metu rp 501 regional planning studio 2014/2015 fall

1

MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSTY

GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES

REGIONAL PLANNING M.S.c.

RP 501 REGIONAL PLANNING STUDIO 2014/2015 FALL

Analysis of Smart-Specialisation Concept and Regional Growth in Turkey

Instructors; Prof. Dr. Ayda Eraydın

Res. Asst. Özge Yersen

Students; Baran Can Karadoğan

Merve Güreş

Özgür Oğuz

Saygın Seven

Selin Adıkutlu

2

Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 4

Human Capital ............................................................................................................................................... 5

Research & Develeopment and Innovation ................................................................................................ 12

Human Resources in Science and Technology ........................................................................................ 12

Employment in High-Tech Sectors by NUTS 2 regions - % of total employment ................................... 13

Entrepreneurship .................................................................................................................................... 14

Patent Applications ................................................................................................................................. 15

Production ................................................................................................................................................... 16

Incubation Centers .................................................................................................................................. 16

Location Quotionts ................................................................................................................................. 17

Agriculture Sector LQ for 2013 ............................................................................................................... 17

Industry Sector LQ for 2013 .................................................................................................................... 19

Service Sector LQ for 2013 ...................................................................................................................... 21

Dominant Sectors in Regions for 2006, 2009 and 2013 ......................................................................... 24

Export Capacities Of Regions .................................................................................................................. 25

Export Shares of Regions in Total Export of Turkey ................................................................................ 25

Foreign-owned Companies in Turkey ..................................................................................................... 27

Foreign Owned Companies per Capita ................................................................................................... 27

Manufacturing ............................................................................................................................................ 29

Primacy Index .......................................................................................................................................... 29

TR10 Istanbul Region .............................................................................................................................. 32

TR 21 Tekirdağ, Edirne, Kirklareli Region ................................................................................................ 35

TR22 Balikesir, Çanakkale Region ........................................................................................................... 37

TR31 Izmir Region ................................................................................................................................... 39

TR32 Aydin, Denizli, Mugla Region ......................................................................................................... 41

TR33 Manisa, Afyonkarahisar, Kütahya, Usak Region ............................................................................ 43

TR41 Bursa, Eskisehir, Bilecik Region ...................................................................................................... 45

TR42 Kocaeli, Sakarya, Düzce, Bolu, Yalova Region ................................................................................ 47

TR51 Ankara Region ................................................................................................................................ 49

TR52 Konya, Karaman Region ................................................................................................................. 51

TR61 Antalya, Isparta, Burdur Region ..................................................................................................... 53

3

TR62 Adana, Mersin Region .................................................................................................................... 55

TR63 Hatay, Kahramanmaras, Osmaniye Region.................................................................................... 57

TR71 Kirikkale, Aksaray, Nigde, Nevsehir, Kirsehir Region ..................................................................... 59

TR72 Kayseri, Sivas, Yozgat Region ......................................................................................................... 61

TR81 Zonguldak, Karabük, Bartin Region ................................................................................................ 63

TR82 Kastamonu, Çankiri, Sinop Region ................................................................................................. 65

TR83 Samsun, Tokat, Çorum, Amasya Region ........................................................................................ 67

TR90 Trabzon, Ordu, Giresun, Rize, Artvin, Gümüshane Region ............................................................ 69

TRA1 Erzurum, Erzincan, Bayburt Region ............................................................................................... 71

TRA2 Agri, Kars, Igdir, Ardahan Region ................................................................................................... 73

TRB1 Malatya, Elazig, Bingöl, Tunceli Region ......................................................................................... 75

TRB2 Van, Mus, Bitlis, Hakkari Region .................................................................................................... 77

TRC1 Gaziantep, Adiyaman, Kilis Region................................................................................................. 79

TRC2 Sanliurfa, Diyarbakir Region .......................................................................................................... 81

TRC3 Mardin, Batman, Sirnak, Siirt Region ............................................................................................. 83

Krugman Specialization Index ................................................................................................................. 85

Herfindahl Index...................................................................................................................................... 88

Regions’ Share In National Economy ...................................................................................................... 91

Industries’ Share In Regions’ Manufacturing Sector ............................................................................... 94

Life Standarts and Infrastructure .............................................................................................................. 117

Models to Examine Determinants of Smart Specialization ...................................................................... 125

Final Table ................................................................................................................................................. 141

New Regional Policies for Turkey .............................................................................................................. 149

4

Introduction

In order to deepen the analysis of smart specialization in Turkey's regions firstly

the Europe 2020 document where the concept of smart specialization developed was

taken into consideration to make a comparison with Europe and Turkey and its regions.

The analysis based on education, innovation, digital society, climate, energy and

mobility, employment & skills and fighting poverty areas. From this study, when Turkey

and Europe compared, first of all it can be concluded that Turkey should focus on

education problems primarily. Especially in tertiary education levels Turkey should level

with Europe 2020 targets because this is the cause of another important problem which

is high levels of youth unemployment. Besides, there is a huge difference between EU

and Turkey in terms of the participation of labor force. Moreover, insufficient higher

education level creates snowball effects of inabilities in innovation and R&D sector as

indicated above. This problem takes directly effects in economy of Turkey. In Europe

the rate of high-tech exports in total exports is ten times higher than Turkey. Yet the

digital infrastructure does not allow advancing, it is necessary to increase ICT skills and

knowledge of the European workforce and to connect all Europe online, European

Union invests in broadband infrastructure and professional development in ICT.

However, Turkey should concentrate on providing broadband access for all and

supporting ICT usage in every level of education. As a side benefit of the smart growth

strategies in EU, European Commission aims to decrease emission of greenhouse

gases by %20. However in Turkey, although the emission numbers are higher than

European average, there are only intentions to decrease the emission amount. The

situation where Turkey is much behind from Europe results in high rates of poverty and

because of this Turkey has same level of poverty with poor European countries. From

this frame of reference, study is deepen to regional level in human capital, Research &

Development and Innovation, production, manufacturing, life standards and

infrastructure analysis of 26 NUTS regions.

5

Human Capital

For a region to be a part of smart specialization strategy in the way of economic

development, an essential criteria is the existence of skilled labour and qualified man

power. In order to find out whether there exist skilled labour in the 26 regions of Turkey,

regions were analyzed in terms of education level of local people and labour force and

unemployment rates due to education level.

Firstly, in the 26 NUTS2 regions of Turkey, man power was analyzed according

to the numbers of graduate in doctorate, masters and university degree education level.

From chart 1, university graduate numbers; university graduate numbers per

active population, the annual growth rate of the university graduate numbers per active

population in 26 regions and the average of Turkey can be seen. Maximum growth rate

is in TR A2 region and minimum growth rate is in theTR51 region from 2008 to 2013.

When the rates are compared to the annual average growth rate of Turkey(12,42), TR

51 (8,06), TR31(9,12), TR32(9,89), TR61(10,11), TR21(10,15), TR41(11,18),

TR62(12,0), TR22(12,11) regions are below the Turkey's average and the remaining 18

regions are above it.

From chart 2 master degree graduate numbers; master degree graduate

numbers per active population, the annual growth rate of the master degree graduate

numbers per active population in 26 regions and the average of Turkey can be seen.

Maximum growth rate is in TR90 region and minimum growth rate is in the TR51 region

from 2008 to 2013. When the rates are compared to the annual average growth rate of

Turkey(16,083), TR 51 (12,68), TR B2(12,78), TRC3(13,12), TR10(13,59),

TRA2(13,74), TR63(13,87), TRC2(15,12) regions are below the Turkey's average.

From chart 3 doctorate degree graduate numbers; doctorate graduate numbers

per active population, the annual growth rate of the doctorate graduate numbers per

active population in 26 regions and the average of Turkey can be seen. Maximum

growth rate is in TR 82 region and minimum growth rate is in the TR 51 region from

2008 to 2013. When the rates are compared to the annual average growth rate of

Turkey(15,37), TR 51 (10,25), TR 10(11,87), TR31(12,45), TRb2(12,51), TR62(15,09),

regions are below the Turkey's average.

6

12,92

10,15

12,11

9,12 9,89

17,00

11,18

12,44

8,06

14,06

10,11

12,00

13,49 13,40

15,93

12,87

14,68 15,59

13,47

21,97

24,61

18,17

24,07

17,57

22,67 23,34

12,42

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0,000

0,050

0,100

0,150

0,200

0,250

A

n

n

u

a

l

A

v

e

r

a

g

e

G

r

o

w

t

h

R

a

t

e

N

u

m

b

e

r

o

f

U

n

i

v

e

r

s

i

t

y

G

r

a

d

u

a

t

e

s

p

e

r

A

c

t

i

v

e

P

o

p

u

l

a

t

i

o

n

Chart 1: University

2008 2013 Annual Growth Rate

7

13,59

17,94 19,14

16,39

23,46 24,27

17,22

19,03

12,68

22,64

17,88 16,72

13,87

23,22

25,83

22,99 24,13

27,52

30,05 28,81

13,74

28,06

12,78

25,79

15,12

13,12

16,08

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0

0,005

0,01

0,015

0,02

0,025

A

n

n

u

a

l

A

v

e

r

a

g

e

G

r

o

w

t

h

R

a

t

e

N

u

m

b

e

r

o

f

M

a

s

t

e

r

D

e

g

r

e

e

G

r

a

d

u

a

t

e

s

p

e

r

A

c

t

i

v

e

P

o

p

u

l

a

t

i

o

n

Chart 2:Master


8

11,87

23,49 22,36

12,45

22,51

28,92

17,53

21,61

10,25

25,97

20,83

15,09

19,63

23,54

32,28

28,91

35,36

25,94

32,95

15,60

18,41

23,50

12,51

27,27

16,24

26,60

15,37

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0,000

0,001

0,002

0,003

0,004

0,005

0,006

0,007

0,008

0,009

Chart 3:Doctorate


9

After analyzing the education level in the regions the participation to labour force

rates and unemployment rates were analyzed according to the education level. In 26

Regions, across the university graduates participation to labour force rates increases

most in the TR31 İzmir region with 1,66 where the rate is 0,5 in Turkey. On the other

hand, from 2008 to 2013 among the university graduates unemployment rates annual

average growth rate is 0 in Turkey where in 2008 it was 10,3 but it had its climax in

2009 to 12,1 and after 2009 begin to decrease to 10,3 again in 2013. In this frame, 26

NUTS2 regions of Turkey, TR 52 Konya, Karaman Region shows the maximum rate of

decrease in unemployment with 19,25. Moreover, unemployment rates increases most

in TRA2 Ağrı, Kars, Igdır, Ardahan Region with 12,61.

10

-2,5

-2

-1,5

-1

-0,5

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

TR1

0 Is

tan

bu

l

TR2

1 T

ekir

dag

, Ed

irn

e, K

irkl

arel

i

TR2

2B

alik

esir

, Çan

akka

le

TR3

1Iz

mir

TR3

2 A

ydin

, Den

izli,

Mu

gla

TR3

3 M

anis

a, A

fyo

nka

rah

isar

,…

TR4

1 B

urs

a, E

skis

eh

ir, B

ileci

k

TR4

2 K

oca

eli,

Saka

rya,

Dü

zce

, Bo

lu,…

TR5

1 A

nka

ra

TR5

2 K

on

ya, K

aram

an

TR6

1 A

nta

lya,

Isp

arta

, Bu

rdu

r

TR6

2 A

dan

a, M

ersi

n

TR6

3 H

atay

, Kah

ram

anm

aras

,…

TR7

1 K

irik

kale

, Aks

aray

, Nig

de

,…

TR7

2 K

ayse

ri, S

ivas

, Yo

zgat

TR8

1 Z

on

guld

ak, K

arab

ük,

Bar

tin

TR8

2 K

asta

mo

nu

, Çan

kiri

, Sin

op

TR8

3 S

amsu

n, T

oka

t, Ç

oru

m, A

mas

ya

TR9

0 T

rab

zon

, Ord

u, G

ire

sun

, Riz

e,…

TRA

1 E

rzu

rum

, Erz

inca

n, B

ayb

urt

TRA

2 A

gri,

Kar

s, Ig

dir

, Ard

ahan

TRB

1 M

alat

ya, E

lazi

g, B

ingö

l, Tu

nce

li

TRB

2 V

an, M

us,

Bit

lis, H

akka

ri

TRC

1 G

azia

nte

p, A

diy

aman

, Kili

s

TRC

2 S

anliu

rfa,

Diy

arb

akir

TRC

3 M

ard

in, B

atm

an, S

irn

ak, S

iirt

Turk

ey

A

n

n

u

a

l

A

v

e

r

a

g

e

G

r

o

w

t

h

R

a

t

e

P

a

r

t

i

c

i

p

a

t

i

o

n

t

o

L

a

b

o

r

F

o

r

c

e

R

a

t

e

s

2008

2013

Annual Average Growth Rate

11

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18A

n

n

u

a

l

A

v

e

r

a

g

e

G

r

o

w

t

h

R

a

t

e

U

n

e

m

p

l

o

y

m

e

n

t

R

a

t

e

s

2008

2013

Annual Growth Rate

12

Research & Develeopment and Innovation

Human Resources in Science and Technology

Human resources in science and technology (HRST) shows the active population in the

age group 15-74 that is classified as HRST (i.e. having successfully completed an

education at the third level or being employed in science and technology) as a

percentage of total active population aged 15-74.

The graph below represents that HRST share in active population and its annual

average increase rate of NUTS 2 regions of Turkey in compare with country averages.

TR10 İstanbul TR31 İzmir

TR41 (Bursa,Eskişehir,Bilecik)

TR42 (Kocaeli,Sakarya,Düzce,

Bolu,Yalova)

Tr51-Ankara

TRA1 (Erzurum, Erzincan, Bayburt)

TRA2 (Ağrı, Kars, Iğdır, Ardahan)

0,00

5,00

10,00

15,00

20,00

25,00

30,00

35,00

40,00

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Ave

rage

Sh

are

of

HR

ST i

n a

ctiv

e p

op

ula

tio

n (

20

06

-20

13

)

Annual Average Rate of Increase % (2006-2013)

Human resources in science and technology (HRST) by NUTS 2 regions

13

Employment in High-Tech Sectors by NUTS 2 regions - % of total employment

The data shows the employment in high-tech sectors (code HTC) as a percentage of

total employment. The data are aggregated according to the sectorial approach at NACE

Rev.2 on 2-digit level and is oriented on the ratio of highly qualified working in these

areas.

14

Entrepreneurship

The graph below represents that changing share of employers and sole traders in active

population, in 2004, 2009 and 2013. It helps to understand that entrepreneurial structure

of NUTS 2 regions of Turkey.

15

Patent Applications

The graphs below show that changing number of patent applications to Turkish Patent

Institute and success rate of NUTS 2 regions from 2000 to 2013.

TR10 (İstanbul)

TR41 (Bursa,Eskişehir,Bileci

k) TR42

(Kocaeli,Sakarya,Düzce,Bolu,Yalova)

TR51 (Ankara)


TRC1 (Gaziantep, Adıyaman, Kilis)

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900An

nu

al A

vera

ge R

ate

of

Incr

ease

% (

20

00

-2

01

3)

Annual Average Number of Patent Applications (2000-2013)

Patent Applications 2000-2013

TR10 (İstanbul)

TR31 (İzmir) TR33 (Manisa,Afyon,

Kütahya,Uşak)

TR41 (Bursa, Eskişehir,Bilecik)

TR42 (Kocaeli,Sakarya, Düzce,Bolu,Yalova)

TR51 (Ankara)

TRB2 (Van, Muş, Bitlis, Hakkari)

TRC2 (Şanlıurfa, Diyarbakır)

0,0

50,0

100,0

150,0

200,0

250,0

0,00% 5,00% 10,00% 15,00% 20,00% 25,00% 30,00% 35,00%An

nu

al A

vera

ge N

um

be

r o

f R

egi

ste

red

Pat

en

ts

Annual Average Success Rate %

Success in Patent Applications 2001-2013

16

Production

Incubation Centers

Business incubation is a business support process that accelerates the successful development of start-up and fledgling companies by providing entrepreneurs with an array of targeted resources and services. These services are usually developed or orchestrated by incubator management and offered both in the business incubator and through its network of contacts. A business incubator’s main goal is to produce successful firms that will leave the program financially viable and freestanding. These incubator graduates have the potential to create jobs, revitalize neighborhoods, commercialize new technologies, and strengthen local and national economies. Critical to the definition of an incubator is the provision of management guidance, technical assistance and consulting tailored to young growing companies. Incubators usually also provide clients access to appropriate rental space and flexible leases, shared basic business services and equipment, technology support services and assistance in obtaining the financing necessary for company growth.

In Turkey, the number of incubation centers is not high because it is a new developing trend among companies and firms. There are 12 incubation centers in country and 7 of them are located in İstanbul. There are 3 in Ankara, 1 in İzmir and 1 in Kocaeli. Istanbul based incubation centers are; Etohum, Girişim Fabrikası, AveaLabs, HayalEt, Arı Çekirdek, TEB Incubation Center, Inventram. Ankara based centers are; Viveka ,Metutech Atom, Enkuba. Inovent is in Kocaeli and Embriyonix is in İzmir. Seven of these incubation centers are university based enterprises and the other 5 of them are private ones.

17

Location Quotionts

According to Location Quotient analyzes all regions are examined for three years

(2006,2009 and 2013) in terms of three sectors which are Agriculture, Industry and

Services. All changes among years in increases and decreases are shown below in the

graphics. Also according to different LQ levels of regions for recent year are shown in

the maps below.

Agriculture Sector LQ for 2013

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

Bö

lgel

er

TR1

0 (

İsta

nb

ul)

TR2

1 (

Teki

rdağ

,Ed

irn

e,K

ırkl

are

li)

TR2

2 (

Bal

ıkes

ir,Ç

anak

kale

)

TR3

1 (

İzm

ir)

TR3

2 (

Ayd

ın,D

en

izli,

Mu

ğla)

TR3

3 (

Man

isa,

Afy

on

,Kü

tah

ya,U

şak)

TR4

1 (

Bu

rsa,

Eski

şeh

ir,B

ileci

k)

TR4

2 (

Ko

cael

i,Sak

arya

,Dü

zce

,Bo

lu,Y

alo

va)

TR5

1 (

An

kara

)

TR5

2 (

Ko

nya

,Kar

aman

)

TR6

1 (

An

taly

a,Is

par

ta,B

urd

ur)

TR6

2 (

Ad

ana,

Me

rsin

)

TR6

3 (

Hat

ay,K

ahra

man

mar

aş,O

sman

iye)

TR7

1 (

Kır

ıkka

le,A

ksar

ay,N

iğd

e,N

evş

ehir

)

TR7

2 (

Kay

seri

, Siv

as, Y

ozg

at)

TR8

1 (

Zon

guld

ak, K

arab

ük,

Bar

tın

)

TR8

2 (

Kas

tam

on

u, Ç

ankı

rı, S

ino

p)

TR8

3 (

Sam

sun

, To

kat,

Ço

rum

, Am

asya

)

TR9

0 (

Trab

zon

, Ord

u, G

ire

sun

, Riz

e,…

TRA

1 (

Erzu

rum

, Erz

inca

n, B

ayb

urt

)

TRA

2 (

Ağr

ı, K

ars,

Iğd

ır, A

rdah

an)

TRB

1 (

Mal

atya

, Ela

zığ,

Bin

göl,

Tun

celi)

TRB

2 (

Van

, Mu

ş, B

itlis

, Hak

kari

)

TRC

1 (

Gaz

ian

tep

, Ad

ıyam

an, K

ilis)

TRC

2 (

Şan

lıurf

a, D

iyar

bak

ır)

TRC

3 (

Mar

din

, Bat

man

, Şır

nak

, Siir

t)

Agriculture Sector LQ's

2006

2009

2013

18

AGRICULTURE 2006 2009 2013

REGIONS TR10 (İstanbul) 0,01530154 0,01198752 0,02459668

TR21 (Tekirdağ,Edirne,Kırklareli) 0,87996975 0,90071947 0,72358274

TR22 (Balıkesir,Çanakkale) 1,98263454 1,62420059 1,53976267

TR31 (İzmir) 0,44108354 0,34705141 0,52411672

TR32 (Aydın,Denizli,Muğla) 1,35464145 1,13098784 1,6888737

TR33 (Manisa,Afyon,Kütahya,Uşak) 1,59811138 1,58889188 1,89380634

TR41 (Bursa,Eskişehir,Bilecik) 0,60151263 0,47921234 0,61889059

TR42 (Kocaeli,Sakarya,Düzce,Bolu,Yalova) 0,5607366 0,80130551 0,93734442

TR51 (Ankara) 0,14597885 0,06959131 0,19600512

TR52 (Konya,Karaman) 1,15571004 1,30088452 1,39017055

TR61 (Antalya,Isparta,Burdur) 1,21860919 1,37391968 1,36244959

TR62 (Adana,Mersin) 0,90365341 1,17174471 1,00529036

TR63 (Hatay,Kahramanmaraş,Osmaniye) 1,32321895 1,25194179 1,10242438

TR71 (Kırıkkale,Aksaray,Niğde,Nevşehir) 1,74065751 1,41365607 1,572548

TR72 (Kayseri, Sivas, Yozgat) 0,92997496 1,08513401 1,48685485

TR81 (Zonguldak, Karabük, Bartın) 1,45838943 1,99616979 1,58106837

TR82 (Kastamonu, Çankırı, Sinop) 2,4448224 1,74021492 1,72639557

TR83 (Samsun, Tokat, Çorum, Amasya) 1,9519038 2,09691569 1,79024788

TR90 (Trabzon, Ordu, Giresun, Rize, Artvin, Gümüşhane) 2,19640013 2,21722266 1,99766802

TRA1 (Erzurum, Erzincan, Bayburt) 2,15016696 2,19360424 1,88444188

TRA2 (Ağrı, Kars, Iğdır, Ardahan) 2,39384104 2,60459798 2,29252927

TRB1 (Malatya, Elazığ, Bingöl, Tunceli) 1,70883907 1,4841833 1,888237

TRB2 (Van, Muş, Bitlis, Hakkari) 2,30122219 1,47559461 1,63521522

TRC1 (Gaziantep, Adıyaman, Kilis) 0,85279678 0,99409641 1,01433071

TRC2 (Şanlıurfa, Diyarbakır) 1,03352152 1,17392716 1,36120585

TRC3 (Mardin, Batman, Şırnak, Siirt) 0,83240382 0,90079384 0,52331271

19

Industry Sector LQ for 2013

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8

2

Industry Sector LQ's

2006

2009

2013

20

2006 2009 2013




TR31 (İzmir) 1,23891677 1,10767664 1,20365168





TR51 (Ankara) 0,97285907 0,90976867 0,89545187

TR52 (Konya,Karaman) 0,78156448 0,95866034 0,93589548


TR62 (Adana,Mersin) 0,86599939 0,82033683 0,88180799















21

Service Sector LQ for 2013

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1,4

1,6

Service Sector LQ's

2006

2009

2013

22

SERVICE 2006 2009 2013




TR31 (İzmir) 1,14480565 1,2667698 1,11678091





TR51 (Ankara) 1,43170067 1,5033099 1,43390068

TR52 (Konya,Karaman) 1,04632308 0,87288782 0,85276651


TR62 (Adana,Mersin) 1,11989902 1,006343 1,06159465















24

Dominant Sectors in Regions for 2006, 2009 and 2013

25

Export Capacities Of Regions

From 2006 to 2012, export amount of Turkey, has increased more than one and a half times. According to 2012 data, half of the amount of export is done by İstanbul with the amount of 76,620,922 TL. Although, İstanbul region has increased its export amount between 2006 and 2012, the share of this amount in total export decreased nearly %5 in 6 years. In this period, three regions have increased their export shares in total amount. These are TR33 (Manisa, Afyon, Kütahya, Uşak), TR42 (Kocaeli, Sakarya, Düzce, Bolu, Yalova) and TRC1 (Gaziantep, Adıyaman, Kilis). Despite İstanbul is carrying out the half amount of the total export of Turkey, for other regions TR42 region is holding the first place in the list of export capacities. Like some of other analyz and examinations again TR42 region is advantageous according to others. Unlike other regions located in eastern and southeastern part of Turkey, TRC1 region has increased its export capacity from 2006 to 2012. This region is mainly exporting goods which are produced by manufacturing. On the other hand, when we look at the sectoral export shares of regions in their own composition, most of the regions are realizing their export in manufacturing sector. Except several regions, in most of them export shares of manufacturing are between %85 and %97. In this point of view some regions such as TR61 (Antalya,Burdur,Isparta), TR62(Adana,Mersin), TR63 (Hatay,Kahramanmaraş,Osmaniye) and TR90 (Trabzon, Ordu, Giresun, Rize, Artvin, Gümüşhane) are differentiating from other regions in terms of different sectoral exports. These regions are making exports in the sector of Agriculture and Forestry much more than other regions. This could be considered as an advantage or a disadvantage for different purposes and strategies.

Export Shares of Regions in Total Export of Turkey

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

Bö

lgel

er

TR1

0 (

İsta

nb

ul)

TR2

1…

TR2

2 (

Bal

ıkes

ir,Ç

anak

kale

)

TR3

1 (

İzm

ir)

TR3

2 (

Ayd

ın,D

en

izli,

Mu

ğla)

TR3

3…

TR4

1 (

Bu

rsa,

Eski

şeh

ir,B

ileci

k)

TR4

2…

TR5

1 (

An

kara

)

TR5

2 (

Ko

nya

,Kar

aman

)

TR6

1 (

An

taly

a,Is

par

ta,B

urd

ur)

TR6

2 (

Ad

ana,

Me

rsin

)

TR6

3…

TR7

1…

TR7

2 (

Kay

seri

, Siv

as, Y

ozg

at)

TR8

1 (

Zon

guld

ak, K

arab

ük,

…

TR8

2 (

Kas

tam

on

u, Ç

ankı

rı,…

TR8

3 (

Sam

sun

, To

kat,

…

TR9

0 (

Trab

zon

, Ord

u,…

TRA

1 (

Erzu

rum

, Erz

inca

n,…

TRA

2 (

Ağr

ı, K

ars,

Iğd

ır,…

TRB

1 (

Mal

atya

, Ela

zığ,

…

TRB

2 (

Van

, Mu

ş, B

itlis

,…

TRC

1 (

Gaz

ian

tep

, Ad

ıyam

an,…

TRC

2 (

Şan

lıurf

a, D

iyar

bak

ır)

TRC

3 (

Mar

din

, Bat

man

,…

2006

2009

2012

26

2006 2009 2012




TR31 (İzmir) 0,0637042 0,0599041 0,0567935





TR51 (Ankara) 0,0420549 0,0480825 0,0468179

TR52 (Konya,Karaman) 0,0068171 0,0086321 0,010195


TR62 (Adana,Mersin) 0,0202745 0,021387 0,0211595















27

Foreign-owned Companies in Turkey

In Turkey according to 2013 data, there are 1147 foreign owned companies. Obivously most of these companies are located in İstanbul with the number of 197. However, to examine in the NUTS2 level, the region of TR42 (Kocaeli, Sakarya, Düzce, Bolu, Yalova) is holding the first place in the list. %20 of foreing owned companies are located in this region. TR42 region is followed by İstanbul, İzmir and TR41 (Bursa, Eskişehir, Bilecik) region. On the other hand, when we look at the number of foreign owned companies per capita, TR42 region has the highest value again. The region is followed by İzmir and TR21 (Tekirdağ, Edirne, Kırklareli) region. Because of the high population levels, number of foreign owned companies per capita results are too low in İstanbul. To interpret these analyzes, TR42 region outshines clearly. We can see that, region is attractive for foreign enterprieses and this could be a very strong potential. Advantages of the region such as being close to İstanbul, high indusrty facilities are useful to charm foreign companies as we can see and this could be developed for some purposes.

Foreign Owned Companies per Capita

28

REGIONS Foreign Owned Companies per Capita*1000

TR10 (İstanbul) 0,0139

TR21 (Tekirdağ,Edirne,Kırklareli) 0,0614

TR22 (Balıkesir,Çanakkale) 0,0114

TR31 (İzmir) 0,0401

TR32 (Aydın,Denizli,Muğla) 0,0088

TR33 (Manisa,Afyon,Kütahya,Uşak) 0,0154

TR41 (Bursa,Eskişehir,Bilecik) 0,0387

TR42 (Kocaeli,Sakarya,Düzce,Bolu,Yalova) 0,0681

TR51 (Ankara) 0,0119

TR52 (Konya,Karaman) 0,0056

TR61 (Antalya,Isparta,Burdur) 0,0152

TR62 (Adana,Mersin) 0,0060

TR63 (Hatay,Kahramanmaraş,Osmaniye) 0,0055

TR71 (Kırıkkale,Aksaray,Niğde,Nevşehir) 0,0066

TR72 (Kayseri, Sivas, Yozgat) 0,0042

TR81 (Zonguldak, Karabük, Bartın) 0,0029

TR82 (Kastamonu, Çankırı, Sinop) 0,0026

TR83 (Samsun, Tokat, Çorum, Amasya) 0,0033

TR90 (Trabzon, Ordu, Giresun, Rize, Artvin, Gümüşhane) 0,0043

TRA1 (Erzurum, Erzincan, Bayburt) 0,0056

TRA2 (Ağrı, Kars, Iğdır, Ardahan) 0,0009

TRB1 (Malatya, Elazığ, Bingöl, Tunceli) 0,0012

TRB2 (Van, Muş, Bitlis, Hakkari) 0,0000

TRC1 (Gaziantep, Adıyaman, Kilis) 0,0019

TRC2 (Şanlıurfa, Diyarbakır) 0,0009

TRC3 (Mardin, Batman, Şırnak, Siirt) 0,0000

29

Manufacturing

Primacy Index

In order to define the dominant sector in the manufacturing industry in Turkey and

26 nuts2 regions, primacy index analysis applied in terms of 1 and 3 dominant sectors.

Dominant sector in Turkey was changed after 2006 from "Manufacture of textiles"

to "Manufacture of wearing apparel; dressing and dyeing of fur". On the other side the

ratio is decreased from 0,18 to 0,14 which shows that the dominance of 1st sector is

decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing.

When the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio again that the

dominancy is decreasing and the arrangement in the first 3 sectors are differ periods of

2003-2006, 2007-2008 and after 2009.

High Tech Sectors Mid-High Tech Sectors Mid-Low Tech Sectors Low-Tech Sectors

Manufacture of food products and beverages

Manufacture of tobacco products

Manufacture of textiles

Manufacture of wearing apparel; dressing and dyeing of fur

Tanning and dressing of leather; manufacture of luggage, handbags, saddlery, harness and footwear

Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials

Manufacture of pulp, paper and paper products

Publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media

Manufacture of coke, refined petroleum products and nuclear fuel

Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products

Manufacture of rubber and plastic products

Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products

Manufacture of basic metals

Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment

Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.

Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products

Manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus n.e.c.

Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers

Manufacture of other transport equipment

Manufacture of furniture; manufacturing n.e.c.

Other manufacturing

Repair and installation of machinery and equipment

30

Turkey 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Index 0,184 0,168 0,151 0,148 0,140 0,147 0,142 0,149

Sector Manufact

ure of textiles

Manufact

ure of textiles

Manufact

ure of textiles

Manufact

ure of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufact

ure of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufact

ure of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufact

ure of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufact

ure of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

TURKEY 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

INDEX 0,466 0,450 0,411 0,406 0,386 0,392 0,393 0,395

1stSector Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

wearing apparel;

dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing apparel;

dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing apparel;

dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing apparel;

dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing apparel;

dressing

and dyeing of

fur

2ndSector Manufacture of

wearing apparel;

dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing apparel;

dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing apparel;

dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

3rdSector Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

textiles

32

TR10 Istanbul Region

Dominant sector in TR 10 is "Manufacture of wearing apparel; dressing and

dyeing of fur" from 2003 to 2011. Moreover the ratio of employment in this sector to the

total employment in all manufacturing industries is increasing which shows the

dominance of the wearing apparel industry is increasing. When the 3 sector index

analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the dominancy is decreasing in terms of

first 3 sectors and the arrangement in the first 3 sectors are differ just in the periods of

2007-2008.

TR10 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Index 0,255 0,268 0,234 0,245 0,240 0,260 0,258 0,272

Sector Manufact

ure of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufact

ure of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufact

ure of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufact

ure of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufact

ure of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufact

ure of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufact

ure of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufact

ure of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

33

TR10 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

INDEX 0,503 0,491 0,441 0,448 0,436 0,432 0,427 0,444


wearing apparel;

dressing

and dyeing

of fur

Manufacture of

wearing apparel;

dressing

and dyeing

of fur

Manufacture of

wearing apparel;

dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing apparel;

dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing apparel;

dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing apparel;

dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing apparel;

dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing apparel;

dressing

and dyeing of

fur


wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing

of fur

Manufacture of

wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing

of fur

Manufacture of

wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of

food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of

food

products and

beverages


food product

s and

beverages

Manufacture of

food product

s and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

textiles

34

From primacy index,

dominance of the wearing

apparel industry is increasing

where also the first 3 sectors

are all low tech industries.The

most competitive sector is

manufacture of wood and of

products of wood and cork,

except furniture in the

region.Istanbul has the largest

size in almost every sector, yet

it has the most shares only in

manufacture of wearing apparel

and it is at the last place in

manufacture of food and

beverages.

35

TR 21 Tekirdağ, Edirne, Kirklareli Region

Dominant sector in TR 21 is " Manufacture of textiles " from 2003 to 2011. On the

other hand the ratio of employment in this sector to the total employment in all

manufacturing industries is decreasing shows that the dominance of 1st sector is


When the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the dominancy

is decreasing in terms of first 3 sectors and the arrangement in the first 3 sectors

specifically the 3rd sector is changing from 2003 to 2009.

TR21 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Index 0,373 0,387 0,380 0,388 0,384 0,336 0,323 0,318

Sector

Manufact

ure of

textiles

Manufac

ture of

textiles

Manufac

ture of

textiles

Manufactu

re of

textiles

Manufactu

re of

textiles

Manufactu

re of

textiles

Manufactu

re of

textiles

Manufactu

re of

textiles

TR21 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

INDEX 0,685 0,682 0,679 0,670 0,651 0,613 0,621 0,594

1stSector Manufac

ture of textiles

Manufac

ture of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

2ndSector Manufac

ture of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufac

ture of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufactu

re of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufactu

re of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufactu

re of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufactu

re of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufactu

re of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufactu

re of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

3rdSector Tanning

and dressing

of

leather; manufac

ture of luggage,

handbag

Manufacture of

motor

vehicles, trailers

and semi-

trailers

Manufactu

re of other non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufactu

re of other non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufactu

re of other non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufactu

re of other non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufactu

re of

electrical machinery

and apparatus

n.e.c.

Manufactu

re of

electrical machinery

and apparatus

n.e.c.

36

Dominance of manufacturing

of textile sector is decreasing

and diversity in the employment

in manufacturing sectors, is

increasing. The most

competitive sector is

manufacture of rubber and

plastic products in the region.

The region is above Turkey

average in manufacture of

textiles and manufacture of

wearing apparel. And also it

has the most share in

manufacture and dressing of

leather. In addition to this they

are also above Turkey average

in manufacture of computer,

electronic and optical products

which is a high tech sector

37

TR22 Balikesir, Çanakkale Region

Dominant sector in TR 22 is " Manufacture of food products and beverages " from

2003 to 2011. On the other hand the ratio of employment in this sector to the total

employment in all manufacturing industries is decreasing shows that the dominance of

1st sector is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is

increasing. When the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the

dominancy is increasing in terms of first 3 sectors and the arrangement in the first 3

sectors specifically the 3rd sector is changing from 2003 to 2011.

TR22 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Index 0,393 0,380 0,323 0,308 0,327 0,386 0,423 0,367

Sector Manufact

ure of food

products

and beverages

Manufact

ure of food

products

and beverages

Manufact

ure of food

products

and beverages

Manufact

ure of food

products

and beverages

Manufact

ure of food

products

and beverages

Manufact

ure of food

products

and beverages

Manufact

ure of food

products

and beverages

Manufact

ure of food

products

and beverages

TR22 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

INDEX 0,587 0,599 0,529 0,538 0,595 0,586 0,623 0,598

1stSector Manufacture of food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of food

products and

beverages


wood and

of products

of wood and cork,

except

furniture

Manufactu

re of other

non-metallic

mineral

products

Manufactu

re of other

non-metallic

mineral

products

Manufactu

re of other

non-metallic

mineral

products

Manufactu

re of other

non-metallic

mineral

products

Manufactu

re of other

non-metallic

mineral

products

Manufactu

re of other

non-metallic

mineral

products

Manufactu

re of other

non-metallic

mineral

products

3rdSector

Manufactu

re of machinery

and

equipment n.e.c.

Manufacture of

wood and of

products of wood

and cork,

except furniture

Manufacture of

wood and of

products of wood

and cork,

except furniture

Manufactu

re of basic metals

Manufacture of

wood and of

products of wood

and cork,

except furniture

Manufacture of

wood and of

products of wood

and cork,

except furniture

Manufactu

re of rubber

and

plastic products

Manufactu

re of furniture;

manufact

uring n.e.c.

38

Dominance of 1st sector

"Manufacture of food products

and beverages" is decreasing



increasing.The most


manufacture of chemicals and

chemical products in the region.

They are above National

average in Manufacture of food

and beverages and

manufacture of non-metallic

mineral products. But a more

promising attribution is they

have the most growth speed in

manufacture of computer,


which is a high tech sector.

39

TR31 Izmir Region

Dominant sector in TR 31 is " Manufacture of wearing apparel; dressing and

dyeing of fur" from 2003 to 2011. On the other hand the ratio of employment in this

sector to the total employment in all manufacturing industries is decreasing shows that

the dominance of 1st sector is decreasing and diversity in the employment in

manufacturing sectors, is increasing. When the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be

concluded from the ratio that the dominancy is increasing in terms of first 3 sectors.

TR31 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Index 0,204 0,215 0,180 0,182 0,165 0,162 0,159 0,179

Sector Manufact

ure of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufact

ure of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufact

ure of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufact

ure of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufact

ure of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufact

ure of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufact

ure of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufact

ure of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

TR31 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

INDEX 0,418 0,423 0,389 0,377 0,381 0,413 0,389 0,417


wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

2ndSector

Manufactu

re of food

products and

beverages

Manufactu

re of food

products and

beverages

Manufactu

re of food

products and

beverages

Manufactu

re of food

products and

beverages

Manufactu

re of food

products and

beverages

Manufactu

re of food

products and

beverages

Manufactu

re of food

products and

beverages

Manufactu

re of food

products and

beverages

3rdSector

Manufactu

re of machinery

and equipmen

t n.e.c.

Manufacture of

fabricated metal

products,

except machinery

and equipmen

t

Manufacture of

fabricated metal

products,

except machinery

and equipmen

t

Manufacture of

fabricated metal

products,

except machinery

and equipmen

t

Manufacture of

fabricated metal

products,

except machinery

and equipmen

t

Manufacture of

fabricated metal

products,

except machinery

and equipmen

t

Manufactu

re of machinery

and equipmen

t n.e.c.

Manufactu

re of machinery

and equipmen

t n.e.c.

40

The dominance of 1st sector

Manufacture of wearing

apparel; dressing and dyeing of

fur is decreasing and diversity

in the employment in

manufacturing sectors, is



manufacture of wood and of

products of wood and cork,

except furniture in the

region.One of the size wise

competitors of TR10 and also

above national average in

manufacture of wearing apparel

and manufacture of refined

petroleum products, in addition

İzmir has the biggest growth

speed in manufacture of paper

products.

41

TR32 Aydin, Denizli, Mugla Region







specifically the 3rd sector is changing from 2009 to 2011.

TR32 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Index 0,396 0,360 0,310 0,286 0,270 0,260 0,274 0,257

Sector Manufact

ure of textiles

Manufact

ure of textiles

Manufact

ure of textiles

Manufact

ure of textiles

Manufact

ure of textiles

Manufact

ure of textiles

Manufact

ure of textiles

Manufact

ure of textiles

TR32 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

INDEX 0,683 0,670 0,628 0,618 0,586 0,551 0,553 0,561

1stSector Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

2ndSector Manufactu

re of

wearing apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufactu

re of

wearing apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufactu

re of

wearing apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufactu

re of

wearing apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufactu

re of

wearing apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufactu

re of

wearing apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufactu

re of

wearing apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufactu

re of

wearing apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

3rdSector Manufactu

re of

other non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufacture of food

products and

beverages

Manufactu

re of

other non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufactu

re of

other non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufactu

re of

other non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufacture of food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of food

products and

beverages

42

The dominance of 1st sector

Manufacture of textiles is

decreasing and diversity in the

employment in manufacturing

sectors, is increasing The most


manufacture of other transport

equipment in the region.One of

the most desperate regions,

however it is over Turkey

average in manufacture of non-

metallic mineral products and

manufacture of textiles &

wearing apparel. Also has a fair

growth speed in manufacture

and dressing of leather

products.

43

TR33 Manisa, Afyonkarahisar, Kütahya, Usak Region

Dominant sector in TR 33 is changing between " Manufacture of food products

and beverages " and " Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products" from 2003 to

2011. Moreover the ratio of employment in this sector to the total employment in all

manufacturing industries is increasing which shows the dominance of the industry is


dominancy is decreasing in terms of first 3 sectors and the arrangement.

TR33 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Index 0,174 0,183 0,207 0,213 0,195 0,215 0,213 0,197

Sector Manufact

ure of food

products

and beverages

Manufacture of

other non-

metallic

mineral products

Manufacture of

other non-

metallic

mineral products

Manufacture of

other non-

metallic

mineral products

Manufacture of

other non-

metallic

mineral products

Manufact

ure of food

products

and beverages

Manufacture of

other non-

metallic

mineral products

Manufact

ure of food

products

and beverages

TR33 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

INDEX 0,501 0,479 0,508 0,491 0,480 0,497 0,528 0,515

1stSector

Manufacture of food

products

and beverages

Manufacture of

other non-

metallic

mineral products

Manufacture of

other non-

metallic

mineral products

Manufacture of

other non-

metallic

mineral products

Manufacture of

other non-

metallic

mineral products

Manufacture of food

products

and beverages

Manufacture of

other non-

metallic

mineral products

Manufacture of food

products

and beverages

2ndSector

Manufactu

re of

textiles

Manufactu

re of food products

and

beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and

beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and

beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and

beverages

Manufactu

re of other

non-metallic

mineral

products

Manufactu

re of food products

and

beverages

Manufactu

re of other

non-metallic

mineral

products


other non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

textiles

44

Dominance of the primacy

industry is increasing, diversity

in manufacture industry

decreasing The most


manufacture of in the region.

Not surprisingly has the most

shares in manufacture of non-


also above national average in

manufacture of computer,


& tanning and dressing of

leather products.

45

TR41 Bursa, Eskisehir, Bilecik Region







specifically the 2nd and the 3rd sector are changing from 2008.

TR41 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Index 0,285 0,266 0,241 0,230 0,212 0,198 0,211 0,206

Sector Manufact

ure of textiles

Manufac

ture of textiles

Manufac

ture of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

TR41 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

INDEX 0,517 0,503 0,454 0,480 0,453 0,454 0,483 0,461

1stSector Manufac

ture of textiles

Manufac

ture of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

2ndSector Manufac

ture of

motor vehicles,

trailers and

semi-trailers

Manufac

ture of

motor vehicles,

trailers and

semi-trailers

Manufactu

re of motor

vehicles, trailers

and semi-trailers

Manufactu

re of motor

vehicles, trailers

and semi-trailers

Manufactu

re of motor

vehicles, trailers

and semi-trailers

Manufactu

re of motor

vehicles, trailers

and semi-trailers

Manufactu

re of motor

vehicles, trailers

and semi-trailers

Manufactu

re of motor

vehicles, trailers

and semi-trailers

3rdSector Manufac

ture of

wearing apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufac

ture of

wearing apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufactu

re of

wearing apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufactu

re of

wearing apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufacture of

machinery and

equipment n.e.c.

Manufactu

re of

wearing apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

46

The dominance of 1st sector-

Textile- is decreasing and

diversity in the employment in


increasing.The most


manufacture of electrical

machinery and apparatus in the

region. Manufacture of motor

vehicles is just simply

dominates this region’s

economy. Number one in both

shares and growth speed.

47

TR42 Kocaeli, Sakarya, Düzce, Bolu, Yalova Region

Dominant sector in TR 42 is especially from 2007 to 2011 " Manufacture of motor

vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers ". On the other hand the ratio of employment in this

sector to the total employment in all manufacturing industries is decreasing shows that

the dominance of 1st sector is decreasing and diversity in the employment in

manufacturing sectors, is increasing. When the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be

concluded from the ratio that the dominancy is increasing in terms of first 3 sectors.

TR42 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Index 0,145 0,164 0,151 0,149 0,140 0,141 0,134 0,139

Sector Manufact

ure of motor

vehicles,

trailers and semi-

trailers

Manufacture of

motor vehicles,

trailers

and semi-

trailers

Manufacture of

motor vehicles,

trailers

and semi-

trailers

Manufactu

re of motor

vehicles,

trailers and semi-

trailers

Manufactu

re of motor

vehicles,

trailers and semi-

trailers

Manufactu

re of motor

vehicles,

trailers and semi-

trailers

Manufactu

re of motor

vehicles,

trailers and semi-

trailers

Manufactu

re of motor

vehicles,

trailers and semi-

trailers

TR42 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

INDEX 0,354 0,369 0,366 0,382 0,381 0,377 0,362 0,374

1stSector Manufac

ture of motor

vehicles,

trailers and

semi-trailers

Manufac

ture of motor

vehicles,

trailers and

semi-trailers

Manufacture of

motor

vehicles, trailers

and semi-trailers

Manufacture of

motor

vehicles, trailers

and semi-trailers

Manufacture of

motor

vehicles, trailers

and semi-trailers

Manufacture of

motor

vehicles, trailers

and semi-trailers

Manufacture of

motor

vehicles, trailers

and semi-trailers

Manufacture of

motor

vehicles, trailers

and semi-trailers

2ndSector

Manufac

ture of

food products

and beverag

es

Manufac

ture of

food products

and beverag

es

Manufactu

re of fabricated

metal

products, except

machinery and

equipment

Manufactu

re of fabricated

metal

products, except

machinery and

equipment

Manufacture of food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of food

products and

beverages


fabricate

d metal products

, except machine

ry and

equipment

Manufacture of

fabricate

d metal products

, except machine

ry and

equipment

Manufacture of food

products

and beverages

Manufacture of food

products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of

fabricated metal

products, except

machinery

and equipment

Manufactu

re of

fabricated metal

products, except

machinery

and equipment

Manufactu

re of

fabricated metal

products, except

machinery

and equipment

Manufactu

re of

fabricated metal

products, except

machinery

and equipment

48

The ratio of employment in

Manufacture of motor vehicles,

trailers and semi-trailers sector to

the total employment in all

manufacturing industries is

decreasing shows that the

dominance of 1st sector is



sectors, is increasingThe most

competitive sector is manufacture

of machinery and equipment in the

region. Share of manufacture of

refined petroleum products and

manufacture of rubber and plastic

products in region’s manufacturing

is the biggest in Turkey. They are

also above national average in

manufacture of chemical products.

49

TR51 Ankara Region

Dominant sector in TR 51 is is especially from 2007 to 2011 " Manufacture of

fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment ".Moreover the ratio of

employment in this sector to the total employment in all manufacturing industries is

increasing which shows the dominance of the industry is increasing. When the 3 sector

index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the dominancy is also increasing

in terms of first 3 sectors and the arrangement.

TR51 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Index 0,144 0,135 0,147 0,151 0,157 0,155 0,188 0,156

Sector

Manufact

ure of

machinery and

equipment n.e.c.

Manufac

ture of fabricate

d metal

products, except

machinery

Manufac

ture of

machinery and

equipment n.e.c.

Manufacture of

fabricated metal

products,

except machinery

and equipment

Manufacture of

fabricated metal

products,

except machinery

and equipment

Manufacture of

fabricated metal

products,

except machinery

and equipment

Manufacture of

fabricated metal

products,

except machinery

and equipment

Manufacture of

fabricated metal

products,

except machinery

and equipment

TR51 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

INDEX 0,387 0,391 0,411 0,412 0,444 0,401 0,427 0,400

1stSector

Manufacture of

machinery and

equipment n.e.c.

Manufact

ure of fabricated

metal products,

except machinery

Manufacture of

machinery and

equipment n.e.c.

Manufacture of

fabricated

metal products,

except machinery

and equipment

Manufacture of

fabricated

metal products,

except machinery

and equipment

Manufacture of

fabricated

metal products,

except machinery

and equipment

Manufacture of

fabricated

metal products,

except machinery

and equipment

Manufacture of

fabricated

metal products,

except machinery

and equipment

2ndSector Manufact

ure of food

products and

beverages

Manufact

ure of machinery

and equipmen

t n.e.c.

Manufactu

re of

fabricated metal

products, except

machinery

Manufactu

re of machinery

and equipment

n.e.c.

Manufactu

re of machinery

and equipment

n.e.c.

Manufactu

re of machinery

and equipment

n.e.c.

Manufactu

re of machinery

and equipment

n.e.c.

Manufactu

re of machinery

and equipment

n.e.c.

3rdSector

Manufacture of

fabricated

metal products,

except machinery

Manufact

ure of

food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

50

Primacy sector is mid-low and

mid-high tech sector different

from most of other regions and

dominance is increasing.The


manufacture of pulp, paper and

paper products in the region.

The capital city holds the most

shares in publishing and

printing, manufacture of

fabricated metal products,

manufacture of machinery and

equipment & manufacture of

computer, electrical and optical

products. It is also TR10’s

biggest rival in size of almost all

sectors.

51

TR52 Konya, Karaman Region

Dominant sector in TR 52 is " Manufacture of food products and beverages " from

2003 to 2011. On the other hand the ratio of employment in this sector to the total




dominancy is increasing in terms of first 3 sectors.

TR52 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Index 0,273 0,247 0,248 0,266 0,287 0,306 0,287 0,268

Sector Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

TR52 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

INDEX 0,492 0,450 0,493 0,521 0,532 0,518 0,527 0,547

1stSector Manufac

ture of food

products and

beverag

es

Manufac

ture of food

products and

beverag

es

Manufactu

re of food products

and

beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and

beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and

beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and

beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and

beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and

beverages

2ndSector Manufac

ture of machine

ry and equipme

nt n.e.c.

Manufac

ture of machine

ry and equipme

nt n.e.c.

Manufactu

re of machinery

and equipment

n.e.c.

Manufactu

re of machinery

and equipment

n.e.c.

Manufactu

re of machinery

and equipment

n.e.c.

Manufactu

re of

motor vehicles,

trailers and semi-

trailers

Manufactu

re of machinery

and equipment

n.e.c.

Manufactu

re of machinery

and equipment

n.e.c.

3rdSector Manufac

ture of motor

vehicles, trailers

and semi-

trailers

Manufac

ture of motor

vehicles, trailers

and semi-

trailers

Manufacture of

motor vehicles,

trailers and semi-

trailers

Manufacture of

motor vehicles,

trailers and semi-

trailers

Manufacture of

motor vehicles,

trailers and semi-

trailers

Manufactu

re of machinery

and equipment

n.e.c.

Manufacture of

motor vehicles,

trailers and semi-

trailers

Manufacture of

motor vehicles,

trailers and semi-

trailers

52


Manufacture of food products

and beverages- is decreasing



increasing The most

competitive sector is publishing,

printing and reproduction of

recorded media in the region.

TR51 has comparative

advantage in manufacture and

dressing of leather products

and manufacture of machinery

and equipment by being above

national average in shares.

53

TR61 Antalya, Isparta, Burdur Region

Dominant sector in TR 61 is changing between" Manufacture of food products

and beverages " and " Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products" from 2003

to 2011. On the other hand the ratio of employment in this sector to the total





TR61 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Index 0,187 0,174 0,166 0,171 0,143 0,177 0,244 0,168

Sector Manufact

ure of food

products and

beverages

Manufac

ture of food

products and

beverages

Manufac

ture of food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of other

non-metallic

mineral products


non-metallic

mineral products


non-metallic

mineral products

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages


non-metallic

mineral products

TR61 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

INDEX 0,438 0,409 0,430 0,441 0,440 0,466 0,513 0,446


food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of

food

products and

beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of other

non-metallic

mineral products

Manufactu

re of other

non-metallic

mineral products

Manufactu

re of other

non-metallic

mineral products

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of other

non-metallic

mineral products

2ndSector Manufac

ture of other

non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufac

ture of other

non-

metallic mineral

products


non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufactu

re of food

products and

beverages

Manufactu

re of food

products and

beverages

Manufactu

re of food

products and

beverages


non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufactu

re of food

products and

beverages

3rdSector

Manufac

ture of textiles

Manufac

ture of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufacture of

fabricated metal

products,

except machinery

and equipment

Manufacture of

fabricated metal

products,

except machinery

and equipment

Manufacture of

fabricated metal

products,

except machinery

and equipment

Manufacture of

fabricated metal

products,

except machinery

and equipment

54

Dominance of 1st sector -


and beverages is decreasing



increasing The most


manufacture of other transport

equipment in the region.

Manufacture of non-metallic

mineral products in this region

has an above national average

share and TR61 also hast the

biggest growth speed in


equipment & manufacture of

transport equipment.

55

TR62 Adana, Mersin Region

Dominant sector in TR 62 is " Manufacture of food products and beverages 2003

to 2011. On the other hand the ratio of employment in this sector to the total




dominancy is decreasing in terms of first 3 sectors.

TR62 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Index 0,208 0,169 0,178 0,171 0,180 0,225 0,178 0,191


food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

TR62 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

INDEX 0,491 0,479 0,420 0,416 0,414 0,403 0,405 0,416

1stSector Manufac

ture of food

products and

beverag

es

Manufac

ture of food

products and

beverag

es

Manufactu

re of food products

and

beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and

beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and

beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and

beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and

beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and

beverages

2ndSector

Manufac

ture of textiles

Manufac

ture of wearing

apparel; dressing

and

dyeing of fur

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of

fabricated metal

products, except

machinery

and equipment

Manufactu

re of wearing

apparel; dressing

and

dyeing of fur


wearing apparel;

dressing

and dyeing

of fur

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

chemicals

and chemical

products

Manufactu

re of fabricated

metal products,

except

machinery and

equipment

Manufactu

re of fabricated

metal products,

except

machinery and

equipment


non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufacture of

wearing apparel;

dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufactu

re of fabricated

metal products,

except

machinery and

equipment

56



and beverages is decreasing



increasing The most


manufacture of basic metals in

the region. Has a comparative

advantage in manufacture of

chemical products by having

most shares in Turkey and also

above average in manufacture

of paper products.

57

TR63 Hatay, Kahramanmaras, Osmaniye Region

Dominant sector in TR 63 is " Manufacture of textiles" 2003 to 2011. Moreover

the ratio of employment in this sector to the total employment in all manufacturing

industries is increasing which shows the dominance of this industry is increasing. When

the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the dominancy is

decreasing in terms of first 3 sectors.

TR63 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Index 0,282 0,268 0,323 0,372 0,329 0,338 0,325 0,314


textiles

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

textiles

TR63 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

INDEX 0,635 0,587 0,590 0,657 0,618 0,636 0,614 0,604


textiles

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

textiles

2ndSector

Manufacture of basic

metals


metals


metals


metals


metals


metals


metals


metals


fabricated metal

products,

except machinery

and equipmen

t

Manufacture of

fabricated metal

products,

except machinery

and equipmen

t

Manufacture of

fabricated metal

products,

except machinery

and equipmen

t

Manufacture of

fabricated metal

products,

except machinery

and equipmen

t

Manufacture of

fabricated metal

products,

except machinery

and equipmen

t

Manufacture of

fabricated metal

products,

except machinery

and equipmen

t

Manufacture of

fabricated metal

products,

except machinery

and equipmen

t

Manufacture of

fabricated metal

products,

except machinery

and equipmen

t

58

Dominance of Manufacture of

textiles industry is

increasing.The most




Shares of manufacture of textile

products and manufacture of

basic metals in this region’s

manufacturing are above

national average.

59

TR71 Kirikkale, Aksaray, Nigde, Nevsehir, Kirsehir Region

Dominant sector in TR 71 is mostly " Manufacture of food products and

beverages " except 2008 where the dominant sector is "Manufacture of machinery and

equipment n.e.c.". On the other hand the ratio of employment in this sector to the total





TR71 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Index 0,227 0,196 0,185 0,209 0,156 0,220 0,210 0,208

Sector Manufact

ure of food

products and

beverages

Manufact

ure of food

products and

beverages

Manufact

ure of food

products and

beverages

Manufact

ure of food

products and

beverages

Manufact

ure of machinery

and equipmen

t n.e.c.

Manufact

ure of food

products and

beverages

Manufact

ure of food

products and

beverages

Manufact

ure of food

products and

beverages

TR71 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

INDEX 0,506 0,487 0,458 0,456 0,420 0,532 0,475 0,513


products

and beverages

Manufacture of food

products

and beverages

Manufacture of food

products

and beverages

Manufacture of food

products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of machinery

and

equipment n.e.c.

Manufacture of food

products

and beverages

Manufacture of food

products

and beverages

Manufacture of food

products

and beverages

2ndSector

Manufactu

re of

machinery and

equipment n.e.c.

Manufactu

re of

machinery and

equipment n.e.c.

Manufactu

re of

machinery and

equipment n.e.c.

Manufactu

re of

machinery and

equipment n.e.c.

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of fabricated

metal products,

except

machinery and

equipment

Manufactu

re of fabricated

metal products,

except

machinery and

equipment

Manufactu

re of fabricated

metal products,

except

machinery and

equipment


furniture;

manufacturing

n.e.c.

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufactu

re of other

non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

rubber

and plastic

products

Manufactu

re of other

non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufactu

re of other

non-

metallic mineral

products

60



and beverages, is decreasing







region. Above average in


plastic products and


equipment also has the biggest

growth speed in manufacture of

fabricated metals.

61

TR72 Kayseri, Sivas, Yozgat Region

Dominant sector in TR 72 is " Manufacture of furniture; manufacturing n.e.c." .

Moreover the ratio of employment in this sector to the total employment in all

manufacturing industries is increasing which shows the dominance of this industry is


dominancy is decreasing in terms of first 3 sectors.

TR72 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Index 0,277 0,284 0,303 0,277 0,289 0,265 0,276 0,300

Sector Manufact

ure of

furniture; manufact

uring n.e.c.

Manufact

ure of

furnituremanufact

uring n.e.c.

Manufact

ure of

furnituremanufact

uring n.e.c.

Manufact

ure of

furniture; manufact

uring n.e.c.

Manufact

ure of

furniture; manufact

uring n.e.c.

Manufact

ure of

furniture; manufact

uring n.e.c.

Manufact

ure of

furniture; manufact

uring n.e.c.

Manufact

ure of

furniture; manufact

uring n.e.c.

TR72 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

INDEX 0,572 0,582 0,563 0,532 0,529 0,506 0,530 0,543


furniture

manufacturing

n.e.c.

Manufacture of

furniture

manufacturing

n.e.c.

Manufacture of

furniture;

manufacturing

n.e.c.

Manufacture of

furniture;

manufacturing

n.e.c.

Manufacture of

furniture;

manufacturing

n.e.c.

Manufacture of

furniture;

manufacturing

n.e.c.

Manufacture of

furniture;

manufacturing

n.e.c.

Manufacture of

furniture;

manufacturing

n.e.c.

2ndSector

Manufactu

re of

textiles

Manufactu

re of

textiles

Manufactu

re of

textiles

Manufactu

re of

textiles

Manufactu

re of

textiles

Manufactu

re of food products

and

beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and

beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and

beverages

3rdSector

Manufactu

re of food

products and

beverages

Manufactu

re of food

products and

beverages

Manufactu

re of food

products and

beverages

Manufactu

re of

fabricated metal

products, except

machinery

and equipmen

t

Manufactu

re of food

products and

beverages

Manufactu

re of

fabricated metal

products, except

machinery

and equipmen

t

Manufactu

re of

fabricated metal

products, except

machinery

and equipmen

t

Manufactu

re of

fabricated metal

products, except

machinery

and equipmen

t

62

Dominance of Manufacture of

furniture; manufacturing n.e.c.

industry is increasing The most




region. Number one in

manufacture of furniture and

also has a remarkable growth

speed in Repair and

installation of machinery and

equipment.

63

TR81 Zonguldak, Karabük, Bartin Region

Dominant sector in TR 81 is " Manufacture of basic metals." . On the other hand

the ratio of employment in this sector to the total employment in all manufacturing

industries is decreasing shows that the dominance of 1st sector is decreasing and

diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing. When the 3 sector

index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the dominancy is decreasing in

terms of first 3 sectors.

TR81 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Index 0,464 0,435 0,360 0,368 0,357 0,343 0,351 0,355


basic metals

Manufacture of

basic metals

Manufacture of

basic metals

Manufacture of

basic metals

Manufacture of

basic metals

Manufacture of

basic metals

Manufacture of

basic metals

Manufacture of

basic metals

TR81 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

INDEX 0,67 0,64 0,59 0,62 0,63 0,63 0,57 0,61

1stSector Manufactu

re of basic metals

Manufactu

re of basic metals

Manufactu

re of basic metals

Manufactu

re of basic metals

Manufactu

re of basic metals

Manufactu

re of basic metals

Manufactu

re of basic metals

Manufactu

re of basic metals

2ndSector Manufactu

re of

wearing apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of

wearing apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufactu

re of

wearing apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufactu

re of

wearing apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufactu

re of

wearing apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufactu

re of

wearing apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufactu

re of

wearing apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

3rdSector

Manufacture of food

products and

beverages

Manufactu

re of wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

other non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufacture of

other non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufactu

re of other

transport equipmen

t

Manufacture of

other non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufactu

re of

wood and of

products of wood

and cork, except

furniture

Manufacture of

other non-

metallic mineral

products

64

Dominance of 1st sector-

Manufacture of basic metals is





manufacture of tanning and

dressing of leather;

manufacture of luggage,

handbags, saddlery, harness

and footwear in the region. Has

the most share in manufacture

of basic metals in Turkey and

size-wise the greatest

manufacturer in the country.

Also has an above average

share in manufacture of

electrical machinery and

apparatus.

65

TR82 Kastamonu, Çankiri, Sinop Region

Dominant sector in TR 82 is " Manufacture of food products and beverages". On

the other hand the ratio of employment in this sector to the total employment in all




is decreasing in terms of first 3 sectors.

TR82 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Index 0,257 0,232 0,262 0,189 0,210 0,234 0,213 0,244


food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

TR82 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

INDEX 0,590 0,585 0,553 0,496 0,573 0,562 0,578 0,533

1stSector Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

2ndSector Manufactu

re of wood and

of

products of wood

and cork, except

furniture

Manufacture of

wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufactu

re of wood and

of

products of wood

and cork, except

furniture

Manufacture of

wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur


wearing apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of

fur

Manufactu

re of wood and

of products

of wood and cork,

except

furniture

Manufacture of

wearing apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of

fur

Manufactu

re of wood and

of products

of wood and cork,

except

furniture

Manufactu

re of wood and

of products

of wood and cork,

except

furniture

Manufactu

re of wood and

of products

of wood and cork,

except

furniture

Manufactu

re of wood and

of products

of wood and cork,

except

furniture

Manufactu

re of wood and

of products

of wood and cork,

except

furniture

66

Ratio of employment in

Manufacture of food products and

beverages sector to the total

employment in all manufacturing

industries is decreasing shows

that the dominance of 1st sector is



sectors, is increasing.The most

competitive sector is manufacture

of electrical machinery and

apparatus in the region. Has the

most shares in manufacturing of

wood and products of woods but

what is more remarkable is TR82

is the fastest growing region in

manufacture textiles, basic metals

and motor vehicles.

67

TR83 Samsun, Tokat, Çorum, Amasya Region






is increasing in terms of first 3 sectors.

TR83 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Index 0,245 0,246 0,219 0,224 0,268 0,245 0,247 0,212


food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

TR83 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

INDEX 0,447 0,475 0,689 0,464 0,481 0,520 0,503 0,518

1stSector Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

2ndSector

Manufactu

re of

other non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufactu

re of

other non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufactu

re of wood and

of

products of wood

and cork, except

furniture;

Manufacture of

wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufactu

re of

other non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufactu

re of

other non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufactu

re of

other non-

metallic mineral

products

3rdSector

Manufactu

re of tobacco

products

Manufactu

re of wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

other non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufacture of

other non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufacture of

other non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufactu

re of wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufactu

re of wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufactu

re of wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

68






increasing The most




region. Has comparative

advantage in manufacture of

tobacco products, wood and

products of wood and non-

metallic mineral products by

being above national average.

69

TR90 Trabzon, Ordu, Giresun, Rize, Artvin, Gümüshane Region






is decreasing in terms of first 3 sectors.

TR90 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Index 0,582 0,569 0,548 0,537 0,480 0,464 0,503 0,481


food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

TR90 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

INDEX 0,717 0,698 0,689 0,682 0,662 0,628 0,655 0,671

1stSector Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

2ndSector Manufactu

re of wood and

of

products of wood

and cork, except

furniture

Manufactu

re of wood and

of

products of wood

and cork, except

furniture

Manufactu

re of wood and

of

products of wood

and cork, except

furniture

Manufacture of

wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur


wearing apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

furniture; manufact

uring

n.e.c.

Manufactu

re of other

non-metallic

mineral

products

Manufactu

re of other

non-metallic

mineral

products

Manufactu

re of wood and

of products

of wood and cork,

except

furniture

Manufactu

re of wood and

of products

of wood and cork,

except

furniture

Manufactu

re of other

non-metallic

mineral

products

Manufactu

re of other

non-metallic

mineral

products

70






increasing The most




Biggest tea and hazelnut

provider of the country has the

most shares in manufacture of

food and beverages and

manufacture of wood and

products of wood

71

TRA1 Erzurum, Erzincan, Bayburt Region

Dominant sector in TR A1 is " Manufacture of food products and beverages". On the other hand the ratio of employment in this sector to the total employment in all manufacturing industries is decreasing shows that the dominance of 1st sector is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing. When the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the dominancy is decreasing in terms of first 3 sectors.

TRA1 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Index 0,510 0,522 0,436 0,412 0,505 0,389 0,413 0,294


food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

Manufacture of

food products

and

beverages

TRA1 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

INDEX 0,689 0,713 0,689 0,682 0,662 0,628 0,655 0,671


products

and beverages

Manufacture of food

products

and beverages

Manufacture of food

products

and beverages

Manufacture of food

products

and beverages

Manufacture of food

products

and beverages

Manufacture of food

products

and beverages

Manufacture of food

products

and beverages

Manufacture of food

products

and beverages

2ndSector Manufactu

re of wood and

of products

of wood

and cork, except

furniture

Manufactu

re of other

non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufactu

re of wood and

of products

of wood

and cork, except

furniture

Manufacture of

wearing apparel;

dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing apparel;

dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing apparel;

dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing apparel;

dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing apparel;

dressing

and dyeing of

fur


fabricated metal

products,

except machinery

and equipmen

t

Manufactu

re of wood and

of

products of wood

and cork, except

furniture

Manufactu

re of

other non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufactu

re of

other non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufactu

re of wood and

of

products of wood

and cork, except

furniture

Manufactu

re of wood and

of

products of wood

and cork, except

furniture

Manufactu

re of

other non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufactu

re of

other non-

metallic mineral

products

72






increasing The most


manufacture of other non-

metallic mineral products in the

region . Shares of manufacture

of wood and products of wood,


beverages, manufacture of

non-metallic mineral products

and manufacture of furniture

are above Turkey average in

this region.

73

TRA2 Agri, Kars, Igdir, Ardahan Region

Dominant sector in TR A2 is " Manufacture of food products and beverages". On the other hand the ratio of employment in this sector to the total employment in all manufacturing industries is decreasing shows that the dominance of 1st sector is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing. When the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the dominancy is decreasing in terms of first 3 sectors.

TRA2 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Index 0,497 0,413 0,536 0,584 0,415 0,518 0,426 0,340


food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of

food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of

food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of

food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of

food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of

food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of

food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of

food

products and

beverages

TRA2 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

INDEX 0,614 0,689 0,739 0,742 0,694 0,720 0,712 0,621

1stSector Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

2ndSector

Manufactu

re of wood and

of products

of wood

and cork, except

furniture

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

machinery

and equipmen

t n.e.c.

Manufactu

re of

other non-

metallic mineral

products / Manufactu

re of

fabricated metal

products

Manufactu

re of other

non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufactu

re of wood and

of products

of wood

and cork, except

furniture;

Manufactu

re of wood and

of products

of wood

and cork, except

furniture

Manufactu

re of other

non-

metallic mineral

products

3rdSector

Manufacture of

fabricated

metal products,

except machinery

and

equipment

Manufactu

re of machinery

and

equipment n.e.c.

Manufacture of

other non-

metallic

mineral products

Manufacture of

wood and of

products

of wood and cork,

except furniture;

manufact

ure of articles of

Manufacture of

wood and of

products

of wood and cork,

except furniture;

manufact

ure of articles of

Manufacture of

other non-

metallic

mineral products

Manufacture of

other non-

metallic

mineral products

Manufacture of

fabricated

metal products,

except machinery

and

equipment

74






increasing The most




Has comparative advantage in

only two sectors which are


beverages and manufacture of

wood and products of wood.

75

TRB1 Malatya, Elazig, Bingöl, Tunceli Region

Dominant sector in TR B1 is changing between " Manufacture of food products and beverages" and " Manufacture of textiles". On the other hand the ratio of employment in this sector to the total employment in all manufacturing industries is decreasing shows that the dominance of 1st sector is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing. When the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the dominancy is decreasing in terms of first 3 sectors.

TRB1 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Index 0,318 0,303 0,275 0,319 0,233 0,312 0,215 0,295


food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of

food

products and

beverages

TRB1 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

INDEX 0,640 0,663 0,613 0,648 0,514 0,595 0,528 0,586

1stSector Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

2ndSector

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufacture of food

products

and beverages

Manufacture of food

products

and beverages

Manufacture of food

products

and beverages

Manufacture of food

products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufacture of food

products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of textiles

3rdSector Manufactu

re of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufactu

re of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufactu

re of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufactu

re of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufactu

re of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufactu

re of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufactu

re of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

Manufactu

re of wearing

apparel;

dressing and

dyeing of fur

76


Manufacture of food

products/manufacture of textiles




increasing The most


manufacture of publishing,



Non of the sectors in this region

has a share above national

average, however growth

speed of manufacture of wood

and products of wood and


plastic is the highest in Turkey.

77

TRB2 Van, Mus, Bitlis, Hakkari Region

Dominant sector in TR B2 is " Manufacture of food products and beverages" . On the other hand the ratio of employment in this sector to the total employment in all manufacturing industries is decreasing shows that the dominance of 1st sector is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing. When the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the dominancy is decreasing in terms of first 3 sectors.

TRB2 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Index 0,408 0,372 0,443 0,333 0,348 0,350 0,347 0,280


food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of

food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of

food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of

food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of

food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of

food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of

food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of

food

products and

beverages

TRB2 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

INDEX 0,655 0,580 0,580 0,604 0,698 0,603 0,645 0,539

1stSector Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

2ndSector

Manufacture of

tobacco

products

Manufactu

re of wood and

of products

of wood and cork,

except

furniture

Manufactu

re of wood and

of products

of wood and cork,

except

furniture

Manufactu

re of

fabricated metal

products, except

machinery and

equipmen

t

Manufactu

re of motor

vehicles, trailers

and semi-

trailers

Manufactu

re of other

non-metallic

mineral

products

Manufactu

re of other

non-metallic

mineral

products

Manufactu

re of other

non-metallic

mineral

products

3rdSector Manufactu

re of wood and

of products

of wood

and cork, except

furniture

Manufacture of

fabricated metal

products, except

machinery

and equipmen

t

Manufactu

re of other

non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufactu

re of other

non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufactu

re of other

non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufacture of

fabricated metal

products, except

machinery

and equipmen

t

Manufactu

re of wood and

of products

of wood

and cork, except

furniture;

Manufacture of

fabricated metal

products, except

machinery

and equipmen

t

78






increasing The most




region. Shares of manufacture

of food and beverages ,

manufacture of tobacco

products and publishing and

printing is above national

average.

79

TRC1 Gaziantep, Adiyaman, Kilis Region

Dominant sector in TR C1 is " Manufacture of textiles " . On the other hand the ratio of employment in this sector to the total employment in all manufacturing industries is decreasing shows that the dominance of 1st sector is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing. When the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the dominancy is decreasing in terms of first 3 sectors.

TRC1 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Index 0,537 0,536 0,549 0,543 0,506 0,419 0,448 0,462

Sector Manufact

ure of textiles

Manufact

ure of textiles

Manufact

ure of textiles

Manufact

ure of textiles

Manufact

ure of textiles

Manufact

ure of textiles

Manufact

ure of textiles

Manufact

ure of textiles

TRC1 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

INDEX 0,749 0,738 0,768 0,728 0,724 0,716 0,690 0,714

1stSector Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

2ndSector

Manufacture of food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of food

products and

beverages


wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufactu

re of rubber

and plastic

products

Manufacture of

wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

80


Manufacture of textile, is





manufacture of pulp, paper and

paper products in the

region.Has the biggest share in

manufacture of textiles in

Turkey also has an above

average share in both

manufacture of paper products

and printing and publishing.

81

TRC2 Sanliurfa, Diyarbakir Region

Dominant sector in TR C2 is differs from periods 2003-2006, 2007-2008 and after 2008 each year first dominant sector is changing from " Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products " to " Manufacture of food products and beverages" to " Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products" . On the other hand the ratio of employment in this sector to the total employment in all manufacturing industries is decreasing shows that the dominance of 1st sector is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing. When the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the dominancy is increasing in terms of first 3 sectors.

TRC2 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Index 0,303 0,250 0,295 0,229 0,229 0,223 0,263 0,214

Sector Manufact

ure of food

products

and beverages

Manufact

ure of food

products

and beverages

Manufact

ure of food

products

and beverages

Manufact

ure of textiles

Manufact

ure of textiles

Manufacture of

other non-

metallic

mineral products

Manufact

ure of food

products

and beverages

Manufacture of

other non-

metallic

mineral products

TRC2 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

INDEX 0,583 0,517 0,604 0,631 0,582 0,567 0,635 0,606

1stSector

Manufacture of food

products

and beverages

Manufacture of food

products

and beverages

Manufacture of food

products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufactu

re of textiles

Manufacture of

other non-

metallic

mineral products

Manufacture of food

products

and beverages

Manufacture of

other non-

metallic

mineral products

2ndSector

Manufactu

re of

textiles

Manufactu

re of

textiles

Manufactu

re of

textiles

Manufactu

re of food products

and

beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and

beverages

Manufactu

re of

textiles

Manufactu

re of other

non-metallic

mineral

products

Manufactu

re of

textiles


other non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufacture of

other non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufacture of

other non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufacture of

other non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufacture of

other non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufacture of food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of

textiles

Manufacture of food

products and

beverages

82

Dominant sector is changing from

“Manufacture of other non-metallic

mineral products “to " Manufacture

of food products and beverages"

to " Manufacture of other non-

metallic mineral products. diversity

in the employment in


increasingThe most competitive

sector is manufacture of tanning

and dressing of leather;

manufacture of luggage,

handbags, saddlery, harness and

footwear in the region. Size wise

the biggest leather manufacturer in

Turkey also has an above average

share in manufacture of non-

metallic mineral products.

83

TRC3 Mardin, Batman, Sirnak, Siirt Region

Dominant sector in TR C3 is " Manufacture of food products and beverages " . On the other hand the ratio of employment in this sector to the total employment in all manufacturing industries is decreasing shows that the dominance of 1st sector is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing. When the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the dominancy is increasing in terms of first 3 sectors.

TRC3 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Index 0,257 0,299 0,219 0,219 0,213 0,265 0,292 0,250


food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of

food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of

food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of

food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of

food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of

food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of

food

products and

beverages

Manufacture of

food

products and

beverages

TRC3 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

INDEX 0,468 0,513 0,469 0,493 0,570 0,616 0,666 0,602

1stSector Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

Manufactu

re of food products

and beverages

2ndSector Manufactu

re of

other non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufactu

re of

other non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufactu

re of

other non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufactu

re of

other non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufactu

re of

other non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufactu

re of

other non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufactu

re of

other non-

metallic mineral

products

Manufactu

re of

other non-

metallic mineral

products


wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufactu

re of furniture;

manufacturing

n.e.c.

Manufacture of

wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufactu

re of furniture;

manufacturing

n.e.c.

Manufacture of

wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

Manufacture of

wearing

apparel; dressing

and dyeing of

fur

84




and diversity in the


sectors, is increasing.The


manufacture of publishing,



Shares of manufacture of non-



machinery and apparatus.

Also has the highest growth

speeds in manufacture of food

and beverages, manufacture

of wearing apparel and

publishing and printing.

85

Krugman Specialization Index

All 26 NUTS 2 regions have examined with the analyze of Krugman specialization index

to find out that some of them are specialized regions or not. According to the analyze

resulting values should between the interval of 0 and 2. The more high value means the

more specialized region in the country. However, in Turkey there is not a region that

holds a value higher than 1. So that we could see that there is not any region that is

specialized in any sector deeply. Krugman specialization index has calculated for all

regions and for three years which are 2003, 2007 and 2011. The highest values are

owned by the region of TRA2 for 2007 and 2011 with the values of 1,09 and 0,97.

However, this doesn’t mean that this region is highly specialized on a sector and region

is generating values for country. For people who know the structure of Turkey and its

driving factors, it can easily understood that in this region there is a major manufacturing

industry that nearly all people living there are working for it, which is manufacturing of

food and beverage. However, it doesn’t mean that TRA2 region is a specialized region

on the sector of food and beverage. Specialization is a bit a different thing in concept. A

high share of employment in a sector is not enough for being specialized. On the other

hand, the lowest value is hold by the region of TR31 (İzmir) for the years of 2007 and

2011. In 2011 Krugman specialization index for İzmir region is nearly 0,3 but it doesn’t

mean that the region is in a bad situation in overall Turkey. The share of employment in

manufacturing industry is not accumulated in only one branch but it allocated in different

branches. Although, the region is not a specialized one, the potential of manpower in

this region should not be underestimated. Presence of various people with different

knowledge could be an advantage for different purposes. When we look at the growth

rates of Krugman specialization index values, the region of TR71 showed a great

increase between years of 2007 and 2011. The basic reason behind this increase is the

increase in the employment of the sector of manufacture of basic metals. In 4 years the

region has increased the number of employees in basic metals manufacturing sector 13

times. For 2011 results, region TR71 is holding the value of 0,972 which is very close

the highest value in the country and this region and the manufacturing of basic metals

sector should be considered together. On the other hand, the highest decrease is seen

in the region of TRB2. While this region was holding the highest value in country in

2003, in 2011 this value is decreased from 1.15 to 0.79. The most important reason

behind this fall is migration. Because of the trend of migrate from eastern part of country

to western parts, region has lost most part of its employment share in the sector of

manufacturing of food and beverage in 8 years. To conclude, the regions with multiple

sectors are showing low values of Krugman specialization index analyze such as

İstanbul, İzmir and Adana, Mersin regions. On the other hand, eastern and north parts

of the country are holding highest values because of the accumulation of employment

shares in one or two sectors which are mainly manufacturing depends on agriculture.

86

Krugman Specialization Endex 2003 2007 2011

TR10 (İstanbul) 0,33416 0,34646 0,4097



TR31 (İzmir) 0,33601 0,27427 0,30282





TR51 (Ankara) 0,5777 0,58368 0,54712

TR52 (Konya,Karaman) 0,73265 0,68458 0,68402


TR62 (Adana,Mersin) 0,3419 0,37554 0,33485















87

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

TR1

0 (

İsta

nb

ul)

TR2

1 (

Teki

rdağ

,Ed

irn

e,K

ırkl

are

li)

TR2

2 (

Bal

ıkes

ir,Ç

anak

kale

)

TR3

1 (

İzm

ir)

TR3

2 (

Ayd

ın,D

en

izli,

Mu

ğla)

TR3

3 (

Man

isa,

Afy

on

,Kü

tah

ya,U

şak)

TR4

1 (

Bu

rsa,

Eski

şeh

ir,B

ileci

k)

TR4

2 (

Ko

cael

i,Sak

arya

,Dü

zce

,Bo

lu,Y

alo

va)

TR5

1 (

An

kara

)

TR5

2 (

Ko

nya

,Kar

aman

)

TR6

1 (

An

taly

a,Is

par

ta,B

urd

ur)

TR6

2 (

Ad

ana,

Me

rsin

)

TR6

3 (

Hat

ay,K

ahra

man

mar

aş,O

sman

iye)

TR7

1 (

Kır

ıkka

le,A

ksar

ay,N

iğd

e,N

evş

ehir

)

TR7

2 (

Kay

seri

, Siv

as, Y

ozg

at)

TR8

1 (

Zon

guld

ak, K

arab

ük,

Bar

tın

)

TR8

2 (

Kas

tam

on

u, Ç

ankı

rı, S

ino

p)

TR8

3 (

Sam

sun

, To

kat,

Ço

rum

, Am

asya

)

TR9

0 (

Trab

zon

, Ord

u, G

ire

sun

, Riz

e, A

rtvi

n,…

TRA

1 (

Erzu

rum

, Erz

inca

n, B

ayb

urt

)

TRA

2 (

Ağr

ı, K

ars,

Iğd

ır, A

rdah

an)

TRB

1 (

Mal

atya

, Ela

zığ,

Bin

göl,

Tun

celi)

TRB

2 (

Van

, Mu

ş, B

itlis

, Hak

kari

)

TRC

1 (

Gaz

ian

tep

, Ad

ıyam

an, K

ilis)

TRC

2 (

Şan

lıurf

a, D

iyar

bak

ır)

TRC

3 (

Mar

din

, Bat

man

, Şır

nak

, Siir

t)

2003

2007

2011

88

Herfindahl Index

In the 26 NUTS2 regions of Turkey in order to find out the specialization level of manufacturing sectors according to the distribution of employment in sectors are calculated with Herfindahl index. From the first chart, the diversity of the sectors in 26 regions can be understand. Chart shows that there exist a continuous difference between regions from 2003 to 2011. Diversity is higher so the index is lower in the regions where the technology and development level is already higher like TR 10, TR 31, TR 42 and TR51.

91

Regions’ Share In National Economy

As we divide a region’s total employment with Turkey’s total employment for each

region, our aim is to determine the shares of the regions in national economy and to

see if the distribution is balanced.

In the graphic above, we see that apart from three big cities, there are only two other

regions above national average (TR41 and TR 42). Istanbul alone creates the

anomaly as Its number is almost three times more than the closest region, also it can

say that the distribution among other twenty five regions is balanced.

92

When we do the same calculation for manufacturing only, the picture does not

change much. Istanbul alone holds %30 of manufacturing employment while the

other regions share what is left in a more balanced way. However the two regions

over the national average which were mentioned in national employment share

example, TR41 and TR42, are now in second and third place getting ahead of İzmir

and Ankara.

93

Tr

Kısım D - Section D-Electricity, Gas, Steam and Air Conditioning supply





Tanning and dressing of leather; manufacture of luggage, handbags,

saddlery, harness and footwear Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture;

manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials








Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and

equipment







-1,000

-0,500

0,000

0,500

1,000

1,500

2,000

0 5 10 15 20 25

Ind

ust

rie

s' N

atio

nal

Gro

wth

20

03

-20

11

in

Turk

ey

Industries

94

Industries’ Share In Regions’ Manufacturing Sector

In this anaysis we tried to find out an industry’s share in a region’s manufacturing

employment and compare it with same industry’s share at national level. So that we will be able to see if a region has a comperative advantage in a specific industry, or in other words which regions are specialised in which industries. To generate these graphs we used datas of three different years (2003,2007,2011) and do the same analysis for each industry at NUTS2 level.

Then we also calculated the average growth speed for each industry by using all employment datas from 2003 to 2011 (except 2005) and put it on a two axis scattargram with the base year employment numbers on X axis. Also, to compare the growth speeds with national average we added a horizontal line which represents Turkey’s national growth speed in that industry.


In this graph we see that more than half of the regions are above Turkey average,

but five regions seem to have greater shares TR22, TR90, TRA1, TRA2 and TRB1. For some of those regions the reason for having more share in food industry is their small capacity in manufacturing since we also observe an up-and-down trend in those regions trough years.

95


As you can see in the graph very few of the regions have tobacco ındustry inside

their borders. Also some of the regions data is missing because of restrictions. However what we can observe from what we have is tobacco industry’s share is shrinking in Turkey.

TR10

TR31

TR32

TRA1

TRC3

0,00

2,00

4,00

6,00

8,00

10,00

12,00

14,00

5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 30 000 35 000 40 000 45 000

96


What we can see from this table is there is a nation wide decrease in textile industry’s share at both national and regional level. Some of the regions seem to protect their advantage over time, such as;TR21, TR32, TR41, TR63 and TRC1.

TR10

TR41

TR63

TR82

TRC3

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

20 000 40 000 60 000 80 000 100 000 120 000 140 000 160 000

97


Apperently manufacture of wearing appereal has the most shares among other

industries. Most of the regions seem to be below national average but 4 regions, İstanbul, İzmir, TR31 and TR32 have their comperative advantages. However the growth speeds are clustered mostly at the same point with some exceptions such as TR10 because of its high number of employees.

TR10

TR83

TRC3

0

5

10

15

20

25

50 000 100 000 150 000 200 000 250 000

98

Tanning and dressing of leather; manufacture of luggage, handbags, saddlery, harness and footwear

Althogh leather industry generally has a small share, only very few of regions

managed to stay above national average through years. However we can also observe some extreme cases in TR22(2007) and TRC1(2011) but rest of the regions looks stabilised as same as national average.

TR32

TR61 TR72

TR81

TRC2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

99

Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials

Manufacture of wood products is also another shrinking industry as we can see in the table almost all the regions above national average experienced a decrese in their share. Althugh TR82 is an extreme example rest of the regions are looking more leveled at national average. When we look at the growth speeds we can observe that although they lost some of the share regions below national level have greater growth speeds.

TR10

TR63

TRB1

TRB2

TRC3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 30 000 35 000 40 000 45 000 50 000

100


In paper production industry we can see an uneven distribution among regions through time and also only İzmir and İstanbul managed to stay above the national average but even these regions has very low shares in this industry.

101


In publishing industry graph we see Ankara and İzmir above national average as

expected. But there are also some more regions which are way above national average due to their small capacity of manufacturing as we look at the base year employment axis in growth rate graphic below we see those regions are experiencing greater rates however their base year employments are clustered around bottom.

TR10

TRA2

TRC3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000

102


Petroleum production graph shows us only three regions have all three years data

which shows us after 2011 in 8 more regions started producing. However this might be caused because of data gathering restrictions.

103


Production of chemicals is one of the high tech industries, so we can see in the graph that only more developed parts of Turkey has shares above national average. Although we would like to see an increase in shares there are ups-and-downs through years however in growth rate graphic we can see that numbers are prety promising.

TR10

TRB1

TRC3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 30 000 35 000 40 000 45 000

104


Almost all regions increased their share in plastic production esspecially in 2011. Before 2011 there were only 2 regions above national level, but after 2011 this number reaches to 10. When we look at the growth rates we can see that there are very high numbers and almost all are above national average.

TR10

TRA2

TRB1

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 30 000 35 000 40 000 45 000

105


Manufacture of mineral products is pretty much same with the plastic production

graph, there is an increasing trend and after 2011 number of regions with shares above national level explodes. However the regions with smallest capacity have the higgest rates of growth as always but again increasing trend effect all country.

TR10

TRB2 TRC3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000

106


In this table we see two extreme cases TR63 and TR82 which clearly have a

greater share than all other however when we look at the growth rate table we see that base year employment of those two regions are not as musch as their share but they have a high growth rate.

TR10 TR81

TR82

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 000 14 000 16 000 18 000

107

Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment

Anaother industry that has a increasing trend at both regional and national level,

also after 2011 it experienced a boost in employment number. When we look at the growth rates we see istanbul at middle right as always but regions with small capacity of manufacturing does not have the higher rates in fabricated metal products.

TR10

TR71

TRC2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 30 000 35 000 40 000 45 000 50 000

108


Machinery production requires a very skilled human capital so we can observe at

the graph that regions with small manufacturing capacity are almost totaly below the national average. Ankara and TR52 leading the shares however as always İstanbul has the highest base year employment while those with smaller capacity still has the higher rates.

TR10

TR61 TRC3

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 30 000 35 000 40 000 45 000 50 000

109


Graph shows one of the most important parts of high tech development yet Only

in three big cities the shares are above national average. However in TR33 region we can see a dramatic change in 2007 which we believe caused by only one brand but we can not see what happenned in 2011 becused of restriction again.

TR10

TR21 TR22

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 000 14 000

110


Whith some anomalies we can see that share are scattered under %5 which is

also the national average. When we take look at the growth rate table, we see some really extra ordinary growth rates which caused by a great amount of new enterprises started in those regions.

TR10

TR71

TR82

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 30 000

111


With some exceptions we can see that TR41 and TR42 are way above the

national avarege which is where multinational automotive giants are located, so the growth rate table also shows those two with the highest base year employment numbers. But there is one serioslly extreme case TR82, in growth rate table which was caused by missed data between years.

TR41 TR42

TR82

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 30 000

112


In the graph we can see a higly unbalanced distribution among regions and years, but anyways there was a significant increase in 2007 which seemed to have disappeared in 2011.

TR10

TR71 TR61

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 000

113


With the exceptions of Ankara and TR72 regions furniture production we see a very fair distribution across country around %10 which is pretty high compared two most other industries, however even though the shares of those two regions are really high, we cant see them in top parts of growth rate and base year employment chart.

TR10

TR21

TR31

TR42

TR52

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 6 000 7 000

114

Other manufacturing

Because of insufficient data we werent able to complete the share graph for other manufacturing, however we can still see which regions are above national average. Since we have the numbers of 2009, 2010 and 2011 we were able to calculate the growth rates, although there are some extreme examples, two graphs are matching yet still unreliable.

TR10

TRB2

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0 5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 30 000 35 000

115

Repair and installation of machinery and equipment

Because of the changes made in NACE classification we were not able to complete the analysis for this section. But we used 2009-2011 data as much as we can to see which regions have comparetive advantage among others.

TR10

TR72

TRC2 0

20

40

60

80

100

0 5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000

116

Recycling

*Insufficent data

117

Life Standarts and Infrastructure

In the last section of the report, social development indicators and infrastructure of the regions are analysed to monitor the development of welfare or quality of life as well as changes in the social structure. Main focus of this section is to refocus attention on the importance of non-monetary measures of human progress. In order to demonstrate social development in regions, five concepts are identified which are welfare, health sevices, social security, access to information and leisure and culture.

For the concept of welfare, basic measure is Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, is the value of all goods and services produced within a region over a given time period, averaged per person.

This graph shows changes in Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 2 regions according to years. The vertical axis indicates GDP per capita in years 2009 and 2011. The green dots in the left hand side show annual average growth rates of regions. Since the base level GDP in TRC3 Mardin subregion is the smallest, annual average growth rate of this region is the highest; though the net amount of increase in TR42 Kocaeli subregion is the highest. The highest net GDP increase is observed in TR42, TR21 and TR10 and the lowest increase is observed in TRB1, TRA1-2.

14,00

14,50

15,00

15,50

16,00

16,50

17,00

0

2.000

4.000

6.000

8.000

10.000

12.000

TR

TR 1

0

TR 2

1

TR 2

1

TR 3

1

TR 3

2

TR 3

3

TR 4

1

TR 4

2

TR 5

1

TR 5

2

TR 6

1

TR 6

2

TR 6

3

TR 7

1

TR 7

2

TR 8

1

TR 8

2

TR 8

3

TR 9

0

TRA

1

TRA

2

TRB

1

TRB

2

TRC

1

TRC

2

TRC

3

An

nu

al A

vera

ge G

row

th R

ate

GD

P

NUTS 2 Regions

GDP per Capita (Euro)

118

Another social development concept is health services. For the concept of health services, to make a quantitative capacity comparison the most important parameters are number of beds in hospitals and number of doctors per inhabitant.

This graph indicates changes in number of beds in hospitals per inhabitant according to years. In vertical axis, there are number of beds in hospital in 2008 and 2011 and the yellow dots in the left hand side, they show annual average growth rates. According to graph, it can be observed that the decrease in the beds in hospitals per inhabitant. When we compare annual average growth rates, Turkey’s average is 8.5% and the highest average rate belongs to TR10 with 9.4% while TR52 has 6.5% the lowest average growth rate.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0,0000

200,0000

400,0000

600,0000

800,0000

1.000,0000

1.200,0000

TR

TR 1

0

TR 2

1

TR 2

1

TR 3

1

TR 3

2

TR 3

3

TR 4

1

TR 4

2

TR 5

1

TR 5

2

TR 6

1

TR 6

2

TR 6

3

TR 7

1

TR 7

2

TR 8

1

TR 8

2

TR 8

3

TR 9

0

TRA

1

TRA

2

TRB

1

TRB

2

TRC

1

TRC

2

TRC

3

An

nu

al A

vera

ge G

row

th R

ate

Bed

s in

Ho

spit

al

NUTS 2 Regions

Beds in Hospitals per Inhabitant

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0,0000

200,0000

400,0000

600,0000

800,0000

1.000,0000

1.200,0000

1.400,0000

TR

TR 1

0

TR 2

1

TR 2

1

TR 3

1

TR 3

2

TR 3

3

TR 4

1

TR 4

2

TR 5

1

TR 5

2

TR 6

1

TR 6

2

TR 6

3

TR 7

1

TR 7

2

TR 8

1

TR 8

2

TR 8

3

TR 9

0

TRA

1

TRA

2

TRB

1

TRB

2

TRC

1

TRC

2

TRC

3

An

nu

al A

vera

ge G

row

th R

ate

Do

cto

rs

NUTS 2 Regions

Doctors per Inhabitant

119

This graph demonstrates changes doctors per inhabitant in regions according to years. In vertical axis, there are number of doctors in 2008 and 2011 and the yellow dots in the left hand side, they show annual average growth rates. According to graph, it can be observed that the decrease in doctors per inhabitant in regions in terms of years. When we compare annual average growth rates, Turkey’s average is 8.6% and the highest average rate belongs to TR51 with 11.5% while TRA2 has 7.07% the lowest average growth rate.

For the concept of social security, basic measure is public safety and crime. The data pertaining to the type and the trend of crime for three years from the year 2008 to the year 2010 has been analysed in the present study. The four major crime types -homicide, robbery, domestic burglary and motort vehicle theft- are taken into consideration in the analyse.

It shows number of crime in regions. In the graph, vertical axis demonstrates number of crimes that commited in the regions according to years 2008 and 2010. The green dots in the left hand side shows annual average growth rate. According to graph, it can be interpreted that crime numbers in west part of the Turkey are decreasing while numbers in east part of Turkey are increasing. Also, when average growth rates are analyesed, west part of Turkey is below the Turkey’s rate. The lowest rate belongs to Istanbul with 8.20% and the highest rate is Gaziantep subregion TRC1 with 16.57%. The reason of the high rates in the east part of the Turkey can be immigration from Syria. The highest net increase in crime is observed in TR21, TRB2 and TRC2 and the lowest increase is observed in TR10, TRA32 and TR81.

0,00

2,00

4,00

6,00

8,00

10,00

12,00

14,00

16,00

18,00

0

500

1.000

1.500

2.000

2.500

3.000

TR

TR 1

0

TR 2

1

TR 2

1

TR 3

1

TR 3

2

TR 3

3

TR 4

1

TR 4

2

TR 5

1

TR 5

2

TR 6

1

TR 6

2

TR 6

3

TR 7

1

TR 7

2

TR 8

1

TR 8

2

TR 8

3

TR 9

0

TRA

1

TRA

2

TRB

1

TRB

2

TRC

1

TRC

2

TRC

3

An

nu

al A

vera

ge G

row

th R

ate

Nu

mb

er o

f C

rim

e

NUTS 2 Regions

Crime

120

For the concept of access to information, basic measure are identifed as internet usage.

Computer and internet usage rate was 53.8% and 53.5% respectively in individuals and in the 16-74 age group. When we compare the number with previous year, in 2013 computer and internet usage rates, 49.9% and 48.9%. This ratio was 62.7% in men and 63.5% and 44.3% and 44.1% for women. Percentage of households with Internet access has reached 60.2% in 2013. This graph shows broadband internet user percentage in years 2012 and 2013. As it can be seen in the graph, Istanbul has the highest percentage of internet access and Ankara has the second highest percentage. TRC3 and TRB2 are at the end of the list with the lowest percentage of internet access. Also, comparision of 2012 and 2013, it can be said that there is an growing percentage of ınternet access except for TRA1.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

TRA

1

TRA

2

TRB

1

TRB

2

TRC

1

TRC

2

TRC

3

TR1

0

TR2

1

TR2

2

TR3

1

TR3

2

TR3

3

TR4

1

TR4

2

TR5

1

TR5

2

TR6

1

TR6

2

TR6

3

TR7

1

TR7

2

TR8

1

TR8

2

TR8

3

TR9

0

TR

Inte

rnet

Use

r P

erce

nta

ge

NUTS 2 Regions

Broadband Internet User Percentage

121

For the last concept leisure and culture, basic measures are data of cinema and theather audiences and facilites, number of library and museums. That data provides interpretation about quality of life in the regions.

This graphic indicates number of moviehalls in regions. In vertical axis, there are number of cinema theater in 2006 and 2012 and the green dots in the left hand side shows annual average growth rate. According to graph, it can be observed that the increase number of movie hall in regions among years. The hightes rate belongs to Mardin subregion TRC3 with 60.44% and the lowest rate belongs to Kastamonu subregion TR82 6.42%. According to that graphic, in every region provinces have more than one moviehall.

0,00

10,00

20,00

30,00

40,00

50,00

60,00

70,00

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

TR 1

0

TR 2

1

TR 2

1

TR 3

1

TR 3

2

TR 3

3

TR 4

1

TR 4

2

TR 5

1

TR 5

2

TR 6

1

TR 6

2

TR 6

3

TR 7

1

TR 7

2

TR 8

1

TR 8

2

TR 8

3

TR 9

0

TRA

1

TRA

2

TRB

1

TRB

2

TRC

1

TRC

2

TRC

3 TR

An

nu

al A

vera

ge G

row

th R

ate

Nu

mb

er o

f C

inem

a Th

eate

r

NUTS 2 Regions

Cinema theater

122

This graph demonstrates the percentage of cinema audiences in regions according to years. In vertical axis, there are number of moviegoers in 2006 an 2012 and the green dots in the left hand side, they show annual average growth rates. According to graph, it can be observed that the increase in the number of cinema audiences in regions in terms of years.that indicates that there is a growing interest in watching movie. When we compare annual average growth rates, Turkey’s average is 10.93% and the highest average rate belongs to TRC3 with 111.93% while Istanbul has 13.76% average growth rate. Although, Istanbul has the highest change in the number of moviegoers in terms of years, since TRA2, TRC2, TRB1-2 and TRB3 has lowest number of cinema audience in base year 2006, their average growth rates stands very top of the Turkey’s rate.

0,00

20,00

40,00

60,00

80,00

100,00

120,00

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

TR 1

0

TR 2

1

TR 2

1

TR 3

1

TR 3

2

TR 3

3

TR 4

1

TR 4

2

TR 5

1

TR 5

2

TR 6

1

TR 6

2

TR 6

3

TR 7

1

TR 7

2

TR 8

1

TR 8

2

TR 8

3

TR 9

0

TRA

1

TRA

2

TRB

1

TRB

2

TRC

1

TRC

2

TRC

3 TR

An

nu

al A

vera

ge G

row

th R

ate

The

Per

cen

tage

of

Cin

ema

Au

die

nce

s in

R

egio

ns

NUTS 2 Regions

The percentage of Cinema Audiences

0,00

50,00

100,00

150,00

200,00

250,00

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

TR 1

0

TR 2

1

TR 2

1

TR 3

1

TR 3

2

TR 3

3

TR 4

1

TR 4

2

TR 5

1

TR 5

2

TR 6

1

TR 6

2

TR 6

3

TR 7

1

TR 7

2

TR 8

1

TR 8

2

TR 8

3

TR 9

0

TRA

1

TRA

2

TRB

1

TRB

2

TRC

1

TRC

2

TRC

3 TR

An

nu

al A

vera

ge G

row

th R

ate

Nu

mb

er o

f Th

eate

r Se

ats

in R

egio

ns

NUTS 2 Regions

Theater Seats

123

This graphic indicates number of theater seats in regions in 2006 and 2012. In vertical axis, there are number of theater seats in 2006 and 2012 and the green dots in the left hand side shows annual average growth rate. According to graph, it can be observed that the increase number of theater seats in regions among years. Unlike the other graphics the hightes rate belongs to Aydın subregion TR32 with 199.71% and the lowest rate belongs toTR22, TR71, TR81 and TRC3 . According to that graphic, it can be said that the increasing number of theater seats but in 2012 there are regions still have no theater facilities.

This graph demonstrates the percentage of theather audiences in regions according to years. In vertical axis, there are number of playgoers in 2006 an 2012 and the green dots in the left hand side, they show annual average growth rates. According to graph, it can be observed that the increase in the number of theater audiences in regions in terms of years except for Ankara, TRA1, TRA2 and TRB2.That indicates that there is a growing interest in watching plays. When we compare annual average growth rates, Turkey’s average is 13.46% and the highest average rate belongs to TR32, Aydın subregion with 108.93% while Istanbul has 15.45% average growth rate

0,00

20,00

40,00

60,00

80,00

100,00

120,00

0,00

2,00

4,00

6,00

8,00

10,00

12,00

14,00

16,00

TR 1

0

TR 2

1

TR 2

1

TR 3

1

TR 3

2

TR 3

3

TR 4

1

TR 4

2

TR 5

1

TR 5

2

TR 6

1

TR 6

2

TR 6

3

TR 7

1

TR 7

2

TR 8

1

TR 8

2

TR 8

3

TR 9

0

TRA

1

TRA

2

TRB

1

TRB

2

TRC

1

TRC

2

TRC

3 TR

An

nu

al A

vera

ge G

row

th R

ate

The

Per

cen

tage

of

Thea

ter

Au

die

nce

s in

R

egio

ns

NUTS 2 Regions

The Percentage of Theater Audiences

124

This map shows number of libraries in regions in year 2004. According to map, west part of Turkey has more interest on literature. As it can be seen in the map, the highest number of library in Istanbul. The lowest number of library located north and east parts. It can be interpreted that reading rates are low in that regions.

This map demonstrates number of museums in regions in year 2004. According to map, almost every region has a museum. However, there is no information about visitor number, it can not be made an right inference from this map.

125

Models to Examine Determinants of Smart Specialization Is human capital a significant matter which effects regional growth ?

The idea of smart specialization is based on the notion that regions cannot do

everything in STI (science, technology and innovation), in particular in time of scarcity

of resources, so it is important for them to focus and concentrate resources on

certain domains of expertise. To be able to that regions would be in need of a

skilled/qualified labor pool. Achievement of such goal lies in human capital. But how

much does human capital effects growth? In this matter of perspective; smart growth.

To see if it significantly effects growth rates, some independent variables are needed.

While choosing those variables it is crucial to look into the original sectorial smart

specialization logic. In such sectorial perspective we should be able to examine the

importance of; domain, connectedness of the domain (access to learning), relevant

size and entrepreneurial search potential. (McCann and Ortega-Argiless, 2011).

As we question growth in the persective of human capital, the domain is the labor

pool. As the interest is in smat growth we should be able to see skilled labor. So in

this case our domain is workers whom are tertiary education graduetes in active

population for each region and in adition to this unemployed tertiary education

graduates is also included to see negative effects of the domain’s charateristics. To

be able to examine the effects of connectedness of the domain, using the percentage

of university graduates in active population is logical as we look to find out how

access to learning drives growth in a region. When we want to look into the relevant

size, examining the value added in a region seem to fit. The last variable we use is

the entrepreneurship rates which would help to understand entrepreneurial search

potentials effects on smart growth.

As we look at the model summary we see that Sig. F Change number is way

below 0,05 which means our variables explains the changes in growth rates pretty

well. Another indicater of the success of the model is the R Square, which is closer to

1 rather than 0.

Model Summary

Model R R Square

Adjusted R Square

Std. Error of the Estimate

Change Statistics

Durbin-Watson

R Square Change

F Change df1 df2

Sig. F Change

1 ,820a ,673 ,591 ,0620400 ,673 8,238 5 20 ,000 1,443

a. Predictors: (Constant), entrepreneurship, unemployment, value added, university, labor force

b. Dependent Variable: growth rate

126

Coefficients

Model

Unstandardized Coefficients

Standardized Coefficients

t Sig.

95,0% Confidence Interval for B

B Std. Error Beta Lower Bound

Upper Bound

1 (Constant) -,124 ,090 -1,377 ,184 -,313 ,064

labor force -,126 ,313 -,061 -,402 ,692 -,779 ,527

unemployment -,048 ,027 -,244 -1,794 ,088 -,105 ,008

university ,288 ,086 ,479 3,362 ,003 ,109 ,467

value added 1,194 ,292 ,570 4,092 ,001 ,585 1,802

entrepreneurship -,007 ,105 -,011 -,068 ,947 -,225 ,211

a. Dependent Variable: growth rate

When we examine the coeffcient table we see that in the unstandardized

coefficients/ B; particapation to labor force, unemployment and entrepreneurship has

negative effects on growth rates. All of them have small effects yet all being negative

needs some explanation. Unemployment should effect growth negatively that is

understanable but participation to labor force having a negative affect on growth is

abit odd. The reason for this occurance might be that the university graduates usually

does not tent to stay in where they studied their tertiary education which means

having more participants causes loss of more. The reason for entrepreneurship’s

negative effects is more basic, the data we used in this variables happen to include

individual non-innovative initiatives which causes the negative effect. However,

percentage of university graduates and value added has positive considerable effects

on growth as expected.

To sum up, we can say that having a skilled labor pool is not enough, a region

should be able to keep the qualified man power inside the region. To be able to do

that you need extend your number of graduates and the wellfare level along with

quality of education.

128

How much effective the R&D and Innovation Factors in Regional Growth?

Foray et al. stated that empirical results show that the geography of innovation

is much more complex than the simple core/periphery model proposed in the smart

specialization debate (2009). The territorial patterns for innovation, so as the capacity

to turn knowledge and innovation into regional growth differs among regions. As

Capello and Lenzi (2012) stated; the foremost territorial pattern for innovation is the

one in which regions are endowed with local conditions for knowledge creation and

for turning knowledge into innovation, so as to guarantee productivity increase and

regional growth.

In this work, some R&D and innovation factors, namely; human resources in

science and technology (hrst), employment in high tech sectors, patent applications

per million, and R&D density of regions are accepted as local conditions for

knowledge creation and for turning knowledge into innovation, and it is examined that

effectiveness of these local R&D and innovation factors in the growth rates of these

regions at NUTS2 level between 2008 and 2011 years in Turkey. For this reason,

growth rates of regions between these years are taken as dependent variable, and

above mentioned innovativeness factors are taken as other variables.

Model Summary

Model R R

Square

Adjusted

R

Square

Std. Error

of the

Estimate

Change Statistics

R

Square

Change

F Change df1 df2 Sig. F

Change

1 ,685a ,469 ,367 ,0772012 ,469 4,629 4 21 ,008

a. Predictors: (Constant), RD expenditure, patent, employment in high tech, hrst

b. Dependent Variable: growth rate

As we look at the model summary we see that Sig. F Change number is way

below 0,05 which means our variables explains the changes in growth rates pretty

well. Another indicator of the success of the model is the R Square, which is closer to

1 rather than 0. We can understand from R Square value (, 469) of the model above

mentioned local innovativeness factors do not fully explain the growth of regions but

partly do.

129

Coefficientsa

Model Unstandardized

Coefficients

Standardized

Coefficients

t Sig. 95.0% Confidence Interval for B Correlations Collinearity

Statistics

B Std.

Error

Beta Lower Bound Upper

Bound

Zero-

order

Partial Part Tolerance VIF

1

(Constant) ,289 ,060

4,808 ,000 ,164 ,414

hrst ,002 ,003 ,104 ,539 ,596 -,005 ,009 -,153 ,117 ,086 ,676 1,479

employment

in high tech

,298 ,074 ,681 4,017 ,001 ,144 ,452 ,665 ,659 ,639 ,881 1,136

patent ,010 ,012 ,134 ,841 ,410 -,015 ,036 ,164 ,180 ,134 ,992 1,008

RD

expenditure

-,012 ,032 -,067 -,361 ,722 -,079 ,056 -,147 -,078 -

,057 ,733 1,365

a. Dependent Variable: growth rate

Coefficients table of model helps us to understand which variable, in which

pole (negatively or positively), and how much affects the growth rates of regions.

When we examine the table, we see that employment in high tech sectors variable is

positively effective in growth of regions, while patent applications per million, R&D

expenditure density, and human resources in science technology variables have

almost no effect on growth rates of regions.

To conclude, we can understand from R Square value (, 469) of the model

above mentioned local innovativeness factors do not fully explain the growth of

regions but partly do. This view corresponds with Camagno and Capello’s (2013)

thoughts which are;

“Economic growth is not necessarily linked with cognitive or technological catching-

up. The strong economic performance of new member countries up to 2008 is certainly not

related to growth of the knowledge economy, as these countries (and their regions) have

witnessed a weak performance in scientific indicators both of input (R&D) and of output

(patenting activity) (ESPON KIT 2012).”

They also show the way of integrating technological and knowledge

advancement forms for economic growth of regions:

“Of course, if some forms of technological or knowledge advancement had taken

place, economic growth in these countries could have been more robust or continuous. But

these advancements should not have taken the form of a traditional, generic investment in

R&D but rather the form of knowledge spillover generation from large multinational plants

into the local fabric of SMEs supported by public/private bargaining and agreements (the

equivalent of the old-established practice of agreements on “local content”) and creatively

utilized by local potential entrepreneurs. (Camagno and Capello, 2013)”

For this reason, as Capello and Lenzi stated the identification of regional specificities

in innovation patterns is essential for building targeted normative strategies to

achieve a cohesion policy goal of European Commission. So, territorial approach is

130

essential for regions in developing strategies on smart specialization. Compromising

by outputs of this model, it is obvious that maximum return to R&D investments may

be the right goal for a region specialized in knowledge creation, but it cannot at the

same time be the right policy goal for regions that innovate by exploiting external

knowledge, or for regions that imitate innovation processes (Capello and Lenzi,

2012).

131

Is specialization, in 26 regions of Turkey related to the factors of

“Participation of University graduates to labourforce, Internet usage, Human

resources in science and technology and competitiveness”?

With the aim of the examination of smart specialization concept in Turkey regions,

the concept of specialization should be examined. For this purpose, Krugman

specialization index values are calculated for each region for the year of 2011. In the

results of this analysis, every region has given us some values between 0 and 2. The

region which is holding the highest value means that it is the most specialized region

in a sector. In this respect, to find the answer of question above, regression analysis

has made which is trying to find is there relevance between Krugman specialization

index value and participation of university graduates to labourforce, Internet usage,

Human resources in science and technology, competitiveness. As we thought, for the

specialization concept, participation to labor force of University graduates and the

human resources in science and technology are important issues. Qualified workers

and employees are important factors for a region to be specialized in a sector in most

cases. Moreover, information infrastructure is another issue that probably effective for

a region which has been measured by the accessibility amounts to Internet in

regions. Finally, competitiveness, which is the most important factor for us to

determine the specialization, has taken into consideration. High levels of

competitiveness could be provided by specialization in regions to make a difference.

In other words, a specialized region can maximize its profit and production and this

gives it a higher place in the competitiveness list. In the light of these indicators, a

regression analysis has been made to see whether is there a relationship or not

between them and Krugman Specialization Index values.

As we look at the Summary of Model the value of Significant F Change is close to

0,05 and this means that the variables in the analysis does not explaning the values

of Krugman Specialization Index well. Moreover, the value of R Square which

indicates the success rate of the model is close to 0 rather than 1. Value of 0,377

Model Summary

Mod

el

R R

Square

Adjusted R

Square

Std. Error

of the

Estimate

Change Statistics

R Square

Change

F

Change

df1 df2 Sig. F

Change

1 ,614a ,377 ,258 ,15391260

2 ,377 3,178 4 21 ,034

a. Predictors: (Constant), Competitiveness, Internet, Laborforce, Human resource in Science and

Technology

b. Dependent Variable: Krugman Specialization Index

132

means that there is not such strong relationship between Dependent Variable and

others.

As the results of Coefficients Table, we can see that amount of Internet usage and

Human resource in science and technology has almost no effect on specialization.

Although, we can say that Internet and HRST has got negative effects on

specialization, as we can see values are too low so that these effects could be

ignorable. Moreover, participation of university graduates to labourforce although it is

positive, is also too low so it is again an irrelevant variable with the value that we are

trying to explain. As we can see the highest B value is owned by the variable of

Competitiveness. The concept of competitiveness which is measured by the

difference between the growth rate of a sector between national and regional

although has got the most relevant relation with the value of Krugman Specialization

Index, the value is also too low and not significant. As we can suppose, to be

competitive the region should follow a different way of production to make a

difference and in Turkey regions specialization is a way of this.

To conclude, in the regions of Turkey, specialization is even if just a bit related with competitiveness values but not with Internet, participation of university graduates to labourforce or human resource in science and technology. . This means that, the specialized sectors in Turkey does not require qualified workers, internet infrastructure or science and technology. When we look at the most specialized

Coefficients

Model Unstandardized

Coefficients

Standar

dized

Coeffici

ents

t Sig. 95,0%

Confidence

Interval for B

Correlations Collinearity

Statistics

B Std.

Error

Beta Lower

Bound

Upper

Bound

Zero-

order

Parti

al

Part Toler

ance

VIF

(Constan

t) ,668 ,749

,892 ,383 -,889 2,224

Labor

force ,003 ,009 ,074 ,375 ,711 -,015 ,022 ,288 ,082 ,065 ,758

1,31

9

Internet -,007 ,005 -,462

-

1,41

7

,171 -,017 ,003 -,584 -,295 -,244 ,279 3,58

9

HRST -,003 ,011 -,092 -,276 ,785 -,025 ,019 -,536 -,060 -,048 ,266 3,75

3

Competi

tiveness ,054 ,074 ,138 ,731 ,473 -,099 ,207 ,262 ,158 ,126 ,827

1,20

9

a. Dependent Variable: Krugman Specialization Index

133

region in Turkey according to Krugman Specialization Index; the highest specialization index value is owned by the region of TRA2 (Ağrı,Kars,Iğdır,Ardahan) according to 2011 data. As we know about the data and the structure of region, the specialized sector is most probably agriculture and its products. As implemented due to the results of the analysis, the interpretations are parallel with the case. This specialized sector does not need any qualified workers or technology or internet. On the other side, is it obvious that this region is specialized in the sector, or there is no sector to work in the region that’s why region is holding the highest value in the country?

134

How Does Region's Level Of Smart Specialization Affected By Significant

Indicators?

Smart specialization concept is one of the core concept of Innovation Union flagship of Europe 2020 strategy- smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. There exist several definitions for smart specialization policies for regions that mostly compatible with each other in core concepts. As it was defined by Foray, David and Hall, for a region or country in order to be a part of smart specialization strategy, it was suggested that entrepreneurial process of discovery that can reveal its best in terms of science and technology is essential. Moreover, to identify a region's most promising areas of specialization and also the weaknesses which hamper innovation, businesses, research centers and universities should work together (EC COM,2010). Furthermore, asserts that understanding the region’s knowledge assets is achieved, not through a top-down approach driven by public leaders, but by involving key innovation stakeholders and businesses in what is called a process of ‘entrepreneurial discovery’. (Sturesson, Galal and Probst,2012). So in the way of analysis smart specialization in 26 regions, a variable was designated as human resources in science and technology. On the other hand, as it was highlighted in many, both entrepreneurial business and academia are envisioned to work together to develop policies to specialize and innovate. In that framework, beside the entrepreneurial level, in the big picture the human capital acts as a key factor. So, just as indicated in Europe 2020 strategies accomplishing education agendas need to complement the knowledge agenda. By this way, the education should facilitate the development, attraction, retention and mobilization of the talent to counter the risk of brain drain as Sturesson, Galal and Probst remarked. Up on these, another in the design of the analysis another indicator should be the doctorate degree people's share in the active population and the percent of participation to labor force of higher education graduate people. Creating the smart specialization policy framework, it was highlighted that universities and research and development initiatives should be aligned with business needs for competitive growth in emerging and complementary industries where the infrastructure should support the innovation agenda in a sustainable way.( , Galal and Probst,2012). So the employment in high tech sectors and broadband access was the 4th and last indicators of the analysis. On the theoretical basis, discriminant analysis was done to find the indicators of smart specialization level in the 26 NUTS regions in Turkey. In discriminant analysis, the dependent variable was denoted on the primacy index analysis for first 3 sectors that was grouped by the level of technology in 3 groups 0-1-2 for 2011 base year. The independent variables was denoted as the base year values of labor force participation percentages, doctorate graduates per active population in 2011, broadband access, human resources in science and technology and employment in high tech sectors.

135

Points Region Groups

14 TR10 (İstanbul) 0

16 TR21 (Tekirdağ,Edirne,Kırklareli) 0

16 TR22 (Balıkesir,Çanakkale) 0

16 TR31 (İzmir) 0

12 TR32 (Aydın,Denizli,Muğla) 0

16 TR33 (Manisa,Afyon,Kütahya,Uşak) 0

20 TR41 (Bursa,Eskişehir,Bilecik) 1

26 TR42 (Kocaeli,Sakarya,Düzce,Bolu,Yalova) 2

26 TR51 (Ankara) 2

24 TR52 (Konya,Karaman) 2

20 TR61 (Antalya,Isparta,Burdur) 1

14 TR62 (Adana,Mersin) 0

18 TR63 (Hatay,Kahramanmaraş,Osmaniye) 1

18 TR71 (Kırıkkale,Aksaray,Niğde,Nevşehir) 1

14 TR72 (Kayseri, Sivas, Yozgat) 0

20 TR81 (Zonguldak, Karabük, Bartın) 1

12 TR82 (Kastamonu, Çankırı, Sinop) 0

14 TR83 (Samsun, Tokat, Çorum, Amasya) 0

14 TR90 (Trabzon, Ordu, Giresun, Rize, Artvin, Gümüşhane) 0

18 TRA1 (Erzurum, Erzincan, Bayburt) 1

18 TRA2 (Ağrı, Kars, Iğdır, Ardahan) 1

12 TRB1 (Malatya, Elazığ, Bingöl, Tunceli) 0

18 TRB2 (Van, Muş, Bitlis, Hakkari) 1

12 TRC1 (Gaziantep, Adıyaman, Kilis) 0

18 TRC2 (Şanlıurfa, Diyarbakır) 1

16 TRC3 (Mardin, Batman, Şırnak, Siirt) 0

136

Tests of Equality of Group Means

Wilks'

Lambda F df1 df2 Sig.

laborforce ,968 ,375 2 23 ,691

doctorate ,745 3,927 2 23 ,034

hrst ,745 3,946 2 23 ,034

internet ,751 3,803 2 23 ,037

hightechshare ,863 1,829 2 23 ,183

From the test of equality of group means, it can be seen that apart from the percentage of labor force participation rates of higher education graduates and employment in high technology, all other independent variables are significant for the analysis of smart specialization level in regions as significance values are smaller than 0,05 with 0,034 and 0,037. Moreover, from the Group statistics table, it can be concluded firstly that, most of the regions are in the 0 group where the first 3 industries were low tech and mid-low tech manufacturing industries. On the other hand, the least of the regions are in the group 2 where the first 3 industries were mid-high and mid-low manufacturing industries. Hence, as the most of the regions do not have high tech industries, the tertiary level education graduates' participation to labor force ratios and employment in high tech industries' share was not significant for this test.

Group Statistics

V1 Mean Std.

Deviation

Valid N (listwise)

Unweighted Weighted

0 laborforce 80,1642857 3,51756191 14 14,000

doktora ,0017043 ,00073521 14 14,000

hrst 17,6178571 4,70652604 14 14,000

internet 37,0000000 10,06899277 14 14,000

hightechshare ,8142857 ,65027467 14 14,000

1 laborforce 81,6777778 4,80592805 9 9,000

doktora ,0015698 ,00067200 9 9,000

hrst 15,9111111 3,37377550 9 9,000

internet 31,6666667 12,69842510 9 9,000

hightechshare ,5666667 ,11180340 9 9,000

2 laborforce 80,8000000 4,43057558 3 3,000

doktora ,0032936 ,00230283 3 3,000

hrst 25,3333333 10,27160325 3 3,000

internet 52,0000000 10,14889157 3 3,000

hightechshare 1,3666667 1,33166562 3 3,000

Total laborforce 80,7615385 3,98718717 26 26,000

doktora ,0018411 ,00106770 26 26,000

hrst 17,9173077 5,63030980 26 26,000

internet 36,8846154 12,23871537 26 26,000

hightechshare ,7923077 ,65110557 26 26,000

137

Eigen values table of the discriminant analysis shows, the difference between the smart specialization levels between regions was explained 51% by first function and %13 by 2nd function.

Eigenvalues

Function Eigenvalue % of

Variance Cumulative

% Canonical Correlation

1 ,513a 79,3 79,3 ,582

2 ,134a 20,7 100,0 ,344

The structure matrix indicates, 1st function explains first 4 variables and the 2nd function explains the percentage of labor force participation rates of higher education graduates variable.

Structure Matrix

Function

1 2

doktora ,810* -,195

hrst ,784* -,457

internet ,731* -,650

hightechshare ,487 -,528*

laborforce ,006 ,493*

Pooled within-groups correlations between discriminating variables and standardized canonical discriminant functions Variables ordered by absolute size of correlation within function. *. Largest absolute correlation between each variable and any discriminant function

In addition to the eigen values, the Functions of group centroids table shows that variables in the structure matrix where the function 1 explained negatively the group 0 and 1. From this data it can be said that as the level of technology is lower and mid low, doctorate graduate number, HRST, broadband access and employment in high tech sector are less.

Functions at Group Centroids

V1

Function

1 2

0 -,246 -,293

1 -,239 ,457

2 1,864 -,005

Unstandardized canonical discriminant functions evaluated at group means

All in all, as the analysis showed, the level of education, level of human resources in science and technology ,number of employees in high tech industries and development in infrastructure to access the information directly affect the level of smart specialization level in regions.

138

What does affect changes in share of high-tech manufacturing employment in

the total manufacturing employment to achieve smart growth ?

Since smart specialization is finding ways to exploite knowledge networks and scale

effects in domain where regions had both existing strengths and the potential for

diversification into related sectors and activities. Also, technologies, innovation,

knowledge and R&D is important issues for smart growth (Juceviciusi liugailaite-

Radzvickiene,2013). Moreover, according to Camagni and Capello (2012), in order to

achive sustainable smart innovation policies enchancing research and innovation,

promoting R&D investment, supporting technology and applied science are priorities.

Changes in share of high-tech manufacturing employment in the total manufacturing

employment represent achieving or not smart growth. To explain that changes, we

formulated a question: What does affect changes in share of high-tech manufacturing

employment in the total manufacturing employment to achieve smart growth? The

aim of the question is indicating that increasing or decreasing share of high-tech

manufacturing employment in between 2008 and 2011 depends or not selected

indicators which are share of human resources employed in science and technology,

share of tertiary education graduates in active population, total R&D intensity and

value-added. The indicators have been grouped around three dimension: human

resources, technology and economy which are also considered as indicators of smart

specialization (Mccann, Ortega-Argilés, 2013). The first and the second independent

variable, share of human resources employed in science and technology occupations

and share of tertiary education graduates in active population related to human

resources. The third indicator, total R&D intensity related to technology. The last

independent variable, value-added related to economy.

In order to answer our question, we built a multiple linear regression model. Changes

in share of high-tech manufacturing employment in the total manufacturing

employment is our depended variable and human resources employed in science

and technology, share of tertiary education graduates in active popuation, total R&D

intensity and changes in value-added are independent variables that explains

dependent variable. According to build model our equation is Y= β0+ β1x1+ β2x2+

β3x3+ β4x4. X1 represent HRST, x2 represents R&D intensity, x3 represent share of

tertiary education graduates in active popuation and x4 represents value added.

Result of our analysis shows that mean of the residuals are 0 so that we may

interpret about our analysis.

ANNOVA

Model

Sum of

Squares

df Mean Square F Sig.

1 Regressio

n

1,446 4 ,362 4,682 ,007b

Residual 1,621 21 ,077

Total 3,067 25

139

When we look at the ANOVA table, since significance is 0,007 and it is smaller than

0.05 we may denay the assumption that all independent variables are zero

simultaneously. So, our independent variables are not zero at the same time. By

mean that, our model is meaningful and Y can be explained with β’s.

Model Summary

Model R R

Squa

re

Adjust

ed R

Squar

e

Std.

Error

of the

Estima

te

Change Statistics

R

Squar

e

Chan

ge

F

Chan

ge

df

1

df

2

Sig. F

Chan

ge

1 ,68

7a

,471 ,371 ,27786

91

,471 4,682 4 2

1

,007

a. Predictors: (Constant), value added, uni, RD density, hrst

b. Dependent Variable: high tech

When we look at the model summary, we can see how much of the model can be

explained. R2 has 0,471 of explanation rate which means that our dependent

variable (Y), can be explained by independent variables (X1,X2,X3,X4) with the 0,471

ratio.

Model Unstandardi

zed

Coefficients

Standardi

zed

Coefficien

ts

t Sig

.

Correlations Collinearity

Statistics

B Std.

Error

Beta Zer

o-

ord

er

Parti

al

Pa

rt

Toleran

ce

VIF

1 (Consta

nt)

-,026 ,507 -

,05

1

,96

0

hrst -,273 ,339 -,173 -

,80

6

,43

0

-

,35

7

-

,173

-

,12

8

,547 1,8

29

RD

density

,096 ,108 ,154 ,89

6

,38

0

,18

3

,192 ,14

2

,857 1,1

68

uni -

1,32

0

,398 -,608 -

3,3

17

,00

3

-

,64

9

-

,586

-

,52

6

,748 1,3

36

140

value

added

2,00

1

1,53

8

,265 1,3

01

,20

7

-

,04

9

,273 ,20

6

,608 1,6

44

When we examine the coeffcient table we see that in the unstandardized

coefficients/ B; human resources employed in science and technology and share of

tertiary education graduates in active popuation have negative effects on changes in

share of high-tech manufacturing employment in the total manufacturing

employment. It needs an explenation. Negative effect of tertiary education graduates

in active popuation is understandable. Because, the reason of inverse effect between

them is low level share of high-tech graduates in total university graduates and that

university graduates work in other employment types rather than high tech

employment. Moreover, since HRST means that human resources in science and

technology as a share of the active population in the age group 15-74 at the regional

NUTS 2 level, it contains both white color and blue color. However, high tech

employment composes of only white color, increasing in HRST affects negatively

changes in share of high-tech manufacturing employment in the total manufacturing

employment. Total R&D intensity and value-added have a positive effect on changes

in share of high-tech manufacturing employment in the total manufacturing

employment which means that one unit of change in total R&D intensity stimulates

our depended variable in 0,0096 ratio. Because any investment in R&D sector

provide a growth in employment of high-tech. Likewise, one unit change in value-

added increases our depended variable in 2,001 ratio. Increasing level of value-

added means that production of good requires technolgy increases and this

stimulates employment in high tech employment.

141

Final Table

Human Capital Human Resources in Science and

Technology Production Manufacturing Life Standards and

Infrastructure

TR10 (İstanbul)

University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is always higher than the Turkey average from 2008 to 2013 where annual growth rates are similar to Turkey's average Participation of university graduates to labor force is similar to Turkey average where annual growth rate is higher than Turkey average Unemployment rate were almost same with Turkey's average both in 2008 to 2013.

İstanbul region has the second highest percentage in terms of human resources in science and technology and employment in high-tech sectors in Turkey. 40 % of Turkey’s total patent applications is made by İstanbul region.

According to specialization index, region is not holding a high value because of multisectoral structure. Region is making the %50 export of the country however since 2006 this share has decreased %4. There are 7 incubation centers and the dominant sector is Industry in the region. There are 197 foreign owned companies in the region, however according to the analysis per capita; it is holding one of the lowest values because of the high population.

From primacy index, dominance of the wearing apparel industry is increasing where also the first 3 sectors are all low tech industries.The most competitive sector is manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture in the region.Istanbul has the largest size in almost every sector, yet it has the most shares only in manufacture of wearing apparel and it is at the last place in manufacture of food and beverages.

TR10 is above the country average growth rate in health indicators –beds and doctor per inhabitant-. Likewise in social indicators like number of cinema and theatre hall is again above the average and it has the most libraries and museums. For the last indicator, broadband internet usage percentage TR10 is much higher than the Turkey average.

TR21 (Tekirdağ,Edirne,Kırklareli)

University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is always lower than Turkey average where annual growth rate of masters degree and doctorate are higher than Turkey's average. Participation of university graduates to labor force is similar to Turkey average where there exist a 20% decline in participation rates from 2008 to 2013

Patent applications per million is very high. Also, annual average increase in patent applications is high.

The region is not specialized at all and owns a little share of export in the country. The basic sector is industry because of the relationship between Istanbul. There are 99 foreign owned companies which is higher then most of regions. According to foreign owned companies per capita, region is holding one of the highest values in the country. There are not any incubation centers.

Dominance of manufacturing of textile sector is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing.The most competitive sector is manufacture of rubber and plastic products in the region. The region is above Turkey average in manufacture of textiles and manufacture of wearing apparel. And also it has the most share in manufacture and dressing of leather. In addition to this they are also above Turkey average in manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products which is a high tech sector.

TR21 is above the country average in beds per inhabitant and doctor per inhabitant. But social indicators is below the average. Broadband internet usage percentage is also above the average.

TR22 (Balıkesir,Çanakkale)

University graduates per active population and annual growth rate are similar to Turkey average. Masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population and annual growth rate

The region is the one of the most progressive regions in terms of HRST in country, but it is still below the country average.

This region is more specialized according to other regions but it is not doing so much export. Since 2006, the basic sector in the region is Agriculture. There are not any incubation centers. There are 19 foreign owned companies in the region.

Dominance of 1st sector "Manufacture of food products and beverages" is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing.The most competitive sector is manufacture of chemicals and chemical products in the region. They are above National average in Manufacture of food and beverages and manufacture of non-metallic mineral products. But a more promising attribution is they have the most growth speed in manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products which is a high tech sector.

TR22 is above the country average in beds per inhabitant whereas it is below the average in doctor per inhabitant. Number of cinema and theatre hall is below the Turkey average. But broadband internet usage percentage is above the average.

142

TR31 (İzmir)

University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is always higher than the Turkey average from 2008 to 2013 where annual growth rates are lower than Turkey's average Participation of university graduates to labor force is lower than Turkey's average both in 2008 and 2013 but average annual growth rate is the highest among 26 regions and Turkey's average. Unemployment rate were lower in 2008 but unemployment rates are increasing fast so that in 2013 unemployment rates of university graduates are higher than Turkey's average

The region has the third highest percentage in terms of human resources in science and technology and employment in high-tech sectors in Turkey.

According to Krugman Specialization Index, the region owns the lowest values in both 2007 and 2011. Despite decrease in export capacity since 2006, region is making high amounts of exports when compared to the most of the other regions. In the region basic sector was services in 2006 and 2009 but now the basic sector is Industry. There are 163 foreign companies and according to foreign owned companies per capita, region is holding one of the highest values in the country. There is one incubation center in the region.

The dominance of 1st sector Manufacture of wearing apparel; dressing and dyeing of fur is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing.The most competitive sector is manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture in the region.One of the size wise competitors of TR10 and also above national average in manufacture of wearing apparel and manufacture of refined petroleum products, in addition İzmir has the biggest growth speed in manufacture of paper products.

TR31 is above the average growth rate in health indicators. Also, it is again far above the country average in social indicators. After İstanbul, TR31 is second in number of libraries and museums. Usage of internet percentage is above the Turkey average.

TR32 (Aydın,Denizli,Muğla)

University, master’s degree and doctorate graduates per active population are all lower than Turkey's average where growth rate of university is also lower but master and doctorate growth rate is higher than Turkey's average rate. Participation of university graduates to labor force and also unemployment rate is close to the Turkey's average but unemployment of university graduates are increasing from 2008 to 2013.

The region has the lowest share in terms of the employment in the high tech sectors in country.

This region is also not specialized at all according to the analysis. Export levels are low and the basic sector in the region is agriculture. There are 25 foreign owned companies. There are not any incubation centers.

The dominance of 1st sector Manufacture of textiles is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing The most competitive sector is manufacture of other transport equipment in the region.One of the most desperate regions, however it is over Turkey average in manufacture of non-metallic mineral products and manufacture of textiles & wearing apparel. Also has a fair growth speed in manufacture and dressing of leather products.

TR32 is above the average in both health indicators. Also, it is again above the average in number of cinema and theatre hall. In fact TR32 has the highest average in both social indicators. Usage of internet percentage is again above the Turkey average.

TR33 (Manisa,Afyon,Kütahya,Uşak)

University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population are all lower than Turkey's average where annual growth rates are all higher than Turkey's growth rate. Participation of university graduates to labor force is similar to Turkey average where annual growth rate is higher than Turkey average. Unemployment rates are increasing with a high annual increase rate.

The region is the least progressive region in terms of HRST in country. The success rate of region in patent applications is highest.

The specialization values in the region are not high and the export levels are low. However, in passing 6 years region increased its export capacity significantly. The basic sector in the region is agriculture since 2006 and according to 2013 data; region owns one of the highest LQ values in the sector of agriculture in the country. There are 46 foreign owned companies. There are not any incubation centers.

Dominance of the primacy industry is increasing, diversity in manufacture industry decreasing The most competitive sector is manufacture of in the region. Not surprisingly has the most shares in manufacture of non-metallic mineral products and also above national average in manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products & tanning and dressing of leather products.

TR33 is below the Turkey average growth rate in both health indicators. Yet, it is above the average in the number of cinema and theatre hall. Broadband internet usage percentage is below the average.

143

TR41 (Bursa,Eskişehir,Bilecik)

University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population are close to Turkey's average Participation of university graduates to labor force is similar to Turkey average where annual growth rate is higher than Turkey average. Unemployment rates decrease for university graduates

Both annual growth rate and average percentage of HRST in the region are above the Turkey’s average. The success rate of region in patent applications is very high, also Patent applications per million is highest.

This region is also not specialized at all according to the analysis. Despite decrease in export capacity since 2006, region is making high amounts of exports when compared to the most of the other regions. The basic sector in the region is industry since 2006 and according to 2013 data; region owns one of the highest LQ values in the sector of industry in the country. There are 145 foreign owned companies in the region and according to per capita values the region owns a well place in the list relatively. There are not any incubation centers.

The dominance of 1st sector- Textile- is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing.The most competitive sector is manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus in the region. Manufacture of motor vehicles is just simply dominates this region’s economy. Number one in both shares and growth speed.

TR41 is above the average in both health indicators. Also, it is again above the average in number of cinema and theatre hall. Usage of internet percentage is again far above in the average.

TR42 (Kocaeli,Sakarya,Düzce,Bolu,Yalova)

University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population are close to Turkey's average Participation of university graduates to labor force is similar to Turkey average Unemployment rates drops from 2008 to 2013

The region is the most progressive region in HRST in country. The success rate of region in patent applications is very high.

The region is not specialized at all. Export levels of the region are high when compared to other regions after Istanbul. The most of the other regions. The basic sector in the region is industry since 2006 and according to 2013 data; region owns one of the highest LQ values in the sector of industry in the country. There are 235 foreign owned companies in the region. This is the highest amount in the country, also highest according to per capita. There is one incubation center in the region which is located in Kocaeli.

The ratio of employment in Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers sector to the total employment in all manufacturing industries is decreasing shows that the dominance of 1st sector is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasingThe most competitive sector is manufacture of machinery and equipment in the region. Share of manufacture of refined petroleum products and manufacture of rubber and plastic products in region’s manufacturing is the biggest in Turkey. They are also above national average in manufacture of chemical products.

TR42 is above the average in beds per inhabitant and doctors per inhabitant. Also, it is again above the average in number of cinema and theatre hall. Usage of internet percentage is again far above in the average.

TR51 (Ankara)

University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is always higher than the Turkey average from 2008 to 2013 with the highest of all 26 regions Participation of university graduates to labor force is lower than Turkey's average Unemployment rates increases

Ankara region has the highest percentage in terms of human resources in science and technology and employment in high-tech sectors in Turkey. The region also has lowest share of employers and sole traders in active population because of its dominant public sector officials’ class. The R&D expenditure per capita in the region is similar with Europe level.

This region is not also too much specialized in the country. The export levels are not high but not that much low. The basic sector in region is services since 2006 and region owns the highest amount of LQ levels in country. There are 60 foreign owned companies and there are 3 incubation centers.

Primacy sector is mid-low and mid-high tech sector different from most of other regions and dominance is increasing.The most competitive sector is manufacture of pulp, paper and paper products in the region. The capital city holds the most shares in publishing and printing, manufacture of fabricated metal products, manufacture of machinery and equipment & manufacture of computer, electrical and optical products. It is also TR10’s biggest rival in size of almost all sectors.

TR51 is above the average in beds per inhabitant and doctors per inhabitant. In fact region has the highest average in doctor per inhabitant. Also, it is again above the average in number of cinema and theatre hall. Usage of internet percentage is again far above in the average.

144

TR52 (Konya,Karaman)

University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is lower than Turkey average where growth rate is higher than Turkey's average TR52 shows the maximum rate of decrease in unemployment

The R&D expenditure per capita in the region is similar with Europe level.

Specialization levels in the region are higher than most of regions. Export levels are not high. Basic sector in the region is agriculture and the LQ values are intermediate. There are 13 foreign owned companies. There are not any incubation centers.

The dominance of 1st sector- Manufacture of food products and beverages- is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing The most competitive sector is publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media in the region. TR51 has comparative advantage in manufacture and dressing of leather products and manufacture of machinery and equipment by being above national average in shares.

TR52 is below the average in beds per inhabitant and doctors per inhabitant. It is above the average in cinema hall whereas below the average in theatre hall. Region has low average in internet user percentage than Turkey average.

TR61 (Antalya,Isparta,Burdur)

University graduates is higher than Turkey's average where master and doctorate numbers are close to it. Unemployment in region increases so that participation to labor force decreases more than Turkey's average.

In the HRST, the region at the average of Turkey. The R&D expenditure per capita in the region is very low.

Specialization levels in the region are higher than most of regions. Export levels are not high. Basic sector in the region is agriculture and the LQ values are intermediate. There are 43 foreign owned companies. There are not any incubation centers.

Dominance of 1st sector - Manufacture of food products and beverages is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing The most competitive sector is manufacture of other transport equipment in the region. Manufacture of non-metallic mineral products in this region has an above national average share and TR61 also hast the biggest growth speed in manufacture of machinery and equipment & manufacture of transport equipment.

TR61 is below the average growth rate both health indicators. Also, it has low average in social indicators. Yet, it is above the average in usage of internet percentage

TR62 (Adana,Mersin)

University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is closer to Turkey average where growth rate is a bit higher than Turkey's average Unemployment rates were the highest in the base year but it decreases with a high rate so that participation to labor force rates get close to Turkey's average.

The R&D expenditure per capita in the region is very low.

The region is holding one of the lowest values of specialization. Export amounts are above the average and export type differentiates from other regions. Unlike most of the regions, it exports in the sector of agriculture and forestry. The basic sector of the region is services; however it was agriculture in 2009. There are 23 foreign owned companies. There are not any incubation centers.

The dominance of 1st sector- Manufacture of food products and beverages is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing The most competitive sector is manufacture of basic metals in the region. Has a comparative advantage in manufacture of chemical products by having most shares in Turkey and also above average in manufacture of paper products.

TR62 is above the average in beds in per inhabitant whereas below the average in doctors per inhabitant. Region has low average in both social indicators. Also, broadband internet usage percentage is below the average.

TR63 (Hatay,Kahramanmaraş,Osmaniye)

University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is lowest among 26 regions where growth rate similar to Turkey's average Participation of university graduates to labor force is close to Turkey's average where unemployment level decreases from 2008 to 2013.


Specialization levels in the region are high. Export amounts are above the average and export type differentiates from other regions. Unlike most of the regions, it exports in the sector of agriculture and forestry. The basic sector in the region is agriculture and LQ values are intermediate. There are 17 foreign owned companies. There are not any incubation centers.

Dominance of Manufacture of textiles industry is increasing.The most competitive sector is manufacture of rubber and plastic products in the region. Shares of manufacture of textile products and manufacture of basic metals in this region’s manufacturing are above national average.

TR63 is below average growth rate in both health indicators. Yet, it is above the average in both cinema and theater hall numbers. Broadband internet usage percentage is again below the average.

145

TR71 (Kırıkkale,Aksaray,Niğde,Nevşehir)

University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is lower than the Turkey average from 2008 to 2013 where growth rates are higher than average. Participation to labor force is lower than Turkey's average where unemployment rates are also lower

The annual average rate of increase in HRST is very high, but it is still below the country average.

The region owns the highest value of Krugman Specialization Index in the country with TRA2 region. It showed a great increase between years of 2007 and 2011. The basic reason behind this increase is the increase in the employment of the sector of manufacture of basic metals. In 4 years the region has increased the number of employees in basic metals manufacturing sector 13 times. Export levels of region are too low. Basic sector in the region is agriculture. There are 10 foreign owned companies. There are not any incubation centers.

Dominance of 1st sector - Manufacture of food products and beverages, is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing The most competitive sector is manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus in the region. Above average in manufacture of rubber and plastic products and manufacture of machinery and equipment also has the biggest growth speed in manufacture of fabricated metals.

TR71 is below the average growth rate both health indicators. Also, it has low average in social indicators and it is below the average in usage of internet percentage

TR72 (Kayseri, Sivas, Yozgat)

University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is lower than the Turkey average from 2008 to 2013 where there exist a larger growth rate in doctorate graduates than university and masters Participation to labor force is similar with Turkey's average where unemployment is increases.

In the region, specialization levels are above the average. Also, the region owns lowest levels of export in the country. The basic sector in the region is agriculture and LQ values are intermediate. There are 10 foreign owned companies and there are not any incubation centers.

Dominance of Manufacture of furniture; manufacturing n.e.c. industry is increasing The most competitive sector is manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus in the region. Number one in manufacture of furniture and also has a remarkable growth speed in Repair and installation of machinery and equipment.

TR72 is below average in both health indicators. Yet, it is above the average in both cinema and theater hall numbers. Broadband internet usage percentage is again below the average

TR81 (Zonguldak, Karabük, Bartın)

University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is lower than the Turkey average from 2008 to 2013 Participation to labor force is increases to a higher amount than Turkey's average Unemployment is increases most in this regions


Region owns a high value of specialization according to analysis. On the contrary, export levels are so low. The basic sector of the region is agriculture and LQ values are intermediate. There are 3 foreign owned companies. There are not any incubation centers.

Dominance of 1st sector- Manufacture of basic metals is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing The most competitive sector is manufacture of tanning and dressing of leather; manufacture of luggage, handbags, saddlery, harness and footwear in the region. Has the most share in manufacture of basic metals in Turkey and size-wise the greatest manufacturer in the country. Also has an above average share in manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus.

TR81 is above the average in beds per inhabitant whereas it is below the average in doctors per inhabitant. Region is above the average in number of cinema hall whereas is below the average in number of theatre hall. and it is above the average in usage of internet percentage

146

TR82 (Kastamonu, Çankırı, Sinop)

University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is lower than the Turkey average from 2008 to 2013 where Growth rate of doctorate graduates is highest in this region. Participation to labor force decreases with a larger amount


Specialization levels are high in the region. Export capacities are much below the average. The basic sector in the region is agriculture. LQ values are intermediate. There are 2 foreign owned companies. There are not any incubation centers.

Ratio of employment in Manufacture of food products and beverages sector to the total employment in all manufacturing industries is decreasing shows that the dominance of 1st sector is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing.The most competitive sector is manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus in the region. Has the most shares in manufacturing of wood and products of woods but what is more remarkable is TR82 is the fastest growing region in manufacture textiles, basic metals and motor vehicles.

TR82 is above the average in beds per inhabitant whereas it is below the average in doctors per inhabitant. Region is above the average in number of cinema hall whereas is below the average in number of theatre hall. it is below the average in usage of internet percentage.

TR83 (Samsun, Tokat, Çorum, Amasya)

University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is lower than the Turkey average from 2008 to 2013 where Growth rates of master's and doctorate graduates is higher than Turkey's average Participation to labor force decreases with a larger amount where unemployment is increases in this region


The region is not much specialized the value is below the average. Export capacities are much below the average. The basic sector in the region is agriculture. LQ values are intermediate. There are 9 foreign owned companies. There are not any incubation centers.

Dominance of 1st sector - Manufacture of food products and beverages, is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing The most competitive sector is manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus in the region. Has comparative advantage in manufacture of tobacco products, wood and products of wood and non-metallic mineral products by being above national average.

TR83 is above the average in beds per inhabitant whereas it is below the average in doctors per inhabitant. It is below the average in both social indicators. Also, it is below the average in usage of internet percentage.

TR90 (Trabzon, Ordu, Giresun, Rize, Artvin, Gümüşhane)

University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is lower than the Turkey average from 2008 to 2013 where Growth rates of master's and doctorate graduates are one of the highest in 26 regions. Participation to labor force annual average growth rate is the lowest in this region where unemployment is decreases

The region has the highest share of employers and sole traders in active population. It is because of production scale of the basic sector. It shows partly entrepreneurship of the region.

In the region specialization level is much higher than the average. The region is differentiating from other regions in terms of different sectoral exports. This region is making exports in the sector of Agriculture and Forestry much more than other regions. The basic sector in the region is agriculture since 2006 and according to 2013 data; region owns one of the highest LQ values in the sector of agriculture in the country. There are 11 foreign owned companies. There are not any incubation centers.

Dominance of 1st sector - Manufacture of food products and beverages, is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing The most competitive sector is manufacture of rubber and plastic products in the region. Biggest tea and hazelnut provider of the country has the most shares in manufacture of food and beverages and manufacture of wood and products of wood.

TR90 is above the average in beds per inhabitant whereas it is below the average in doctors per inhabitant. Region is above the average in number of cinema hall whereas is below the average in number of theatre hall. It is below the average in usage of internet percentage.

147

TRA1 (Erzurum, Erzincan, Bayburt)

University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is similar to Turkey's average where rate of growth of master degree graduates is one of the highest Participation to labor force annual average growth rate is similar to Turkey's average where unemployment annual average growth rate is one of the highest in 26 regions

In terms of Human resources in science and technology TRA1 is the most developing region in Turkey.

In the region specialization level is much higher than the average. Exports are scarcely any in the region. The basic sector in the region is agriculture since 2006 and according to 2013 data; region owns one of the highest LQ values in the sector of agriculture in the country. There are 6 foreign owned companies. There are not any incubation centers.

Dominance of 1st sector - Manufacture of food products and beverages, is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing The most competitive sector is manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products in the region . Shares of manufacture of wood and products of wood, manufacture of food and beverages, manufacture of non-metallic mineral products and manufacture of furniture are above Turkey average in this region.

TRA1 is below the average in beds per inhabitant and doctors per inhabitant. It is above the average in cinema hall whereas below the average in theatre hall. It is below the average in usage of internet percentage.


University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is lower than Turkey's average Participation to labor force annual average growth rate is larger than Turkey's average where unemployment annual average growth rate is one of the highest in 26 regions

In terms of Human resources in science and technology, TRA2 region has lowest percentage. There is no patent applications from this region.

The highest values of Krugman Specialization Index are owned by this region for 2007 and 2011 with the values of 1,09 and 0,97. Exports are scarcely any in the region. The basic sector in the region is agriculture since 2006 and according to 2013 data; region owns one of the highest LQ values in the sector of agriculture in the country. There is just one foreign owned company. There are not any incubation centers.

Dominance of 1st sector - Manufacture of food products and beverages, is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing The most competitive sector is manufacture of rubber and plastic products in the region. Has comparative advantage in only two sectors which are manufacture of food and beverages and manufacture of wood and products of wood.

TRA2 is below the average in beds per inhabitant and doctors per inhabitant. In fact it has the lowest average in doctors per inhabitant. It is above the average in cinema hall whereas below the average in theatre hall. . It is below the average in usage of internet percentage.

TRB1 (Malatya, Elazığ, Bingöl, Tunceli)

University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is lower than Turkey's average Participation to labor force is lower than Turkey's average Unemployment level of university graduates is highest in this region

This region, in all of these indicators, is below the average of Turkey.

Specialization level in the region is intermediate according to average. Exports are scarcely any in the region. The basic sector in the region is agriculture since 2006 and according to 2013 data; region owns one of the highest LQ values in the sector of agriculture in the country. There are 2 foreign owned companies. There are not any incubation centers.

Dominance of 1st sector - Manufacture of food products/manufacture of textiles and beverages, is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing The most competitive sector is manufacture of publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media in the region. Non of the sectors in this region has a share above national average, however growth speed of manufacture of wood and products of wood and manufacture of rubber and plastic is the highest in Turkey.

TRB1 is below the average in beds per inhabitant and doctors per inhabitant. It is above the average in cinema hall whereas below the average in theatre hall. It is below the average in usage of internet percentage.

TRB2 (Van, Muş, Bitlis, Hakkari)

University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is lower than Turkey's average where annual average growth rate of university and master degree graduates is in the highest group. Participation to labor force is higher than Turkey's average where Unemployment level of university graduates is decreasing.

In terms of Human resources in science and technology, TRB2 region has one of the lowest percentages.

In the region specialization level is much higher than the average. On the other hand, the highest decrease is seen in this region. While this region was holding the highest value in country in 2003, in 2011 this value is decreased from 1.15 to 0.79. Exports are scarcely any in the region. The basic sector in the region is agriculture. LQ values of agriculture are intermediate. There is not any foreign owned company or incubation center.

Dominance of 1st sector - Manufacture of food products and beverages, is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing The most competitive sector is manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus in the region. Shares of manufacture of food and beverages , manufacture of tobacco products and publishing and printing is above national average.

TRB2 is above the average in beds per inhabitant whereas it is below the average in doctors per inhabitant. It is below the average in both social indicators. In fact it has the lowest average growth rate in number of theater hall. Also, region is one of the lowest number of library. Broadband internet usage percentage is the lowest in the country.

148

TRC1 (Gaziantep, Adıyaman, Kilis)

University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is lower than Turkey's average where annual average growth rate of university and master degree graduates is in the highest group. Participation to labor force is higher than Turkey's average where unemployment level decreases with the highest amount in this region

The region has the lowest success rate in patent applications, but annual average rate of increase in patent applications is very high. The annual average rate of increase in HRST is very high, but it is still below the country average. The R&D expenditure per capita in the region is very low.

In the region specialization level is much higher than the average. The export capacity of this region is above the average and much higher than other eastern and southeastern regions. Unlike other regions located in eastern and southeastern part of Turkey, TRC1 region has increased its export capacity from 2006 to 2012. While the basic sector in the region was Industry in 2006 and 2009; according to 2013 data basic sector in the region is agriculture. LQ values are intermediate. There are 5 foreign owned companies. There are not any incubation centers.

Dominance of 1st sector - Manufacture of textile, is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing The most competitive sector is manufacture of pulp, paper and paper products in the region.Has the biggest share in manufacture of textiles in Turkey also has an above average share in both manufacture of paper products and printing and publishing.

TRC1 is above the average in beds per inhabitant whereas it is below the average in doctors per inhabitant. . It is below the average in both social indicators. In fact it has the lowest average growth rate in number of cinema hall. . It is below the average in usage of internet percentage.

TRC2 (Şanlıurfa, Diyarbakır)

University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is lower than Turkey's average Participation to labor force is lower than Turkey's average where unemployment level of university graduates increases.

The region has the second lowest success rate in patent applications. The R&D expenditure per capita in the region is very low.

Region owns a high value of specialization according to analysis. On the contrary, export levels are so low. In 2006, the basic sector of the region was services. However, now basic sector is agriculture. LQ values are intermediate. There are 3 foreign owned companies and there are not any incubation centers.

Dominant sector is changing from " Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products " to " Manufacture of food products and beverages" to " Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products. diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasingThe most competitive sector is manufacture of tanning and dressing of leather; manufacture of luggage, handbags, saddlery, harness and footwear in the region. Size wise the biggest leather manufacturer in Turkey also has an above average share in manufacture of non-metallic mineral products.

TRC2 is below the average in beds per inhabitant and doctors per inhabitant. It is above the average in cinema hall whereas below the average in theatre hall. It is below the average in usage of internet percentage.

TRC3 (Mardin, Batman, Şırnak, Siirt)

University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is lower than Turkey's average where annual average growth rate of university is highest in this region Participation to labor force is higher than Turkey's average where unemployment level of university graduates increases

The R&D expenditure per capita in the region is very low. Employment share in high tech sectors is higher than country average.

In the region specialization level is much higher than the average. In terms of export capacity, region comes forward after the region of TRC1 in the eastern part of the country. Since 2006, the basic sector in the region is services. After TR51 region, this region owns the highest LQ values of the sector of services. There are not any foreign owned companies or incubation centers.

Dominance of 1st sector - Manufacture of food products and beverages, is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing.The most competitive sector is manufacture of publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media in the region. Shares of manufacture of non-metallic mineral products and manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus. Also has the highest growth speeds in manufacture of food and beverages, manufacture of wearing apparel and publishing and printing.

TRC3 is below the average in beds per inhabitant and doctors per inhabitant. In fact is has the lowest average growth rate in beds per inhabitant. It is below the average in both social indicators. Also, it has the lowest number of library and museums in Turkey. It is below the average in usage of internet percentage.

149

New Regional Policies for Turkey

This last chapter includes regional policies in implementing smart specialisation

which highlighted by previous chapters in this paper. Regional Policy can unlock the

growth potential of the regions in Turkey by promoting innovation in all regions, while

ensuring complementarity between national and regional support for innovation,

R&D, entrepreneurship and ICT. Indeed, regional policy is a key means of turning

the priorities of the smart specialisation into practical action on the ground. It does so

by creating favourable conditions for innovation, education and research so

encouraging R&D and knowledge-intensive investment and moves towards higher

value added activities. It can so help meet the major challenge for regions with

innovation capacity and R&D in businesses and strengthening their links with

universities and research centres. Regions have a central role as they are the

primary institutional partner for universities, other research and education institutes

which are key to the process of innovation, making them a necessary part of the

smart specialisation policies in Turkey.

To reach the smart specialization objective, the full innovation potential of regions

needs to be mobilized. Innovation is important for all regions; for advanced ones to

remain ahead while keep moving forward and lagging ones to catch up. The

knowledge and innovation capacity of regions depends on many factors, in our study

we chose our variables among those which were significant in explaining growth,

specialization and smart specialization Such as; unemployment among tertiary

education graduates, broadband internet accessibility, human resources in science &

technology, R&D density, university graduates, market share, doctorate graduates

and employment in high tech sectors. To be able to see how performance in R&D

and innovation varies across Turkey, a grouping index was created. Which is called

“Regional Innovation Potential Index”, index is a composite indicator of all of the

factors above. The national average was the main indicator to determine which

region will be in which group so that we will be able to see where a region stands

among all others in Turkey.

150

Suitability

Points

Unemployment (Among tertiary

Education Graduates)

2011

Broadband Accessibility

2011

Human Resources In Science

And Technology

2011 R&D Density

2011

University Graduates

2011

Market Share 2011 (as % of TR)

Doctorate Graduates

2011

Employment In High Tech

Sectors 2011

TR10 (İstanbul) 5 10,7 59 27,4 0,68570575 0,126541492 27,15779111 0,003304001 2,9

TR21 (Tekirdağ,Edirne,Kırklareli) 4 9,9 41 20,75 0,610405002 0,093055911 2,709269067 0,001433706 1

TR22 (Balıkesir,Çanakkale) 2 9,2 42 17 0,610405002 0,102162141 2,142417817 0,001598138 0,7

TR31 (İzmir) 5 12,6 56 27,8 0,671523813 0,131924492 6,599326778 0,003131655 1

TR32 (Aydın,Denizli,Muğla) 0 10,8 36 17,15 0,671523813 0,100051645 3,486168856 0,001661335 0,3

TR33 (Manisa,Afyon,Kütahya,Uşak) 0 7,5 32 13,15 0,671523813 0,081606218 3,590316514 0,001290626 0,7

TR41 (Bursa,Eskişehir,Bilecik) 6 9,1 53 21,15 1,594682968 0,109010897 6,39123173 0,002120596 0,7

TR42 (Kocaeli,Sakarya,Düzce,Bolu,Yalova) 4 13,7 54 21,35 1,594682968 0,096592991 6,281954963 0,001766229 0,7

TR51 (Ankara) 7 8 61 37 2,492020679 0,177167131 8,631790876 0,00594234 2,9

TR52 (Konya,Karaman) 2 10,4 41 17,65 2,492020679 0,087677239 2,34406045 0,002172264 0,5

TR61 (Antalya,Isparta,Burdur) 4 11 42 20,3 0,55100525 0,11664002 3,976372135 0,002076884 0,7

TR62 (Adana,Mersin) 1 10,4 32 17,75 0,55100525 0,098838131 3,957510523 0,001667664 0,6

TR63 (Hatay,Kahramanmaraş,Osmaniye) 0 13,1 28 14,6 0,55100525 0,074439512 2,589480355 0,00119561 0,5

TR71 (Kırıkkale,Aksaray,Niğde,Nevşehir) 0 10,2 34 17,25 0,72909077 0,07828018 1,54510144 0,001367568 0,5

TR72 (Kayseri, Sivas, Yozgat) 0 13,9 35 16,85 0,72909077 0,090214329 2,286656286 0,001898856 0,6

TR81 (Zonguldak, Karabük, Bartın) 0 13,2 41 15,65 0,523793466 0,084430013 1,277984953 0,001277427 0,7

TR82 (Kastamonu, Çankırı, Sinop) 0 7,4 32 13,95 0,523793466 0,074956822 0,712645194 0,001010363 0,4

TR83 (Samsun, Tokat, Çorum, Amasya) 0 9,2 34 15,8 0,523793466 0,083611277 2,689689739 0,001505489 0,5

TR90 (Trabzon, Ordu, Giresun, Rize, Artvin, Gümüşhane) 0 12,6 31 13,45 0,61316528 0,088065285 2,437902342 0,001498446 0,4

TRA1 (Erzurum, Erzincan, Bayburt) 2 6,7 32 17,1 0,841833444 0,09453701 0,920717815 0,002956459 0,5

TRA2 (Ağrı, Kars, Iğdır, Ardahan) 0 10,9 26 11,55 0,841833444 0,058014205 0,668013216 0,000978693 0,4

TRB1 (Malatya, Elazığ, Bingöl, Tunceli) 3 11,5 38 15,15 0,897340975 0,090921862 1,394927657 0,0020399 0,8

TRB2 (Van, Muş, Bitlis, Hakkari) 1 9,9 14 12,1 0,897340975 0,054099415 1,042184823 0,000958229 0,5

TRC1 (Gaziantep, Adıyaman, Kilis) 0 9,6 22 13,5 0,495968967 0,065369975 1,763523983 0,001222362 0,4

TRC2 (Şanlıurfa, Diyarbakır) 0 5 15 13,5 0,495968967 0,05256182 2,02165966 0,00119634 0,6

TRC3 (Mardin, Batman, Şırnak, Siirt) 0 10,7 28 16,95 0,495968967 0,055957861 1,381301721 0,000597245 1,1

Means 10,2 36,88 17,91 0,85 0,091 3,8 0,0018 0,79

152

Strategic intelligence is needed to identify the high value-added activities which offer the best chance of strengthening a region’s competitiveness. To have most impact, R&D and innovation resources need to reach a critical mass and to be accompanied by measures to increase skills, education levels and knowledge infrastructure. National and regional governments should, accordingly, develop smart specialization strategies to maximize the impact of Regional Policy in combination with other national policies. Smart specialization strategies can ensure a more effective use of public funds and can stimulate private investment. They can help regions to concentrate resources on few key priorities rather than spreading investment thinly across areas and business sector. They can also be a key element in developing multi-level governance for integrated innovation policies. Moreover they have to be closely linked with other policy domains and require an understanding of regional strengths relative to other regions and of the possible gain for inter-regional and trans-national cooperation. Rather than being a strategy imposed from above, smart specialization involves businesses, research centers and universities working together to identify a region’s most promising areas of specialization, but also the weaknesses that hamper innovation. It takes account of the differing capacities of regional economies to innovate. While leading regions can invest in advancing a generic technology or service innovation, for others, investing in its application to a particular sector or related sectors is often more fruitful. The sustainability of the strategy will depend on the timeliness and coordination of policy measures, and on governance, including ways of engaging stakeholders. It must include mechanisms for policy learning, in particular through peer reviews, involving public officials, practitioners and regional stakeholders. Smart specialization needs to exploit regional diversity, stimulate cooperation across national and regional borders and open up new opportunities, by avoiding fragmentation and ensuring that knowledge flows more freely across Turkey.

153

Policies for Group IV Regions

According to our classification, Group 4 is the lowest one in the grading smart

specialization indicators. This group contains TR32, TR33, TR62, TR63, TR71, TR72,

TR81, TR82, TR83, TR90, TRA2, TRB1, TRC1, TRC2 and TRC3. These regions have 1

or 0 point in overall scoring. Therefore, Group 4 is below the Turkey average in selected

indicators which means that these regions are far away from concept of smart

specialization. For this reason, fundamental strategy for Group 4 shoul be enchancing

regions and bringing them into a certain level which is above the Turkey average.

Primarily issues are to develop unemployment among university graduates, tertiary

graduates and value-added for Group 4. With other indicators, these are very below

from the average of Turkey. For unemployment among universities, Turkey average is

10,2 whereas for TR63 it is 13,1 and for TR90 it is 12,6 which means that university

graduates cannot find jobs in the regions. Likewise, average of tertiary graduates for

Turkey is 0,091 whereas it is 0,055 for TRC3 and it is 0,065 for TRC1 which means that

number of university graduates are scarce. Similarly, for value-added Turkey average is

3,8 whereas it is 1,54 for TR71, 0,92 for TRA1 and it is 0,66 for TRA2 which means that

GDP per capita is small in the regions. In order to enchancing regions, value-added and

tertiary graduates values should be come up average of Turkey and unemployment

among university graduates values should be reduced Turkey average. In this way,

basic parameters for smart specialization is prepared in the regions. First of all, in order

to reduce unemployment, it should be created jobs opportunities in the regions by state

hand or supporting private sectors. By doing that path dependency and local resources

should be taken into account. This also helps to incerase income of the regions and by

this way level of value-added can be increased above the average. After creation of job

opportunities in order to increase skilled man power, tertiary graduates should be

supported by openning new universities. Also, coorporation between sectors and

universities provides easiness to find jobs after graduation. Therefore, private sectors

should be supported to work with universities. In conclusion, in order to develope Group

4 issues that supported primarily are identifes as unemployment among tertiary

graduates, tertiary graduates and value-added.

154

Policies for Group III Regions

As specified in Europe 2020 Growth Strategy, science, technology and innovation are

significant drivers to the end that European Union as smart, sustainable and inclusive

economy. Regarding Turkey as a country which is in EU harmonization process,

innovation in Turkey in comparison to Europe matters profoundly. For this reason, in this

part, understanding the level of group 3 regions comparing with Europe’s average is

aimed in terms of science, technology and innovation. The main goal for the group 3

regions is to increase their statistics primarily in; broadband internet accessibility, R&D

expenditure and human resources in science and technology.

Research and development expenditure, by sectors of performance % of GDP

The significance of R&D for a country or region can be understood by examining the

share of R&D expenditure in total GDP of that country or region. In Europe this rate is

around 2% where in Turkey it is 0.87 %. However, both EU and Turkey aim to increase

155

this rate to 3% by 2020. As we can understand, Turkey’s aim does not reflect reality.

Besides, current tendencies show that Turkey’s rate will be around 1.5 % by 2020.

The role of the state (national and local) should be to provide and appropriate

regulatory framework that will steer social an economic forces needed to mobilize action

in R&D. Preferably the concept of the “ensuring state” to that of the “enabling state” is

more suitable. The idea of the enabling state suggest that the role of the state is

confined to stimulating others to action and than letting them get on with it. The ensuring

state is an enabling state, but one that is expected or obligated to make sure such

processes achive certain defined outcomes. In the case of R&D expenditure and HRST

the bottom line is meeting set targets for Europe 2020 goals.

On the other hand, the share of sectors in R&D expenditures is also essential. Private

sectors share in Europe is around 55% where in Turkey is 45%. The aim of EU is to

increase 67% by 2020.

Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) by source of funds, % of total GERD

Business Enterprise Sector Government Sector

156

The discrepancy, we see below, in the rates of gross domestic expenditure on R&D by

source of funds between Turkey and Europe, originates from structural differences in

research and development implementations between Turkey and Europe.

Higher Education Sector Private Non-profit Sector

Human Resources in Science and Technology (% of active population)

157

Human Resources in Science and Technology by NUTS2 (% of active population)

Research infrastructure is central to knowledge-based innovation systems. A three-pronged approach is needed to help regions to realize their full potential: (i) develop world-class research and ICT infrastructure, building on existing regional scientific excellence through Structural Fund support, (ii) establish networks of research facilities for less research-intensive countries and (iii) develop Regional Partner Facilities (RPF). The further development and use of ICT-based e-infrastructure to interconnect and facilitate collaboration between geographically dispersed research teams and the sharing of scientific resources and knowledge is a key means of doing this.

158

Broadband Accessibility and Internet Speed&Quality

The aim is to deliver sustainable economic and social benefits from a Digital Single

Market based on fast and ultra fast internet and interoperable applications, with

broadband access for all by 2013, access for all to much higher internet speeds (30

Mbps or above) by 2020, and 50% or more of European households subscribing to

internet connections above 100 Mbps.Howeveri in Turkey we are in a better position

than Europe. Although number of households with broadband internet accessibility is

lower than EU as we speak of individuals using internet for a specific period, Turkey is

way ahead of EU.

159

Policies for Group II Regions

As specified in Europe 2020 Growth Strategy, science, technology and innovation

are significant drivers to the end that European Union as smart, sustainable and

inclusive economy. Regarding Turkey as a country which is in EU harmonization

process, innovation in Turkey in comparison to Europe matters profoundly. As Capello

and Lenzi (2012) stated; territorial approach is essential for regions in developing

strategies on smart specialization. As we see in the regional innovation potential index,

TR10 İstanbul; TR31 İzmir; TR41 Bursa, Bilecik, Eskisehir regions; and especially TR51

Ankara region come to forefront with their Suitability Points for Smart Specialization

policies.

When we take into consideration this relatively high level of suitability of these

regions for smart specialization, the answers of questions; what actions should be taken,

what policies should be followed and which strategies can be developed; are essential.

As a matter of fact, targets of these regions should be similar with the ones in Europe

2020 Strategy Paper.

As we examined before, Human Resources in Science and Technology (HRST)

would ideally refer to the human resources actually or potentially devoted to the

systematic generation, advancement, diffusion and application of scientific and

technological knowledge (Canberra Manual", OECD, Paris, 1995).

160

Regarding the high HRST level of these regions we can entitle these regions as

regions specialized in knowledge creation. According to Capello and Lenzi (2012);

“It is obvious that maximum return to R&D investments may be the right goal for a region specialized in knowledge creation, but it cannot at the same time be the right policy goal for regions that innovate by exploiting external knowledge, or for regions that imitate innovation processes.”

To conclude, increasing the R&D investments comes forefront as most apparent

and prominent strategy for this group of regions in Turkey. Require amount of this aimed

increase was given in Europe 2020 Strategy Paper as a headline target by EU

Commission that 3% of the EU's GDP should be invested in R&D. Therefore, the main

policy for group 2 regions should be shifting their R&D Density 2% of GDP to 3%. This

target, unlike the ones belong to responsible institutions in Turkey, would be more

realistic and consistent in the situations of regions in the country.

161

Conclusion

To conclude, when Turkey and Europe compared, Turkey should focus on

education problems primarily. Especially in tertiary education levels Turkey should level

with Europe 2020 targets because this is the cause of another important problem which

is high levels of youth unemployment. Besides, there is a huge difference between EU

and Turkey in terms of the participation of labor force. Moreover, insufficient higher

education level creates snowball effects of inabilities in innovation and R&D sector as

indicated above. This problem takes directly effects in economy of Turkey. In Europe the

rate of high-tech exports in total exports is ten times higher than Turkey. Yet the digital

infrastructure does not allow advancing, it is necessary to increase ICT skills and

knowledge of the European workforce and to connect all Europe online, European Union

invests in broadband infrastructure and professional development in ICT. However,

Turkey should concentrate on providing broadband access for all and supporting ICT

usage in every level of education. The situation where Turkey is much behind from

Europe results in high rates of poverty and because of this Turkey has same level of

poverty with poor European countries.

metu rp 501 regional planning studio 2014/2015 fall

Documents

total export of turkey

export shares of regions

export capacities of

agriculture sector lq

industry sector lq

service sector lq

regional planning studio

regional growth