ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!problem!definion!!!!!materialize, ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!iden5y!needs!&!!!!!!!concre.ze ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!wishes!
!!!! ! ! !!!!!concre'ze!!! ! !!!!!evalua'on!criteria!! ! !!!!requirements!spec.!!! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!
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tell
make
enact
32
SuhasJoshi
!!!
! planning!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!inves'gate!the!! ! !problem!situa'on!
!!!“see3move3see” ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!mutual!learning!!!!!test!&!evaluate! ! ! ! ! !!!!inves.gate!prac.ces!
!!!!!! ! !!! !!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!
!! ! !!
!problem!solving ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!problem!definion!!!!!materialize, ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!iden5y!needs!&!!!!!!!concre.ze ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!wishes!
!!!! ! ! !!!!!concre'ze!!! ! !!!!!evalua'on!criteria!! ! !!!!requirements!spec.!!! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!
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SuhasJoshi
pdcproceedings.org
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• applicationarea• perspective/worldview• guidelines
– techniques– tools– principlesfororganization
methods&techniquesforPD&designofIT
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• havingasay
• mutuallearning• co-construction
designisformingideasinsomematerial:userscanparticipateingettingandselectingideas,givingthemamaterialform,andexperimentingwithmaterials
ToneBratteteig;in5510–17/9/2018