mgb225 intercultural communication and negotiation skills slide 1 models/frameworks for assignment 1

MGB225 Intercultural Communication and Negotiation Skills Slide 1

Models/Frameworksfor Assignment 1


National Culture


Florence Kluckhohnand Fred Strodtbeck

American anthropologists and social theorists

Florence Kluckhohn Center for the Study of Values

Harvard Values Project

Value orientation method (VOM) 1940s-1950s: A tool to help identify differences in core values across cultures

Five common concerns

Three ways to respond called value orientations


Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck (1961)

Cultural Dimensio

nsRelationship with Nature

Relationship with PeopleHuman Activities

Relationship with Time

Human Nature

Scale Anchors

Mastery

Individualistic

Being

Past

Good

Harmony

CollateralBecoming

Present

Neutral

Subjugation

LinealDoing

Future

Evil


Geert Hofstede

Dutch management researcher

Late 1960s and early 1970s

Surveyed over 100,000 employees of IBM

50 countries in three regions

Work-related attitudes across the countries

http://www.geerthofstede.nl/http://www.geert-hofstede.com/


Hofstede (1980)

Cultural Dimensio

nsPower Distance

Uncertainty AvoidanceIndividualism-Collectivism

Masculinity-Femininity

Short-term vs.Long-term

Scale Anchors

LowLow

Individualism

Masculinity

Short-term

HighHigh

Collectivism

Femininity

Long-term


Edward T. Hall

American anthropologist and

cross-cultural researcher

Hall first created the concept of proxemics

He coined the term polychronic

Did not provide individual scores for countries

http://www.edwardthall.com/


Hall (1981)

Cultural Dimensio

nsContext

Space

Time

Scale Anchors

LowCentre of Power

Monochronic

HighCentre of Community

Polychronic


Fons Trompenaars

Dutch management researcher

Studied Shell and other managers

15000 managers from 28 countries representing 47 national cultures

Over a period of ten years

http://www.7d-culture.nl/website/AboutTHT/Bios/FT.asp


Trompenaars (1993)

Cultural Dimensio

nsUniversalism-Particularism

Individualism-CollectivismSpecific-Diffuse

Neutral-Affective

Achievement-AscriptionTime PerspectiveRelationship with Environment

Scale Anchors

Universalism

IndividualismSpecific

Neutral

AchievementPast/presentInner-directed

Particularism

CollectivismDiffuse

Affective

AscriptionFutureOuter-directed


Shalom Schwartz

Israeli social psychologist, cross-cultural researcher

and author of theory of basic human values

More psychological view

Motivational goals are the essential distinction between societal values

Ten universal human values

Level of analysis

Three dimensions at the cultural level


Schwartz (1992)

Cultural Dimensio

nsConservatism-Autonomy

Hierarchy-Egalitarianism

Mastery-Harmony

Scale Anchors

Conservatism

Hierarchy

Mastery

Autonomy (Intellectual and

Affective)

Egalitarianism

Harmony


GLOBE (2004) Global Leadership and

Organizational Behavior

Effectiveness

Robert House

170 researchers collected data over seven years

18000 managers in 62 countries

Wide variety of industries and sizes of organisations

http://www.thunderbird.edu/sites/globe/


GLOBE (2004)

Cultural Dimensi

onsPower Distance

Uncertainty AvoidanceHumane Orientation

Institutional Collectivism

In-group CollectivismAssertivenessGender EgalitarianismFuture OrientationPerformance Orientation

Scale Anchors

LowLow

Low

Low

LowLowLowLowLow

HighHigh

High

High

HighHighHighHighHigh


GLOBE Clusters

Geographic Culture Clusters

AngloLatin America

Latin Europe

Eastern Europe

Germanic Europe

Nordic EuropeSub-Saharan Africa

Arab

Southern Asia

Confucian Asia


Luciara Nardon and Richard Steers

http://www.sprott.carleton.ca/faculty_and_research/lnardon.html http://www.lcb.uoregon.edu/forms/profile/profile.html?id=178&format=full

Professor at University of Oregan

Culture, cognition, and managerial communication

Culture and leadership Culture and management

practices

Assistant Professor at Carleton University

Cross-cultural management Virtual organizations Cultural approaches to

technology management Socio-cognitive institutions


Core Cultural Dimensions

Cultural Dimensio

nsHierarchy-Equality

Individualism-Collectivism

Mastery-HarmonyMonochronism-PolychronismUniversalism-Particularism

Scale Anchors

Strongly Hierarchi

calStrongly

IndividualisticStrongly

Mastery-OrientedStrongly

Monochronic

Strongly Universali

stic

Moderately

HierarchicalModerately

Individualistic

Moderately

Mastery-Oriented

Moderately

Monochronic

Moderately

Universalistic

Moderately

EgalitarianModerately

Collectivistic

Moderately

Harmony-Oriented

Moderately

Polychronic

Moderately

Particularistic

Strongly Egalitari

anStrongly Collectivi

sticStrongly Harmony-OrientedStrongly

Polychronic

StronglyParticular

istic


Core Cultural Dimensions for Country Clusters

Country Cluster

s

Anglo

ArabEast European

East/Southeast Asian

GermanicLatin AmericanLatin EuropeanNordicSub-Saharan African

Hierarchy-Equality

MESH

MH

MEMHMHSESH

Individualism-Collectivism

SISC

MC

SC

MIMCMCMCSC

Mastery

-Harmon

y

SMMH

MM

MMMHMHMHMH

Monochronism-

Polychronism

SMSP

MM

MMSPMPMMMP

Universalism-Particularism

MUSP

MP

SP

SUSPMPSUSP


Communication


Communication

Message in

Medium Receive and

Interpret

Communicator B

Encode with

languageMessage in

Medium

Receive and

Interpret

Communicator A

Encode with

language

Secondary Source: Lewicki, Barry and Saunders (2010)


Communication

Communication

My perception of you

My perception of your

perception of me

Your perception of me

Your self-perceptio

n

Your perception of my perception

of you

My self-perceptio

n

Attitudes

TopicValues

Beliefs

TimePlace

(Cooper, Calloway-Thomas, & Simonds, 2007)


Intercultural Communication Process

Sender

Encodes Meaning

Source: Deresky (2011)

Receiver

Decodes Meaning

Medium

Message

Noise

Culture

Feedback


Culture and Communication: A Model

Culture 1: Sender’s normative beliefs about appropriate

communication behaviour

Culturally compatible

communication styleSender’s

communication style

Culture 2: Receiver’s normative beliefs about appropriate

communication behaviour

Culturally compatible

communication style

Receiver’s communication

style

Other influences on communication processes

Source: Steers, Sanchez-Runde & Nardon (2010)

mgb225 intercultural communication and negotiation skills slide 1 models/frameworks for assignment 1

Documents

negotiation skills

cultural level slide

national culture slide

countries http

basic human values

societal values

core values

crosscultural researcher