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1/18/2017 1 Reducing Energy Costs Associated with Supplemental Lighting in Controlled Environments Cary A. Mitchell Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana USA Indiana Hort Congress Indianapolis Marriott East Hotel January 10, 2017 Metrics for plant lighting Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR, 400700 nm) Photosynthetic Photon Flux (PPF, μmolm 2 s 1 ) Daily Light Integral (DLI, molm 2 d 1 ) Lux and footcandle units are less useful

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Page 1: Metrics for plant lighting - ag.purdue.edu energy... · Metrics for plant lighting • Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR, 400 ‐ 700 ... • US, second largest fresh‐market

1/18/2017

1

Reducing Energy Costs Associated with Supplemental Lighting in Controlled Environments

Cary A. Mitchell Department of Horticulture &  Landscape Architecture

Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana USA

Indiana Hort CongressIndianapolis Marriott East Hotel

January 10, 2017

Metrics for plant lighting

• Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR, 400‐700 nm)

• Photosynthetic Photon Flux (PPF, μmol∙m‐2∙s‐1)

• Daily Light Integral (DLI, mol∙m‐2∙d‐1)

• Lux and foot‐candle units are less useful

Page 2: Metrics for plant lighting - ag.purdue.edu energy... · Metrics for plant lighting • Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR, 400 ‐ 700 ... • US, second largest fresh‐market

1/18/2017

2

Relative quantum efficiency (RQE) according to McCree, 1972; Sager et al., 1988

Page 3: Metrics for plant lighting - ag.purdue.edu energy... · Metrics for plant lighting • Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR, 400 ‐ 700 ... • US, second largest fresh‐market

1/18/2017

3

Avg. greenhouse DLI across the contiguous US

December June

2.5 ‐ 55 ‐ 7.57.5 ‐ 1010 ‐ 12.5 

12.5 ‐ 1515 – 17.517.5 ‐ 20

20 – 22.522.5 – 2525 – 27.527.5 ‐ 30

After Korczynski et al., 2002

Supplemental light (SL)(supplemental photosynthetic lighting)

Frequently perceived as too expensive!

Important PAR source in Northern latitudes

Additional DLI needed to enhance canopy photosynthesis and crop growth

Page 4: Metrics for plant lighting - ag.purdue.edu energy... · Metrics for plant lighting • Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR, 400 ‐ 700 ... • US, second largest fresh‐market

1/18/2017

4

Perspective

• US, second largest fresh‐market tomato producer in the world with 1.7 MMT

$1.4 billion

40% greenhouse (GH)‐grown

can gross $1.5 million per ha ($600,000 per acre) compared to $10,600 per ha for field vegetables

• In the last decade, GH production increased two‐fold (from 0.13 MMT to 0.27 MMT)

Still, US  imports one‐third of its supply!

Greenhouse (GH) tomato industry in North America

84%

16%

Southern States

Northern States

42%

30%

28%2003

8%

3%

89%2011

Page 5: Metrics for plant lighting - ag.purdue.edu energy... · Metrics for plant lighting • Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR, 400 ‐ 700 ... • US, second largest fresh‐market

1/18/2017

5

High‐wire GH tomato production

• Warm season crop

• High light requirement: 

DLI of 20‐30 mol∙m‐2∙d‐1

• Indeterminate

• Long cropping cycles

• Labor intensive

Mature crop

New crop

Old crop

Page 6: Metrics for plant lighting - ag.purdue.edu energy... · Metrics for plant lighting • Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR, 400 ‐ 700 ... • US, second largest fresh‐market

1/18/2017

6

Variable costs

1. Labor

2. Energy, 10 to 30% of total production cost• 60% lighting

• 40% heating

3. Production• Seedlings, fertilizer, substrate, pest‐control, etc…

4. Sales

5. Maintenance

Sweet pepper

Eggplant

Cucumber

Other high‐wire crops…

Page 7: Metrics for plant lighting - ag.purdue.edu energy... · Metrics for plant lighting • Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR, 400 ‐ 700 ... • US, second largest fresh‐market

1/18/2017

7

Ave

rage

gre

en

hou

se D

LI

(mo

l m-2

d-1

)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Glass-glazed, 2012Polyhouse, 2013Glass-glazed, 2013

Month

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

DLI inside a greenhouse in West Lafayette, IN 

Higher DLI in 2013

Solar daily light integral (DLI) measured inside greenhouse

2014

Ave

rage

gre

enho

use

DLI

(m

ol m

-2 d

-1)

0

10

20

30

40

Above raftersAbove plant canopyMid-plant canopy

Month

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul

Monitored with LI‐250A quantum sensors

Supplemental DLI: 9.5, 13.0, 8.8, 3.8, and 3.8 mol∙m‒2∙d‒1 for Feb., 

Mar., Apr., May, and Jun., respectively (at plant height). 

Target DLI

Page 8: Metrics for plant lighting - ag.purdue.edu energy... · Metrics for plant lighting • Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR, 400 ‐ 700 ... • US, second largest fresh‐market

1/18/2017

8

High‐Pressure Sodium (HPS) Lamp

Overhead (OH) high‐pressure sodium (HPS) lampscurrent standard

Page 9: Metrics for plant lighting - ag.purdue.edu energy... · Metrics for plant lighting • Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR, 400 ‐ 700 ... • US, second largest fresh‐market

1/18/2017

9

Current standard: overhead (OH) high‐pressure sodium (HPS) lamps

Page 10: Metrics for plant lighting - ag.purdue.edu energy... · Metrics for plant lighting • Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR, 400 ‐ 700 ... • US, second largest fresh‐market

1/18/2017

10

Mutual shading within foliar canopies 

Leaves under direct light

Shaded leaves

LEDs a viable crop‐lighting option?

• Solid state

• Low volume & mass

• Long lifespan: 5 x 104 h (electronics) to 105

h (diodes) if heat sinked / not overdriven

• Waveband selectable

• Operate at low‐voltage DC

• Emitter surfaces relatively cool

• Potential for placement near plant tissues negates the inverse square law (I  d‐2)

Page 11: Metrics for plant lighting - ag.purdue.edu energy... · Metrics for plant lighting • Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR, 400 ‐ 700 ... • US, second largest fresh‐market

1/18/2017

11

Disadvantages of LEDs?

• Initial capital investment is high

• Need to be close to plants for best efficiency

• Proximity limits coverage area for lighting

• Fixture blocks solar during close placement in greenhouse

• Dense arrays of high‐output types require active heat sinking

• Variable spectra required for different phases of plant growth?

• Different spectra required for different species/cultivars

Discrete LED

Page 12: Metrics for plant lighting - ag.purdue.edu energy... · Metrics for plant lighting • Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR, 400 ‐ 700 ... • US, second largest fresh‐market

1/18/2017

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Luxeon Rebel LEDs

LED Applications for the Greenhouse Industry

Technologies, protocols, best practices, guidelines• For LED photoperiod lighting of ornamental crops

• To replace INC and CWF lamps for night‐interruption treatments• To determine R/FR ratios for efficient flower induction/crop development

• For propagation and finishing of transplants• Vegetable• Ornamental• End‐of‐day lighting• Daylength‐extension (DLI) lighting

• For supplemental lighting of vegetable crops• Daily light integral• Off‐season local production• Energy savings

• Designing arrays, fixtures, luminaires• Minimize blockage of sunlight• Apply supplemental LED light efficiently and effectively

Page 13: Metrics for plant lighting - ag.purdue.edu energy... · Metrics for plant lighting • Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR, 400 ‐ 700 ... • US, second largest fresh‐market

1/18/2017

13

Image from the work of Gomez and Mitchell, Purdue University

Page 14: Metrics for plant lighting - ag.purdue.edu energy... · Metrics for plant lighting • Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR, 400 ‐ 700 ... • US, second largest fresh‐market

1/18/2017

14

C.A. Mitchell: LED “Lightsicle” Concept, 1996 

Page 15: Metrics for plant lighting - ag.purdue.edu energy... · Metrics for plant lighting • Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR, 400 ‐ 700 ... • US, second largest fresh‐market

1/18/2017

15

Lightsicle design by ORBITEC

Massa&

Mitchell 

PurdueUniversity

Each LED tower has a built‐in datalogger to record kW‐h of energy consumed 

e2 classic 2.0 energy monitor 

Large‐scale  LED intracanopysupplemental lighting forgreenhouse high‐wire crops

Peak λ of red and blue LEDs were 627 nm and 450 nm.

Page 16: Metrics for plant lighting - ag.purdue.edu energy... · Metrics for plant lighting • Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR, 400 ‐ 700 ... • US, second largest fresh‐market

1/18/2017

16

LED Intracanopy Lighting(from the work of Celina Gomez and Cary Mitchell, Purdue University)

Intracanopy lighting tower technology developed by ORBITEC

General results: SL increases yield

OH-HPS ICL-LED Hybrid Control

Fru

it y

ield

(kg

m-2

)

0

10

12

14

16

18

20

b

aa

a

Harvest parameters: no differences among SL treatments; all greater than control.

Page 17: Metrics for plant lighting - ag.purdue.edu energy... · Metrics for plant lighting • Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR, 400 ‐ 700 ... • US, second largest fresh‐market

1/18/2017

17

Sink‐source relationship effects

The “source” is the net exporter/producer of photo‐assimilates and the “sink” is a net importer/consumer of photo‐assimilates

Flowering young tomato plants: Roots > young leaves > inflorescenceFruiting tomato plants:  Fruits > young leaves > flowers > roots

Allocation of assimilates from the source to the sink are governed by:• Sink strength • Distance between sink and source • Plant developmental stage • Environmental conditions 

Daily energy consumption

winter‐to‐summer

summer‐to‐winter

Expt. 1

DAT

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

En

erg

y co

nsu

med

(kW

h/d)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

OH-HPSIC-LED

Expt. 2

DAT

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Ene

rgy

con

sum

ed (

kWh

/d)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

OH-HPSIC-LED

Expt. 4

DAT

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Ene

rgy

con

sum

ed (

kWh

/d)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160OH-HPSIC-LED

Expt. 3

DAT

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

En

erg

y co

nsu

med

(kW

h/d)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

OH-HPSIC-LED

Page 18: Metrics for plant lighting - ag.purdue.edu energy... · Metrics for plant lighting • Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR, 400 ‐ 700 ... • US, second largest fresh‐market

1/18/2017

18

1. 600 W OH‐HPS lamps2. Hybrid lighting (OH‐HPS + interlighting) 3. Intracanopy‐LED towers4. Unsupplemented control

Image courtesy Philips Lighting

ICL‐LED with OH‐HPS lighting for tomatoes(supplemental lighting)

Page 19: Metrics for plant lighting - ag.purdue.edu energy... · Metrics for plant lighting • Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR, 400 ‐ 700 ... • US, second largest fresh‐market

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19

Interlighting at mid canopy

Page 20: Metrics for plant lighting - ag.purdue.edu energy... · Metrics for plant lighting • Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR, 400 ‐ 700 ... • US, second largest fresh‐market

1/18/2017

20

Current Situation

• HPS and LED fixtures have equal photon efficiencies, but the initial capital cost per photon delivered per unit area lighted from LED fixtures is five to ten times higher. 

• Most presently available commercial LED fixtures have limited spectral choices, fixed‐color ratios, low output intensities, and are not specifically designed to maximize light distribution within GHs.

• PPF ≥ that of HPS lamps can be obtained for lower electrical power density (kW/m2) with LEDs.

• Light distribution from LEDs can be tightly controlled, leading to less waste of energy by not lighting areas not populated by plants.

• Continued improvement in LED efficiency + cost reduction from mass production suggest a bright future for LEDs in greenhouse applications. 

Questions?

[email protected]

Dr. Cary A. MitchellDepartment of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture

Purdue University625 Agriculture Mall Drive

West Lafayette, Indiana 47907‐2010 USA(765) 494‐1347