Metrical Stress Theory

Metrical Stress Theory

Julie Nelson, Cailey Moe, and Trang NguyenMetrical phonology is......a group of subtheories of generative phonology which attempt to categorize stress and stress rules.

...differs from generative phonology in that it does not treat stress as a segmental feature pertaining specifically to vowels.

...organizes stress into rhythmic hierarchies.These are the faces of metrical phonology!a brief history......metrical stress theory was a response to Chomsky & Halle's (1968) proposal of a linear analysis that stress is segmental. ...Liberman (1975) created the theory in his doctoral dissertation ...other major contributions: Liberman & Prince (1977), Halle and Vergnaud (1978), Hayes (1981,1984, 1995) a brief history...

...it can be considered a sort of sister theory to auto-segmental theory

...its authors sought to provide alternatives to generative theory such as rule variables

...another way to represent stress in stress languages at the same time denoting its hierarchical characteristics.

briefly,generative theories of stress-Generative stress rules are linear and may be considered too simplistic by some-Stress is treated as a segmental feature [+stress], [-stress], [1stress], [2stress]-Doesn't account for the hierarchical and relational properties of stressA sample stress rule (generative)Penultimate stress (vowel-counting version)

V [+stress] / ___ C0 V C0 ]wordAssign stress to the second-to-last vowel in the word.Building SyllablesAll syllables have:An onset: "The consonant or sequence of consonants at the beginning of a syllable"A coda: "The consonant or sequence of consonants at the end of a syllable"And a nucleus: "The vowel or diphthong found at the syllable's core and functioning as its sonority peak"

Syllable StructureSyllable ConstructionWhen building syllables, first assign the nucleus!

Syllable ConstructionNext, attach any consonants to the following syllable:

Syllable ConstructionFinally, if necessary, attach any consonants not yet syllabified with the preceding syllable:

In some languages, Onset Formation appears to be word bounded, like in German:

Syllable ConstructionIn other languages, like Spanish, Onset Formation can cross word boundries:

Syllable WeightHeavy Syllables:End in a consonant (aka 'closed syllable')Have a long vowel or diphthong (aka 'open')

Light Syllables:End in a short vowel (open)

Syllables that end in a consonant are heavy, ones that end in a vowel are light.Generative Representation of Heavy/Light SyllabificationMore about syllables...Every syllable must have a nucleus. Depending on the language, onset and coda are not required.

Arabic:Every syllable must have an onset

Samoan: codas are illegalMetrical Theories of StressA summary of the typological properties of stress:Culminativity: Every content word has to have at least 1 stressed syllableIn every word or phrase there is one syllable which is stronger than the restStress is not usually assigned on grammatical wordsRhythmic distribution:Syllables bearing stress tend to occur in roughly equal distancesStress Hierarchies:Some stresses are stronger than others within a word or phrase boundary (primary, secondary, tertiary stresses, etc.)Non-assimilationStress doesn't assimilate like sound features like [round] or [front] do

Metrical representations of stress1. Metrical tree (Liberman 1975, Liberman & Prince 1977, Hayes 1984)

Metrical trees usually have a similar format to syntactic trees

Metrical Representations of Stress2. Metrical Grid (Liberman & Prince, 1977)Primary stressSecondary stress syllable =>

3. Bracketed Grid (Halle & Vergnaud, 1987)

Grids, continuedGrids are ways to represent certain stress phenomena:

Grids, continuedGrids roughly correspond to the categorical levels of stress

In this way, they convey similar information to what can be found on trees

Parameters of Stress Representation1. Foot Boundedness

2. Foot Dominance

3. Quantity-sensitivity

4. Directionality vs Iterativity

1. BoundednessMotivated by culminativity and exhaustivity. Culminativity: Every content word must have at least one stress.Exhaustivity: Every syllable has to be organized into feet.Bounded feet can have no more than 2 syllables (feet are binary or degenerate at the syllabic level of analysis).Unbounded feet can have any number of syllables.Words with an odd number of syllables begin or end with a degenerate foot.1. Boundedness

Ex: What types of foot are these?2. Foot DominanceLeft dominance: left nodes of feet are stressedFeet are trochaic (a)Ex: 'problem, ('holi)day, ('alter)('nation)'what a ('failure)Right dominance:Right nodes of feet are stressedFeet are iambic (b)Ex: re'port, (com'puter)(ex'treme)mity(My 'head) (was 'hot)

3. Quantity Sensitivity (Q-sensitivity)Syllable weight influences how stress feet are assigned.Q-sensitive language: heavy syllables get stressed.English is Q-sensitive:Light penult: stress goes to preceding syllable. Ex: 'Canada, 'metrical, 'visible, 'ultimateHeavy penult: gets the stressEx: A'genda, ho'rizon, de'cided, 'mango

Q-determined (Obligatory Branching): means Q-sensitive, but with the extra requirement that the dominant syllable node be heavy.

3. Quantity Sensitivity (Q-sensitivity)Q-insensitive language: heavy syllables may occur in stressless position. Another way of understanding: syllables are treated as having equal weight.French is Q-insensitive. Examples anyone?4. Directionality vs IterativityDirectionality: The assignment of feet starts from the left and goes right or vice-versaEnglish likes right-to-left, trochaic foot formation.Ex: restoration => resto('ration) => ('resto)('ration)IterativityIterativity (bidirectionality): assign a foot at one edge, then go to the other edge and assign feet iteratively.Ex: Piro language

Non-iterativity: other cases (words have one single foot at the edge. Ex: monosyllable or bi-syllable words)

Extrametricality[X] does not conform to metrical rules & occurs at peripheral locations.Ex:why is it as'paragus but not ('aspa)('ragus)'gus' is extrametrical --> poor thing gets a degenerate foot (exhaustivity)Tree construction is right to left and trochaic: * * * * * * * * < * > * (* *)< * >asparagus => aspara => as('para)(gus)More examples: ('visi)('bili)ty, re('peti)tive, The future of metrical phonologyCan regularities be accounted for by transformational rules or by output constraints?

How does prominence in syllables affect stress in syllables?

Research in languages with ternary rhythm.SourcesHammond, M. (1995) Metrical Phonology. Annual Review of Anthropology 24 (pp. 313-342)Hayes, B. (1995). Metrical stress theory: Principals and case studies. Chicago: University of Chicago PressHayes, B. (2009) Introductory Phonology. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing: West Sussex, UK.Hogg, R. & McCully, C.B. (1987) Metrical Phonology: A Coursebook. University of Cambridge Publishing: New York, NY. Kager, R. (1995) The metrical theory of word stress. In The handbook of phonology, Goldsmith, J (ed.) (pp. 367-402) Blackwell Publishing: Cambridge, MAMcCarthy, J. & Hayes, B. (2003) Metrical phonology. Linguistics department faculty publication series. University of Massachusetts Publishing. Retrieved from: http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=linguist_faculty_pubsMetrical Phonology. (n.d) Wikipedia. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrical_phonology