metis in ontario - annotated bibliography

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ASSORTED METISPAPERS

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PRAXISESEAssociatesRCH

SOCIAL SCIENCE CONSULTANTS

6352 ST. LOUIS DRIVEORLEANS, ONTARIO K I C 2Y ITEL / FAX: (6 I3) 830 - 7 I98

ANNOTATED JBmLKOGRAPHYg

METIS IN ONTARIO

FORTHE :M IN IS TRY OF NATURAL RESOURCE S

OF THE GOVERNM ENT OF ONTARIONATIVE AFFAIRS SECTION

300 W ater S treetP.O. Box 7000P eterborough , O ntario K 91 8M 5

F eb ruary 8, 1999

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ANNOTATED BffiLliOGRAPHY:

METIS IN ONTARIO

Submitted to:

Valerie 1. StankiewiczPolicy Officer, Historical ResearchNATIVE AFFAIRs SECTION

ONTARIO MlNIS1RY OF NATIJRAL RESOURCES300 Water StreetP.O. Box 7000

Peterborough ON K9J 8M5

Submitted by:Gwen Reimer, Ph.D. & Jean-Philippe Chartrand, M.A.

PRAXIS Research Associates6352 St. Louis Drive, Orleans ON KIC 2Yl

February 8, 1999

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

lN1RoDucnoN 11. HISTORYOFMETIS IN ONTARIO 3

1.1 Genealogical Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142. MEns IN ONTARIO TODAY 153. POJENTIAL MEns CLAIMS IN ONTARIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184. MEns AND mECONSTITUTION AcT, 1982 22APPENDIX A: Map of Great Lakes Metis Settlements, 1763-1830 (peterson 1978) 26SOURCESCONSULJED 27

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INTRODUCTION

PRAXIS Research Associates is pleased to submit to the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resourcesan annotated bibliography of published and unpublished sources relevant to the subject of Metis inOntario. The sources included in this bibliography have been selected for their relevance to thefollowing four topics:

1) The historical presence of Metis communities in Ontario;2) Recent ethnographic and statistical data about Metis in Ontario;3) Existing and potential Metis claims in Ontario;4) Issues related to the inclusion of Metis within the definition of 'Aboriginal' in theConstitution Act, 1982.Categorization of sources under one of these four headings is not always a straightforward

task. In several cases, sources contain information relevant to two or more of these topics. Forexample, quite a number of references could have been listed under either topic '1' or '3.' In suchcases, it is the major theme, purpose or emphasis of the material which determines its topicalclassification. A couple of genealogical sources which may be useful in tracing Metis ancestries inOntario are listed a sub-section at the end of Chapter 1. Except for topic '4' which concernsconstitutional issues relevant to Metis in Canada generally, only those sources which containinformation specific to Metis in Ontario are annotated.

This bibliography and the annotations employ the word form "Metis" to signify the group ofpeople who are the subject of this project. However, it should be noted that several publicationsdiscuss the issue of whether and when the term should be capitalized, and sources do not conformto any standard use of the French accent, i.e. Metis. The terms "half-breed" and "mixed blood" areused only as referred to in the sources being annotated.

The objective of this project is to produce an exhaustive list of sources of information relatedto Metis in Ontario. Hence, all types of sources have been considered including the following:

~ Published books and journal articlesUnpublished research reports and thesesGovernment and Non-Government Organization (NGO) documents

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The sources listed in the bibliography have been located from the following holdings:~ Carleton University Library (MacOdrum)

University of Ottawa Libraries (Morrisett and the Law Library)McMaster University and the University of Toronto (via on-line searches and inter-library loan services)National Library of CanadaIndian and Northern Affairs Canada LibraryClaims and Historical Research Centre (INAC)Ontario Native Affairs Secretariat &Ministry of Natural Resources

~ Royal Commission of Aboriginal Peoples Research ReportsIn addition to those sources which are annotated, numerous other sources were reviewed and

foundto contain negligible or no Ontario-specific data regarding Metis. These are listed as 'SourcesConsulted. '


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1. HISTORY OF METIS IN ONTARIO

Bakker, Peter J.1997 A Language of Our Own: The Genesis of Michif, the Mixed Cree-Frencb Language ofthe Canadian Metis. New York: Oxford University Press.A lin gu is tic a na ly sis o f th eMichiflanguage as an in dica to r o f M e tis id en tity. C ha pter 3 d ea lsw ith the orig in and culture of the M etis N ation. Based on research by Peterson (1978) andB ro wn (1 98 0), B ak ke r trac es th e orig in o f M e tis c ultu re to th e fu r tra de in N ew F ra nc e a nd th eG re at L ak es a re a. H ow ev er , B ak ke r s ta te s th at in n eith er o f th es e a re as d id th e c hild re n o f m ix edunions betw een E uropean m en and Indian w om en, consider them selves separate from theirparents' groups. It w as only in the 1800s, particularly in the R ed R iver area, that people ofmixed o rig in b eg an to c on sid er th em se lv es a se pa ra te e th nic g ro up . A lth ou gh B ak ke r o utlin esp oin ts w h er e Me tis d o n ot fulfil th e e ss en tia l c rite ria w hic h d efm e mo st o th er e th nic g ro up s, h ea rg ue s th at Me tis d o fo rm a se pa ra te e th nic g ro up . B ak ke r d istin gu is he s " pa n-Men s" ( no g ro upid en tity ) fr om " histo ric al Me tis " ( se pa ra te e th nic id en tity ), a nd in d ia gram fo rm ( Fig ure 3 .1 )illu stra te s th e h isto ric al p ath from wh ic h e ac h em er ge d ( pp .6 2- 63 ). T he o rig in o f all Metis a reth e "G re at L ake s M e tis."

Brasser, Ted J.1985 In Search of Metis Art. In The New Peoples: Being and Becoming Metis in North

America. Jacqueline Peterson and Jennifer S.H. Brown (Eds.) Winnipeg: University ofManitoba Press (pp.221-229).B rasser d oc um ents art form s w hich are u niqu e to M e tis, a nd w hich re pre se nt an elem ent o f th ee th nic id en tity o f Me tis . B ra sse r emp lo ys a so cio lo gic al d efin itio n o f th e Me tis w h o se ttle d o nthe Red R ive r, a s "marg in a l p eop le " o ri gi na ti ng from e ar lie r f ur -tr ad e f ro ntie rs p rim a rily a ro un da nd n orth o f th e G re at L ak es . B ra ss er d es cr ib es th es e "wid es pre ad a nd e ar ly " Me tis a s " ba re lyaw are of a distinct ethnic identity as yet" (p.223), It w as at the Red R iver w here the M etisp op ula tio n w as la rg e e no ug h to p romo te a n e nd og amo us m a rria ge p re fe re nc e th at a d istin ctiv ea rt s ty le emer ge d. He con cl ud es th at th e b eg in nin gs o f a d is tin ct iv el y Me tis art s ty le wa s li nk edto the rise of an ethnic identity in the early decades of the 19 th century.

Brown, Jennifer S.H.1985 Metis. In The Canadian Encyclopedia. J.H. Marsh, Ed. Edmonton: Hurtig Publishing

(pp.1l24-1l27).In th is ty pic al e nc yc lo pe dic e ntr y, B rown tra ce s th e o rig in s o f "th e firs t d istin gu is ha bly Me tisc ommun itie s" a ro un d a nd b ey on d th e G re at L ak es fr om th e 1 69 0s o nw a rd . N ume ro us Americ anand C anadian tow ns and cities (eg ., Sault S te. M arie in O ntario) had their orig ins in thesei nforma l b ir ac ia l communi ti es .

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Brown (continued)1987 The Metis: Genesis and Rebirth, In Native People, Native Lands: Canadian Indians,Inuit and Metis.BruceAldenCox,Ed. Ottawa: Carleton University Press (pp.136-147).

B rown d is tin gu is he s th e meanings between metis w ritten w ith a sm all "m " (sig nifying all peopleof dual A merindian-w hite ancestry), and Metis capitalized, w hich is used to specifically referto those people who are agreed to possess a distinctive socio-cultural heritage and sense ofe th nic id en tific atio n. B as ed o n this distinction, B row n outlines the history of m etis fam ilies andcommunities in Canada from east to west, beginning in Acadia and New France. In the GreatLakes region, m etis (sm all "m ") settlem ents w ere increasingly rem arked upon by clergym en,travellers and others from the 1690s onw ard. These comm unities achieved a social order andeconomy of their own. Small "m " metis of the Hudson' Bay prior to 1810 are described aslacking the distinct com munity and economic basis upon which to build a separate identity.B row n speculates that the B ritish conquest of N ew France in 1763 m ay have heightened a m etissense of separateness. By 1800, numerous metis comm unities around the low er G reat Lakesm igrated northw est tow ards M anitoba and M innesota. It is at R ed R iver that m etis developedid en tific atio n a s (c ap ita liz ed ) M e tis .

Burley, David, GayelA. Horsfall, and JohnD. Brandon1991 Structural Considerations of Metis Ethnicity: An Archaeological, Architectural, andHistorical Study. Vermillion, S.D.: University of South Dakota Press.A s the title suggests, this book com bines archaeological, architectural and historical data todevelop a theoretical basis for the study of M etis ethnicity and change. Chapter 2 focuses onu nd ers ta nd in g Me tis history, ethn icity and social iden tity, beginning w ith the statem ent that theM etis emerged as a distinct and recognizable ethnic group as a consequence of the fur trade.C iting Peterson (1981; 1985), the authors indicate their earliest orig ins to stem from the uniono f n ativ e w om en and French C anadian m en in the vicinity of the G reat L akes. Included is a cleardiscussion of the debate about exactly w hen the M etis perceived themselves as M etis, and theauthors conclude that the "ethnogeneses" of M etis can be explained "only through reference tosocial, political and econom ic circum stances in the R ed R iver settlem ent" (p.15).

Cameron, David and Jill Wherret1997 NewRelationship, NewChallenges: Aboriginal Peoples and the Province ofOntario

(February 1995). Research Report on CD-ROM: For Seven Generations: AnInformation Legacy of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. Ottawa: LibraxusInc.A gen er al r es ea rc h report on A boriginal people in O ntario , w ith brief references to M etis historyand demographics. H istorically, M etis in Ontario are described as distinct local groups offamilie s o r a s in div id ua ls in vo lv ed w ith th e : fur trade. M etis com munities w ere located in or neartrade centres including Moose Factory, Thunder Bay, Fort Frances, Kenora, andPen eta nguis he ne . Me tis inO ntario did not appear to identify them selves as a distinct 'nation',bu t rath er as p olitically and culturally distinct com munities from each other.

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Campbell, George1980 The Final Adventure: Old Fort William. Thunder Bay: Guide Print and Publishing.A b oo kle t p ro du ce d b y a lo ca l h isto ria n o f T hu nd er B ay , a im ed at a p op ul ar a ud ie nc e in te re ste dinthe histo ry o f O ld F ort W illiam . In a section titled "L ife at the F ort . ..", C am pb ell sta tes th atm ost of the N orth W est com pany em ployees at the Fort had m arried native or M etis w om en,w ho also lived around the prem ises. In addition.a sm all settlem ent of 'fre e' C ana dian s liv eda cro ss th e R iv er , ex-voyageurs who liv ed w ith their native fam ilies. A s w ell, the F ort's farmwas o cc up ie d a nd work ed b y F re nc h C an ad ia n la bo ure rs w ho liv ed inc otta ge s w ith th eir I nd ia no r Me tis w iv es a nd f am ili es . I t is b elie ve d th at some o f th es e p eo ple c ou ld w ell h av e b ec om e th efirst p erm an ent settlers of the T hun de r B ay reg ion . G ale 1 99 8 cite s this a s e vid enc e of M etisas one of the founders of T hunder B ay.

Chretien, Annette1996 "Mattawa, Where the Waters Meet:" The Question of Identity in Metis Culture.

Unpublished M.A. Thesis,Department ofMusic, University ofOttawa.A ltho ug h C hretien's foc us in o n m usic as an in dic ato r of M etis iden tity, her w ork co nc ern s th ehistory a nd cul tu re o f th e Me ti s liv in g inMa ttawa , O nta rio . C ha pte rs 1 , 3 , a nd 4 p re se nt r ev iewso f th e p ertin en t lite ra tu re o n th e h isto rio gra ph y a nd g eo gra ph y o f Onta rio Me tis.

Douaud, Patrick C.1985 Ethnolinguistic Profile of the Canadian Metis. National Museum of Man MercurySeries, Canadian Ethnology Service Paper No.99. Ottawa: National Museums ofCanada.A study of the m echanism s of cultural and linguistic variation am ong the M etis of w esternCanada, w ith a focus on the M ission M etis of L ac la B iche, A lberta. T he ethnohistoricalbackground to the study traces the origin of M etis to the long period of in teraction betw eenIn dia ns a nd Wh ite s in th e S t. L aw re nc e a nd Upp er G re at L ak es re gio ns , in p re se nt-d ay Que be ca nd Onta rio (c itin g P ete rs on 1 97 8).

Foster, John E.1995 The Plains Metis. InNative Peoples: The Canadian Experience, 2nd Ed. R. Bruce

Morrison and C.RoderickWilson,Eds.Toronto: OxfordUniversityPress (pp.414-443).An exam ination of M etis as com munities rather than as the individual offspring of m ixedm ar ria ge s. T he d ev elo pm en t o f Me tis is c ha ra cte riz ed a s th e u niq ue , so cio -c ultu ra l p ro du ct o fp ar tic ula r e ve nts a nd c ir cum st an ce s, wh ic h _ a lt ho ug h i nf re qu en t _ f lo ur is he d in t he G r ea t L ak esr eg io n a nd o n th e C an ad ia n P la in s. T he tw o re gio ns w ere a pp are ntly lin ke d, a s s om e tra de rs w how er e re la te d to th e G re at L ak es Me tis f am ilie s, m an ag ed to e sta blis h sma ll tra din g o pe ra tio nsin the R ed R iver V alley (prior to the m onopoly created by the am algam ation of H BC and theN orthw est C om pa ny in 182 0).


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Gale, Alison E.1998 The Metis of the Robinson-Superior Treaty: Historical Report. Draft prepared for theClaims Research and Assessment Directorate. Ottawa: Indian and Northern AtTairsCanada.

A compilation of historical evidence regarding the people of Metis heritage who lived in theThunder Bay area since the beginning of the 19th century and following the making of theRobinson Treaties in 1850. The evidence supports the contention of the Metis settlement at FortWilliam as one of the two first Metis settlements in Canada.' The historical documentationpresented dates from ca. 1849-1925, concluding with evidence related to Metis not beingincluded on Robinson-Superior Treaty annuity lists.

Giraud, Marcel1986 The Metis in the Canadian West, Volume 1. (Translated by George Woodcock).Edmonton: University ofAlberta Press [original 1945].The fimdamental work regarding the Plains Metis, Les metis canadien is considered the mostthorough ethnographic and historical study of that people. Giraud conducted fieldwork in Metiscommunities during the 1930s, heavily supplementing his research with investigations into theHudson Bay Company (HBC) Archives and other archival collections. The entire work ispublished in two volumes. Volume I is relevant to the subject of Metis in Ontario as it containsGiraud's discussion of the origin of the Metis as occurring from two nuclei of "racial fusion",both of which involve what is now Ontario. The first was the "southern nucleus" _ along theGreat Lakes route from the St. Lawrence to the western shores of Lake Superior. While a fusionof the races (primarily French traders and Aboriginal women) began in what is now westernQuebec and eastern Ontario, it appears that most children of these native/white unions weregenerally absorbed into the native population (i.e. the mothers' communities). The Metis as aseparate identity inWestern Canada seemingly originated from this southern nucleus. Giraud's"northern nucleus" _ along the western shores of Hudson Bay, in association with theestablishment of HBC posts at Fort Albany and Moose Factory _ is where Metis havingScottish and British ancestry originated. This "nucleus of racial mingling" gradually radiatedinto the northern hinterland, but for more than a century was limited to the Bay coast line wherethe first British posts were established. From these two nuclei, Giraud singles out settlementssuch as Michilimackinac, Rainy Lake, Moose Factory, York Factory, and Fort Albany as fociof the first appearances of recognizable Metis populations.

Gale's citation for this reference to Fort William is: "Lorimer, The Birth of theMetis Nation (p.28)." A search forthis publication at all holdings listed in the Introduction of this bibliography, was unsuccessful.PRAXIS Research Associates, 1999: Annotated Bibliography - Metis in Ontario 6

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Gorham, Harriet1987 FamiliesofMixedDescentin theWesternGreat LakesRegion. In Native People, NativeLands: Canadian Indians, Inuit and Metis. Bruce Alden Cox, Ed. Ottawa: CarletonUniversity Press (pp.37-55).An examination of the historical record of people of mixed descent who lived in or about the furtrading settlements such as Sault Ste. Marie, Michilimackinac or La Baie, and who filled aliaison role between the Indian and White societies represented in the Great Lakes regionbetween 1670 and 1830. Specifically, Gorham addresses the question: "Were these peopleMetis?" This question is addressed according to three criteria of ethnic identity: 1) self-ascription; 2) ascription by outsiders, and; 3) mating and marriage patterns. Gorham concludest ha t the Great Lakes mixed-bloods might be better described as an economic class rather thanas an ethnic group.

Hamilton, J.e.1876 The Prairie Province: Sketches of Travel from Lake Ontario to Lake WinnipegToronto: Belford Brothers.Chapter 1 of this travel account describes Hamilton's journey by train and steamer fromToronto to Thunder Bay. At Killarney, Hamilton observed Indians in their "tepees" as well as"log-houses" of white and re d men" (p.2). At the east end of Prince Arthur's Landing.Hamiltondescribes a village atMcVicar's Creek with "log and clap-board houses" as.well as a "wigwamof an Indian" (p.5). Gale 1998 cites this as evidence of Metis settlement at McVicar's Creek.At the "ancient fort of the great Hudson's Bay company" at Kaministiquia River (near PrinceArthur), Hamilton observed "white men, Indians and half-breeds" (p.7).

Harrington, Carolyn1981 Development of a Half-Breed Community in the Upper Great Lakes. Consulting Report(sponsor/client unknown; copy available at Claims & Historical Research Centre,INAC, Ottawa).A detailed report on the historical development of "mixed bloods" in middle-northern Ontario(Sault region), where the first French contacts and settlements led to trade patterns whichformed the basis for the emergence of a mixed blood population. The role of mixed bloods inNative and French-English wars is described, followed by a description of mixed blood lifestylesfrom 1623-1720. For the post-I720 periods, Harrington presents marriage and birth records ofmixed bloods, the development of a sense of community, the impact of the shift from Frenchto English regimes, the effects of consequent changes in trade patterns, and the role of mixedbloods in the political changes which ensued after the War of Independence and theestablishment of the American boundary. Half-breed involvement in the wars during theNapoleonic War years, the War of 1812, and the development of an "Indian Liberation Army"after the fall of the Red River Metis are presented as evidence for a war -based community bond,which in part explains the lack of development of a high profile ethnic identity of Metis in thearea. The report concludes with a description of the Half-breed-Indian community in theAmerican Sault (Michigan) in contrast to the Metis community on the Ontario side of theborder.

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Jones, Gwynneth C.D.1998 Characteristics ofpre-1850 and Metis Families in the Vicinity of Sault Ste Marie, 1860-

1925. Unpublished Report, with Public History, Inc. (Ottawa).A h is to ri ca l r es ea rch repo rt p rep ared a s b ackg round ma te ri al for t he R. v. Powley ca se (On ta ri o) .Th e r ep or t s ur ve ys e vi de nc e r ela tin g t o r es id en ce a nd p er sis te nc e p at te rn s o f f am ily n ame s li ste das S au lt S te. M a rie resid en ts d atin g fro m 1 85 0 an d e arlie r, a nd du rin g th e pe rio d fro m 1 86 1 tothe m id-1920s. T he report also introduces som e historical m aterial relating to w ays of life,c ommun ity a nd id en tity amo ng th es e familie s d urin g th e p erio d 1 85 0-1 92 5. J on es c on clu de s:1 ) a sig nif ic an t c ore g ro up o ffam ilie s a ss oc ia te d w ith p re -1 85 0 a nd /o r m ix ed b lo od r es id en tsof Sault Ste. M arie rem ained in the Sault area at least unti11901; 2) M etis fam ilies reliedeconomical ly on such a ct iv iti es a s wage l ab ou r, f is hi ng , a gr ic ul tu re , o r mapl e s ug ar p ro du cti onm ak in g, an d a pp ea r to h av e be en less inv olv ed in hu ntin g an d tra pp in g su bsiste nc e a ctivitie sthan we re O ji bwa f am i lie s; 3 ) r es id en ti al p att er ns a nd r es er ve v oti ng tr en ds a t B a tc hewan aandG arden R iver indicate som e degree of com munity feeling am ong M etis fam ilies; there ise vid en ce a ls o to su gg est Me tis s en se o f c ommun ity in S au lt S te .M a rie , a s w ell a s a t S t. J os ep h'sIsland.

Judd, Carol1983 Housing the Homeguard at Moose Factory: 1730-1982. The Canadian Journal of NativeStudies 3(1):23-37.

Th is a rtic le make s t ha t p oin t th at Me ti s h av e been re sid en t a t Mo ose F ac to ry sin ce th e Hud so n'sB ay C om pany (H BC ) post w as established there in 1730. B y the late 18th century, H BC m ena nd Abo rig in al w ome n h ad e re cte d dw ellin gs o uts id e th e p ost itse lf , a h om e gu ar d h ou sin g siteo r c ommun ity . B y e xte nsio n, J ud d s ug ge sts th at th is p he nom en on is sim ila r fo r all HBC p os ts.Long, John S.1978 Treaty No.9: The Half-Breed Question, 1902-1910. Cobalt, Ontario: Highway Book

Shop.A sm all b oo klet w hich do cumen ts so me o f the h isto ric al ro ots o f the M etis at M oo se F ac tory.L on g su gg ests in h is P re fa ce th at th is bo okle t w as w ritten a s a h isto ric al g uide for th e Mo oseF ac to ry L oc al o f th e On ta rio Me tis a nd Non -S ta tu s In dia n A ss oc ia tio n.

1983 Archdeacon Thomas Vincent ofMoosonee and the Handicap of "Metis" Racial Status.Canadian Journal of Native Studies 3(1):95-116.This c ase stu dy of A rch de ac on T homa s V inc en t is in dire ctly re le va nt to th e sub je ct o f M e tis inO ntario by its references to persons of "m ixed-descent" in Fort A lbany, M oose F actory andMo oso ne e in th e m id to late 1 80 0s. O f sign ific an ce is L on g's q ue stio n ab ou t w hethe r V inc en tca n be c on side re d a "M e tis", a term w hic h a pp ea rs o nly o nc e inr ela tio n to V in ce nt's id en tit y.W hile he was aware of the Riel Rebellion at the Red R iver, V incent's m issionaryc or re sp on de nc e re ve als n o fe elin g o f so lid arity w ith a ny "Metis " c au se . L on g d oe s n ot e xamin eth e q ue stio n o f w h eth er a se ns e o f Me tis "c ommun ity " e xiste d in Mo oso ne e d urin g th is p er io d.

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Long (continued)1985 Treaty No.9 and Fur Trade Company Families: Northeastern Ontario's Half-breeds,Indians, Petitioners and Metis. In The New Peoples:Being and Becoming Metis in NorthAmerica. Jacqueline Peterson and Jennifer S.H. Brown, Eds, Winnipeg: University ofManitoba Press (pp. 137-162).A detailed discussion of the history of the Jam es Bay descendants of the H udson's BayCompany (HBC) m en and the C ree "hom eguard" w om en w ith w hom they founded fam ilies int he d ecad es after l67 0s. M ale de sc en dan ts o f the se families w ere by th e ea rly 1 80 0s a no ta blecategory am ong H BC em ployees and after 1840 som e also found roles as native clergy andca tec hists. L on g a rg ue s th at th is g ro up o f familie s m aintain ed a un iq ue sen se of id entity . In1 90 5- 06 , T re aty Numb er 9 e xc lu de d th e " ha lf-b re ed s" a nd s om e Me tis p etitio ne d th e On ta riog ov er nment f or c omp en sa tio n. Howev er , n o s ett lemen t o f t he ir c la im s o r o f th e b ro ad er q ue sti ono f t he ir s ta tu s wa s r ea ch ed . This case s tu dy shows inm ic ro co sm th e c omp le xity o f th e q ue stio n:Who a re n ati ve p eo pl e? Lo ng il lu str ate s th e inadequacy o f a rb it ra ry g ov er nment d ec is io ns a bo utw h o w as e lig ib le a nd in elig ib le fo r tre aty sta tu s.

Lussier, Antoine1973 The Metis. In Indians Without Tipis:A Resource Book by Indians and Metis. Bruce D.Sealey and Verna J. Kirkness, Eds. Winnipeg: William Clare Ltd.T his article m entions M etis in O ntario only once, and in the negative: "T rue, there are som eMetis in Q ue bec an d O ntario , sinc e In dian pe op le m et w hite m en the re , b ut on ly in th e prairieprov in ce s d id th e M e tis ac quire a sen se o f g ro up id en tity an d a stro ng fe eling o f na tio na lism "(p.40).

McNab, David T.1983 Hearty Cooperation and Efficient Aid: The Metis and Treaty #3. The Canadian Journalof Native Studies 3(1):131-149.Th is i s a c riti ca l r e view o f th e h is to ri ca l e vi de nc e r eg ar din g t he r ole p la ye d b y Me tis in di vid ua lsin th e n eg otia ti on o f T re aty No .3 . McNab add re ss this is su e in lig ht o f C omm iss io ne r A le xa nd erM o rris' state men t in 1 873 tha t th e M etis ha d an im po rtan t pa rt inh el pin g t o p er su ad e I nd ia nsto sign the Treaty. H ow ever, M cNab concludes that the M etis role was lim ited to that offa cilita to rs , a nd th at th ey se rv ed m ain ly a s re po rte rs , in te rp re te rs a nd w itn ess es .

1984 Research Report on the Metis Involvement in Treaty #3 in 1873.Final Report Prepared _for the Office of Indian Resource Policy, Ministry of Natural Resources.T his research report expands on M cN ab's research published in 1 98 3 (a bo ve ). It p re se ntsrelevant his torical fac ts on the Me tis inv olvemen t in th e T re aty N o.3 ne go tia tion s of 18 73 w ithp a rt icu la r a tt en ti on to the role of individuals such as Joseph N olin , a M etis interpreter at then eg otia tio ns, w h os e n ote s c on ta in a v ersio n o f th e te rm s o f th e tre aty whic h a re id en tifie d b y th eG ran d C ou nc il of T reaty N o.3 as th e "P ayp om Documen t" o r "P ay pom T rea ty ." Inc on tr as t toMcNab 's p ub lic atio n in 1 98 3, in th is rep ort he re nd ers a cc ou nts o f the in flue nc e o n the T re atyN o.3 negotiations by individuals from M etis com munities in O ntario such as in the R ainy

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Lake/R ainy River area, Fort F rancis. Fort W illiam and Sault Ste. M arie. M cN ab also seem s toalter his form er conclusions, and there is som e im plication that the M etis involvem ent in thesenegotiations may h av e le d to adhesion to Treaty N o.3 in 1875 w hich included M etis in that area.

McNab (continued)1985 Metis Participation in the Treaty-Making Process in Ontario: A Reconnaissance. NativeStudies Review 1(2):57-79.

M cN ab con tin ues th e line of analysis begun in his 1983 publication cited above. In this article,M cN ab concludes that the M etis of O ntario have been actively involved as facilitators andparticipants in the treaty-m aking process in O ntario since at least the late 18 th century . B y the1840s the M etis of O ntario w ere liv ing in distinct com munities along w aterw ays and near thefur trade routes in all parts of the province, and they presented to governm ent some of theirclaim s relating to aborig inal rights to presents, land. and resources. Hence M etis wereacknow ledged in the R obinson Treaties, T reaty N o.3, etc. In view of M etis history , culture,political action, and participation in the treaty process, M cN ab concludes that "it should not besurprising to find "metis" now in the Constitution Act, 1982.

Morrison, James1997 The Robinson Treaties of 1850:A Case Study (August 1996). Research Report on CD-ROM: For Seven Generations: An Information Legacy of the Royal Commission onAboriginal Peoples. Ottawa: Libraxus Inc.S ectio n 12 .9 o f this report is titled, "M etis L and R ights" (pp .152-158). M orrison describes thelast day of Council at Sault Ste. M arie w hen signatory chiefs raised the issue of M etis landrights, asking that "Robinson give a free grant of 100 acres to some sixty half-breeds whosenam es w ere on a list they handed him." A lthough the C anadian governm ent w as not preparedto acknowledge any special status for half-breeds, the com missioner w as prepared to grant the"old residents" (the majority of whom were M etis) free and full possession of their lands onwhich they resided. A m onth later these M etis forw arded a m em orial to the G overnor G eneralin Toronto; the O jibw a chiefs supported their petition by claim ing that these fam ilies had "aninheritance in the country equal to our ow n." T he river-lo t holdings of M etis w ere confirm ed,but by 1900 only half a dozen M etis still ow ned property in Sault S te. M arie. M orrison alsoid entifies K illarney an d S t. Jo sep h's Island as M etis resid ences.

Moss, Wendy1979 Metis Adhesion to Treaty No.3. Field Report (sponsor/client unknown; possibly theNative Council of Canada; available from ONAS Resource Centre).This report describes the events and issues surrounding the inclusion of M etis of R ainy Lake in TreatyN o.3 in an adhesion signed in 1875. M oss focuses on the post-treaty conflict betw een the "half-breed"perception of them selves as a distinct group and the governm ent's insistence that they jo in co-existentIndian bands. The report proposes that, by adm inistrative fiat, th is group w as forced either to leave orto jo in existing Indian bands. D escrib ing the boundary and related disputes betw een the O ntario andFederal governments betw een 1876-1915, the report outlines the activ ity of E .B . Borron and theprocesses he advocated for rem oving m ixed bloods from the treaty lists .

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Osborne, A.C.1901 The Migration of Voyageurs from Drummond Island to Penetanguishene in 1828.Ontario Historical Society, Vol.3:123-149.This is a n e xc ellen t a nd d eta ile d a cc ou nt o f th e tra ns fer o f th e B ritis h g arris on from D rummon dIsland to Penetanguishene in 1828 and the m igration of 75 fam ilies of voyageurs ("half-b reeds ', ) connec ted wi th the post. Thes e s ettle rs b ec ame th e " orig in al own ers a nd p ate nte es " o flands on the borders of the Penetanguishene B ay (p.124). O sborne provides the historical(p olitic al a nd m ilita ry ) c on te xt o f th e tran sfe r, fo llowe d b y s ix p ers on al n arra tiv es b y d ire ctdescendants o f M etis w ho w ere in vo lv ed in th e m ov e to P en etan gu ish en e. A list o f n am es o f th eD rummond Is la nd voyageurs i s a ppended (pp .149-166 ).

Peterson, Jacqueline1978 "Prelude to Red River: A Social Portrait of the Great Lakes Metis," Ethnohistory.

25(1):41-67.Peterson's research is considered sem inal in the study of the M etis and the origins of M etiscomm unities on the shores of the G reat L akes. T his research paper exam ines the scope andsig nifican ce o f In dian -W h ite m arriag es in th e U pp er G reat L ak es reg io n d urin g th e 1 8th an dearly 1 9th cen tu ries, co nclu din g th at b y th e 1 82 0s, a sizeab le p op ulatio n o f M etis in hab ited ag row in g n etw o rk o f tow ns a nd v illag es .W h ile mo st o f th es e w ere s ou th o f th e G re at L ak es (n owth e USA ), s ome Me ti s s ett lemen ts we re a tt ac he d to p re se nt -d ay On ta ri o towns , i nc lu di ng S au ltS te. M arie, Amherstb urg an d S t Jo sep h's Islan d A m ap o f m ajo r an d m in or G reat L ak es M etissettlem en ts ca. 1 76 3-1 83 0 is p ro vid ed (see A pp en dix A to th is b ib lio grap hy ). P eterso n alsosu gg es ts th at th e G re at L ak es Me tis w ere in th e p ro ce ss o f d ev elo pin g a g ro up id en tity s im ila rto t ha t wh ic h ma tu re d s ev er al decades later in th e R ed R iv er v alley . S he states th at L ou is R iel'sre be lli on wa s " th e c ulm in ati on o f a n ea rly two c en tu rie s o f e th nic f orma ti on r oo te d a lo ng t he S t.L aw ren ce an d in th e U pp er G reat L ak es an d tran sp lan ted , o f n ecessity , in th e n orth ern RedR iv er V alley " (p .4 6). W ith in th e co ntex t o f th is stu dy , th e term Metis d esig nates less a racialca te go ry th an a n in cip ie nt e th nic g ro up , e ntry in to w hic h co uld b e a cq uire d th ro ug h marria gea nd s el f- id en tif ic at io n, a s we ll a s b irt h. On e o f th e p rimar y r ea so ns t ha t G re at L ak es Me ti s we reable to c on stru ct a se pa rate id en tity w as th e mo no po liz atio n o f th e m id dle o cc up atio na l ru ng so f th e fur tr ad in g s ys tem . I n a dd iti on to t he ir o cc up ati on s, t he e sta bl is hment o f g eogr ap hic all ys ep ara te a nd v is ua lly d is tin ct b an d v illag es , th eir liv in g a rra ng emen ts, m ateria l cu ltu re , a ndm arriag e cu stoms, set M etis ap art from b oth th eir In dian relativ es an d n eig hb ou rs an d fromEuropean soci ety.

1981 "The People in Between: Indian-White Marriage and the Genesis of a Metis Societyand Culture in the Great LakeRegion,1680-1830."UnpublishedDoctoral Dissertation,University of Illinois at Chicago Circle. Chicago.P ete rs on 's P h.D . th esis re pres en ts h er in de pth e xamin atio n o f d ata re late d to th e G rea t L ak esMe t is , a nd forms th e ba si s o f publ ic at ion s anno ta te d in thi s b ib li og raphy . (A copy is availableat McMaster University).

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Peterson (continued)1985 Many Roads to Red River: Metis Genesis in the Great Lakes Region, 1680-1815. In The

New Peoples: Being and Becoming Metis in North America. Jacqueline Peterson andJennifer S.H. Brown, Eds. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press (pp. 37-71).

P ete rso n f urth er ju stifie s th e d esc rip tio n o f Me tis a s a n ew e th nic g ro up , p re se ntin g a d eta ile dargume nt tha t M etis' inte rse cting line ag es an d g row in g e nd og am y, the ir rapidly increa sin gmnnb er s, th eir r ela tiv e is ola tio n f rom New F ra nc e, a nd th eir d is tin cti ve li fe sty le p ro vi de a v iv ide xamp le o f e th no ge ne sis . B ase d o n m arria ge , b ir th , b ap tisma l a nd h ou se ho ld c en su s r ec ord s,several case studies of m etis com munities are provided, including that at S ault Ste. M arie.Quantitative data is a va ila ble f or t he Me ti s p op ula tio n a t M i ch ilima ck in ac . P ete rs on c on clu de sthat many huma n roa ds led to th e e vo lution o f the M etis N atio n a t Red R iv er , se ve ra l o f w hic hstr etc he d from th e G re at L ak es c ou ntry in th e so uth ea st.

Redbird, Duke1980 We are Metis: A Metis View of the Development of a Canadian Native People.

Willowdale: Ontario Metis and Non-Status Indian Association.T he stated purpose of this book is to exam ine M etis history w ith the view to prove that M etisar e ina s tr on g mo ra l a nd le ga l p o si tio n t o demand th eir a bo ri gin al r ig hts a nd r ec og ni tio n o f th eirm ajo r role as a fo und er of C an ad ian C onfede ra tio n. R edb ird tra ce s the roo ts o f the first half-b re ed s in th e West, to e aste rn [G re at L ak es ] Me tis w ho sp ea rh ea de d th e m ov em en t in to th e RedR iv er c ou ntry . T his m ov em en t to ok p la ce 1 00 y ea rs b efo re th e wh ite m an s ettle d a nd 2 00 y ea rsbefo re the first white w om en arrive d. R edb ird a rgu es tha t the M etis w ere b ein g id en tified as agroup as early as 1670, and hence "it is safe to assum e that the M etis identified th em se lv es a sa d is tin ct g ro up som etim e b efo re th at" (p .3 ).

Sawchuk, Joe1978 The Metis of Manitoba: Reformulation of an Ethnic Identity. Toronto: Peter Martin

Associates Ltd.A lthough focused on M etis in M anitoba, S aw chuk 's chapter on "H istorical B ackground"p rov id e s a b ri ef account o f th e Me tis o rig in inth e la nd s w est o f th e G rea t L ak es, in th e territo ryk no wn a s "R up ertsla nd ." It w as the F renc h w ho first set up a post (Fort R ouge) at the fork ofth e A ssin ib oin e a nd Red R ivers in 1736,using the L ake S uperior route to cut off the flow offurs to the E nglish. Saw chuk argues that the M etis - as a new ethnic group - cam e into beingin the R ed R iver V alley; the m ain battle ground of the trading com panies, and the centre ofF ren ch, Scot ti sh and English trade rs' u nio ns w ith C re e, S au lteau x an d A ssin ibo in e w om en. B y177 5 a prairie M etis population w as defin itely in existence. S aw chuk notes that there w ereenough mixed-bloods inthe vicinity of the w est coast of H udson B ay to be classed as a secondgroup of M etis, but the exact geographic region in w hich this second group em erged is notspecified.

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Surtees, Robert J.1979 "Role ofthe Metis in Ontario to 1850."Unpublished report prepared for the OntarioMetis and Non-Status Indian Association.This r ep or t o utl in es th e d if fic ul tie s i n id en ti fy in g t he r ol e o f m ix ed b lo od s in h is to ric al On ta ri o.It b egin s b y d escribing th e role of m ix ed b lo od s in th e e arlie st da ys o f the In dian D epa rtm entunder the Johnson adm inistration w hen the role of m ixed bloods w as pronounced. Thes ign if ic ance o f n a ti ve p eop le s a s military allie s resulte d in a de clin e in the n ee d fo r m ixe d b lo odm id dl emen. P ar t I o f th e report en ds w ith a listing of employ ee s of th e In dian D epa rtm ent from178 2- 18 45 . P ar t I I p r of ile s s ig nif ic an t m i xe d b lo od emplo ye es o f th e Depa rtm en t a nd in dic ate sa rc hiva l p ap ers w hic h m ay b e useful in fu tu re resea rc h on this sub je ct.

Tronrud, T.J. and A.E. Epp, Eds.1995 Thunder Bay: From Rivalry to Unity. Thunder Bay: The Thunder Bay HistoricalMuseum Society, Inc.A colle ctio n o f re se arc h a rtic le s r ela te d to th e p re -h is to ry a nd h isto ry o f T hu nd er B ay . C ha pte r2 by Victor Ly twyn t r aces th e A nishina be g o rigins o f th e reg io n, an d the ir ro le in th e fur trade.Ch ap te r 1 0, "The Achie veme nt o f C ommun ity " b y A. Ear ne st E pp in clu de s e vid en ce o f Me tisse ttle rs o n th e o pp os ite s id e o f th e K ar nin istiq uia R iv er, " wh ere th ey g av e r ise to th e v illa ge o fWes tfor t" (p. 181 ).

Van Kirk, Sylvia1980 "Many Tender Ties": Women in Fur Trade Society in Western Canada, 1670-1870.Winnipeg: Watson and Dwyer.T he m ost thorough and definitive historical study of w om en in the fur tra de , w ritte n fr om a fem in is tperspective. V anK irk argues that Indian and M etis w om en w ere an integral part of the success of thefur tra de , fo rg in g e nd ur in g re la tio ns hip s w ith th eir w hite tr ad er h usb an ds . T ra din g p os ts a re v iewe d a sthe epicentre of all orig in al M etis co mm un ities. D ra wing on numerou s diaries a nd HBC re co rd s, shet ra ces t he history o f t he fur trad e a nd do cumen ts th e be ginn in g. o f M e tis c omm unitie s a cro ss C ana da . Ac lo se r e xam in at io n o f Van K ir k's wo rk woul d li ke ly p ro du ce data d i rec tly re levan t to th e h isto ry o f Me tisc ommuni tie s i n On ta rio .

Whiteside, Don (sin apaw) and Scott DouglasWhiteside1979a Indians in UpperCanada from 1846through 1885,with Special Reference toHalf-BreedIndians. The CircleBeing Threatened.Prepared (February 21, 1979)for the Aboriginal

Title Research Group. Ontario Metis and Non-Status Indian Association.This is th e first o f two r ep or ts e xam in in g h ow th e f ul l- blo od and h alf -b re ed I nd ia ns we re d iv id edin to s ep ar ate c at eg or ie s o f I nd ia ns w ith in a c en tu ry . Th is f ir st r ep or t d es cr ib es th e d ev elo pmentof a half-breed population in U pper C anada (now O ntario), em phasizing their ro le in earlyc ol on ia l s oc ie ty a nd t he c ha ng es in a tti tu de b y colo nia l a dm in is tr at io ns towar d h alf -b re ed s. Th eappointm ent of B ond H ead to Indian adm inistration and his policy of cutting expenses byrem oving half-breeds from paylists, is identified as a turning point in Indian:ColonialGovernmen t r el at io n s.

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Whiteside & Whiteside (continued)1979b Indians in UpperCanadafrom 1846 through 1885, with Special Reference toHalf-BreedIndians and the Development of Political Associations. The Circle is Broken. Prepared

(March 15,1979) for the Aboriginal Title Research Group. Ontario Metis and Non-Status Indian Association.Th is s ec on d r ep or t d oc ument s t he law s, p olic ie s, a nd t ec hn iq ue s u se d b y th e f ed er al governmentto create another "type of Indian in O ntario", the Indian w ithout "status". T his report alsoe xam in es th e d eve lop men t of a bo rig ina l po litical a sso ciations in O ntario, w ith p articu larempha sis on the role of half-b ree d Ind ian s in th eir d eve lo pm en t. "T he circle is b rok en " re fersto th e y ea r 1 88 5 (R ie l R eb ellio n) w he n th e u nity am on g I nd ia ns w as s ha tte re d b y th e a rb itra rya dm in is tr ativ e d ec is io ns o f th e c ol on ia l g ov er nment.

1.1 GENEALOGICAL SOURCESMerriman, Brenda Dougall1996 Genealogy in Ontario: Searching the Records (3rd Edition). Toronto: The Ontario

Genealogical Society.A g en era l g uid e to c on du ctin g g en ea lo gic al re se arc h in Onta rio , th is b oo k a lso in clu de s e ntr ie so n tr ac in g Me ti s a nc es tr y. Th e e ntr y f or th e 1 90 1 C en su s (p p.8 3-8 5) in dicates th at a colum n fo rra cia l o r tr ib al o rig in w as a dd ed to th is c en su s, a nd th at " ve ry s pe cific in stru ctio ns" w ere g iv ento enum erators for persons w ith a "mix of native blood w ith other races ('breeds'), andrese arc he rs w orking to p ro ve na tiv e a nce stry w ill fm d th is c olum n very h elpfu l." A s w ell, thec ha pte r o n "Add itio na l S ou rc es " in cl ud es s ev er al p ote nti ally u se fu l e ntr ie s r ele va nt to "Nati veAn ce str y" ( pp .2 25 fl ), l is tin g m is si on a nd chu rc h r eg is te rs f or "Chr is tia niz ed n ati ve s a nd Me tis "(p .227-228), as w ell as "V oyageurs, Fur T raders" (pp.229-230) and the "H udson's BayCompany" (pp .230-231 ).

Morin, Gail1996 Metis Families: A Genealogical Compendium. Pawtucket, Rhode Island: QuintinPublications.This tw o- vo lume se t in clu de s o ve r 1 ,2 00 p ag es o f g en ea lo gic al re co rd s in a lp ha be tic al o rd er b ysurname , o f Me t is f am i li es p rimar il y inw este rn C anad a and in no rth -w est U SA . W h ile there a resom e e ntries of ind ividu als w ho reside in O nta rio , a pa ge by pa ge se arc h is req uired to isolateth ese . T he b ib lio gr ap hy d oe s n ot lis t a ny Onta rio so ur ce s ( eg ., c hu rc h re co rd s, e tc .) s ea rc he d inth e p ro du ctio n o f t his c omp en dium .


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2. METIS INONTARIOTODAY

Gates, R. Ruggles1928 A Pedigree Study of Amerindian Crosses in Canada. Journal of the RoyalAnthropological Institute 58:511-532.T his is an account of observations on inter-racial crosses betw een W hites and Indians inC anada. It concerns "pedigree" and tracing of facial characteristics through blood lines,co nclu din g th at th e C an ad ian In dian s w ere m ain ly from th e C ree an d O jib way trib es an d th ewhites we re F re nc h Ca na di an s, .S co ts , E ngli sh a nd o th ers . G a te s d oe s p ro vid e s ome i nfo rma tio non M etis in the Lake Tem agam i and B ear Island region in northern O ntario, although hiss ou rc es a re p rimar ily g ov er nment c en su s re co rd s.

Hedican, Edward J.1986 TheOgoldRiver Guides: Emergent Leadership Among the Northern Ojibwa.Waterloo:Wilfrid Laurier University Press.This b oo k is an e th no gra ph ic ac co un t o f c ommunity -b ase d e co nom ic d ev elo pme nt in Collin s,an "In dian an d M etis commun ity o f o ne h un dred an d fifty p eo ple in th e fo re st b elt o f n orth ernO nta rio ." L ed b y th re e Me tis , s on s o f th e v illa ge's fo rm er fur tr ad er , th e p eopl e h av e fo unde da lo ca lly o pera te d to uris t o pe ra tio n. In clu de s d ata o n b an d memb ers hip , a nd th e crite ria lo ca lp eo ple u se to id en tify th em se lv es : la bels s uc h a s " statu s" a nd " no n-sta tu s" d o n ot fo rm p art o fth e O jibwa ta xo nomy fo r " In dia ns ", a nd a cc ord in g to p eo ple in Co llin s, n on -s tatu s a nd Me tisp eople a re a ll c on sid er ed anishnabek ( semant ic al ly equiva le n t t o " Ind ian peop le '') .

Jenkins, Jeremy1984 Report on theMoosoneeHousing Development Project. Prepared for the Ontario Metisand Non-Status Indian Association, MoosocebeeLocalNon-Profit Homes DevelopmentCorporation &Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. Toronto: Shelter Limited.T he o nly relev an ce o f th is rep ort is in its in direct relatio n to M etis resid en ts in M o oso nee, asre pre se nte d b y th e OMNSIA co -s po ns ors hip o f th is p ro je ct.

Normand, Josee1996 A Profile of theMetis. Target Groups Project, Statistics Canada, Housing, Family andSocial Statistics Division. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.This report in clu de s o n ly v ery g en era l sta tis tic s o n Me tis in O ntario . F or ex amp le , o f th e Me tispeople identified in the 1991 A boriginal Peoples Survey, 9% (population 12,055) live inO ntario. This translates as 0.1% of the total population in the province, and 10.4% of theAbori gi na l p opul ati on in On ta ri o.

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Ontario Ministry ofCulture and Recreation1980 Metis and Non-Status Indians of Ontario: Community Profiles &Demographic Study[Vol.I & 2). Toronto: Ministry ofCulture and Recreation.Quantitative analysis of Metis and Non-Status Indians living in Ontario, based on surveysconducted during 1978-1979 in 66 communities in 5 regions. This study amalgamates Metisand Non-Status Indians (MNSI) as a single unit of analysis, and Metis-only data are notprovided. Estimates ofMNSI population in Ontario ranges from 50,000 to 185,000. While theOntario Metis and Non-Status Indian Association claims to represent 185,000 MNSI, Provincialand federal estimates are much lower, ranging from 50,000 - 90,000.

Ontario Ministry ofCitizenship and Culture1982 Distribution of Native Population in Ontario by Census Areas, 1981. Toronto: OntarioMinistry ofCitizenship and Culture.A compilation of tables based on 1981 Statistics Canada census, including a "Metis" onlycategory.

1983 A Profile of Native People in Ontario. Toronto: Government ofOntario.An overview of al l native people in Ontario, this profile includes basic information about Metisand Non-Status Indians, including brief discussions about perceptions of native identity, andsome statistical data on Metis andNon-Status Indian populations. Metis and Non-Status Indiansare examined as a single unit of analysis.

Peters, Evelyn,Mark Rosenburg and Greg Halseth1991 The OntarioMetis: Characteristics and Identity. Native issues4.Winnipeg: Institute ofUrban Studies (University ofManitoba).A report based on an examination of data from a 1985 questionnaire survey conducted by theOntario Metis and Non-Status Indian Association (OMNSIA) of Canada. This report is one ofa very few which focuses on the group of people in Ontario who identify themselves as Metis(of whom over 80% live in the northern areas of the province, defined as allthe area north ofPetawawa), but who appear to have few historic links with the Metis at Red River. Chaptersinclude: 1)a review of the historical, political and theoretical issues surrounding Metis identity;2) a description of the OMNSIA survey and comparison of the characteristics of the populationsurveyed to the population in the 1981 census; 3) the history of the Ontario Metis and theircontemporary social and economic characteristics; 4) a discussion of the Metis responses to thesurvey questions, exploring the extent to which responses are homogenous across socio-economic characteristics, and; 5) a comparison of Metis and Non-Status Indian responses in anattempt to determine the degree to which Metis attitudes vary or correspond to Non-StatusIndian attitudes. The report concludes that Metis identity must be seen as a dynamicphenomenon, in which people who identify themselves as Metis are in the process of definingand redefining what it means to be Metis. Ontario Metis strongly identified with an Aboriginalheritage and indicated that Aboriginal and spiritual values are important in their everyday lives,demonstrating a sense of separateness from Status, Non-Status and non-Native society.

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Peters et al. (continued)1991 The Ontario Metis SomeAspects ofMetis Identity. Canadian Ethnic Studies 23(1):71-

84.This journal article is an abridged version of the 1991 report the same authors (above). Thispaper focuses on the links between socio-economic characteristics and attitudes about Metisidentity in Ontario. Results suggest that the majority of self-identified Metis see themselves asAboriginal people, although few use an aboriginal language at home; 75% of respondents statedthat they would prefer a legal status other than Status Indians, and expressed considerablesupport for separate lands, political representation, and separate institutions to preserve nativeculture. Responses also indicate that youth, gender, higher education, employment, andurbanization are not associated with lower levels of commitment to Metis identity, as expected.

Schwager, K.W.no date "An InvestigationofEducational Levels and Attrition Rates in School Systems

ofMetis and non-Status Indian Children in North-Eastern and Mid-NorthernOntario." Unpublished report prepared for the Ontario Ministry ofEducation.

An educational survey of ten communities in which Metis and non-Status Indians reside inNorth-Eastern Ontario: Blind River, Thessalon, Sault Ste.Marie, Wawa, North Bay, Temagami,Moosonee, Moose Factory, Timmins and Cochrane. The report identifies some of the schoolingproblems which exist for the population of Metis and non-Status Native people in thesecommunities who are not considered for aid by the Department of Indian Affairs.


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3. POTENTIAL METIS CLAIMS IN ONTARIO

Anonymousca. 1977 Burleigh Falls Research Project'77. Unpublished Report.N o title page accom panied the copy of th is report review ed for the present bibliography. Itappears to be a draft o utlin in g th e m ain fe atu re s o f a c la im re ga rd in g a la nd c la im s c as e b ein gb ro ug ht f orwar d b y Me tis at Bu rle ig h F all s, On ta rio . I n p ar t, t his r ep or t a pp ea rs to b e p ro po si ngissues in need of further research, w hile also reporting on the status of the claim process. Ac ursory rev iew of th e re port a nd ap pe nd ed c orrespon de nc e (eg ., M em oran dum from Moss toD an iels, 2 6 M ay 19 77 ) in dicates th at th e a uth or m ay eithe r be H .W . D an iels (p reside nt of theN ativ e C oun cil of C an ad a), or m ore prob ab ly, "K ilow att" alias W end y Mo ss (co ord in ato r ofa stu de nt r ese ar ch p ro je ct a t B urle ig h F alls ).

Daniels,Harry W., Editor1979 The Forgotten People: Metis and Non-Status Indian Land Claims. Ottawa: NativeCouncil ofCanada.A compila tio n o f a rtic le s (se e a ls o S an de rs, b elow) in clu din g a n in te rv iew w ith Duk e R ed bird ,R ese arc h D irec tor fo r th e O nta rio M etis a nd N on-S ta tu s Ind ia n L an d C laim s R esearch , w ithcommen t s b y Ma rty Dunn, Assis ta nt D ire cto r (p p.4 5-5 9) . T he h isto ric al c la im s o f th e Me tis inO ntario are characterized as diverse, and seen as a testing ground for the political and legalclaim s of M etis and N on-Status Indians in O ntario . S pecific case studies at B urleigh F alls,Mo os e F ac to ry , a nd B ea r I sla nd a re p re se nte d.

Driben, Paul1987 Aboriginal Cultures of Ontario: A Summary of Definitions and Proposals Made by theNative People of Ontario to Preserve Their Cultural Heritage. Ontario Ministry ofCitizenship and Culture. Toronto: Queen's Printer for Ontario.C hapter 5 of this report deals w ith proposals by O ntario M etis and N on-Status Indians top re se rv e th e in te grity o f th eir c ultu re . R ec ommen da tio ns e nc ompa ss : e du ca tio na l issu es su cha s f in an cia l a ss is ta nc e f or Me tis a nd Non-St atu s I nd ia n s tu de nt s, c ur ric ula th at f oc us es o n th eirown c ultu ra l h erita ge ; iss ue s o f m embe rsh ip in Abo rig in al so cie ty u nd er th e In dia n A ct; issu eso f child w elfa re; ec on om ic issu es relate d to M e tis a nd N on -S tatu s Ind ian id entity as lin ked toth e la nd a nd its n atu ra l r eso ur ce s; p ro po sa ls to p re se rv e Me tis a nd Non -S ta tu s In dia ns' a rts a ndmedia; p ro po sa ls to p re se rv e t he ir p olit ic al o rg an iz at io ns , a nd ; p ro po sa ls to p re se rv e Me ti s a ndNon-Sta tu s I nd ia ns ' s pi rit ua l v alu es a nd b el ie fs .

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Imai, Shin1998 The 1999 Annotated Indian Act and Aboriginal Constitutional Provisions. Toronto:Carswell- Thomson Professional Publishing.Includes a section on Metis Rights in Ontario (pp.318-319), citing and annotating R. v. Perry(1997), Ardoch Algonquin First Nation and Allies v. Ontario (1997), R. v. Buckner (1997),R. v. Chevrier (1988).

Long, John S.1979 "Born and Brought up in the Country": The Metis of Treaty No.9. Final Reportprepared for Ontario Metis & Non-Status Indian Association (available at Claims &Historical Research Centre, Ottawa).This report attempts to explain the response of the Treaty No.9 Metis, particularly the MooseFactory Metis, to an offer of 160 acres ofland by Ontario's Treasurer Matheson in 1906. TheTreaty No.9 Metis are defmed and the economic changes they experienced at the turn of thecentury are described. This is followed by an examination of the Metis petition of 1905, theoffer in 1906 by the Ontario government to recognize Metis aboriginal rights and to compensateeach family with 160 acres. Long argues that Metis of Moose Factory are still due thatcompensation. Methodologically, Long qualifies the report by detailing the problems involvedin establishing an accurate census of the Metis; genealogical sketches used in the report aredescribed as "very very tentative."

Manore, Jean1988 Moose Factory Metis Land Claim. Research Report for Ontario Native AffairsDirectorate. Toronto: Ontario Native Affairs Directorate.This research report presents the documentary historical record relevant to the claim by Metisof Moose Factory tha t theywere denied admission to Treaty No.9 signed in 1905-06. The Metisclaim tha t a petition signed by ''the half-breeds of Moose Factory" in 1905 in which provisionsfor Metis in the treaty were requested, was not responded to by either the Federal or Ontariogovernments. The claimants further claim tha t when they were removed from the Indian Reservein th e 1950s, they also lost hunting, fishing and trapping rights under Treaty No.9. The reportdocuments the history of Metis occupation of lands around Moose Factory from the 1700sonward, with particular emphasis on the content and context of the "Half-Breed" petition to theTreaty No.9 Commissioners in 1905. The report concludes with a brief discussion of theremoval of non-Indians (Metis) from the Reserve in the 1950s.

Metis Nation of Ontario1997 Provisional Harvesting Policy. Ottawa: Metis Nation of Ontario (copy contained in:Interoffice Memorandum dated 17 October 1997, Ontario Native Affairs Secretariat).A policy paper specifying the Metis Nation of Ontario's (MNO) Provisional HarvestingPolicy, effective as of September 18, 1997. A sample of a "Harvester's Certificate" and a listof "Captains of the Harvest" are attached. This policy statement represents notification toOntario that "Metis citizens" (as defined in the Policy statement) will act on their claimed

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Abor ig in al r ig ht to h un t a nd f is h within th eir tra ditio na l te rr ito rie s, a s a uth oriz ed b y th e MNO .[Th es e d ocuments a re c omp il ed in a n " In te ro ff ic e Memor an dum" o f th e On ta rio Na tiv e A f fa ir sSecretariat, w hich also includes a "M inisters H ouse N ote" prepared by B ruce Sandilands,Nativ e A ffa irs U nit M in istry o f N atu ra l R eso urc es].

MooseFactory Local, Ontario Metis & Non-Status Indian Association ./'1979 Brief presented to the "Committee Investigating the Question of Special Status forMetis and Non Status Indians in Ontario". MooseFactory, Ontario: June 18, 1979.T his brief presents an overview of M etis history at M oose Factory, their claim based on ap et itio n s ubm it te d b y Me tis d ur in g t he 1 90 5 T re aty No .9 n eg otia tio ns , a c la im for c omp en sa tio nfor rights lost by M etis under the T reaty provisions, and a dem and by M etis of O ntario to beg iv en ind ig enou s s ta tu s.

Native Council of Canada1979 Declaration of Metis and Indian Rights (with commentary by Harry W. Daniels).

Ottawa: Native Council ofCanada.D eclaration foun de d o n the ide a that Metis a re a n " orig in al p eo ple " o f C an ad a -.T he Onta rioM etis and N on-S tatus Indian A ssociation (O MNSI) w ere represented on the N CC B oard ofD i rec to rs wh ich draf ted th is dec la rat ion .

1980 A Statement of Claim Based on Aboriginal Title of Metis and Non-Status Indians.Ottawa: Native Council ofCanada.A S ta teme nt o f C la im fo llo we d b y a Doc um en t o f S up po rt (c op ie s o f h isto ric al d oc um en ta tio nappended) subm itted by M etis and N on-Status Indians of C anada. B oth the "S tatem ent ofC la im " a nd th e "Do cume nt o f S up po rt" b eg in b y d esc rib in g Me tis p eo ple a s a d is tin ct n atio na lg ro up wh ic h d ev elo pe d in th e C anadia n West. Of s ig nif ic an ce to Me tis in On ta rio , th e S ta temen tnotes t ha t th e a bo rig in al r ig hts o f m ix ed b lo od p eo pl e we re r ec og niz ed in th e Ro bi ns on T re ati eso f 1 850 a nd in the H alf-B ree d A dhesion to T reaty N o.3 . A lso, it p oints to the spec ific claim so f M etis a nd N on-S ta tus Ind ian s in O ntario a s an "ou tstand ing issue."

Sanders, Douglas1979 Metis Rights in the Prairie Provinces and the Northwest Territories: A Legal

Interpretation. In The Forgotten People:Metis and Non-status Indian Land Claims,Harry W. Daniels (Ed.). Ottawa: Native Council ofCanada (pp.5-22).This a rtic le b rie fly d is cu sse s th e h isto ric al fa ct th at th e sy stem o f Me tis g ra nts w as n ot a pp lie di n On ta ri o. S an de rs o utli ne s i ss ue s c on ce rn in g: th e Ro bin so n T re at ie s n eg otia te d in 1 85 0, d ur in gwh ich t ime Me t is at Sau lt S te . Ma rie a nd e ls ewh er e s ou gh t to be r ec og niz ed b y th e g ov er nment;T reaty 9 negotiated in northern O ntario in 1905, 1929, and 1930, in which there w ere nop ro vis io ns fo r "Ha lf- bre ed " g ra nts , a nd ; th e tra nsf er in 1 93 0 o f p ar ts o f th e n orthwe st from th eDom in io n to On ta rio , af ter whic h sp ec ia l Me tis c la im s w ere c on sid ere d sp en t.

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Schwartz, Fredca.1980 "The Mississauga Treaties and Surrenders, and Southern Ontario."Unpublished fieldreport (sponsorunnamed, but appears to have been preparedfor the Ontario Metis and Non-Status Indian Association ofOntario).

This report describes the M ississauga Treaties and outlines their broad im plications for M etisa nd N on-Status Indian claim s in Southern O ntario. A brief description of m ixed-blood and N on-Status populations is followed by an outline of the effect of boundary changes and econom icdevelopm ent on native people. Potential M etis claim s are placed in the context of difficultiesof identification, related to pressures on M etis to identify them selves as either Indian or w hitew ith subsequent inclusion or exclusion from treaty provisions. O f particular interest is a list ofs ettl em e nts k nown to have bee n started by M etis, including Sault Ste. M arie, M ichilim ackinac,St. Joseph 's Island, D nunm ond Island, P enetanguishene, C hatha m, A mherstburg, and B urleighF all s ( p.3 0) .

Tough, Frank and Leah Dorion1997 ''the claimsofthe Half-breeds.have been finally closed": A Study ofTreaty Ten and

Treaty FiveAdhesionScrip.ResearchReport on CD-ROM: For Seven Generations: AnInformation Legacy of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. Ottawa: LibraxusInc.This report reconstructs the im plem entation of scrip polic ies for northern Saskatchew an (Treaty 10) andnorthern M anitoba (T reaty 5). A lthough the Treaty 5 Adhesion also includes a section of northernOntario , scrip issued on the Ontario side is not discussed in the report. The authors also presentargum ents against those m ade by Sprague and Flanagan.

Weinstein, John1997 MetisLand Rights Research Project - Introduction and Conclusion. Research Report

on CD-ROM: For Seven Generations: An Information Legacy of the Royal Commissionon Aboriginal Peoples. Ottawa: Libraxus Inc.A project designed to answer four questions regarding Metis land rights: 1) Are Metis inpossession of A boriginal title?; 2) Ifyes, was either the Manitoba Act or the Dominion LandsAct c apabl e o f ext in gu is hi ng that t itle ?; 3 ) Iftitle w as extinguished, what were the abuses in theadm inistration?, and; 4) W hat w as the link of existing M etis Aboriginal rights in 1930 to th eNatural Resources Transfer Agreements of the same year? Four reports were produced asaresult of this project, including that by Tough and Dorion (annotated above).

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4. METIS AND THE CONSTITUTION ACT, 1982

Allain, Jane and Elaine Gardner-O'Toole1994 Aboriginal Rights. Current Issue Review 89-11E. Ottawa: Library of ParliamentResearch Branch [Original 8November 1989;Revised30 September 1994].An overview of constitutional rights of Aboriginal people in Canada as these have evolved since1867. Within the context of Section 35, the authors address the effects of Supreme Courtdecisions such as in Sparrow v. The Queen (Canada 1990), and by lower courts as in R. v.Jones (Ontario 1993). Included is a discussion of Section 35 (2) of th e Constitution Act, 1982,inwhich Metis are included in the definition of "aboriginal peoples of Canada." According tothe authors, this has added to confusion over the meaning of "Indian" for constitutionalpurposes in general and in particular for Section 91(24) of the Constitution Act, 1867whichgrant jurisdiction to the federal government over "Indians and lands reserved for the Indians."It is not clear whether the word "Indians" in this section includes Metis and non-status Indianpeople .. This research paper concludes with an outline of proposed amendments to theConstitution Act, 1982.

Bell,Catherine E.1989 Metis Aboriginal Title. Unpublished Thesis (Master of Laws), University of British

Columbia.A legal analysis of the origin and persistence of Metis aboriginal title as an independent legalright. A theory of Metis title is developed through the examination of the inclusion of Metispeoples in s.35(2) of the Constitution Act, 1982; jurisdiction over Metis claims; natural rightsof indigenous peoples a nd the recognition of natural rights in domestic and international positivelaw, and; th e persistence of Metis title in the face of unilateral and consensual acts ofextinguishment. These general issues are examined more closely through a case study of theMetis Nation of Manitoba. (Ontario Metis are not a subject of this thesis.)

1991 Who are the Metis People in Section35(2)?Alberta Law Review 29(2):351-381.A follow-up publication to Bell's thesis, this article focuses on the ambiguity of the use of theterm "Metis" in Section 35(2) of the Constitution Act, 1982. Questions arise because self-identifying Metis are not a homogenous group that lend themselves to easy definition. Bellconcludes that the term must be defined according to logical and political considerations inaddition to self-identification based on racial, cultural and historical criteria. (A condensedversion of this article is a chapter inAboriginal Peoples and the Law: Indian, Metis and InuitRights in Canada, Second Edition. B. Morse, Ed. Ottawa: Carleton University Press.)

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Boisvert, David and Keith Turn bull1985 Who are the Metis? Studies in Political Economy 18:107-147.

Th e a rg ument in this article is b as ed o n the a ssump tio n o f Me tis a s A bo rig in al w ith a ll a tte nd an trig hts th at sta tu s c on ve ys, rig hts w hic h h av e b ee n "d en ie d fo r too lo ng ." The a uth or s d es cr ib ehow the M etis emerged and developed in the various parts of Canada, particularly theN orthw est. Brief discussion is devoted to the treatm ent of M etis in U pper C anada (laterO nta rio ) b y W illiam Rob in so n d urin g tre aty n eg otia tio ns in 1 85 0. B oisv ert a nd T urn bu ll ta keissue w ith T hom as Flanagan's claim s, and m uch of the article is a refutation of Flanagan'sarguments.

Chartier, Clem1985 Aboriginal Rights and Land Issues: The Metis Perspective. In The Quest for Justice:Aboriginal Peoples and Aboriginal Rights. Menno Boldt and J. Anthony Long, Eds.

Toronto: University ofToronto Press. (pp. 54-61).Th is e ss ay a rgue s t ha t Me tis sh ou ld b e in clu de d w ith in th e c on stitu tio na l d efin itio n o f th e te rm" In dia n" w ith a ll a tte nd an t a bo rig in al la nd rig hts th is e nta ils. S up po rt fo r th is p ositio n is b ase don the follow ing: section 31 of the Manitoba Act, 1870 w hich w as subsequently givenconsti tut ional force by th e British North America Act, 1871; the adhesion of R ainy R iver half-breeds to Treaty 3 in 1875; the Supreme Court of Canada decision in Re Eskimos (1939);sc he du le 1 (re :Manitoba Act, 1870) and section 3 5(2) of the Constitution Act, 1982.

Chartrand, Paul1991 "Terms ofDivision":Problemsin 'Outside-Naming' for Aboriginal People in Canada.Journal of Indigenous Studies 2(2):1-22.

A lth ou gh c on ce rn ed w ith th e h isto ric al a nd le ga l c ate go riz atio ns o f all Abo rig in al p eo ple s inC an ad a b y "o utsid ers ", C ha rtra nd 's d isc ussio n o f Me tis re fe rs sp ec ific ally to th eir in clu sio n inth e Constitution Act, 1982 (pp.13 ff.).

Daniels, Harry W.1979 Weare the New Nation: The Metis and National Native Policy. Ottawa: Native CouncilofCanada.A compila tio n o f p olic y sta teme nts w hic h fo rm ed th e b asis o f d isc uss io ns b etw ee n th e N ativ eCouncil of Canada (N CC - H .W . D aniels, President) and the Federal governm ent in 1978.T hroughout 1978 the NCC pressed for the recognition of the rig hts of M etis and N on-S tatusIndians as ind igenous peop le and a s h is to ric n atio na l m in or itie s. P olic y s ta temen ts c on ta in ed inth e v olume a re o rg an iz ed u nd er th re e h ea din gs , a nd in clu de th e f ol low in g: I) The M yth of TwoFounding Peoples [Federalism and the M etis N ation; T he M etis: C ornerstone of C anadianConfedera tion ; The "List o f R ig hts " o f R ie l's P ro vis io na l Go ve rnmen t 1 87 0] ; II) " Se pa ra te a ndUnequal" [Bill C -9: the James Bay Agreement; The COPE Settlement: a Blueprint forInternment]; III)Towards Co -Equa li ty : Int eg ra ti on v s. As sim il at io n [R ight s o f H i st or ic Na ti on alM inorities; T he M etis and Multiculturalism ; T he N eed for a F ounding N ations C onference;Decl ar at io n o f R ight s] .

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Daniels (continued)1981 Native People and the Constitution of Canada: The Report of the Metis and Non-StatusIndian Constitutional Review Commission. Ottawa: Mutual Press.Report on the findings of regional hearings during which Metis and Non-Status Nativeindividuals, groups and representatives of Native organizations presented views onConstitutional matters affecting them (H.W. Daniels, Commissioner). The report alsoincorporates research undertaken into specific constitutional issues, for example, the concernfor special representation inpolitical institutions, the issue of special status of Native people inthe constitution, and the matter of Metis land claims in western Canada. Contents include: I)The Native Collectivities; 2) Native Rights in Canada; 3) Native People and the Polity; 4)Culture and Communications; 5) Metis Land Claims, and; 6) Native People in the Economy.The Report concludes with a summary of recommendations. Appendices include: 1) ProposedAmendments to the Native Rights Provisions of the Constitution Act, 1982, and; 2) TheCommission and Participants. Appendix 2 records that about 200 people from Northern Ontarioattended the public hearing in Sault Ste. Marie in October 1980.

Flanagan, Thomas1983 The Case Against Metis Aboriginal Rights. Canadian Public Policy - Analyse dePolitiques 9(3):314-325.Flanagan is an outspoken opponent to the inclusion ofMetis within the Constitutional definitionof "Aboriginal. " He argues that Metis aboriginal rights are a historical mistake conceived outof political expediency in 1870 to pacify the insurgents in Red River. Flanagan asserts thatMetis do not meet the criteria of aboriginal status as defmed in Canadian jurisprudence: Metiswere "from the start part of the commercial economy of the fur trade" (p.321), they were notnomadic nor did their ancestors "occupy a specific territory over which they assert aboriginaltitle" (p.320).

1985 MetisAboriginalRights: SomeHistorical and Contemporary Problems. In The Questfor Justice: Aboriginal Peoples and Aboriginal Rights. Menno Boldt and J. AnthonyLong, Eds. Toronto: University ofToronto Press. (pp, 230-245).Again. Flanagan openly argues against Metis Aboriginal rights, presenting a legal analysis ofthe difficulties in categorizing the Metis as an aboriginal people as entrenched in sections 25 and35 of the Constitution Act, 1982. Flanagan argues that the origin of Metis aboriginal rights aredubious in that logically Metis cannot claim original possession of the soil, the defining criteriafor Aboriginal rights in Canadian law. Flanagan further argues that to speak of Aboriginal titlebeing passed on to the Metis through inheritance from the Indians, even though the Metis wayof life was very different from that of the Indian, is a "racist misunderstanding" of aboriginaltitle and contravenes liberal democracy. Flanagan is considered a leading authority on Riel andis the author of the somewhat controversial book: Riel and the Rebellion: 1885 Reconsidered(1983).


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McMahon, Don and Fred Martin1997 TheMetis and 91(24):Is Inclusionthe Issue?ResearchReport on CD-ROM: For SevenGenerations: An Information Legacy of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples.

Ottawa: Libraxus Inc.The fun dame nta l th es is of this report is that there are in Canada a variety of self-defining M etiscom munitie s, and that inclusion in section 91(24) m ay be of limited use in advancing the variousgoals of these com munities. People other tha n those at Red River w ho are also considered M etis,include com munities in southern and northern Ontario which had em erged by the m iddle of the19th century w ith European-lndian heritage. M em bers of such com munities sought either theissuance of scrip on the m odel em ployed in W estern Canada or equal treatm ent w ith Indians byw ay of the taking of treaty and the creation of reserves.

Morse, Bradford W. and John Giokas1997 Do the Metisfallwithin Section 91(24)of the Constitution Act, 18671Research Report

on CD-ROM: For Seven Generations:An Information Legacy of the Royal Commissionon Aboriginal Peoples. Ottawa: Libraxus Inc.A presentation of argum ents pointing to and recom mendations for the inclusion of the M etisw ithin the category of constitutional 'lndians' in section 91 (24). The ram ifications of section91(24) inclusion are also addressed.

Ontario Metis and Non-Status Indian Association (OMNSIA)1981 OMNSIA's Commission ofInquiry Report. Special Editions 9(4).

This issue of Special Editions is an interim report of the Com mission of Inquiry into Nativepeople in O ntario and the C onstitution of C anada, and on it activities and deliberations to date.1 0 p a r ti cu la r, t he report transcribes hearings held during a four-day Grand A ssem bly at G ardenR iv er R es er ve .

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APPENDIX A: MAP OF GREAT LAKES METIS SETTLEMENTS, 1763-1830(Source: Peterson 1978:44)

GREAT LAKES METIS SETTLEMENTS1763 _ 1830

.MAJOR SETTLEMENTS

.MINOR POSTSOR TRADING STA nONS

1 C a d o n o . , , _ 21 St.Croix F.I.2 L#oin .. 21 Fort Snelli,..3 L'_ 30 ""rie du Roche,4 St.-......I. 31 G,...dHi",Ii ~.I. 32 St.0-_I St...... 33 K........ i.7 Fort W.,.,. 34 Cahokia G o I I I . . . , . T_ 3Ii hori. . . . . . . . . . . 31 " .. , .. du Chien10 " a r c . . . V_ 37 Sh.. ty Town" T.... ~ 31 G_Bay12 .....,- 31 Bay lettl.......,13 a-rtoonnaiI 40 GrMld Rapidi14 G,_"oin .. 41 Fon Gr.tiot15 I'e1it Fort 42 G,a..Pointe11 Rod .... 43 Amhentbu'g17 MiIw_ 44 RiYe, Rou.11 Shebov_ 45 Owi., .. on,. Two Riftn . . . Vincennes20 -- 47 Chic:_21 K...... na 4. M..:kinacl .22 ...... Morts 49 G,oeCap23 "orta9I 50 MtchiliMackinac24 WioconIinRap;do 51 Sault S'e. M.rie25 LacVieu. o-rt 52 Fond du Lac26 LacduF_ .. 53 R... .. Raisin27 LacC",," 0re0IIes

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SOURCES CONSULTED

Alberta Federation of Metis Settlement Associations1982 Metisism: A Canadian Identity: Statement on Aboriginal Rights in the Constitution ofCanada. Edmonton: Alberta Federation of Metis Settlement Associations.

Campbell, Maria1973 Halfbreed. Toronto: McClelland Publishing.Campbell, Susan1976 Fort William: Living and Working at the Post. Ontario: MInistry of Culture and Recreation.Canadian Ethnology Service1984 Thesis and Dissertation Titles and Abstracts on the Anthropology of Indians, Inuit and Metisfrom Canadian Universities, Report 1, 1970-1982. (Compiled by R.R. Gadacz and M.I.

Asch). Ottawa: Canada National Museum of Man (Mercury Series Paper 95).Clatworthy, Stewart J.1981 Technical Study 4: The Effects of Education on the Native Behaviour in the Urban Labour

Market. Ottawa: Canadian Task Force on Labour market Development.Daniels, Dorothy1987 Metis Identity: A Personal Perspective. Native Studies Review 3(2):7-15.Driben, Paul1983 The Nature of Metis Claims. The Canadian Journal of Native Studies 3(1): 183-196.Ens, Gerhard1988 Dispossession or Adaptation: Migration and Persistence of the Red River Metis, 1835-1890.

Historical Papers. Ottawa: Canadian Historical Association.Friesen, John W. and Terry Lusty1980 The Metis of Canada: An Annotated Bibliography. Toronto: OISE Press.Janetta, Armando E.1994 "Travels through forbidden geography": Metis Trappers and Traders Louis Goulet and TedTrindell," Ariel: A Review of International English Literature 25(2):59-74.

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Jarvenpa, Robert, and Hetty Jo Brumbach1985 Occupational Status,Ethnicity, and Ecology: Metis Cree Adaptations in a Canadian TradingFrontier. Human Ecology 13(3):309-329.

Kohl, J.G.1860 Kitchi-Gami: Wanderings Round Lake Superior. London: Chapman and Hall.Kushnier, Wayne D.1995 Child Developmental Community Needs Assessment Final Report of the Meno Bimahziwin

Niwi Abendjesug Development Project. (Joint Project of the Dryden Native FriendshipCentre, Metis Women of Ontario, and NeeChee Equaway Women's Group). UnpublishedReport (held at INAC Library).

Lamb, R.E.1957 Thunder in the North: Conflict over the Riel Risings 1870-1885. New York: Pageant Press.

Lundgren, Jodi1995 "Being a Half Breed": Discourses of Race and Cultural Syncreticity in the Works of ThreeMetis Women Writers. Canadian LiteraturelLitterature canadienne 144:62-8l.

Lussier, Antoine S.1977 The Metis: Contemporary Problems of Identity. Brandon: Brandon University.Lussier, Antoine S., Bruce D. Sealey, and Ted J. Brasser1978 Other Natives: The Metis. Winnipeg: Manitoba Metis Federation Press.Lussier, Antoine1988 The Metis. In Canada's Native Peoples, Volume II. Charles J. Humber, Ed. Mississauga:Heirloom Press (pp78-89).Madill, Dennis1983 Select Annotated Bibliography onMetis History and Claims. Ottawa: Treaties and Historical

Research Centre, Research Branch, Corporate Policy, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada.McKay, Dave1972 Documents and Articles about Metis People. Ottawa: National Library.Mitchell, Elaine Allan1977 Fort Timiskaming and the Fur Trade. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.


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