mf;f j;j pwd; njhw;w k; - wipo · rpwpa kw;wk; elj;ju njhopw;jiwahshfsf;f gjpg;ghpik kw;wk; mjndhl...
TRANSCRIPT
rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju njhopw;JiwahsHfSf;F gjpg;Ghpik
kw;Wk; mjNdhL ,ize;j chpkkq;fs; gw;wpa XH mwpKfk;
Cyf; mrpTrhh; nrhj;Jhpik
tHj;jfj; njhlH
Mf;fj;jpwd; Njhw;wk;
,yf;fk; : 4
1
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Njrpa epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; gq;fhspfSld; ,ize;J NjrpahPjpapy;
nghUj;jkhdij mikj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. ,jw;fhd WIPO tpid ,ytrkhf
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"tpahghuj;jpw;fhd Ez;zwpthsh; cilik" gpuRuq;fspd; njhlh;:
1. ,yf;fpid Vw;gLj;jy;: rpwpa kw;Wk; kj;jpa msthd njhopy; Kaw;rp
fSf;fhd tpahghur; rpd;dj;jpd; mwpKfk;. c.E.c.x. gpuRu ,y:900.
2. ghu;itf;F Neu;j;jpahd: rpwpa kw;Wk; kj;jpa msthd njhopy;Kaw;rpfSf;
fhd ifj;njhopy; tbtikg;gpd; mwpKfk;. c.E.c.x. gpuRu ,y:498.
3. vjph;fhyj;jpd; cUthf;fk;: rpwpa kw;Wk; kj;jpa msthd njhopy;Kaw;rpf
Sf;fhd fhg;Ghpikfspd; mwpKfk;. c.E.c.x gpuRu ,y:917.
4. Mf;fj;jpwd; Njhw;wk;: rpwpa kw;Wk; kj;jpa msthd njhopy;Kaw;rpfS
f;fhd gjpg;Ghpikapd; mwpKfk;. c.E.c.x. gpuRu ,y:918
(vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ)
c.E.c.x. (WIPO) kpd; Gj;jfrhiyapy (e - bookshop)www.wipo.int/ebookshop ,y; rfy gpuRuq;fSk; fpilf;Fk;.
cyf Ez;zwpthsh; cilik xd;wpaj;jpd; (c.E.c.x) Kd;G njsptha; Fwpg;gpl;l
mDkjpAld; ,e;j gpuRukhdJ nkhop ngah;f;fg;gl;L kPs; mspf;fg;gl;Lfpd;wJ>
gjpg;Ghpik chpikahshpd; %y Mq;fpy $w;whdJ www.wipo.int/sme/en/documents/guides/ ,y; cs;sJ. vdNt> c.E>c.x. MdJ> nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;l
$w;wpd; gpuRuj;jpd; nrk;ik my;yJ jpUj;jj;jd;ikf;Fk; nghWg;ghspNah my;yJ
flikg;gl;ltuhf ,Uf;fkhl;lhJ> Vnddpy; nghWg;Ngh my;yJ flikNah ,yq;if
rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju njhopy; Kaw;rp mgptpUj;jpahsh;fspNyNa (nray;jpl;l
rp.e.njh.K.m.) KOikahf jq;fpapUg;gjpdhyhFk;.
"rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju njhopy; Kaw;rp mgptpUj;jpahsh;fs; (nray;jpl;l rp.e.njh.
K.m.) (gjpg;Ghpik 2010)" c.E>c.x. MdJ (2006) %y Mq;fpy nkhop $w;wpd;
gjpg;Ghpikf;F chpikahspahf cs;sJ. ,g;gpuRuj;jpd; vg;gFjpapidahfpYk; vt;
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iaAk; rl;lj;jpdhy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;lthwd;wp kpd;dZ rhh;ghfNth my;yJ nghwp
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ahshpd; vOj;J%y mDkjpapd;wp kPs; jahhpj;jy; MfhJ.
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gjpyPlhfhJ. ,jd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhdJ ,t;tpla mbg;gil jftiy mspg;gjw;F
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nghUj;J gpd;tUk; xd;wpd; my;yJ mjw;F
Nkw;gl;ltw;wpd; %ykhf ghJfhf;fg;glyhk;.
tpahghu rpd;dk;: xU tpahghu jhgdj;
jpd; tpahghu rpd;dkhdJ (nrhw;fs;>
rpd;dk; my;yJ ,t;tpuz;Lk; fye;j)
mj;jhg dj;jpd; cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fs;
Nghl;b re;ijapYs;s mw;iwa nghUl;
fspy; epd;W NtWgLj;jp fhl;Lk;.
ifj;njhopy; tbtikg;Gf;fs;: ifj;
njhop; tbtikg;G ghJfhg;gpD}lhf
mg;nghUspd; ntspj; Njhw;w mofpay;
epiyia ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. rpy
ehLfspy; ,jid tbtikg;G cupik
vd;Wk; miog;gu;.
Mf;f chpik: GJikahdJ vd;w
epiyAila ve;j xU nghUisAk;
,jD}lhfg; ghJfhf;fyhk;.
,ufrpa tpahghu nra;jpfs;:
ngWkjptha;e;j tpahghu ,ufrpaq;fis
ghJfh f;f mjd; cupikahsupdhy;;
Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;bUe;jhy;
,k;Kiw apD}lhf ghJfhf;f KbAk;.
Kiwaw;w Nghl;b: cq;fs; tpahghu
Nghl;bahsupdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
Kiwaw;w Nghl;bfSf;F vjpuhf
,k;Kiwapd;gb ghJfhg;Gg; ngwyhk;.
,k;Kiwf;$lhf xU cw;gj;jpahsu;
Nghl;bahsupdhy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;lj
w;Fk; Nkyhf jdJ cw;gj;jpapd;
khjpupia cw;gj;jp nra;tijAk;
tpw;gid nra;tjidAk; jLf;fyhk;.
MapDk; gyjug;gl;l mwpTrhu; nrhj;j
jpfhuj;pjpd; ntt;NtW gFjpfSf; $lhf
ghJfhg;G ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy; jdpNa
Kiwaw;w Nghl;b ghJfhg;gpYk; kpf
cd;djkhdjhFk;.
7
rpyNtis gy tifahd mwpTrhu;
nrhj;jjpfhuj;jpd; %yk; gilg;Gf; fis
ghJfhj;jy; eilKiw gLj;jg; gLfpd;wJ. (Vf
fhyj;jpy; my;yJ xd;wd;gpd; xd;whf) cjhu
zj;jpw;F 'kpf;fp kT];' ghj;jpuj; ij
gjpTupik rl;lKk; tpahghu rpd;d rl;lq;fSk;
ghJfhg;gspf; fpd;wd. ' Disney Enterprises,Inc. Nths;l; b];zp jhgdj;jpd; mDkjpAld;
b];dp vd;ugpiw]; ghtpf;fpd;wJ.
2. ghJfhg;gpd; tpahgfKk;
fhy vy;iyAk;
vvdd;;nndddd;;dd ttiiffaahhdd ggiillgg;;GGff;;ffss;;
ggjjppgg ;;GGuu ppiikkaappddhhyy;; gghhJJffhhff;;ffgg ;;
ggLLffppdd;;wwdd??
mNdfkhd ehLfspd; eltbf;ifia
Nehf;fpy;> mit gbg;gbahf mNdf
gilg;GfSf;F gjpg;Gupiia tp];jupj
;Js;sd. Njrpa gjpg;Gupik rl;lq;fs;
vd;ndd;d tif cw;gj;jpg;gilg;Gf;
fSf;F ghJfhg;gspf;fpd;wdu; vd;w xU
gl;bay; itj;jpuhjhy; mit gue;j Jk;
nefpo;Tj; jidikAs;sJkhd gl;baiy
nfhz;Ls;sd. mNdfkhd ehLfspy;
gpd;tUk; ttiffspy; gjpTfs;
eilngWfpd;wd.
,yf;fpa gilg;Gf;fs;: (c+k; Gj;jfq;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;. Gjpdg;gj;jpup;iffs;>
njhopy;El;g Mtzq;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;
Fwpg;Gf;fs;> tpgug;gl;bay;fs;> ,yf;fpa
g;gilg;Gf;fspd; ml;ltizfSk;
njhFg;GfSk;;)
rq;fPjg; gilg;Gf;fs; my;yJ njhFg;G
f;fSk; rk;kjq;fSk;.
ehlfg; gilg;Gf;fs; (ehlf NkilNaw;w
q;fSk; tPbNah gl;b%yk; gapw;rpaspj;
jYk;)
mofpa rpj;jpug; gilg;Gf;fs; (c+k;Nfypf;fpj;jpuq;fs;> gltiuGfs;> rpj;jpu
q;fs;> rpw;gNtiyfs;> fzpdp rpj;jpuq;
fs; Nghd;wit)
epoy;;glq;fs; (fhfpjj;jp Ys;sJk;
b[pl;ly; KiwahdJk;)
fzpdp nkd;nghUSk; nraw;jpl;l
q;fSk;. (9-k; gf;fj;jpYs;s ml;ltiz
iag; ghu;f;fTk;).
rpytif juT jsq;fs; (11-k; gf;f
ml;ltiziag; ghu;f;f)
Njrg;glq;fs;> GtpNfhsk;> flw;glq;fs;>
tuptbtg;glq;fs;> jpl;l tiuglq;fs;>
njhopy; El;g tiuglq;fs; Nghd;wit.
tpsk;guq;fs;> tpahghu Nehf;fhd mr;Rg;
gpujpfs;> Nygy;fs;.
rpdpkhg;gl jahupGf;fs;> ,tw;wpy; ryd
g;glq;fSk;> njhiyfhl;rp epfo;r;rp;fSk;
,izaj;js nra;jp gug;Gf;fSk;
mlq;Fk;.
Njhlu;Grhjd Ntiyfs; (24-k; gf;f
ml;ltiziz ghu;f;fTk;)
rpw;rpy ehLfspy; gpuNahf rpj;jpuq;fs;
(c+k;. mofpa eiffs;> rptu;fspy;
xl;Lk; rpj;jpuf;fhfpjKk; epy tpupg;Gf;
fSk;) (14-k; gf;f ml;ltizia
ghu;f;fTk;.
mr;Nrw;wg;gl;l kw;Wk; vyf;Nuhzpf; Kiw
apy; my;yJ b[pl;ly; Kiwapy; fsQ;rpag;
gLj;jg;gl;litfs; midj;ijAk; gjpg;G
upik ghJfhf;fpd;wJ. xd;whYk;
G+[;[paq;fshYk; Md b[pl;ly;
JiwahdJ fzpdpahy; khj;jpuNk thrpf;f
$LkhdhYk; gjpg;Gupikia
ghjpf;fhJ.
8
ww
w.wipo.int/sme/
Njrg;gl rq;fPjk; kw;Wk;
tiuGfs; tPbNah
______________ffzzppddpp jjppll;;llqq;;ffiissAAkk;;nnkkdd;;nngghhUUiissAAkk;; gghhJJffhhjj;;jjyy;;
b[pl;ly; Kiwapy; mr;Rf;Fk;> rg;jj;jpw;Fk;> tpsf;f
tiuglj;jpw;Fk;> epoy;glq;fSf;Fk;> rq;fPjjpw;;;Fk;
cap&l;lkhd rpj;jpuq;fSf;Fk;> tPbNahf;fSf;Fk;
,ilapy; vt;tpj tpj;jpahrKk; fhl;Ltjpy;iy
MapDk; fzpdp jpl;ltq;fspy; kw;iwa jpl;ltiuG
fNshL xg;gpLifapy; xU Kf;fpa NtWghl;il
fhzyhk;. thf;fpaq;fs;> rg;jq;fs;> fputpf; gltiuGfs;
Nghd;wit nrayw;w jd;ikAs;sdthAk; fzpdpj;
jpl;lq;fs; nrayhw;Wk; jd;ikAs;sdthAk; ,Uf;fp
d;wd. vdNt fzpdp jpl;ltiuGfSf;fhd gjpg;Gupik
ghJfhg;ghdJ Mokhf MNyhrpf;fg;gl
Ntz;bajhAs;sJ.
fzpdp jpl;;l tiuGfspd; gy;NtW gpupTfis gjpT
nra;tjw;F gy top Kiwfs; cs;sd.
gjpg;GupikahdJ Mrpupadpd; %y ntspg;ghl;hd
fzpdp jpl;l tiuig xU ‘,yf;fpa njhopy;gh
lhf’ gjpTnra;J ghJfhf;fpd;wJ. vdNt mtupd;
%yrq;Nfj ghia kdpju; thrpf;ff;$ba mDkjp
aspj;j nkd;nghUs; nghwpapayhsu;fspd; xU
,yf;fpa nraw;ghlhf gjpfpd;wJ. kdpjdhy;
thrpf;f$ba vOj;J cUtq;fSk; (source code)mNjNtis ,ae;jpuk; thrpf;f$ba nray;gL rq;
Nfj ghiaapyhd (object code) vOj;JUtKk;
,yf;fpa gilg;Gf;fshfNt fUjg;gLfpd;wjhy;
mit gjpg;Gupik rl;lg;gb ghJfhg;ig ngWfpd;
wd. MapDk; nkd;nghUspd; nghUshjhu
ngWkhdk; mij ghtpg;gjpNyNa jq;fpAs;sJ.
cq;fs; fzpdpia ,aq;f itg;gJ rq;Nfj
ghi~apyhd cWtq;fshdgbahy; mijNa kf;fs;
ghtpg;gpw;F ntspaplyhk;. ,g;gbg;gl;l nkd;nghUs;
fs; xU fhy ,ilntsp nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy;
Nghl;bahsu;fis ,f;fhy ,ilntspapy; ntw;wp
nfhs;s ,aYk;. Gjpg;Gupik mjd; cupikahs
Uf;F rhjhuz fhy vy;iy ghJfhg;G toq;fp
ghJfhf;fpd;wJ.
rpy ehLfspy; fzpdp jpl;ltiu gpd; nray;ghL
epiyapid Ngl;ld;l; (patent) jdpAupik
ghJfhg;gpd; %yk; ghJfhf;fpd;w Ntisapy;
kw;iwa ehLfs; mtw;wpw;F mt;tpjk; ghJfhg;
gspg;gjpy;iy.
fzpdp nkd;nghUSf;fhd jpl;l tiuGfis
gjpg;Gupik nra;tJld; mtw;iw tpahghu
,ufrpakhfTk; ghJfhj;jy; rhjhuz nray;gh
lhFk;.
rpyehLfs; fzpdp ad;dypy; nghUj;jg;gLk; I-
nfhd;]pd; (icons) rpy tbtq;fis ifj;njhopy;
tbtikg;ghf gjpTnra;fpd;wd.
xg;ge;j rl;lq;fspd; gbahd xg;ge;jq;fs; rl;l
ghJfhg;gpy; mwpTrhu; nrhj;J cupikapd;
ghJfhg;ig <Lnra;tjw;Fk; my;yJ gpujpaPL
nra;tjw;Fk; Kf;fpa ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wJ.
,g;gbg;gl;l xg;ge;j mbg;gil apyhd my;yJ
mDkjpaspj;jypd; %ykhf ‘cau;e;j epiyapyhd
gjpg;Gupikia’ jhgdk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;. ,t;tpj
$Ljyhd ghJfhg;ghdJ Njrpa uPjpapy;
mNdfkhf vjpu;kiwahd mtjhdj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jtjhy; Kjd;ik epiyapid J];gpuNah
fk; nra;tjhf vz;zg;glyhk;.
9
mz;ikf; fhyq;fspy; mNdf ehLfs; fzpdp
nkd;nghUs; mlq;fyhf jfty; njhopy; El;g
jfty;fs; ngWtjw;nfjpuhf fpupkpdy; rl;lj;
jpid (criminal law) ghtpf;f Muk;gpj;Js;sd.
rl;l ghJfhg;gpw;F Nkyhf Gjpa njhopy; El;g
Kfnkhd;W $l jw;NghJ ghJfhg;gspf;fpd;wJ.
cjhuzj;jpw;F fjtilg;G KiwiaAk; ,ufrpa
miwapy; G+l;lg;gl;l KiwiaAk; (lockoutprograms and use of encryption methods) nrhy;yyhk;. vdNt njhopy; El;gk; $l mjD}lhf
Gj;jpAs;s cw;gj;jp ahsUf;F Nkyjpf
ghJfhg;igj; jUfpd;wJ. ,jw;Fjhuzkhf tPbNah
tpisahl;Lf;fs; cw;gj;jp ahsu;fs; G+l;lg;gl;l
Kiw (lockout technology) %yKk; gjpg;Gupik
rl;lj;jpd; %yKk; ghJfhg;ig ngWfpd;wdu;.
mNjNtis nkd;nghUspd; rpw;rpy gFjpfs;
gjpTupik ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbahjit
fshk;. nray;Kiw eltbf;iffs; (ck;.
,af;fKiw jpl;l Mizfs; -menucommands) kpf gpuj;jpNafkhd mofpay;
Ntiyg;ghLfs; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; gjpTupik
nra;a Kbahjitfshk;. mNjNtis
fputpfy; ghtidahu; ,d;lNt]; (GUI)njspTgLj;Jk; gFjpfs; ,y;iynadpy;
gjpg;Gupik ngw jFjpAilaitahfhJ.
gjp;Gupik %yk; njspTgLj;Jk; gFjpfis
ghJfhj;jy;:
gjpa Ntz;bajpy;iy (gf;fk; 24-I
ghu;f;fTk;).
,jidg;ngWtJ nrytpy;yhjJ.
ePz;lfhyk; ePbf;Fk;.(23-k; gf;fj;ij
ghu;f;fTk;)
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l ghJfhg;igNa jUfp
d;wJ. mJ nkd;nghUspy; nfhLf;fg;
gl;Ls;s vz;zf;fUj;Jf;fs;> fl;Lkhd
mikg;G> kw;Wk; nra;if xOq;FKiw
vd;gtw;iw Fwpg;gpl;l epfo;r;rp epuypy;ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lit. (13k; gf;fj;ij
ghu;f;fTk;)
xU vz;zf;fUit> fl;Lkhd
mikg;ig my;yJ nra;Kiw Nghd;w
tw;iw gjpg;Ghpik ghJfhf;fhJ. NtW
tpjj;jpy; $Wtjhdhy; gjpg;Ghpik %y
my;yJ Nehf;F rq;Nfj nkhop
eilKiwg;gLj;jf;$ba epfo;r;rp
j;jpl;lk;> ,ilKfq;fs;> ghtidahs
Uf;F nfhLf;fg;gLk; nray;Kiw
Fwpg;Gfs;. vd;gtw;iw Mdhy;
vz;zf;fU eilKiwfs; nra;Kiwfs;
nraw;gLKiwfs; nkd;nghUspd;
cgNahfg;gLk; El;gk; vd;gd
jtpHe;jtw;wpd; mjpfhug+Htkpy;yhJ
gpujp nra;jiy my;yj cgNahfpg;gij
jil nra;fpwJ. ,J Mf;f chpik
KiwapNyh my;yJ tpahghu
,ufrpakhf NgZtjd; %yk;
ghJfhf;fg;glyhk;.
jw;fhyj;jpy; rl;lg;gbAk; njhopy;El;g
uPjpahfTk; tpahghu je;jpukhf ghtpf;f
vz;Zk; nkd;nghUs; cw;gj;jpahsu;
;fSf;F GJikahd ghJfhg;G ngw;Wf;
nfhLf;fpd;wJ. mtu;fSf;F mjDldp
ize;j rthy; xd;Wk; cs;sJ. jdpg;gl;l
fzpdpAk; ,izaj;jdKk; ,ize;J xU
10
ww
w.wipo.int/sme/
rpy kT]; my;yJ Keystroke jl;Ltjd;
;%yk; cyfpd; vg;ghfj;jpw;Fk; bp[pl;ly;
Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; gpujp xd;iw mDg;g
$bajhfTs;sJ.
rpf;fyhd fzpdp jpl;ltiuGfspy; nrhy;yp
w;F nrhy; gpujpnra;jYk; mDkjpaw;w
juTjsq;fspd; ghJfhg;G
,yFthf ngwf;$bajhf ngwg;gl;l juT;
fis xOq;fhf epuy;gLj;jp itf;fg;gl;L
s;s ,lNk juT jskhFk;. mJ
fljhrpapNyh md;Nwy; ,yj;jpudpay;
Kiwapy; mikayhk;. Gjpg;Gupik rl;lk;
juT jsq;fis gJfhf;fpd;wJ. vy;yh juT
jsq;fSk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;bUg;g jpy;iy.
ghJfhf;fg;gl;litAk; tiuaWf;f g;gl;l
ghJfhg;igNa ngw;Ws;sd.
If;fpa mnkupf;fh Nghd;w ehLfspy;
juTjsq;fs; njupT nra;ag;gl;L
xOq;fikf;fg;gl;L %ykhdJ (original)vdf;fUjpdhy; khj;jpuNk gjpTupik
nra;ag;gLk;. gpuj;jpNaf jsq;fSk;
mfu tupirapy; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l
jsq;f Sk; gjpg;Gupik rl;lj;jpd;gb
gjpT nra;ag;gLtjpy;iy. (rpy
Ntisfspy; mit Kiwaw;w Nghl;b
rl;lj;jpw;f ika ghJfhf;fg;glyhk;)
NtW rpy ehLfspy; tpNrlkhf
INuhg;gpa A+dpad; ehLfspy; juT
jsTupik jpl;lj;jpd; (database right)gb %y kw;w juT jsq;fs; (nonoriginal databases) $ba ghJfhg;ig
ngWfpd; wd. ,r;rl;l tiug+lhf
jhgdq;fs; jkJ epahakhd
gzr;nryTld; (substantialinvestment) cUthf;fp ghJfhf;fpd;w
juT jsj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l
jfty;fis ghtpf;Fk; jhdq;fSf;
nfjpuhf tof;F jhf;fy; nra;atpaYk;.
juT jsk; cz;ik ahfNt
%yg;gpujpahapUe; jhy; mJ gjpg;Gupik
rl;lj;jpdhYk; ghJfhf;fg;gLk;.
xU juT jskhdJ gjpg;Gupik %yk;
ghJfhf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; mg;ghJfhg;G mj;
jsj;jpd; jpul;Lf;fis my;yhJ mJ
jpul;lg;gl;l tpjj;ijAk; mJ vt;thW
mwpKfQ;nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gjidNa
ghJfhf;fpd;wJ.
11
fzdp epfo;Tfspd; tpepNahfk; jw;fhy
rl;ltpNuhj Mf;fpukpg;Gfshk;.
mNdf jUzq;fspy; ntspghl;by;
xj;Js;sik (gjpg;Gupik ngw;w) my;yJ
nray;ghL (gjpg;Gupik ngwhj) gw;wp
ftdj;jpnyLf;f Njitapy;iy.
xxUU nnrraayy;;gghhLL gghhJJffhhgg;;iigggg;; nnggwwvvdd;;nndddd;;dd jjuuhhjjuujj;;jjppiidd vvll;;llNNttzz;;LLkk;;??
gjpg;Gupik ghJfhg;gpid ngWtjw;F mJ
mryhd %y (original) gpujp ahapUf;f
Ntz;Lk;. %yk; vd;Dk; nghOJ mJ
Mf;fpNahdpd; ntspg;ghlhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ mt;Ntiyg;ghL NtW
ahUila Ntiyia my;yJ nghJj;
jsq;fspypUe;J gpujpnra;jjhf ,Uf;ff
;$lhJ. %iy gpujpapd; mu;j;jk; ehl;bw;F
ehL rpwpJ NtWgLk;. vt;thuhap Dk;
%yMf;fk; mjd; ntspg;ghlhf (form ofexpression) ,Uf;fNtz;LNk nahopa
mjpd; vz;zg;ghlhf nfhs;s KbahJ. (13-
k; gf;fk; ghu;f;fTk;)
rpy ehLfs; Mf;fq;fis VjhtJ xU
gtbtpy; NfhUfpd;wd. gtbtk; vd;Dk;
NghJ fhfpjj; jpy; vOjg;gl;l> ,Wtl;by;
fsQ;rpa g;gLj;jg;gl;l> fpj;jhd; Jzpapy;
(canvas) tiuag;gl;l my;yJ ehlhtpy;
gjpag; gl;ljhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.
Choreographic Ntiyfs;>
Kd;mwptpg;gpd;wp NgRk; Ngr;Rf;fs;>
gjpag;glhj rq;fPjq;fs;
ghJfhf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. rhjhuzkhf
mbfnfhUjuk; jpiuapy; fhl;rpg; gLj;jg;
gLj;jg;gLk; rpWfhl;rpfs;> njhiyfhl;rpapy;
fhl;lg;gLgtit> my;yJ fzpdpapd; Qhgf
j;jpypUe;J jpBnud ntspg;gLgit xd;Wk;
gjpag;gLtjpy;iy. xU gilg;ig Mf;fp
Nahdhy; my;yJ mtuhy; mDkjpa
spf;fg;gl;ltu; gjpayhk;. rg;jKk; gpujp
gpk;gKk; xd;whf xypgug;gk; NghJ
gjpag;gl;lhy; mJ gjpag; gl;l epfo;r;rpahf
fUjg;gLk;. mg;gbg;gl;l gjpTfs; xypg;gjpT
f;fUtp %yk; my;yJ gpujpfs; vLj;jy;
Mfpa ,Utiffspy; gjpag;glyhk;.
gpujpfs; vd;Dk; NghJ ntspg;gilahd
(mr;rbj;j my;yJ fzpdp rpg;fs;) my;yJ
b[pl;ly; Kiwahdjhf (fzpdp nray;
jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; jfty; jsq;fs;)
mikayhk;.
gjpg;GupikahdJ ntspaPL nra;jtw;iwAk;
ntspaPL nra;ahjiiaAk; ghJfhf;
fpd;wJ.
mry; %y gpujp xd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;F
ciog;G> jpwik> Neuk;> rhku;j;jpak;>
njupT my;yJ %isNtiy vd;gd
mtrpak;. mg;gbapUe;Jk; xU Mf;fkhdJ
gjpg;Gupikia ngw mjd; Mf;Fj;jpwd;>
juk;> my;yJ kjpg;G vd;gw;wpy;
jq;fpapuhjJld; ,yf;fpa eaj;jpNyh
mofpaypNyh ngw;wpUj;jy; mtrpakpy;iy.
nghjp nra;Ak; Nygy;fs;> kUe;J
rpl;ilfs;> njhopy; El;g topfhl;bfs;>
topfhl;ly; Fwpg;Gfs;> nghwpapay;
tiuglq;fs;> Vd; 3 taJ Foe;ijapd;
tiuglk; $l gjpg;Gupik %yk; gjpayhk;.
12
ww
w.wipo.int/sme/
ngsjpf> fl;lf;fiy> ,ae;jpuq;fs;>
tpisahl;L nghUl;fs;> Milfs;> Nghd;ww;wpd;
tiuglq;fs; gjpg;Gupik apdhy;
ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wd
vvdd;;nndddd;;dd ggFFjjppffss;; ggjjppgg ;;GGuu ppiikk %%yykk;;
gghhJJffhhff;;ffgg ;;ggLLttjjppyy;;iiyy??
vz;zq;fSk; fUJNfhs;fSk;: xU Mf;fj;jpy;
vz;zq;fSk; fUJNfhs;fSk;; ntspg;gLj;Jk;
tpjj;ijNa gjpg;Gupik ghJfhf; fpd;wJ.
mt;Mf;fj;Jf;fhd vz;zk;> fUJNfhs;>
fz;Lgpbg;G> nray;gLKiw> epajp> eilKiw>
fl;Lkhd mikg;G Nghd;wit vt;tpjj;jpy;
njhlu;TgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gtw;iw ghJfhg;
gjpy;iy. xU fUJNfhs; my;yJ nray;gL
Kiw gjpg;Gupikf;F cl;glhjNghJk; mtw;iw
,aq;f nra;tjw;fhd Fwpg;G fl;lisfs; my;yJ
tiuglq;fs; gjpg;Gupik %yk; ghJfhf;fg;
gLfpd;wd.
cjjhhuuzk; : cq;fs; jhgdk; gpau; ghdk; jahhpg;G
vd;gjw;fhd ifNal;bd; Nky; gjpg;Gupik
nfhz;Ls;sJ. gjpg;Gupik kw;wtu;fs; cq;fs; if
Nal;by; ePq;fs; $wpatw;iw mg;gbNa gpujp
nra;jiy my;yJ ePq;fs; ghtpj;j tiuglq;fis>
nrhw;njhlu;fis mg;gbNa ghtpj; jiy jLf;Fk;
Ntis kw;iwa Nghl;bahsu;fs; (m) ePq;fs; $wpa
gb ,ae;jpuhjpfs;> Kiw vd;gtw;iw ghtpj;J
tpahghuj;jpy; <LgLtijNah my;yJ (M) gpau;
jahupg;gij gw;wp ,d;DnkhU ifNaL jahupg;g
ijNah jLf;Fk; cupikia juhJ.
cz;ikfs; my;yJ jfty;fs;: gjpg;Gupik
cz;ikfSf;Fk; jfty;fSf;Fk; ghJfhg;G juhJ
- mJ tpQ;Qhd> tuyhw;W> Rarupij> my;yJ
nra;jpahf ,Ue;jhYk; - mJ ntspaplg;gl;l>
13
njupT nra;ag;gl;l> xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l Kiw
vd;gtw;Wf;F khj;jpuNk ghJfhg;gspf;fpd;wJ. (11-k;
gf;fj;jp Ys;s juTjs ghJfhg;G gw;wpa
ml;ltizia ghu;f;fTk;)
cjjhhuuzk; : Rarupij xU kdpjdpd; tho;f;ifapd; gy
cz;ikfis ntspg;gLj;Jk;. Mf;fpNahd; ,jw;F
Kd; mwpah mNdf cz;ikfis fz;Lnfhs;s
mjpf Neuj;ij nrytpl; bUf;fyhk;. vdpDk;
kw;wtu;fs; me;j cz;ikfis mtu; ntspg;
gLj;jpatw;iw mg;gbNa ghtpf;fhjtiu vLj;J
ghtpg;gjw;F jilapy;iy. mNjNtis xU
rikay; Fwpg;gpy; cs;stw;iwg; ghu;j;J xUtu;
Mfhuk; jahupf;fyhk; MapDk; me;j Fwpg;ig
mDkjpapy; yhky; gpujp nra;a KbahJ.
ngau;fs;> jiyg;Gfs;> kw;Wk; rpW nrhw;njhlu;fs;:
ngau;fs;> jiyg;Gfs;> kw;Wk; rpW nrhw;njhlu;fs;
rhjhuzkhf gjpg;Gupikapdpd;W tpyj;jg;gl;L
s;sd. MapDk; rpy ehLfs; mit mjp rpUbj;
jd;ikapid (creative) nfhz;lnjd fUjpdhy;
gjpthf;Fk;. xU cw;gj;jpapd; ngau; my;yJ
tpsk;gu RNyhfk; gjpg;Gupikapdhy; ghJfh
f;fg;glhj NghJk; mit tpahghu rpd;dj;jpd;
%yk; (7-k; gf;fk; ghu;f;fTk;) my;yJ Kiwaw;w
tpahghu Nghl;b rl;l%yk; ghJfhg;ig ngwyhk;.
jhgdj;jpd; milahs rpd;dk; (Logo) gjpg;Gupik
rl;lg;gbAk; tpahghu rpd;d rl;lg;gbAk; mjdjd;
Njitfis G+uj;;jp nra;jhy; ghJfhg;ig ngwyhk;.
cj;jpNahfG+u;t mur eltbf;iffs;: cj;jpNahf
G+u;t mur eltbf;iffs; (rl;lthf;frhjdk;
my;yJ ePjprhu;ghd mgpg;gpuhaq;fs;) rpy
ehL:fspy; vt;tpj gjpg;GupikAk; ngWtjpy;iy.
(32-k; gf;fj;ij ghu;f;fTk;)
gpuNahf rpj;jpu Ntiyfs;: rpy ehLf
spy; gpuNahf rpj;jpuNtiyfSf;F
gjpg;Gupik nfhLg;gjpy;iy. me;ehL
fspy; mr;rpj;jpuj;jpd; mofpay;
Ntiyg;ghLfs; ifj;njhopy; tbtik
g;G rl;lg;gb ghJfhf;fg;gLffpd;wd
(fPNo ml;ltiziag; ghu;f;fTk;).
MapDk; gjpg;Gupik mjd; glq;
fisAk;> tiugl my;yJ rpw;g Ntiy
g;ghLfis mjd; ‘ghtid njhopy;ghl;bypUe;J NtWgLj;jp ghJfhf;fpd;wJ.
ggjjppgg;;GGuuppiikkaappddhhyy;; nnggwwgg;;ggLLkk;;
ccuuppiikkffss;; vvdd;;dd??gjpg;Gupik ,Utif cupikg;nghjpfis
jUfpd;wd. Mf;fpNah dpd; my;yJ cupik
ahsupd; tpahghu Kd;Ndw;wj;ij ghJfh
j;J nghUshjhu ghJfhg;gspf;fpd;wJ.
xOf;fg;ghJfhg;ghdJ (moral rights)mjD}lhf Mf;fpNahdpd; rPupaepiyiaAk;
fPu;j;jpiaAk ;ghJfhf;fpd;wJ.
nghUshjhu cupik vd;why; vd;d?gjpg;Gupikapd; cupikahsUf;F/ ngw;wpUg;
gtUf;F mt;Ntiyapid NtW ahuhtJ
ghtpg;gij mDkjpg;gjw;F my;yJ
jilnra;tjw;F rk;G+u;z mjpfhuj;ij
ngWfpd;whu;. rk;G+u;z vd;Dk; NghJ
cupikahsupd; Kd; mDkjpapy;yhJ
vtUk; ,t;tjpfhuj;ij ghtpf;f KbahJ.
,t;Tupikapd; tPr;nry;iy> mjd; tiu
aiw> tpjptpyf;Ffs; vd;git vd;ndd;d
nray;ghLfs; njhlu;Gs;sd vd;gjw;Fk;
ehl;Lf;F ehLk; NtWgLk;. nghUshjhu
cupik vd;dk; NghJ gpujpnra;Ak; cupik
kl;Lk; vd;w epiyf;Fk; mg;ghw;gl;lJ.
,jd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vd;dntdpy;
nghUshjhu cupikf;Fk; Nkyhf NtW
ahUk; Mf;fpNahdpd; rpukj;ij ePjpaw;w
Kiwapy; Ruz;l ,lkspf;fhJ kw;Wk;
gy cupikfSf;F nfhLf;fpd;wJ.
cjhuzkhf nghUshjhu cupik
gpd;tUk; cupikfisAk; cs;slf;F
fpd;wd.
14
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_____________________GG PPUUNNAAHHFF RR PPJJ ;;JJ PPUU NNTTIIYYFFSS ;; - GGJJPPGG ;;GG KKWW ;;WWKK;; TTBBTTIIKKGG ;;GG CCUUPPIIKKFFSS ;;XXDD ;;IIWW XXDD ;;WW NNKKTTJJYY ;;
ifj;njhopyhf jpdrup ghtpg;Gg; nghUs;fspy; gpuNahf
rpj;jpu Ntiyfs; ghtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;F ey;y
cjhuzq;fshf eif Ntiyfs;> kpd;tpsf;Ffs;
kw;Wk; jsghlq;fis nfhs;syhk;. gpuNahf rpj;jpu
NtiyghLfs; ,Utif ,ay;Gfis nfhz;Ls;sd.
mit mofpay; Ntiyghlhf nfhs;sg;gl;l NghJk;
,tw;wpd; cgNahfk; njupag;gl;l fyhrhu
re;ijapyy;yhJ nghJ Njitfs; nghUl;fs;
re;ijapNyNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. . vdNt
,tw;iw gjpTupikf;Fk; ifj;njhopy; tbtik g;gpw;Fk;
,ilapNyahd vy;iyapy; itf;fpd;wd. gpuNahf
rpj;jpuf;fiyf;F nfhLf;f g;gLk; ghJfhg;ghdJ
ehl;bw;F ehL NtWgLfpd;wJ. rpy ehLfspy;
,Utif ghJfhg;Gk; ,ize;J fhzg;gL ifapy;
vy;yh ehLfspYk; ,e;epiy fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. vdNt
NjrpauPjpapyhd xU mwpTrhu; nrhj;J (IP)epGzupd; MNyhrid ngWjy; me;ehl;bw;fhd rupahd
epiyapid vLg;gjw;F crpjkhdjhFk;.
xU Mf;fj;jpd; gy gpujp fis
vLj;jy;: xU Ntiyg;ghl;bd; gy
gpujpfis gy tiffspy; vLf;fyhk;.
xU ,Wtl;il gpujpnra;jy;> xU
Gj;jfj;ij Nghl;Nlhgpujp nra;jy;> xU
glj;ij b[pl;ly; Kiwapy;
`hl;b];fpy; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;> xU
tpraj;ij ];fhd; nra;jy;> B Nrl;by;
Nfypr;j;jpu glq;fs; tiujy; my;yJ
xU ghlypd; gFjpia Gjpa ghlypy;
Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;sy; vd;gd cjhu
zq;fshf nfhs;syhk;.
xUNtiyg;ghbd; gpujpfis nghJ
kf;fSf;F tpepNahfpj;jy;: xU
gjpg;Gupik ngw;wtUf;F Mf;fj;jpwd;;
mDkjpngwhj xUtu; gpujpfis
kf;fSf;F tpw;wiy> Fj;jiff;F
nfhLj;jiy my;yJ jdJ Ntiyg;
ghl;bd; xUgFjpia ngw mDkjp
aspj;jy; Nghd;w fhupaq;fis jLf;f
,aYk;. ,q;F xU tplaj;ij ftdj;
jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mNdf
ehLfspy; xU gpujpapd; Kjy; tpw;gid
my;yJ cupik khw;wk; eilngw;wTld;
tpepNahf cupik Kbtpw;F tU
fpd;wJ. mjhtJ gjpg;GupikahsUf;F
Kjy; gpujp tpw;gij kl;LNk
fl;Lg;gLj;j ,aYk;. mjd; tpw;gidf;F
gpd; cupikahsUf;F me;ehLfspy;
tpw;gidia fl;Lg;gLj;j ,ayhJ.
gpujpia thq;fpatu; tpUk;gpd; jpUk;g
tpw;fNth ,dhkhf nfhLf;fNth
KbAkh MdhYk; gpujpfs; nra;aNth
mjd; jSty;fis cz;lhf;fNth
KbahJ.
Mf;fj;jpwd; gpujpfis thliff;F
tply;: ,e;epiy rpytifahd
Mf;fq;fSf;Nf nghUe;Jk;. cjhuz
j;jpw;F rpdpkh glnjhopw;ghL> rq;fPj
nraw;ghLfs;> my;yJ fzpdp jpl;l
tiuGfs;. MapDk; ,e;epiy ifj;njh
opy; cw;gj;jpapd; fzpdp jpl;l tiuTf
Sf;F nghUe;jhJ. cjhuzj;jpw;F
thliff;F mku;j;jpa fhupd; vupnghU
is gw;w itf;Fk; fzpdpj; jpl;lk;
xU Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; nkhopngau;g;ig
cUthf;fy;: ,g;gbg;gl;l Ntiyf
isAk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l NtiyghLfspd;
Gjpa jSty; Ntiyg;ghlhfNt
nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. cjhuzj;jpw;F Mq;fp
yj;jpYs;s nray;ghL ifNal;il
NtWnkhopf;F khw;wy;> xu; ehtiy
jOtpa rpdkhg;glk; jahupj;jy;> xU
fzpdp jpl;l tiuig NtnwhU jpl;lj;jp
w;F khw;wy;> NtWgl;l rq;fPj xOq;if
Vw;gLj;jy;> Nfyprpj;jpu tbtpyhd
tpisahl;L nghUs; xd;iw nra;jy;
Nghd;wit. MapDk; jSty; gilg;G
f;fis cUthf;Ftjpy; rpy gpuj;jpNaf
cupikAz;L. cjhuzj;jpw;F cq;f
splk; rl;lg;gb vLj;j fzpdp jpl;l
tiunghd;W cz;lhdhy; mij cq;fs;
Njitf;Nfw;g rPuikj;J ghtpf;fyhk;.
gfpuq;f NkilNaw;wKk; xU Ntiyg;
ghl;il nghJkf;fSf;F njhlu;G
gLj;jYk;: ,tw;wpy; nghJ Nkil
Nw;wj;jpd; %yk;> kddk; nra;J
xg;Gtpg;gjd; %yk;> xypgug;Gjy;
my;yJ NubNah njhlu;ghly; %yk;;>
Nfgy;> nraw;iffpuf my;yJ njhiy
fhl;rp %yk;> my;yJ ,iza js%y
15
gug;Gjy; Nghd;w tw;wpd; kPjhd G+u;z
cupikahFk;. xU Ntiyg;ghL xU
FLk;gj;ijNah ez;gu;fis tpl kf;fs;
$ba nghJ Nkilapy; elj;Jk;; NghJ
nghJ Nkilapy; elhj;jg;gl;ljhf
fUjg;gLk;. NkilNaw; Wk; cupik
,yf;fpa> rq;fPj> kw;Wk; xsp xyp
Ntiyfl;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;s
Ntisapy; njhlu; ghly; cupikahdJ
vy;yh Ntiyfis Ak; mlf;Fk;.
xU Ntiyia jpUk;g tpw;Fk; NghJ
tpw;gidapy; xU gFjp ia ngWjy;:
,ij kWtpw;gid cupik vd;fpd;
Nwhk;. ,t;Tupik rpy ehLfspy;
khj;jpuNk ,Ue;jhYk; rpytif
Ntiyfs; khj;jpuNk (cjhuzkhf
tu;zr; rpj;jpuq;fs;> rpj;jpuq;fs;>
fy;Y}upfs;> rpiyfs;> nrJf;Fk; rpj;jp
uk;> rpj;jpuj; njhq;fy;fs;> kl;ghj;jp
uq;fs;> fz;zhbg;ghj;jpuq;fs;> %y
ifnaOj;J gpujpfs; Nghd;wit). kW
tpw;gid cupik Mf;fpNahDf;F jdJ
gilg;G nghUspd; rpy tpjpfspd;
gbahd kWtpw;gidapy; 2-5 tPjj;ij
ngw cupj;Jilatuhfpd;whu;.
xUtNdh xUtNsh tpUk;Gk; Neuj;jpy;
,izaj;jpypUe;J Njitg;gLk; Ntiy
fis ngwf;$bajhAs;sJ. ,iza
j;jsj;jpy; ,izg;G njhlu;ghly;
Njitia mJ cs;slf;Ffpd;J.
vtuhtJ my;yJ jhgdk; ghJfhg;G ngw;w
VjhfpYk; xU Mf;fj;ij VjhtJ tpjj;jpy;
NkNy nrhd;dgb ghtpf;f tpUk;gpdhy;
mjw;F cupik ngw;wtuplkpUe;J Kd;
mDkjp ngwNtz;Lk;.
gj pg ; G u pikg pN uj ;j p NafkhdjhdhYk ; ;
mjw;Fk; fhy tiuaiuAs;sJ ld; (23-k;
gf;fk; ghu;f;fTk;) mtw;Wf;F rpy Kf;fpa
tpjptpyf;Ffs;> tiuaiwfis Ak;
nfhz;Ls;sJ (47-k; gf;fk; ghu;f;fTk;).
xxOOff;;ff ccuuppiikk (moral rights) vvdd;;wwhhyy;; vvdd;;dd??
,t;Tupik gpnuQ;R ehl;bd; tof;fkhd
nlnuhapl; B Mj;ju; (droit d'auteur)Kiwg;gb Mf;fpNahDila gilg;Gfspy;
mtUila ,jaj;;ij thu;j;Js;sjhf
fUJfpd;wJ. mq;Nyh rf;rd; gjpg;Gupik
rl;lq;fs;; J}a njspthdjhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
mjhtJ ve;j gilg;Gk; xU fhiu my;yJ
tPl;ilg;Nghy gzj;jpw;F nfhs;s> tpw;f>
my;yJ Fj;jiff;F nfhLf;f $baJ
vd;W nfhs;fpd;wJ.
mNdf ehLfs; xOf;f cupikia
milahsq;fz;Ls;sd. MapDk; mtw;wpd;
tPr;nry;iyAk; mlf;fg;gl;l cupikfSk;
ehl;bw;F ehL NtWgLk;. mNdf ehLfs;
gpd;tUk; ,U tifapidahtJ Vw;Wf;
nfhz;Ls;sd.
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jdJ gilg;gpd; Mf;fpNahdhf ngau;
#l;lg;gl: jdJ gilg;gpd; Mf;fpNah
dhf ngau; #l;lg;gLk; cupik.
(Mf;fpNahdpd; cupik my;yJ Mf;f
cupik) xU Mf;fpNahdpd; gilg;ig
gpjpfs; vLj;Njh> mr;Nrw; wpNah>
vt;tifapyhfpYk; nghJ
kf;fSf;fSf;F njhlu;TgLj;jpdhy;
my;yJ gfpuq;fg;gLj;jpdhy; Mf;fpNah
dpd; ngaiu mt;Ntisapy; gfpuq;f
khf njuptpf;fNtz;Lk;.
mg;gilg;gpd; rPupa cUFiyah epiy
apid cWjpnra;Ak; cupikf;$lhf
vk;khw;wKk; nra;J Mf;fpNahDf;F
mgfPu;j;jp cz;lhf;Fjiy jLf;fpd;wJ.
nghUshjhu cupikfs; Nghd;wy;yhJ
xOf;f cupikfs; Mf;fpNahDila jdpg;
gl;l cupikahjyhy; mtw;iw NtnwhU
tUf;F gupkhw;w KbahJ (Mf;fpNahdpd;
re;jjpahUf;F mtupd; gpd; nry;Yk;).
nghUshjhu cupik NtW xUtUf;F
khw;wkh dhYk; xOf;f cupik
Mf;fpNahDlNdNa jq;Fk;. MapDk;
xUrpy ehLfspy; vOj;J %y xg;ge;j%yk;
jdJ cupikia js;spitf;fyhk;.
mjd;gb mtNdh mtNsh jdJ rpy
my;yJ vy;yh cupik fisAk;
ghtpg;gjpy;iy vd js;sp itf;fyhk;.
kpfr;rpy Mdhy; mjpfhpj;J tUk; ehLfspy;
ehlf ehl;ba fiyQUf;Fk; xOf;f
cupikapid toq;fpAs;sd. Xu; xypgjpT
nra;ag;gl;l epfor;rpapd; nghUshjhu
cupik khw;wg;gl;l NghJk; me;ebfu;fspd;
xOf;f cupik epiyahap Uf;Fk;.
gpd;tUk; cupikfis cs;slf;F fpd;wd.
epfo;r;rpapd; ghtpg;ig nghUj;J jhNd
ebj;Js;sjhf fhzg;gl Ntz;ba
cupik.
VjhfpYk; khWghLfs;Nghd;w fhuzp
fis fhZkplj;J mij fz;bf;Fk;
cupikAk; kWrPuikj; jy; %yk; %y
nraw;ghl;bw;F jg;ggpg;gpuhak; Vw;gLj;jp
Mf;fpNahDf;F mgfPu;j;jp cz;lhf;F
jiy jLj;jYk;
,,iizzee;;jj ccuuppiikkffss;; vvtt;;nntttt;;ccuuppiikkffiiss jjUUffppdd;;wwdd??
fiyQu;fs; (c+k;. ebfu;fs;> ,ira
ikg;ghsu;fs;> eldfiyQu;fs;) xU
epfo;r;rpapid vt;tif Clf (njhlu;
ghly;> Nfgy; my;yJ NubNah %yk;
xypgug;gy;> kw;Wk tiffs;) %yk;
gjpTnra;a mDkjpf;fNth jLf;fNth
my;yJ mtw;iw kW gpujpfs; vLg;gij
jLf;fNth cupj;Js;stu;fshtu;. INuhg;gpa
xd;wpa ehLfs; fiyQu;fspd; epfo;r;rpapd;
xyp xspg;gjpTfis thliff;Ftpl
my;yJ ,uty; nfhLf;f mDkjpf;fNth
jLf;fNth fiyQu; fSf;F cupik
mspj;Js;sd.
17
mNdf ehLfspy; xU xypg;gjpT epfo;r;rp
ia xypgug;gg;gl my;yJ nghJj;njhlu;
ghlYf;F ghtpf;fg;gl mjd; fiyQu;
fSf;F> cw;gj;jpahsu;fSf;F my;yJ
,UtUf;Fk; xNu Kiw cupikg;gq;F
nfhLg;gdT nra;Ak; Kiw cs;sJ.
mNdfkhd ehLfspy; xU fiyQupd;
cupikfs; gFjpahfNth my;yJ KOik
ahfNth khw;wf; $ba jhfTs;sJ. mg;gb
jdJ cupikia khw;wpf;nfhLj;jhYk;
Njrpa rl;lq;fSf;fika Gjpjhf
cUthf;f> tpw;gid nra;a> tpepNahfk;
nra;a> my;yJ ehl;bw;Fs; fs;sj;jdkhf
cUthf;fg;gl;l gjpg;Gf;fis ,wf;Fkjp
nra;a jilnra;a ,aYk;.
,,irj;jl;L cw;gj;jpahdu;fs;. ,irj;jl;L
cw;gj;jpahsUf;F mtw;iw gpujpnra;a>
ghtpf;f> my;yJ tpw;gid nra;a
mDkjpaspf;fNth jilnra;aNth G+u;z
cupik mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpYk; Kf;fpa
cupikjhd; jdJ cw;gj;jpapd; msit
fl;Lg;gLj;jyhFk;. mLj;j cupik ,irj;
jl;Lf;fs; xypgug;gg;gLk; NghJ epahakhd
rd;khdj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;: kf;fSf;F
ngwf;$bajhf nra;jy;> my;yJ kf;fNshL
njhlu;Gfs; Vw;glj;JtJ MFk;. rpy
ehLfspy; cw;gj;jpahsUf;F jkJ efo;r;rp
xypg;gjpTfis ,wf;Fkjp nra;aTk;
tpepNahfpf;fTk; jLf;fyhk;. ,d;Dk; rpy
ehLfspy; jhq;fs; cupik nfhz;Ls;s
xypg;gjpTfs; kf;fSf;fh epiwntw;wg;gLk;
NghJ tukhdj;jpy; ½ gq;fpid
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s cupik mspf;fpd;wJ.
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_______________________________ ,,iirrjj ;; jjll ;; LL ccww ;; ggjj ;; jj ppaahhssuu ppdd ;;
ccuu ppiikkffss ;;
,irj;jl;L cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; mNdfkhd ehLfspy;
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ilauhtu;
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fika epiy epWj;j my;yJ jLf;f
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xyp xspgug;ghsu;fs; vt;tpj fl;lzK
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epfo;r;rpia fl;lzj;jpw;F nghJ kf;f
Sf;F fhl;rpg; gLj;jiy jLf;Fk; cupik
njhiyfhl;rp xyp xsp gug;ghsUf;Fz;L.
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tsu;e;J tUk; xU gpupthjyhy; me;ehl;bd;
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gjpg;Gupikia ghjpf;fhjjhAk; KOikah
djhAk; ,Uf;Fk;.
19
xypgug;ghsu;fSf;F nfhLf;fg;;gl;l cupikfs;
rpdkhg;glq;fs;> rq;fPjk;> kw;Wk; xypgug;Gk;
tplaq;fspy; epd;W NtWgl;lit.
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ij ghtpf;fyhk;. rpyNtisfspy; Nghl;bahsu;fis
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fisAk;> jkJ rpd;dj;jpid my;yJ jhgdj;ij nghJ
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NubNah epiyaq;fs;> Nfgps; kw;Wk; nraw;iff;Nfhs;
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epiyaq;fs;> nghOJNghf;F G+q;fhf;fs;> tpkhd
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tp];jPukhd cupikfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
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tpl jhiyNgrp miog;G Xirfs; kf;fs;
kj;jpapy; gpugy;ak; ngw;W mNdfuhy;
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rq;fPjk; rk;ge;jkhf cs;s chpikfspy;
nra;if chpik mr;rbf;Fk; chpik
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chpikfs; mlq;Fk;. ,itfs; RUf;fkhf
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b[pl;ly; Nfs;tp mDg;GjYf;F khj;jpuk;
If;fpa mnkhpf;fh Nghd;w ehLfspy; non
digital xypg;gjpit nra;tjw;F
mDkjp gj;jpuk; Njitg;gLtjpy;iy.
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nfhs;sg;gl;l mbg;gilahd ghl;Lf;F
Njit jdpghl;L my;yJ gy ghly;fs;
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mDkjp gj;jpuk; Mechanical Licencevd;W miof;fg;gLk;.
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tHj;jf my;yJ tPbNah jahhpg;G nra;Ak;
chpikia Synchronization (Synch)chpik vdg;gLk;.
xU xyp> xsp gjpT nra;J nghUj;j
mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; Njit xU Fwpg;gpl;l
rq;fPjj;ij xyp xsp Ntisapy; xd;W
NrHf;f ,e;j mDkjp Njitg;gLfpwJ.
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21
Kjd;Kjy; jahupf;fg;gl;L gjpthfpa %y
gjpthd xypg;gjpit kh];lu; nuNfhw;bq;
my;yJ nuNfhbq; (%yg;gjpT) vd;W $W
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nra;a Njitahd cupikjhd; kh];lu;
nuNfhbq; cupik my;yJ kh];lu; ghtid
cupikahFk;.
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rq;fPj %ykhd miog;G xypia Vw;gLj;jp
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cupajhf khw;Wfpd;wJ. Kd;du; vjpu;
ghu;j;jijAk;tpl njhiyNgrp miog;G
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;gLk; nry;ypl Nritfspy; Kd;dzpapY
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jUfpd;wJ.
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iaAk; nfhs;isia jLf;fTk; cjT
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ngWk; tpjj;jpy; gpujpnaLj;jiy b[pl;ly;
Kiwapy; jLf;fpd;wd.
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Nehf;fpahtpd; mDkjpAld;
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mNdkhd ehLfspy; mjpfkhd nraw;ghL
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Copau;fshy; my;yJ fpuaj; jpw;fhf
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23
rpy ehLfspy; Gifg;glq;fSf;F ntspapl;l
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(2;9- k; gf;fj;ij ghu;f;fTk;)
cq;fs; gilg;ig tpNrl FwpaPL
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(ISMN) ru;tNjr rq;fPj nraw;ghl;bw;
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31
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32
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33
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34
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35
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53
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www.wipo.int/sme/en/
gjpg;Ghpik kw;Wk; mjNdhL ,ize;j chpikfs; gw;wpa mwpTrhh; nrhj;J epWtdj;jpd;
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- gjpg;Ghpik kw;Wk; mjNdhLize;j chpikfs; cldhd njhFg;G Kikj;Jtk;.
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- fiyQHfs; kw;Wk; ghh;itahsHfsplkpUe;J: gjpg;Ghpik kw;Wk; mjNdhL ,ize;j
chpikfs; kw;Wk; njhFg;G Kfhikj;Jt Kiwik gpuRuk; ,y. 922
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www.wipo.int/news/en/links/addresses/cr/index.htm
rq;fq;fspd; rHtNjr gzpafk; ,aee;jpuutpay; gjpTfisAk; kPPsikj;jiyAk; eepHthfk;
nra;fpwJ. www.biem.org
gp];d]; nrhg;nlahh; mypad;]; (BSA) www.biem.org
55
vOj;jhsHfs; kw;WWk; ,irxUq;fpizg;ghsHfSf;fhf rh;tNjr rq;fq;fspd; xd;wpak;
(CISAC; acronym from Frenchname): www.cisac.org
jpiuug;gl jahhpg;ghsHfspd; rHtNjr rk;Nksdk; (FIAPF; acronym from Frenchname):www.fiapf.org
kPPs;cw;gj;jp chpik rq;fq;fspd; rHtNjr rk;Nksdk; (IFRRO): www.ifrro.org
International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI): www.ifpi.org
RahjPPd ,ir eepWWtdq;fspd; rq;fk; (IMPALA): www.impalasite.org
rh;tNjr ntspaPPl;lhsHfs; rq;fk; (IPA): www.ipa-uie.org
nkd;nghUs; kw;WWk; jfty; njhopw;Jiwfspd; rq;fk; (SIIA): www.siia.net
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Njrpa gjpg;Ghpik epHthfj;jpdhpd; ,iza Kfthpfs;
my;[Phpah [email protected];Nlhuh www.ompa.adM[d;Bdh www2.jus.gov.ar/minjus/ssjyal/autormT];jpNuypah www.ag.gov.aughHgNlh]; www.caipo.gov.bbngNyhu]; [email protected]
[email protected] www.belipo/bzngh];dpah www.bih.nat.ba/zsmp
gpNurpy; www.minc.gov.brfdlh cipo.gc.carPdh (n`hq;nfhq; -SAR) www.info.gov.hk/ipdnfhyk;gpah www.derautor.gov.coFNuh\pah www.dziv.hrnrf;FbauR www.mkcr.cznld;khh;f; www.kum.dkvy;-ry;tNlhh; www.cnr.gob.svgpd;yhe;J www.minedu.fiN[hH[pah www.global-erty.net/saqpatentiN[Hkdp www.bmj.bund.de`q;Nfhp www.hpo.huI];yhe;J www.ministryofeducation.is,e;jpah copyright.gov.in,e;NjhNdrpah www.dgip.go.idmaHyhe;J www.entemp.iefphpfp];jhd; www.kyrgyzpatent.kgyl;tpah www.km.gov.lvnygdhd; www.economy.gov.lb
57
ypj;JNtdpah www.muza.ltnyf;]k;NgHf; www.etat.lu/ECkNyrpah mipc.gov.mynkf;rpNfh www.sep.gob.mx/wb2/sep/sep_459_indautornkhNdhNfh www.european-patent-office.org/patlib/country/monaco/kq;Nfhypah www.ipom.mnepa+]pyhe;J www.med.govt.nziefH www.bnda.ne.wipo.netNehh;Nt www.dep.no/kd/ngU www.indecopi.gob.pegpypigd;]; ipophil.gov.phnfhhpaf;FbauR www.mct.go.kr/englishurpah www.rupto.rurpq;fg;g+H www.gov.sg/minlaw/ipos
www.ipos.gov.sg/RNyhNtfpah www.culture.gov.skRNyhNtdpah www.sipo.mzt.si/];ngapd; www.mcu.es/Propiedad_Intelectual/indice.htmRtp];ryhe;J www.ige.chjha;yhe;J www.ipthailand.orgJUf;fp www.kultur.gov.trcf;iud; www.sdip.gov.ua
www.uacrr.kiev.ua,q;fpyhe;J www.patent.gov.ukIf;fpa mnkhpf;fh www.loc.gov/copyright
Fwpg;G: Jy;ypakhd cldb jfty;fis mwpa fPOs;s ,iza Kfthpf;F tp[ak;
nra;Aq;fs;.
www.wipo.int/directory
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ANNEX III
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me;epa ehl;L fjhrphpaHfs; Njrpa fjhrphpaHfis Nghy mNj chpikfis
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