metropolitan mobility in spain- are we tending towards sustainability?

TRANSPORT RESEARCH CENTER

– ETSI CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS

UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID

Thredbo 9 Lisbon, Portugal 5-9 September 2005

Metropolitan Mobility in Spain- Are we tending towards

sustainability?

Ana María PardeiroPedro J Pérez-Martínez

CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN DEL TRANSPORTE - ETSI CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS


Metropolitan Mobility in SpainObjectives

• To set the basis for the MTAs to improve operation of their public transport system, and thus increasing their contribution towards sustainable mobility

• To describe the role of MTAs in achieving and attractive and quality transport system highlighting the main initiatives developed by the metropolitan areas

• To monitor public transport supply and demand

• To analyze the resources devoted to public transport system describing the financial models used

• To highlight the main initiatives and innovations developed by Metropolitan areas



• Undertake ongoing monitoring and evaluation of current transportation policies

• Compare data from municipalities facing the same challenges• Identify good practises and strategies to be followed• Strength the information, participation and decision-making

process

• Data homogenization• Collecting of information by Transport Authorities• Priorize indicators for all metropolitan areas and for each report

in order to analize trends

Metropolitan Mobility in SpainDevelopment of a data set of Indicators



I. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT METROPOLITAN AREAS Basic data of Metropolitan Areas Modal split (pedestrian, car, public transport, bicycle)

II. PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM Public transport demand Public transport supply Quality of public transport system

III. FINANCIAL ASPECTSIV. SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY

Satisfaction with public transport system Public transport use and accesibility Global climatic changes/ Traffic Evolution Air quality. Accidents

V. INNOVATIONSVI. BEST PRACTICES

Metropolitan Mobility in SpainIndicators



Metropolitan Mobility in Spain, MTA



Metropolitan Mobility in SpainBasic Data – Metropolitan areas characteristics

Population Surface

Alicante 405.397 355,00 1.141,96 5 24,8% 6,1% 15.137,00

Asturias 935.254 5.107,36 183,12 42 87,0% 48,2% 15.502,00

Barcelona 4.953.459 4.086,90 1.212,03 - 98,0% 52,9% 21.523,00

Bilbao 365,00 0,00 - 0,0% 16,5% 22.272,00

Cádiz 623.528 1.877,00 332,19 7 54,0% 25,2% 13.538,00

Granada 448.762 861,00 521,21 32 54,2% 6,8% 12.936,00

Madrid 5.718.942 8.028,00 712,37 179 100,0% 100,0% 24.366,00

Málaga 744.288 1.228,00 606,10 12 54,1% 16,8% 13.890,00

Pamplona 295.432 81,94 3.605,47 17 51,1% 0,8% 23.004,00

Sevilla 1.141.092 1.393,00 819,16 22 64,0% 9,9% 19.714,00

Valencia 1.664.560 1.415,00 1.176,37 60 71,7% 13,1% 18.077,00

PopulationComparison with the

Whole regionNº

municipalitiesDensity

(inh/km2)Surface

(m2)GDP

per cápita



Metropolitan Mobility in SpainBasic Data - Density

DENSITY

0

2.000

4.000

6.000

8.000

10.000

12.000

14.000

16.000

18.000

Alican

te

Astur

ias

Bilbao

Barce

lona

Cádiz

Grana

da

Mad

rid

Mál

aga

Pam

plon

a

Sevilla

Valen

cia

inh

/km

2

URBAN AREA

METROPOLITAN AREA



Metropolitan Mobility in SpainBasic Data - Population

POPULATION EVOLUTION 2002- 2003

-10%

-8%

-6%

-4%

-2%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

Alican

te

Asturia

s

Barc

elona

Bilb

ao

Grana

da

Mad

rid

Pam

plon

a

Sevil

la

Vale

ncia

% 2

00

3-2

00

2



Metropolitan Mobility in SpainBasic Data – Motorization Index

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

10.000 12.000 14.000 16.000 18.000 20.000 22.000 24.000 26.000

GDP PER CAPITA (EUROS)

CAR O

WN

ERSH

IP

(CARS/

1000

IN

H)

no correlation between Motorization index and GDP



Metropolitan Mobility in SpainModal Split – Work Trips

COMMUTING TRIPS63,5

%

62%

41,0

% 63,0

%

50,9

%

61,5

%

64,5

%

61%

8,7

%

11%

27,5

% 8,0

%

35,6

%

11,4%

11,5

%

12%

19,4

%

23%

31,5

%

26,0

%

13,5

%

19,9

%

16,2%

24%8

,2%

4%

3,0

%

7,2

%

7,9%

3%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Alican

te

Astur

ias

Barce

lona

Bilbao

Cádiz

Grana

da

Mad

rid

Mála

ga

Pamplo

na

Sevilla

Valenc

ia

OTHERS

WALK

PT

CAR



Metropolitan Mobility in SpainModal Split – Non work trips

NON-WORK TRIPS34,8

%

23,1

%

28,5

%

74,0

%

31,0

%

16,7

%

0

36,8

%

30,6

%

34,7

%

13,7

%

14,4

% 25,5

%

26,0

%

11,0

%

32,7

% 14,4

%

18,2

%

16,9

%

46,2

%

57,3

% 46,0

%

55,0

%

50,7

%

43,7

%

48,1

%

45,1

%

5,2

%

5,3

%

3,0

%

5,1

%

3,1

%

3,2

%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Alican

te

Astur

ias

Barce

lona

Bilbao

Cádiz

Grana

da

Mad

rid

Mála

ga

Pamplo

na

Sevilla

Valenc

ia

OTHERS

WALK

PT

CAR



Metropolitan Mobility in SpainDemand - the role of public transport

person-km (millions)

RAIL SYSTEM BUSAlicante 65,24 297,53Barcelona 4.756,34 1.419,50Madrid 6.803,50 6.034,50Málaga 104,96 112,44Pamplona 0,00 140,90Valencia 1.027,42 504,84

Network trips annual (millions)

RAIL SYSTEM BUSBarcelona 517,14 320,20Cádiz 3,03 5,21Granada - 39,27Madrid 796,40 668,00Málaga 9,73 8,85Pamplona - 33,21Sevilla - 101,90Valencia 178,94 117,94 * viajes por línea

The annual number of trips per habitant made by public transport modes show a big variation, ranging from 279 in Madrid to 64 in Malaga

Commute railroad services have a significant weight in big cities such as Madrid and Barcelona (13 % and 18 % respectively)

The metro has a very important share in those metropolitan areas where it is present (45 % total trips in Barcelona)



Metropolitan Mobility in SpainSupply

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Alican

te

Astur

ias

Barce

lona

Grana

da

Mad

rid

Pam

plon

a

Sevilla

Valen

cia

veh

ícu

le-k

ilom

ete

r (m

illi

on

s)

Rail

Bus



Metropolitan Mobility in SpainSupply

Metro Light Rail Metro Light Rail Metro Light Rail

Alicante - 12,60 13 n.d.

Barcelona 86,60 - 102 - 18 -

Madrid 226,70 188 10,90

Valencia 120,35 13,08 81 28 11,94 7,17

Network stops Vehicle ageNetwork length



vehicle-km/inhabitant vehicle-km/km2

rail bus rail bus

Asturias - 8,5 - 1.559

Barcelona 31,2 19,9 37.828 24.15

Granada - 24,1 - 12.558

Madrid 44,1 42,8 31.444 30.511

Malaga 1,4 20,8 845 12.585

Pamplona - 22,1 - 79.564

Sevilla 0,0 20,0 0 16.368

Most populated metropolitan areas present denser railroad networkRailroad supply is significantly higher than bus supply

Metropolitan Mobility in SpainSupply – Public transport density



Separate Non separateAsturias - 1,90 0Barcelona 2,88 94,29 10Madrid 8,64 87,21 0Málaga -Pamplona 3,36 - -Sevilla 3,10 11,20 0Valencia 69,40 0,50 8

6,10

Bus lane (km) PUBLIC TRANSPORTINTERSECTION PRIORITY .

Metropolitan Mobility in SpainSupply – Bus only lanes network

Most of the Spanish metropolitan areas have large BUS-ONLY lanes networks (small proportion separate BUS-ONLY lanes)



Metropolitan Mobility in SpainPublic Transport Quality – Bus fleet quality

URBAN INTERURBAN URBANO INTERURBANAsturias 100,00% [1] Only Oviedo and Gijón [1] 86% Oviedo

Barcelona 70,00% 50,00% 7,00% - y 0% Gijón

Granada 60,00% n.d. 60,00% n.d.Madrid 68,03% 50,60% 6,60% -Málaga 50,00% 1,00% 0,50% 1,00%Pamplona 47,80% n.d. 0,00% n.d.Sevilla - - 0.52% -Valencia 51,25% 19,35% 0.63% 0,00%

Observations% PRM BUSES % LOW EMISION BUSES

Urban fleet reach higher quality levels than suburban services



Metropolitan Mobility in SpainSupply vs Demand

0

500

1.000

1.500

2.000

2.500

0 20 40 60 80 100

PERSON-KM/INH

VE

HIC

LE

-KM

/INH



Metropolitan Mobility in SpainFinancial – Coverage of operational costs (40%-90%)

COVERAGE RATE (%)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Alican

te

Astur

ias

Barce

lona

Bilbao

Cádiz

Grana

da

Mad

rid

Málag

a

Pam

plon

a

Sevilla

Valen

cia

% F

are

inco

me

s/O

pe

rati

on

co

st



Metropolitan Mobility in SpainFinancial – Subsidies and publicity (350 M€ Madrid – 221 Barcelona)

SUBSIDY(M€)

Asturias Bus 0,83 1,82 20,14 4,10%

TMB 143,42 19,54 392,80 36,51%

FGC 49,99 8,55 102,30 48,87%

Granada Urban bus 5,80 - 20,93 27,70%

Urban bus (EMT) 152,92 9,71 265,31 57,64%

Metro 183,45 494,95 37,06%

Interurban buses 3,40 0,94 240,20 1,42%

Málaga Urban bus (EMT) 15,98 0,34 39,07 40,91%

Pamplona Urban bus 2,68 - 15,58 17,23%

Sevilla Bus 1,60 2,60 71,70 2,23%

Urban bus 0,50 3,00 85,50 0,58%

Interurban bus 0,20 0,00 12,20 1,64%

Metro Valencia 26,08 1,72 39,62 65,83%

Light Rail 0,00 0,09 9,02 0,00%

OPERATIONAL COSTS (M€)

% SUBSIDY OVER OPERATIONAL COST

Barcelona

TRANSPORT MODEPUBLICITY AND

OTHERS (M€)

Madrid

Valencia

Percentage of operational costs covered by subsidies and publicity



Metropolitan Mobility in SpainFares

METROPOLITAN 1l PETROL

SINGLE TICKETMONTLY TICKET

MONTLY TICKET 95 I.O.

Asturias 0,9 1,87 0,813Barcelona 1,05 37,65 54,2 1,65 0,8Granada 0,9 30 30 1,2 0,836Madrid 1 33,6 44,5 1,5 0,822Málaga 0,83[1] 27,95 n.d. 1,2 0,8Pamplona 0,42[1]

Sevilla 0,30[1] - - - -Valencia 0,45[1] 1,65 0,797

PUBLIC TRANSPORT FARES (€)URBAN

1h PARKING

CAR COST (€)

Public and private transport prices (2003)

Public transport fares are growing faster than petrol prices and parking rates Some of the MTAs have launched a fare integration



Metropolitan Mobility in SpainInvestments and projects

221,

80

214,

92 297,

60

0,06

244,

43

77,1

0

430,

69

442,

70

1,37

80,6

9

0 0 0 43

050100150200250300350400450500

Alican

te

Astur

ias

Barce

lona

Bilbao

Cádiz

Grana

da

Mad

rid

Málag

a

Pam

plon

a

Sevilla

Valen

cia

Mill

on

s of

eu

ros

INFRAESTRUCTURE

ROLLING STOCK

MAINTENANCE

The annual average investment in the public transport system (1995-2003) show significant values for all metropolitan areas considered (158 € per inhabitant in Madrid, 67 € in Barcelona,

56 € in Valencia), following a positive trend



Metropolitan Mobility in SpainInvestements and projects

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Barcelona Madrid Valencia

Million

s o

f Eu

ros

20022003

Major investments in new public transport facilities do not seem to be translated into significant changes in modal split (investments are

devoted to improvements in the existing network)



Metropolitan Mobility in SpainAir Quality (concentration excesses) and other Indicators

(1)Emission and energy consumption

(5 % avg. Growth)

(2) Pollution level (PM10, NO2) /

European Directive 1999/39/CE

(3) Emissions control measures

(4) Health and enviroment effects



Province

Number of statio

ns NO2

Number of times

excess (>200 µg/m3)

Number of stations

exceeding more than 18 times

Number of stations PM10

Number of times

excess (>50 µg/m3)

Number of stations

exceeding more than 35 times

Alicante 6 3 0 3 22 0

Asturias 21 23 1 21 331 17

Barcelona 25 14 0 29 150 15

Bilbao 15 0 0 9 67 3

Granada 5 3 0 5 55 2

Madrid 40 63 10 40 195 38

Málaga 3 0 0 3 58 2

Sevilla 11 9 0 10 93 6

Valencia 13 3 0 4 43 2

NO2 (hourly) and PM10 (daily) concentration excesses (2003)

Metropolitan Mobility in SpainAir Quality (concentration excesses)



LIGHT RAILALICANTE–EL CAMPELLO

(VIII/2003)

Metropolitan Mobility in SpainInvestment and projects. Innovations



TRAMBAIX (2003)




CONSORCIO BAHÍA DE

CÁDIZ (2003)




MADRID INTERCHANGES




• Effort to improve the infrastructure and operation of MTAs public transport systems

• Coordination of all public transport modes within one integrated system to support pt share

• Existing strategies seem clearly insufficient to cope with major urban challenges, environment

• The sustainability is a challenge in the field of environment and car traffic

• New policies should be adopted to promote public transport and non-motorised modes

Metropolitan Mobility in SpainConclusions (I)



• The importance of public transport is more important in the largest cities

• Car ownership rates are similar in all metropolitan areas, no correlation with GDP

• Buses are the most important public transport in Spain

• Where Rail modes exist, their supply is major• High level of investments to improve

infraestructure

Metropolitan Mobility in SpainConclusions (II)



¡ Thanks !

Pedro José Pérez-MartínezTransport Research Center – TRANSyT, UPME-mail: [email protected]: http://www.transyt.upm.es

Movilidad MetropolitanaFebrero 2005

OBSERVATORIO de laMovilidad Metropolitana

Febrero 2005

OBSERVATORIO de la

metropolitan mobility in spain- are we tending towards sustainability?

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