mgmt 155 principles of management- students copy

7/21/2019 MGMT 155 Principles of Management- Students Copy

1/92

FACULTY OF BUSINESS DEPARTMENT OF

MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING

MGMT 155 PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF MANAGEMENT - 3 credit

COURSE DESCRIPTION

A! i!tr"d#cti"! t" t$e c"!ce%t "& e'ecti(e )*!*+e)e!t i! "r+*!i,*ti"!* etti!+

&r") i!di(id#* *!d )*cr"- .te) %er%ecti(e/ Pri)*r. e)%$*i i!c#de t$e

"r+*!i,*ti"!* %r"ce &"r e'ecti(e!e 0P*!!i!+ Or+*!i,i!+ Le*di!+2Directi!+ *!d

C"!tr"i!+ t$e !*t#re "& i!di(id#* *!d +r"#% e$*(i"#r *!d t$e r"e "& )*!*+e)e!t

i! &*ciit*ti!+ * !*t#r*. *ti&.i!+ 4t etee! e)%".ee *!d "r+*!i,*ti"!*

re6#ire)e!t/

COURSEOB7ECTI8ES9

T$e c"#re i dei+!ed t" *c$ie(e t$e &""i!+ ":ecti(e9

1/ De4!e $*t )*!*+e)e!t i/;/ Dic# c$*e!+e &*ced . )*!*+er i! t$e "%er*ti"! "& t$eir "r+*!i,*ti"!/3/ De)"!tr*te *! #!dert*!di!+ "& t$e !*t#re *!d !cti"! "& )*!*+eri* "r


2/92

- M*!*+i!+ i!&"r)*ti"! &"r decii"! )*


3/92

t$e "r+*!i,*ti"! &*i t" )eet it t*!d*rd it +"e it$"#t * *. t$*t it i

t.%ic*. t$e )*!*+er> $e*d t$*t i %#t "! t$e "c- S")e riter de4!e )*!*+e)e!t *

*!d t$e! eei!+ t$*t t$e %e"%e d" it i! t$e et *!d c$e*%et *.>/- Acc"rdi!+ t" ?e!r. F*." t" )*!*+e i t" &"rec*t *!d %*! t" "r+*!i,e t"

c"))*!d t" c"-"rdi!*te *!d t" c"!tr">/- T$e .te) t$e"r. c"!ider )*!*+e)e!t * t$e %r"ce "& #tiii!+

re"#rce &r") t$e e!(ir"!)e!t t" *c$ie(e "r+*!i,*ti"!* +"*/- M*!*+e)e!t i t$# t$e %r"ce "& %*!!i!+ "r+*!i,i!+ e*di!+ *!d

c"!tr"i!+ *! "r+*!i,*ti"!> $#)*! 4!*!ci* %$.ic* *!d i!&"r)*ti"!re"#rce t" *c$ie(e

+AT I- MANAGEMENT

It is a proess that in#ol#es oor!inating an! o#erseeing the ati#ities o$

others so that the ati#ities o$ the organi.ation are omplete! e/ientl0,

an! e1eti#el0*

- E/ien0re&er t" +etti!+ t$e )"t "#t%#t &r") t$e e*t *)"#!t "& i!%#t/

T$i i ec*#e )*!*+er de* it$ c*rce i!%#t *!d re"#rce/ It i "&te!

re&erred * Q!oing things right2*E+/ Red#ci!+ i!(e!t"r. e(e "r ecie!t)*!#&*ct#ri!+ tec$!i6#e/- E/ien00)e*!@ Re"#rce #*+e *!d " *te/ F"r e*)%e * it#*ti"!

$e! "#t%#t )e*#re #% t" i!%#t/

- E1eti#enessi Q!oing the things right ie c")%eti!+ *cti(itie " t$*t

"r+*!i,*ti"!* +"* *re *tt*i!ed/ F"r e*)%e )eeti!+ c#t")er>

de)*!d eec#ti!+ "rd c* )*!#&*ct#ri!+ tr*te+ie "r )*


4/92

T$# e'ecti(e!e )#t c")e e&"re ecie!c. &"r ecie!c. it$"#t t$e ri+$t +"*

i !"t er(e *!. %#r%"e/

Peter Dr#c

+h0 stu!0 management3 Le*r!i!+ *"#t )*!*+e)e!t i i)%"rt*!t &"r t"re*"!9

a* T$e "ciet. i! $ic$ e i(e i! de%e!d "! %eci*i,ed i!tit#ti"! *!d

"r+*!i,*ti"! t" %r"(ide t$e +""d *!d er(ice e deire/ T$ee "r+*!i,*ti"!

*re +#ided . t$e decii"! "& "!e "r )"re i!di(id#* dei+!*ted * )*!*+er/

E+ *"c*ti!+ re"#rce t" (*ri"# *!d c")%eti!+ e!d* Managers ha#e

authorit0 to pro!ue sa$e or unsa$e pro!uts, the0 an %uil! or !estro0

ities, the0 an lean up or pollute the en#ironment*N"t "!. t$*t #t

t$e. *" in4uene the on!itions un!er whih we are pro#i!e! 'o%s,inomes, li$e st0les, the pro!uts that we purhase, the health are,

the "nowle!ge, et* in5$at it is !i/ult0 to &n! an0 one who is not

a1ete! %0 the !eisions o$ a manager*/ S")e %e"%e $" *re !"t tr*i!ed * )*!*+er i! )"t c*e 4!d t$e)e(e i!

)*!*+eri* %"iti"!/ E+ e(e! i& ."# tr*i! * *! *cc"#!t*!t 4!*!ce )*:"r

d"ct"r etc ."# )*. 4!d ."#re& i! * )*!*+eri* %"iti"!/

I! *dditi"! t" t$i t$e "rd t"d*. $* ec")e * +"* (i*+e e *re * e%ected

t" c"%e it$ e!(ir"!)e!t* c$*!+e *!d %r"%er. )*!*+e t$e "r


5/92

+O ARE MANAGER-It i ")e"!e $" c""rdi!*te *!d "(eree t$e +"* "& "t$er %e"%e " t$*t

"r+*!i,*ti"!* +"* c*! e *cc")%i$ed/- T$e :" "& * )*!*+er i !"t *"#t %er"!* *c$ie(e)e!t i!te*d it i

$e%i!+ "t$er d" t$eir "r re"#rce *!d ":ecti(e/N"te t$*t "r+*!i,i!+ &"" *&ter %*!!i!+ ec*#e )*!*+e)e!t c*!!"t

"r+*!ie it$"#t *!. ide* * t" t$e %#r%"e "& #c$ *! eercie/ Ie/ T*


6/92

"!. +i(e! *#t$"rit. *!d re%"!iiit. * e * c"!4r)*ti"! "& t$eir e(e

! t$e c")%*!. t$r"#+$ t$e "r+*!i,i!+ !cti"!/ T$ere&"re t$e. c*!!"t

e'ecti(e. e*d it$"#t

t$e (*ri"# de%*rt)e!t "& t$e "r+*!i,*ti"!/ ?" )#c$ *#t$"rit. iet"ed #%"! ."# *!d $" ."# re%"rt t" i! t$e "r+*!i,*ti"!* $ier*rc$./- Controlling9 i!("(e )"!it"ri!+ c")%*ri!+ *!d c"rrecti!+ "r< &"rce

%er&"r)*!ce/It i t$e #ti)*te )*!*+e)e!t !cti"! *!d it e(*#*te t$e

ecie!c. *!d e'ecti(e!e "& t$e "t$er )*!*+e)e!t !cti"!/ It i

c"!cer!ed *"#t e!#ri!+ t$*t t$e *cti"! "& t$e "t$er )e)er )"(e t$e

"r+*!i*ti"! t"*rd it t*ted +"*/ T$i !cti"! e!t*i et*i$i!+

t*!d*rd "& %er&"r)*!ce *!d $" it i e )e*#red )e*#ri!+ c#rre!t

%er&"r)*!ce c")%*ri!+ *ct#* it$ t*!d*rd %er&"r)*!ce *!d t*


7/92

%"ie t" e!#re t$*t t$e. c*rr. "#t t$eir d#tie ecie!t. *!d e'ecti(e./

-po"esperson9 M*!*+er *re re%"!ie &"r tr*!&"r)i!+ i!&"r)*ti"! t" t$e

"#tide "rd/ Ie $e ec")e t$e "r+*!i,*ti"!> re%ree!t*ti(e i! t$e e.e "&

t$e "#tide "rd/3/ Deisionalroles9 i!("(e )*%eci*ied 4ed/ Firt i!e )*!*+er $*(e t" %"e tec$!ic* re%"!iiit./;/ Interpersonals"ills9 C*! *" e c*ed $#)*!


8/92

$"itic )*!!er/ C"!ce%t#*

t*

e$*(i"#r*


9/92

TEE:O7UTIONOFMANAGEMENT

M*!*+e)e!t i

i))edi*te "rr. * %r"d#cti(it. *!d t$e "!. *%ect "& t$e "rQtherationaleonomimanonept/

T$e c*ic* t$e"rie c*! e #))*ri,ed i!t" t$ree c*te+"rie * &""9

1/ The-ienti&ManagementTheor09 %i"!eered . Frederic< i!" T*."r *!d

it "#+$t t" cie!ti4c*. !etermine the %est metho!s o$ per$orming a tas"

an! $or seleting training an! moti#ating wor"ers* ?e eie(ed i! t$ecie!ti4c deter)i!*ti"! "& t$e et )*! )*c$i!e c")i!*ti"!/ T$ere *re &"#r

)*i! c"!tri#ti"! &r") T*."r> +#idei!e9- T$e de(e"%)e!t "& * tr#e cie!ce "& )*!*+e)e!t " t$*t et )et$"d &"r

%er&"r)i!+ e*c$ t*< c"#d e deter)i!ed/- T$e eecti"! "& "r


10/92

interest namel0 inrease! pro!uti#it0* T$*t )e*!cie!ti4c )*!*+e)e!t

onentrate! on mass pro!ution through the !i#ision o$ la%our* The

sienti& management has also ontri%ute! to the rational sol#ing o$

pro%lems an! the pro$essionali.ation o$ management/ E+ t$e :" dei+! *!dretr#ct#ri!+ "& :" ti i! #e t"d*./

T$e )*:"r e* e$*(i"#r Qthe

rational eonomi man onept; where the human !esire $or 'o% satis$ation

through responsi%ilit0 an! soial nee!s were !isregar!e!, resulting in

$rustration* T$e e)%$*i "! %r"d#cti(it. ed t" t$e exploitation o$ wor"ers,

lea!ing to suspiion an! mistrust that soure! relations %etween

management an! wor"ers/ T$e di(ii"! "& *"#r *" te!ded t" )*

Re)#!er*ti"! I!iti*ti(e E%rite De C"r% U!it. "& c"))*!d S#"rdi!*ti"!

St*iit. "& e)%".ee *!d U!it. "& directi"!/

3/ The %ureaurati shool9 . M* eer $e eie(ed t$*t *!. +"* "rie!ted

"r+*!i,*ti"! c"!ited "& t$"#*!d "& i!di(id#* *!d * #c$ t$ere * !eed

t" c*re. re+#*te *!d c"!tr" t$eir *cti(itie/ ?i e)%$*i e!t*ied t$e

&""i!+9- Strict*d$ere!cet"t$e$ier*rc$.*!d&"r)*c"))#!ic*ti"!i!e*- Strict de4!ed re+#*ti"! "r * c"!ite!t et "& *tr*ct r#e/- R*ti"!*. et "#t ":ecti(e *!d *cti(itie it$ * ce*r. et "#t di(ii"! "&

*"#r *!d re%"!iiit./

- Tec$!ic* c")%ete!ce *!d )erit *ed %er&"r)*!ce e(*#*ti"!/


11/92

- M*

)*


12/92

T$ee eie(ed i! t$e Qsel$ atuali.ationmanonept $ic$ e%*i! t$e $#)*!

)"ti(*ti"!/ T$e. ide!ti4ed * $ier*rc$. "& !eed $ic$ )"ti(*te )*! t" eert e'"rt

t"*rd *c$ie(i!+ "r+*!i,*ti"!* +"*/ T$ee !eed r*!+e &r") %$.i""+ic* t" e& -

*ct#*i,*ti"! !eed *t$"#+$ ")e %r"%"!e!t *r+#e t$*t !"t e(er."!e +"e &r")"!e !eed e(e t" *!"t$er/ T$i i tr#e ec*#e i! ")e i!t*!ce e)%".ee )*. e

)"ti(*ted . !"t$i!+ ee #t e+"itic !eed *!d (ice (er*/ F"r i!t*!ce * :"

"'eri!+ *ti&*cti"! e(e! i& ec#rit. !eed )*. e t$re*te!i!+/

TE ?UANTITATI:E -COO79 It de*t it$ "%er*ti"! ree*rc$ *!d )*!*+e)e!t

cie!ce


13/92

TECONTEM6ORAR@A66ROAC

U!der t$i *%%r"*c$ e $*(e t$e S.te) A%%r"*c$ $ic$ "'er )"re i!i+$t i!t"

)*!*+e)e!t/ It (ie t$e )*!*+e)e!t %r"ce * * .te)>/

The s0stems approah to management9

T$i i **. "& t$i!


14/92

- M*!*+er c""rdi!*te "r< *cti(itie i! (*ri"# %*rt "& t$e "r+*!i,*ti"!/

T$e. e!#re t$*t * t$ee %*rt *re "r +"*/- It e!#re t$*t !" )*tter $" %r"d#cti(e t$e %r"d#cti"! de%*rt)e!t )*. e

t$e )*r

+e!er*i,i!+ )*!*+e)e!t %r*ctice "i!+ t" it &*i#re t" %recrie ce*r +#idei!e "r

"#ti"! "! )*!*+eri* %r*ctice/

TE CONTINGENC@ A66ROAC9c*! *" e c*ed t$e it#*ti"! *%%r"*c$/

It i *! *%%r"*c$ t$*t re*i,e t$*t t$ere i !" "!e et )et$"d t" )*!*+e)e!t/

M*!*+er )*. )*!*+e *cc"rdi!+ t" t$e it#*ti"! *t $*!d/ It $* ")e i)i*ritie

it$ t$e .te) *%%r"*c$ i! t$*t it *" &"c#e "! t$e re*ti"!$i% etee!

#.te) *!d "! ide!ti&.i!+ &*ct"r t$*t *re cr#ci* t" * %*rtic#*r t*


15/92

- I!di(id#* di'ere!ce ie * %e"%e di'ere!ce i! ter) "& deire &"r +r"t$

*#t"!"). t"er*!ce "& *)i+#it. *!d e%ect*ti"!

Main ontri%ution9

- It i (ieed * t$e e*di!+ r*!c$ i! )*!*+e)e!t t$"#+$t )e*!i!+ t$*t it e!t*i

ee)e!t "& * t$e "t$er c$"" *!d t$e c$"ice "& * tec$!i6#e i *ed "! t$e et

*(*i*e "%ti"!/

- It %re%*re )*!*+er &"r t$e #!*!tici%*ted %r"e) re*ti!+ t" t$e *%%ic*ti"! "&

"t$er )*!*+e)e!t tec$!i6#e/

- It *" $* * %r*+)*tic i*/

- It $* &"#!d ide%re*d #e i! tr*te+ic %*!!i!+ $ere )*!*+e)e!t $*(e !"

i!&"r)*ti"! *"#t t$e t#re *!d $*(e t" re. "! *#)%ti"!/

- I! )*


16/92

pro!uti#it0 %eha#iour mo!els

The s0stems

theor0

Contingen0

Theor0

7ea!s to

E1eti#e

Management

TEORGANIBATIONA7CU7TUREANDEN:IRONMENT

Organi.ationalulturere&ert"t$e$*red(*#e,%ri!ci%e,

tr*diti"!*!d*."&d"i!+t$i!+t$*ti!#e!cet$e*.t$e"r+*!i,*ti"!)e)erd"t$i!+

* T$e$*red(*#ei!)"t"r+*!i,*ti"!re("(e"(erti)e*

T$ede4!iti"!"&c#t#rei)%iet$reet$i!+9

* 6ereption t$*tis ")et$i!+t$*tc*!!"tet"#c$ed or

seen#titi%ercei(ed*edont$ee%erie!ce"!e$*it$t$e"r+*!i,*ti"!** Desripti#e9 it is %ase! on how mem%ers perei#e the ulture an!

not with whether the0 li"e it or not*

* -hare!9 it is a share! aspet o$ ulture e#en though in!i#i!ualsma0 ha#e !i1erent organi.ational le#els*

Acc"rdi!+ t" C"#ter M/ 0;9;@ t$ere *re e(e! di)e!i"! "& c#t#re *!d e*c$ "&

t$ee di)e!i"! r*!+e &r") * t" $i+$

* -ta%ilit09 ie t$e de+reet" $ic$ t$e "r+*!i,*ti"!> decii"! *!d *cti"!

e)%$*i,e t$e )*i!te!*!ce "& t$e t*t# 6#"/ Ie c#t#re )#t e t*e/* Aggressi#eness9 T$e de+ree t" $ic$ e)%".ee *re *++rei(e *!d

c")%ete r*t$er t$*! c""%er*ti(e/ Ie "r


17/92

* Team wor"9T$e de+ree t" $ic$ "r< i "r+*!i,ed *r"#!d te*) r*t$er t$*!

i!di(id#*>Ie t$e "r+*!i,*ti"! )#t e %ercei(ed * our; *!d !"t *

m0or0our;//* 6eople orientation9 ie $" )*!*+e)e!t decii"! t*T$e )"re e)%".ee *cce%t t$e "r+*!i,*ti"!>


18/92

T$e )*i! di*d(*!t*+e i t$*t it %re(e!t e)%".ee &r") tr.i!+ "t$er *%%r"*c$e

e%eci*. $e! c"!diti"! *re r*%id. c$*!+i!+/

+here!oesultureome$rom

1/ 8ii"! "& t$e &"#!der "& t$e "r+*!i,*ti"!/ ?"e(er !"te t$*t c")%*!.

&"#!der *re !"t c"!tr*i!ed . %re(i"# c#t")2*%%r"*c$e #t t$e.

et*i$ t$e e*r. c#t#re . i)%. *rtic#*ti!+ *! i)*+e "& $*t t$e. *!t/;/ Cert*i! "r+*!i,*ti"!* %r*ctice d" $e% )*i!t*i! it/ F"r e*)%e d#ri!+ :"

eecti"! )*!+er eect c*!did*te . *ei!+ $" e t$e i!di(id#* c*! 4t

i!t" t$e "r+*!i,*ti"!/3/ Acti"! "& t"% )*!*+e)e!t t$ee t$e. et t$e t"!e "& t$e "r+*!i,*ti"! *!d

e(e!t#*. t$*t ec")e t$e c#t#re/=/ S"ci*i,*ti"! ie t$e %r"ce "& $e%i!+ !e e)%".ee e*r! t$e "r+*!i,*ti"!>

*. "& d"i!+ t$i!+/ E+/ Orie!t*ti"!/ T$e "rie!t*ti"! t*+e i (er. i)%"rt*!t

ec*#e it re(e* $et$er ."# *re "r+*!i,ed "r !"t/

N"te t$*t e)%".ee e*r! t$e c#t#re t$r"#+$ t"rie rit#* ie %*i!+ "& t$e %i*r

"r t"#c$ * e * t$r"#+$ t$e )*teri* .)" "r *rte&*ct i &*ciitie dre c"de t.%e "& c*r dri(e! . e)%".ee i,e "&

"ce t$e ee+*!ce "& r!it#re i!c#di!+ etr* e!e4t "'ered t" t$e )*!*+er/

T$e. *" +et t"

$"#d e de(e"%ed . te*) "r i!di(id#*/ A!d t$e de+ree "& e!(ir"!)e!t

c*!!i!+ i! $ic$ )*!*+e)e!t i e e!+*+ed/- I! "r+*!i,i!+ $" )#c$ *#t"!"). $"#d e dei+!ed i!t" e)%".ee> :"/

$et$er t*

)*. "cc#r &r") eceedi!+ "!e> #d+et/

Current organi.ational ulture issues9

* Creating an ethial ulture9 T$e c"!te!t *!d tre!+t$ "& *! "r+*!i,*ti"!>

c#t#re i!#e!ce it et$ic* ci)*te *!d t$e et$ic* e$*(i"#r "& it )e)er/

I& t$e c#t#re i tr"!+ *!d #%%"rt $i+$ et$ic* t*!d*rd it $"#d $*(e * (er.


19/92

%"er *!d %"iti(e i!#e!ce "! e)%".ee e$*(i"#r/ E+ "%e! c#t#re "&

i!te+rit. "!er$i% *!d *cc"#!t*iit./Note that c#t#re t$*t i $i+$ i! ri< t"er*!ce " t" )"der*te i!

*++rei(e!e *!d &"c#ed "! )e*! *!d "#tc")e - dic"#r*+e #!c"!tr"ed

c")%etiti"! %*. *tte!ti"! t" $" +"* *re *c$ie(ed *!d t" $*t +"* *re

*c$ie(ed/* Creating an inno#ati#e ulture9 T$e )"t i)%"rt*!t dri(er "& i!!"(*ti"! &"r

c")%*!ie i * #%%"rti(e c"r%"r*ti(e c#t#re/

C$*r*cteritic "& i!!"(*ti(e c#t#re9

* Challengeandinvolvement9 ie *re e)%".ee i!("(ed i! *!d )"ti(*ted .

*!d* c"))itted t" t$e "!+ ter) +"* *!d #cce "& t$e "r+*!i,*ti"!/

* Free!om9 ie c*! e)%".ee i!de%e!de!t. de4!e t$eir "r !"r)* :" re6#ire)e!t/


20/92

Creating a ulture that supports !i#ersit09 )*. i!("(e $*(i!+ * "r

it/@

- Emplo0eeempowerment/I! #c$ "r+*!i,*ti"! )*!*+er tr#t e)%".eet" )*


21/92

TE


22/92

- T$e re"#rce "& t$e "r+*!i,*ti"! e+ )*!%"er

A c$*!+e i! *!. "& t$ee i!ter!* e!(ir"!)e!t* &*ct"r )*. i!#e!ce t$e )*!*+er>

*iit. t" #!dert*%er&"r)*!ce/ It i!c#de t$e %eci4c e!(ir"!)e!t *!d t$e +e!er* e!(ir"!)e!t/

T$e %eci4c e!(ir"!)e!t i!c#de t$e eter!* &"rce t$*t !iretl0i)%*ct )*!*+er>

decii"! *!d t$e *cti"! *re direct. ree(*!t t" t$e *c$ie(e)e!t "& t$e

"r+*!i,*ti"!> +"*/ +"* c"#d e i! t$e *)e i!d#tr. #t t$eir %eci4c

e!(ir"!)e!t )*. e di'ere!t ec*#e t$e. "%er*te i! diti!ct. di'ere!t )*r


23/92

- S*&et. "& +""d * "& *+e!c.- L* t$*t re+#*te %rice i!cre*e- T$e c")%*!ie *ct *&e+#*rdi!+ $*re$"der i!teret- Cri)i!* * rier. c"rr#%ti"! etc

- St*!d*rd *!d et$ic* c"de "& c"!d#ct- C"#!ci . *- St"c< ec$*!+e re6#ire)e!t &"r ited c")%*!ie/

T$i $" t$*t t$e )*!*+er i !"t &ree t" e$*(e *!.$" i! t$e eec#ti"! "& $i

!cti"! #t $* t" *d$ere t" (*ri"# * *!d t*!d*rd/ F*i#re t" re%"!d t" e+*

e!(ir"!)e!t* c"!ider*ti"! )*. e*d *! "r+*!i,*ti"!> ei!+ i*e &"r 4!e i!

re%ect "& re*c$ "& c"!tr*ct "r &*i#re t" "er(e t$e * "& t$e *!d/

3/ The politial en#ironment9 It )*i!. re&er t" +"(er!)e!t %"ic. *!d $" it

i!#e!ce e+i*ti"! "! %rici!+ di(ide!d t* $e*t$ *!d *&et. etc/ &"re*)%e t$e tr*de *+ree)e!t i !cti"!/S"ci*&*ct"r$*(ee(erei)%ic*ti"!"!t$e"r+*!i,*ti"!>c"r%"r*tei)*+e"ride!tit

. in t$eeyes"&t$e"ciet."t$er-

ie,t$e"r+*!i,*ti"!)*.e!d#%ei!+(ieed!e+*ti(e* In other wor!s, the

manager experienes a more ulturall0 !i#erse wor"$ore to!a0 than in

the ol!en !a0s*5/ The tehnologial en#ironment9 it i c$*r*cteri,ed . r*%id c$*!+e *!d t$e

"r+*!i,*ti"! )#t *d*%t c"!t*!t./ It $* e'ect "! t.%e "& %r"d#ct t$*t *4r) c*! %r"d#ce t$e *. t$e %r"d#ct *re )*de t$e *. er(ice *re

%r"(ided t$e *. )*r


24/92

F*i#re t" c")%. it$ e+i*ti"! "! e!(ir"!)e!t )*. re#t i! ei!+ 4!ed *!d

*t ti)e ".it )*. i!#e!ce c#t")er !"t t" #. t$e c")%*!. %r"d#ct// The ompetiti#e en#ironment9 "r+*!i,*ti"! c*!!"t *("id c")%etiti"! i!

t$eir "%er*ti"!/ T$e. "'er )"re "r e t$e *)e %r"d#ct &"r t$e *)e )*r #cce "r &*i#re/ Acc"rdi!+ t" t$i (ie

")e"!e $* t" e $ed *cc"#!t*e $e! "r+*!i,*ti"! %er&"r) %""r. re+*rde "&

t$e re*"! *!d t$*t ")e"!e i t$e )*!*+er/ T$e %ree!ce "& * )*!*+er )#t e

&et e(er.$ere/

T$e s0m%oli#iew"& )*!*+e)e!t t*te t$*t t$e "r+*!i,*ti"!> #cce "r &*i#re i

d#e t" eter!* &"rce "#tide t$e )*!*+er> c"!tr"/ Acc"rdi!+ t" t$i (ie it i

#!re*"!*e t" e%ect )*!*+er t" i+!i4c*!t. *'ect *! "r+*!i,*ti"!>%er&"r)*!ce/ I!te*d %er&"r)*!ce i i!#e!ced . &*ct"r t$*t *re e."!d t$e

)*!*+er> it#*ti"! e+/ +"(er!)e!t %"icie c")%etiti"! *!d "r t$e decii"! )*de

. %re(i"# )*!*+er/

It i c*ed s0m%oli%eause it is %ase! on the %elie$ that managers

s0m%oli.es ontrol an! in4uene eg the0 !e#elop plans ma"e !eisions an!

engage in other managerial ati#ities to ma"e sense out o$ nothing*

I! re*it. )*!*+er *re !eit$er * %"er !"r $e%e #t t$eir decii"! *re

c"!tr*i!ed "t$ i!ter!*. *!d eter!*./ I!ter!* c"!tr*i!t c")e &r") t$e"r+*!i,*ti"!> c#t#re $ie eter!* c"!tr*i!t c")e &r") t$e eter!* e!(ir"!)e!t/


25/92

MANAGING IN A G7O/

I!di(id#* it$ %*r"c$i* *ttit#de d" !"t rec"+!i,e t$*t "t$er $*(e di'ere!t *. "&

i(i!+ *!d "r ie t$e eie& t$*t t$e et

"r< *%%r"*c$e *!d %r*ctice *re t$"e "& t$e $")e c"#!tr. $ere t$e )*i! "ce

*re "c*ted/

S#c$

&"rei+! e)%".ee it$ t$e

c"#!trie 0$"t c"#!tr.@ 4+#re "#t $" et t" d" t$i!+/

M*!*+er *re $"e(er *d(ied t" $*(e * geoentri *ttit#de/ T$i i * "rd

"rie!ted (ie t$*t &"c#e "! #i!+ t$e et *%%r"*c$e *!d %e"%e &r") t$e *r"#!d

t$e +"e/ S#c$ *ttit#de i %"rtr*.ed . )*!*+er $" (ie &"r t$e et *%%r"*c$e

*!d %e"%e re+*rde "& "ri+i!/ Ie (iei!+ *!d #tii,i!+ %e"%e *cc"rdi!+ t" t$eir

e%ertie/ It *ct#*. ei)i!*te %*r"c$i* *ttit#de *!d de(e"%i!+ *! #!dert*!di!+

"& cr"-c#t#r* di'ere!ce/

Ot$er t.%e "& i!ter!*ti"!* "r+*!i,*ti"! *re #c$ * )#ti!*ti"!* c"r%"r*ti"!ie

"%er*ti!+ i! )#ti%e c"#!trie )#ti-d")etic c"r%"r*ti"! dece!tr*ie

)*!*+e)e!t *!d "t$er decii"! t" t$e "c* c"#!tr. +"* c")%*!. etc/

T$ere *re di'ere!t *. "& +"i!+ i!ter!*ti"!* e+ +"* "#rci!+ "r +"*

"#t"#rci!+ &"r i!t*!ce %#rc$*i!+ )*teri* *!d *"#r *r"#!d t$e "rd *ed "!

"et c"t/ E%"rti!+ "r i)%"rti!+ ice!i!+ "r &r*!c$ii!+ #e "& tr*te+ic *i*!ce

7"i!t (e!t#re *!d t$e #e "& &"rei+! #idi*r./


26/92

-OCIA7RE-6ON-I


27/92

*re +""d &"r "ciet./ t$*t )e*! * #i!e "e. t$e * *!d c*re &"r it

t"c !*t#r*

re"#rce/ E+ ec""+ic* ce*!i!+ %r"d#ct i! * !e*r ,er" e)ii"! &*ct"r./

MANAGER-ANDETICA7 c$"ice

etee! ri+$t *!d r"!+ i *ed "! %er"!* c"!e6#e!ce &r") "#tide

"#rce e+ %$.ic* %#!i$)e!t re*rd "r ec$*!+e "& &*("#r/- Con#entionalle#el9 I! t$i t*+e et$ic* decii"! re. "! )*i!t*i!i!+

e%ected t*!d*rd *!d i(i!+ #% t" t$e e%ect*ti"! "& "t$er/- 6riniple!le#el9 i! t$i t*+e i!di(id#* de4!e )"r* (*#e *%*rt &r") t$e

*#t$"rit. "& t$e +r"#% t" $ic$ t$e. e"!+ "r "ciet. i! +e!er*/;/ In!i#i!ualharateristis9 T$ere *re t" i!di(id#* c$*r*cteritic $ic$ *re

#alues*!d personalit0/8*#e *re *ic c"!(icti"! *"#t $*t i ri+$t *!d r"!+/ Pe"%e> (*#e

de(e"% &r") ."#!+ t*+e *ed "! $*t e ee *!d $e*r &r") "#r %*re!t

te*c$er &rie!d *!d "t$er/ 8*#e *re r"*d *!d c"(er * ide r*!+e "&


28/92

i#e/ T$e t*+e "& )"r* de(e"%)e!t i * )e*#re "& i!de%e!de!ce &r")

"#tide i!#e!ce/N"te t$*t *! i!di(id#*> *cti"! i i!#e!ced . t" %er"!*it. (*ri*e $ic$

*re9 egostrength*!d louso$ontrol/- Ego strength )e*#re t$e tre!+t$ "& t$e %er"!> c"!(icti"! ie %e"%e

it$ $i+$ e+" tre!+t$ *re i c#t#re

i!#e!ce et$ic* e$*(i"#r/ A c#t#re t$*t )"t i


29/92

8*#e *ed )*!*+e)e!t i "!e "& t$e t"" t$*t c*! e #ed t" i!#e!ce

e)%".ee i! t$e "r+*!i,*ti"! i! t$e *. t$e. $"#d d" t$eir "rc"rr#%t * &"rei+! "ci*/- *!"t$er +#ide i t" #e t$e +"* c")%*ct * d"c#)e!t cre*ted . #!ited

!*ti"! t$*t "#ti!e %ri!ci%e &"r d"i!+ #i!e +"*. i! t$e *re* "& $#)*!

ri+$t *"#r *!d t$e e!(ir"!)e!t/ T$e *i) "& c")%*ct i )"re #t*i!*e

*!d i!c#i(e +"* ec"!")./ T$e "r+*!i,*ti"! t$*t )*


30/92

- Co!eso$ethis$"#d e %eci4c e!"#+$ t" $" e)%".ee t$e %irit i!

$ic$ t$e. *re #%%"ed t" d" t$i!+ *!d .et ""e e!"#+$ t" *" &reed")

"& :#d+e)e!t/ T$e c"!te!t "& t$e c"de "& et$ic &* i!t" t$ree c*te+"rie- i/ d#tie c"#d e


31/92

decried * QGROUP i)%. )e*!i!+ t$*t $e i G"* "rie!ted Re%"!ie

&"r e(er.t$i!+ t$*t i t*


32/92

*ter!*ti(e i!te*d )*!*+er *ti4ed ie *cce%ti!+ "#ti"! t$*t *re +""d

e!"#+$ r*t$er t$*! )*i)i,e/- 2M*!*+er decii"! *re i!#e!ced . e(er* (*ri*e e+/ Or+*!i,*ti"!*

c#t#re i!ter!* %"itic %"er c"!ider*ti"! * %$e!")e!"! c*ed

ec**ti"! "& c"))it)e!t $ic$ i *! i!cre*ed c"))it)e!t t" * %re(i"#

decii"! de%ite e(ide!ce t$*t it )*. $*(e ee! r"!+/* Ma"ing!eisions9 theroleo&ntuition9 it i )*

decii"! d"!e de%e!di!+ "! t$e %r"ced#re r#e "r %"ic./* Unstruture! pro%lems an! non5programme!

!eisions9unstruture!pro%lems*re %r"e) $ic$ *re !e "r #!##* *!d

&"r $ic$ i!&"r)*ti"! i *)i+#"#2i!c")%ete e+ )"di&.i!+ #i!e t"

c")%. it$ !e )"


33/92

3/ Unertaint09 decii"! "!e i !"t cert*i! *"#t t$e "#tc")e/ U!der #c$

c"!diti"! t$e decii"! *re i!#e!ced . t$e i)ited *)"#!t "& *(*i*e

i!&"r)*ti"! *!d t$e %.c$""+ic* "rie!t*ti"! "& t$e decii"! )*


34/92

+@I- 67ANNING NECE--AR@3

1/ It pro#i!es !iretion to managers9 $e! e)%".ee

*!d $*t i re6#ired "& t$e) t" re*c$ t$e +"* t$e. c""%er*te i! *cc")%i$i!+

t$"e +"*/;/ It re!ues unertaint09 it $e% t" re%"!d e'ecti(e. t" ei)i!*te

#!cert*i!t./3/ It minimi.es waste an! re!un!an09 $e! "r< *cti(itie *re c""rdi!*ted

*r"#!d %*! i!ecie!cie ec")e "(i"# *!d c*! e c"rrected "r ei)i!*ted/=/ It esta%lishes goals an! stan!ar!s use! in ontrolling* $e! ."# %*!

."# de(e"% +"* *!d %*!/ $e! ."# c"!tr" ."# ee $et$er t$e %*!

$*(e ee! c*rried "#t *!d t$e +"* )et/5/ It enourages the proati#e approah to management 0 t$e *%%r"*c$

$ere. )*!*+er *!tici%*te *!d %r"(ide &"r c$*!+e@ t$i c"!tr*t it$ t$e

re*cti(e "r crii *%%r"*c$ $ic$ i c$*r*cteried . )*!+er *iti!+ &"r *

%r"e) t" *rie *!d t$e! "(e it// It e!#re t$*t *! "r+*!i,*ti"! i etter %re%*red &"r t"d*.> e(er c$*!+i!+

e!(ir"!)e!t/ A!d re"#rce *i)ed *t "r t" e c"))itted t"*rd *c$ie(i!+

"r+*!i,*ti"!* +"* c*! e et *ide i& * &"r)*ied %*!!i!+ .te) eit/

T@6E-OFPLANS9

P*! )*. e decried i! ter) "& re*dt$ ie tr*te+ic (er# "%er*ti"!* ti)e

&r*)e &"r e*)%e $"rt ter) "r "!+ ter) %eci4cit. ie directi"!* (er# %eci4c

*!d &re6#e!c. "& #e ie i!+e #e ( t*!di!+/ T$e. *re d"c#)e!t "#ti!i!+ $"

+"* i e *cc")%i$ed/

1/ Operationalplans t$ee *re $"rt ter) %*! #!dert* c#rre!t c*e "&

"%er*ti"!/ At ti)e )*. e c*ed r"#ti!+ %*! ec*#e t$e. re*te t" t$e d*.

t" d*. r#!!i!+ "& t$e "r+*!i,*ti"!/;/ Tatialplans t$ee *re )edi#) ter) %*! #!dert* c#rre!t c*e "& "%er*ti"!

it$ %*rtic#*r e)%$*i "! ecie!c. i! re"#rce #tii,*ti"!/e+ #d+eti!+/ T$e.$"#d *" &"c# "! %er&"r)*!ce "& ##!it

3/ -trategi an! orporate plans9 t$ee *re t$e "!+ ter) #r(i(* %*! &"r t$e

$"e "r+*!i,*ti"! #!dert*


35/92

- -pei& plans9 *re det*ied $e! "!e )*

i!!"(*ti"! "r t*!d*rdi,*ti"! 0#!i&"r)it.@- T$e t*+e i! t$e "r+*!i,*ti"!* i&e c.ce ie $et$er it i i! it i!&*!c. it$"#t

*!. e-de4!ed cie!tee *!d %r"ced#re "r it i * e- et*i$ed

"r+*!i,*ti"!/- Le(e i! t$e "r+*!i,*ti"! it$ "%er*ti"!* e(e ("#c$i!+ &"r %eci4c %*!

*!d t$e tr*te+ic e(e +"i!+ &"r t$e )"re d.!*)ic directi"!* %*!/- De+ree "& e!(ir"!)e!t* #!cert*i!t. $ere. t$e )"re t#r#e!t t$e

e!(ir"!)e!t t$e +re*ter t$e !eed &"r eiiit. *!d $e!ce t$e !eed &"r

directi"!* %*!/- Ti)e $"ri,"!9 ie t$e $"rter t$e ti)e $"ri,"! t$e )"re de%e!d*e t$e

*(*i*e i!&"r)*ti"! $e!ce t$e +re*ter t$e %re&ere!ce &"r %eci4c %*!/

-ome!isa!#antageso$planning9

- M*. cre*te ri+idit. tic *tte!ti"! "! t"d*.> c")%etiti"! *!d !"t "!t")"rr"> #r(i(* e+ c*%it*i,i!+ "! eiti!+ #i!e/

- F"r)* %*!!i!+ rei!&"rce #cce $ic$ )*. e*d t" &*i#re e+ #cce

%*! )*. %r"(ide * &*e e!e "& ec#rit. +e!er*ti!+ )"re c"!4de!ce i!

t$e &"r)* %*! t$*! i *rr*!ted/

Ee)e!t "& %*!!i!+9

- O:ecti(e9- Acti"!

- Re"#rce- i)%e)e!t*ti"!


36/92

GOA7-ETTING9

G"* *re deired "#tc")e2t*r+et/ T$e. &"r) t$e criteri* *+*i!t $ic$ "r< re#t

*re )e*#red/

A%%r"*c$e t" +"* etti!+9

1/ Tr*diti"!* +"* etti!+9 +"* *re et . t"% )*!*+e)e!t *!d " d"! t" t$e

"%er*ti"!* de%*rt)e!t/ T$e *#)%ti"! i t$*t )*!*+e)e!t

*!d #i!+ t$"e +"* t" e(*#*ted e)%".ee %er&"r)*!ce/

-tepsinsettinggoals9

* Re(ie t$e )ii"!2%#r%"e/ A )ii"! i * r"*d t*te)e!t "& %#r%"e t$*t

%r"(ide *! "(er* +#ide t" $*t *! "r+*!i,*ti"! *!t t" *c$ie(e +"*

t$ere&"re )#t reect t$e )ii"!/* E(*#*te *(*i*e re"#rce et +"* t$*t *re *c$ie(*e it$ t$e *(*i*e

re"#rce/* Deter)i!e t$e +"* i!di(id#*. "r it$ i!%#t &r") "t$er +"* $"#d e

c"!+r#e!t it$ t$e "r+*!i,*ti"!* )ii"!/* rite d"! t$e +"* *!d c"))#!ic*te t$e)/ ritte! +"* ec")e e(ide!ce

"& t$e i)%"rt*!ce "& "r


37/92

- F*("#r*e +"(er!)e!t %"ic.- S#%eri"r 6#*it. "& )*c$i!er.- Eite!ce "& i!&r*tr#ct#re etc/

T$ere i *" !eed t" deter)i!e t$"e &*ct"r "t$ it$i! *!d "#tide t$e "r+*!i,*ti"!t$*t retrict "r i)it t$e) i! *c$ie(i!+ t$eir "r+*!i,*ti"!* t*r+et/ T$ee )*.

i!c#de9

- T$e tre*t "& c")%etit"r- C#t")er c$*!+i!+ !eed- U!&*("#r*e +"(er!)e!t %"ic.- T$e i!cre*i!+ *r+*i!i!+ %"er "& e)%".ee- I!cre*i!+ r* )*teri* c"t etc/

De#eloping* seto$ations9

De(e"%i!+ * et "& *cti"! i t*!t*)"#!t t" et*i$i!+ t$e %eci4c %*!/ T$e

*cti"! " de(e"%ed )#t c"e t$e +*% etee! t$e *ct#* %er&"r)*!ce *!d

t*!d*rd %er&"r)*!ce *!d )#t *" )*i)ie t$e e!e4t *rii!+ &r") t$e *id

$ie *t t$e *)e ti)e )i!i)ii!+ t$e !e+*ti(e e'ect %"ed . *rrier/

It $"#d *" e !"ted t$*t %*! )#t e i)%e)e!ted "! t$e *i "& ")e *cti"!

%*! "r i)%e)e!t*ti"! ti)et*e ie ce*r de*di!e )#t e et*i$ed &"r e*c$

critic* *cti(it./

$*(e t" e )*de/ S")e )e)er )*. e #!ii!+ t" )*


38/92

/ 7a"o&n#ol#ement9 i& %e"%e $" *re #%%"ed t" i)%e)e!t t$e %*! *re

!"t i!("(ed t$ere )*. !"t e e!"#+$ i!&"r)*ti"! t" e!*e e'ecti(e %*!!i!+// 7a"o$topmanagerialsupport9 !"te t$*t t"% )*!*+eri* #%%"rt i

i!tr#)e!t* &"r e'ecti(e %*!!i!+ i!ce it e!#re t$*t * t$e %"ic. &r*)e"r tre!+t$ re*ti(e t" t$*t "& it c")%etit"r i! t$e )"t ecie!t

*./

C$*r*cteritic "& tr*te+ic decii"! *re9

- i e c"!cer!ed it$ t$e c"%e "& t$e "r+*!i,*ti"!> *cti(itie- T$e. i!("(e )*tc$i!+ t$e "r+*!i,*ti"!> *cti(itie t" e!(ir"!)e!t i! $ic$ I

"%er*te/- T$e. )*tc$ t$e *cti(itie it$ it re"#rce c*%*iitie- T$e. *re *" c"!cer!ed it$ *"c*ti"! *!d re-*"c*ti"! "& re"#rce/

Str*te+ic %*!!i!+ i * %r"ce $ic$ e+i! it$9

- The#ision9 t$i i t$e "r+*!i,*ti"!> ide* "r c$eri$ed %"iti"!/ It i t$e

#i!ee> #!der.i!+ (*#e/- Mission9 ie t$e %#r%"e $. #i!e eit/ Or t$e +#idi!+ %ri!ci%e/ T$i

c"!ce%t +i(e t$e #ti)*te +#id*!ce * t" $. *! "r+*!i,*ti"! d"e $*t it

d"e * "%%"ed t" $"/It i!c#de t$e %#r%"e $. t$e "r+*!i,*ti"! eit/ F"r e*)%e t" cre*te

e*t$ &"r $*re$"der t$e %ri"rit. $ere i t$e t*


40/92

- O%'eti#es9 t$ee *re %eci4c t*r+et t" e )et " * t" *c$ie(e )ii"!

*!d +"*/ O:ecti(e )*. e %it i!t" c"r%"r*te *!d #!it ":ecti(e/

C"r%"r*te ":ecti(e *re &"r t$e $"e "r+*!i*ti"! $ic$ ec")e t$e *i

&"r #!it ":ecti(e/ O:ecti(e $"#d "!


41/92

- 6oliiesan!stan!ar!so$%eha#iour9 t$e. *re c"!(erted i!t" e(er.d*.

%er&"r)*!ce/ M*. reect t$e tre*t)e!t "& c#t")er %eed *t $ic$ t$e.

*re er(ed/- :alues9 t$ee re*te t" t$e "r+*!i,*ti"!> c#t#re #!t*ted eie& "& %e"%e

$" "r< i! t$e "r+*!i,*ti"!/ M*. i!c#de t$e )"r* *!d et$ic* %ri!ci%e

e+ et$ic &"r %r*ctii!+ *cc"#!t*!t/- En#ironmentalanal0sis9 i! t$i c"!tet t$e e!(ir"!)e!t i *r+e. t$e

eter!* e!(ir"!)e!t/ re&er t" t$e #i!e e!(ir"!)e!t t"%ic>/ B*ic*.

It i t$e SOT *!*.i/A! *ter!*ti(e )et$"d "#d e t$e #e "& t$e 4(e

&"rce )"de> . Mic$*e P"rter/ T$i )"de deter)i!e *! i!d#tr.>

*ttr*cti(e!e *!d %r"4t*iit./ T$e )"de #e 4(e &*ct"r $ic$ *re9/ T$re*t "& !e e!tr*!t/ T$re*t "& #tit#te %r"d#ct

/ B*r+*i!i!+ %"er "& #.er/ B*r+*i!i!+ %"er "& #%%ier/ C#rre!t ri(*r.

Internal anal0sis9

A&ter t$e SOT *!*.i it i i)%"rt*!t t" ""< i!t" t$e i!ter!* *%%r*i*/ It

+i(e i!&"r)*ti"! *"#t %eci4c re"#rce *!d c*%*iitie/ It c*%*iitie *re

it c")%ete!ce/ N"te t$*t "t$ re"#rce *!d c"re c")%ete!cie deter)i!e t$e

"r+*!i,*ti"!> c")%etiti(e e*%"!/

A&ter t$e i!ter!* *!*.i t$e! &"r)#*te tr*te+ie "! $" t" i)%e)e!t/

N")*tter $" e'ecti(e. *! "r+*!i,*ti"! $* %*!!ed it tr*te+ie

%er&"r)*!ce )*. #'er i& tr*te+ie *re !"t i)%e)e!ted %r"%er./

E(*#*ti"! "& t$e re#t i *" i)%"rt*!t/ A *! "r+*!i,*ti"! ."# )*. $*(e t" "" %re-deter)i!ed t*r+et *

)e*#red i! ter) "& %er&"r)*!ce etc/ *re *cc")%i$ed/

I! e(er. "r+*!i,*ti"! t$ere *re t" *%ect t$*t * e*der )#t #!dert*!d/ T$ee

*re9

- :isi%le aspets9 t$ee i!c#de tr*te+ie ":ecti(e %"icie *!d

%r"ced#re tr#ct#re tec$!""+. &"r)* *#t$"rit./ T$e c$*i! "& c"))*!d i

t$e iceer+/- i!!enin#isi%le aspets t$ee i!c#de t$e *ttit#de %erce%ti"! +r"#%

!"r) i!&"r)* i!ter*cti"! i!ter%er"!* *!d i!ter+r"#% c"!ict/

T$e (iie *!d i!(iie *%ect $e% t$e e*der t" #!dert*!d "r+*!i,*ti"!*

e$*(i"#r/ Or+*!i,*ti"!* e$*(i"#r &"c#e "! t$ree )*:"r *re*9

i/ In!i#i!ual %eha#iour ie "er(i!+ %e"%e> *ttit#de %er"!*it.%erce%ti"! e*r!i!+ *!d )"ti(*ti"!/

ii/ Group %eha#iour i!c#de !"r) r"e te*) #idi!+ e*der$i% *!d

c"!ict/iii/ Organi.ational aspets o$ the struture c#t#re *!d $#)*! re"#rce

%"icie *!d %r*ctice/

T$e %#r%"e "& "r+*!i,*ti"!* e$*(i"#r i t" e%*i! %redict *!d i!#e!ce

e$*(i"#r/ I! "t$er "rd * )*!*+er )*. $*(e t" e%*i! $. *! e)%".ee e$*(e

i! * cert*i! *. di'ere!t &r") t$e "t$er e)%".ee/ M*!*+er $"#d e *e t"

%redict $" e)%".ee )*. re%"!d t" (*ri"# *cti"! *!d decii"!*!d t" e *et" i!#e!ce e)%".ee e$*(i"#r/


50/92

T$e &"r)* :" re6#ire)e!t #t it %r")"te t$e

e'ecti(e !cti"!i!+ "& t$e "r+*!i,*ti"! i "r< +r"#% *!d t$e"r+*!i,*ti"! * e * *("idi!+ #!!ece*r. c"!ict/ 0t*ii,er@- 'o% satis$ation ie *! e)%".ee +e!er* *ttit#de t"*rd "r

intereste! in e#er0 emplo0ee;s attitu!e, %ut are intereste! in 'o%

relate! attitu!es whih are 'o% satis$ation, 'o% in#ol#ement,

organi.ational ommitment an! emplo0ee engagement*


51/92

I! "t$er "rd +""d e*der )*. *!t t"

unneessaril0, an! there is less turno#er*

A" satis&e! emplo0ees are more li"el0 to %e $rien!l0, up%eat, an!

responsi#e $ic$ c#t")er *%%reci*te/ It i *" eie(ed t$*t e)%".ee

$" *re *ti4ed inreases ustomer satis$ation an! lo0alt0, hene

ustomer retention* A"(e * *ti4ed e)%".ee *re i


52/92

i *iit. t" )*tc$

re6#ire)e!t "& t$e it#*ti"!/ii* The %eha#ioural approah to lea!ership9

T$i i *! *%%r"*c$ t$*t *tte)%t t" e%*i! $*t e'ecti(e e*der d" i!

"rder t" i!#e!ce e)%".ee e$*(i"#r/ It &"c#e "! e*der$i% t.e &"r

e*)%e *#t"cr*tic de)"cr*tic *ier,-&*ire etc/ "#t "& t$ee t$ree

e*der$i% t.e * !emorati t.e ee) t" e t$e et )et$"d "&

e*der$i%/ T$e )*:"r a!#antage o$ %eha#iours o#er traits is that

%eha#iour an %e learnt/ Ie it$ *de6#*te tr*i!i!+ t$e e*der> e$*(i"#r

c"#d e *tered/

T$ere *re t" *%ect "& e*der$i% e$*(i"#r9- 7ea!ership$untion9 t$i i * ter) #ed t" anal0se the lea!er;s

%eha#iour i! terms o$ whether it is =tas" relate!; > pro%lem sol#ing

or =group maintenane; > soial $untion* N"te t$*t *! e'ecti(e e*der

"#d e t$e "!e $" i *e t" e!d t$e t" #cce./- 7ea!ershipst0le9 t$ee *re (*ri"# e$*(i"#r %*tter! &*("#red . e*der

d#ri!+ t$e %r"ce "& directi!+ *!d i!#e!ci!+ #"rdi!*te/M*!*+er it$ *

t*< orientate!t.e losel0super#ise#"rdi!*te t" )* e&*re +r"t$ "r *ti&*cti"!/


53/92

T$e emplo0ee orientate! management st0le, emphasises the

moti#ation o$ the su%or!inate as oppose! to ontrol* The lea!ers

stri#es to %uil! a $rien!l0, trusting relationship with the su%or!inate

an! allows su%or!inates to partiipate in !eision ma"ing espeiall0to issues that a1et them/

N"te t$*t t$ere *re (*ri"# t$e"rit $" *tte)%ted t" e%*i! e*der$i%

*cc"rdi!+ t" e$*(i"#r* c$""9 "!e "& t$e) i

initiatingstruture0t*< e$*(i"#r@ *!d onsi!eration 0re+*rdi!+ &"r

e)%".ee@/The initiating tr#ct#re re&er t" t$e ete!t t" $ic$ * e*der de4!ed

$i2$er r"e *!d t$e r"e "& +r"#% )e)er i! *tt*i!i!+ +"**

Consi!eration i t$e di)e!i"! t$*t de4!e t$e ete!t t" $ic$ * e*der$*d "r< re*ti"!$i% c$*r*cteri,ed . )#t#* tr#t *!d re%ect &"r +r"#%

)e)er> ide* *!d &eei!+/ I! "t$er "rd a lea!er who has high

onsi!eration, helps his group mem%ers with personal pro%lems, is

$rien!l0, an! approaha%le an! treate! all group mem%ers as

eual*Ie $"i!+ c"!cer! &"r t$e &""er c")&"rti!+ t$e) etc/T$e c"!c#i"! *re t$*t e*der $" t*

i#* ManagerialGri!; uni#ersit0 stu!ents, R


54/92

T$*t )e*! * t$e"r. Y )*!*+er "#d e e6#*ted t" *! e)%".ee "rie!ted

re*ti"!$i% i! )*!*+e)e!t/

#i* The ontingen0 theories o$ lea!ership9

T$ee "er(ed e*der$i% * situational/ T$e. (ieed e*der * t$e %r"d#ct "& *!.

+i(e! it#*ti"!/ I! "t$er "rd e*der *re tr"!+. i!#e!ced . t$e it#*ti"!*

&*ct"r $ic$ e*der e)er+e *!d i! $ic$ $e2$e "%er*te

T$e it#*ti"!* &*ct"r $ic$ ere ide!ti4ed ere

- 7ea!ership personalit0 an! experiene t$ee i!c#de %*t e%erie!ce

e%ect*ti"! *!d t*!d*rd "& ed#c*ti"!/- Expetations an! %eha#iour o$ superiors "ri+i!*te &r") t$e &*ct t$*t

#%eri"r *re ##*. t$e "!e t" re(ie t$e e*der> %er&"r)*!ce/ Ue "&re*rd %"er . t$e #%eri"r i)%ie t$*t t$e. c*! i!#e!ce t$e e*der$i%

e$*(i"#r "& #"rdi!*te/- Expetations an! %eha#iour o$ su%or!inates t$ee )*. i!c#de tr*i!i!+

*!d


55/92

5 The lea!er;s position power9 ie %"er %"iti"! i!#e!ce *#t$"rit. e+

t$e CEO )*. $*(e )"re %"er t$*! * de*!/

ii* The path goal theor09 t*te t$*t t$e e*der> d#t. i t" *it &""er i!

*tt*i!i!+ t$eir +"* *!d t" %r"(ide directi"! "r #%%"rt !eeded t" e!#re

t$*t t$e +"* *re c")%*tie it$ t$e "r+*!i,*ti"!>/ t$*t )e*! e'ecti(e

e*der c*ri&. t$e %*t$ t" $e% t$eir &""er *c$ie(e t$e ":ecti(e/ It

ec")e e*ier t" *c$ie(e t$e ":ecti(e $e! e*der red#ce t$e

r"*d"c

e%ected "& t$e) . c$ed#i!+ t$e "r< t" e d"!e +i(e %eci4c +#id*!ce

"! $" t" *cc")%i$ t*


56/92

on&!ent!"t ompetent/ T$e e*der *" #e t$e selling)et$"d $e! &""er

*re #!*e *t$"#+$ ii!+ t" d" t$e :" t*


57/92

&""er t" ee t$e %"iti(e ide "& t$e %r"e) *!d *re *e t" ecite *r"#e

*!d i!%ire t$e &""er/

Tr*!&"r)*ti"!* e*der %r"d#ce e(e "& e)%".ee e'"rt *!d %er&"r)*!ce t$*t

+" e."!d $*t "#d "cc#r it$ * tr*!*cti"!* *%%r"*c$ *"!e/ T$e. i! ti i! t$e

&""er t$e *iit. t" 6#eti"! (ie . t$eir e*der$i% t.e/

;/ Charismati > #isionar0 lea!ership9 %"rtr*. e!t$#i*tic e&-c"!tr" e&-

c"!4de!t %er"!*it. *!d $*(e *cti"! t$*t i!#e!ce %e"%e t" e$*(e i! *

cert*i! *./ T$e. $*(e (ii"! *!d *re *e t" *rtic#*te t$*t (ii"! ii!+ t"

t**!d tre re*ti!+ t" %er&"r)i!+ re%etiti(e t*


58/92

M*!*+e)e!t $*d t" )* $ier*rc$. "& !eed $ic$ e%*i! t$e re*ti(e i)%"rt*!ce "&

!eed i! $#)*! ei!+/ ?e c*)e #% it$ t$e &""i!+9- 6h0siologial nee!st$ee *re i!!*te ."# c*!!"t d" it$"#t t$e) e+ &""d

$eter etc- -eurit0 nee!s9 t$e !eed t" *("id $*r) %*i! d*!+er *!d de%ri(*ti"!- A/liation%elongingness or soial nee!s9 ie !eed &"r "(e "r

c")%*!i"!$i%/ S"ci* !eed i!c#de *)"!+ "t$er t$e !eed &"r "(e *!d

*'ecti"! e"!+i!+!e *!d *i*ti"!/ T$i )*. tr*!*te i!t" t$e !eed t"

&"r) *!d e"!+ t" "ci* +r"#% #c$* c"!+re+*ti"! )*rri*+e


59/92

cere)"!ie etc/ t$e "ci* !eed $*(e t" e *ti4ed "!. *&ter t$e

%$.i""+ic* *!d *&et. !eed/ T$e *"(e t$ree !eed *re *t ti)e re&erred

t" * the lower le#el nee!s/ O!e c"))"! t$i!+ *"#t t$e) i t$*t t$e.

c*! e*i. e *ti4ed /0t$ere *re ##*. i! * %$.ic* #%%er i)it * t" t$eir*ti&*cti"!@/- Esteem nee!s9 t$ee *re %.c$""+ic* !eed &r") * %er"!> i!!er e&/

M*. i!c#de !eed t" e %r*ied *!d !eed &"r rec"+!iti"! *c$ie(e)e!t

c")%ete!ce *!d t*t#/ It i &r") t$ee t$*t %e"%e dri(e %ride/- -el$5atuali.ation nee!s9 t$e !eed t" re*i,e "!e> %"te!ti* *!d

#tiie "!e> c*%*iitie/ M*. i!c"r%"r*te t$e !eed &"r c$*e!+i!+ t*

#"rdi!*te )"re hallengingtas"s *!d assignments * e * .

personal enouragement an! in#ol#ement* S#"rdi!*te !eed t" &ee

i)%"rt*!t *!d t$e. !eed t" e +i(e! :" t$*t .ied * &eei!+ "& i)%"rt*!ce/

A!d t$ere&"re *! e'ecti(e e*der *!d +""d )"ti(*t"r $"#d c"!ce!tr*te "!

*ddrei!+ t$e #"rdi!*te $i+$er "rder !eed "!. i& $e2$e $* *ddreed

t$e *ic !eed/

I! #%%"rt "& M*"> $ier*rc$. "& !eed ")e )*i!t*i! t$*t it "'er *

re*"!*e e%*!*ti"! "& $#)*! e$*(i"#r e+the teahers retreat trip to

Cape town, woul! moti#ate managing !iretors an! others who ha#e

satis&e! the lower or!er nee!s more than a general han! emplo0ee

who still has to satis$0 the %asi human nee!s o$ hunger shelter, et*

The two $ator theor0 %0 Fre!eri" er.%erg9

M*. *" e

&eed*c< &r") *"#t t" $#!dred *cc"#!t*!t *!d e!+i!eer *"#t #!*ti&*ct"r.

*!d *ti&*ct"r. &eei!+ "! t$e :"/

Aor!ing to this theor09 )"ti(*ti"!* &*ct"r c*! e di(ided i!t" t" r"*d

c*te+"rie/ T$e 4rt +r"#% "& circ#)t*!ce ere c*ed h0giene "r

maintenane$ators"r !issatis&es* T$e t$e"r. e%*i! t$*t *! i)%r"(e)e!t i!

t$ee "#d !"t e*d t" i)%r"(ed %r"d#cti(it. #t !eit$er "#d it e*d t" red#ced

%r"d#cti"!/ A!d t$# *!. red#cti"! i! t$ee &*ct"r "#d e*d t" red#ced%er&"r)*!ce e(e $e!ce +i(i!+ rie t" t$e !*)e di*ti4e/


60/92

The impliation is that managers shoul! not re!ue h0giene $ators or else

ris" the negati#e e1ets o$ re!ue! pro!uti#it0 an! lower emplo0ee

morale*T$e $.+ie!e &*ct"r i!c#de

5 C")%*!. %"ic. *!d *d)i!itr*ti"!5 S#%er(ii"!5 Re*ti"!$i% it$ #%er(i"r5 "r


61/92

- Extrinsi moti#ationi *ti&*cti"! t$*t i deri(ed i!direct. e+ *ti&*cti"!

deri(ed &r") t$e e!e4t &r") "r< * e%"ed t" "r< ite&/ F"r-i!t*!ce

"r


62/92

I)%.i!+ t$*t *! e)%".ee i e )"ti(*ted t" %er&"r) i& $e %ercei(e t$*t i& $e

)* i!%#t i! t$e

&"r) "& e1ort experiene ompetene*!d "t$er %er"!* *ttri#te/ O#t%#t t$*t

i t$e i!di(id#* +et &r") e)%".)e!t t$ee )*. t*


63/92

Negati#e rein$orement "cc#r $e! *! i!di(id#* i %#!i$ed &"r #!deir*e

e$*(i"#r/ Ater!*ti(e. ."# c*! #e extintione+ !"t re*rdi!+ ")e"!e &"r

")et$i!+ $ic$ "#d %re(i"#. $*(e e*r!ed t$e) * re*rd/

GUIDE7INE- FOR EFFECTI:E MOTI:ATION9

1/ Reogni.e in!i#i!ual !i1erenes9 e)%".ee *re !"t $")"+e!e"#/ T$e.

$*(e di'ere!t !eed *ttit#de %er"!*itie etct$ere&"re t$e )"ti(*ti"!

.te) $"#d i!c"r%"r*te t$ee di'ere!ce/;/ Math people to 'o%s9 t$e ri+$t %e"%e $"#d e *i+!ed t" t$e ri+$t :"/

P#t %e"%e i!t" :" "(er $ic$ t$e. *re

%*tter!/ Ie )*!*+er )#t e'ecti(e. #e t$eir

o% !esign theor09

T$i i t$e *. $" t*


64/92

5 -"ills #ariet0 t$e de+ree t" $ic$ * :" re6#ire * (*riet. "& *cti(itie "

t$*t *! e)%".ee c*! #e * !#)er "& di'ere!t


65/92

* Inreasing the nee! $or o5or!ination through9 c"))ittee )eeti!+ *!d

t*< &"rce/ Ie t$e "r+*!i,*ti"! * * $"e c"#d $*(e * c"-"rdi!*ti!+

c"))ittee $ic$ i c")%"ed "& )e)er &r") (*ri"# #-#!it $ic$ )eet

re+#*r. t" re(ie e'ecti(e!e "& c"-"rdi!*ti"!/* Re!uing the nee! $or o5or!ination9 c*! e *c$ie(ed t$r"#+$ t$e

&""i!+95 Creating autonomous units9 ie#-#!it *re tr#ct#red #c$ t$*t t$e.

ec")e t*!d *"!e #!it " t$*t t$ere i i!ter-de%e!de!ce *)"!+ t$e)

t$# ei)i!*ti!+ t$e !eed &"r c"-"rdi!*ti"!/5 Creating sla" resoures9 *c< re"#rce *re ece re"#rce/ T$e *i)

"& cre*ti!+ #c$ re"#rce i t" e!#re t$*t e*c$ #-#!it $* * t$e

re"#rce it !eed t" #!dert* c*%*cit./5 In situations where greater o5or!ination is reuire! then, a smaller

%*! "#d e )"re "+ic*/5 $e! )"re %*!!i!+ i re6#ired t" e d"!e . t$e #%er(i"r it #++et

t$*t )*er %*! "#d e ide*/


66/92

5 I& !cti"! c* &"r * ide +e"+r*%$ic c"(er*+e t$e! * )*er %*! "#d

e t$e )"t %r*ctic*/5 M"re *it*!ce )*. e *"ci*ted it$ * *r+er %*! *!d (ice (er*/

COMMUNICATION9

C"))#!ic*ti"! i t$e tr*!&er "& *!d #!dert*!di!+ )e*!i!+/ F"r e*)%e * riter

$" $* !"t ritte! *!d %#i$ed $e $* !"t .et c"))#!ic*ted/ T$e e)%$*i i!

c"))#!ic*ti"! i t$e Qtr*!&er/ A" c"))#!ic*ti"! i!("(e t$e #!dert*!di!+ "&

)e*!i!+/ T$ere&"re &"r c"))#!ic*ti"! t" e e'ecti(e it )#t e tr*!&erred *!d

#!dert""d/ T$*t )e*! #!e * c"))"! #!dert*!di!+ re#t &r") t$etr*!)ii"! "& (er* "r !"!(er* .)" t$ere i !" c"))#!ic*ti"!/

I! "t$er "rd &"r c"))#!ic*ti"! t" e #cce it )#t e i)%*rted *!d

#!dert""d/ F#rt$er c"))#!ic*ti"! e!c")%*e "t$ i!ter%er"!* c"))#!ic*ti"!

*!d "r+*!i,*ti"!* c"))#!ic*ti"!/ N"te t$*t "t$ i!ter%er"!* *!d "r+*!i,*ti"!*

c"))#!ic*ti"! *re i)%"rt*!t t" t$e )*!*+er/

Funtions o$ ommuniation9

- C"!tr" e)%".ee e$*(i"#r- M"ti(*te . c*ri&.i!+ t" e)%".ee $*t i t" e d"!e $" e t$e. *re

d"i!+ *!d $*t c*! e d"!e t" i)%r"(e %er&"r)*!ce/- e)"ti"!* e%rei"! it %r"(ide * ree*e &"r e)"ti"!* e%rei"! "&

&eei!+ *!d &"r )e!t "& "ci* !eed/- T" i!&"r) e(er."!e !eed i!&"r)*ti"! t" +et t$i!+ d"!e/

Ee)e!t "& c"))#!ic*ti"! *re9

- Message9 i $*t t$e i!di(id#* $"%e t" c"))#!ic*te/ N"te t$*t )*!*+er

$*(e !#)er"# %#r%"e &"r c"))#!ic*ti!+ #c$ * t" $*(e "t$er

#!dert*!d t$eir ide* t" #!dert*!d t$e ide* "& "t$er t" +*i! *cce%t*!ce"& ide* *!d t" %r"d#ce *cti"!/ T$ere&"re t" e e'ecti(e it i ee!ti* t$*t

* )e*+e c"!t*i! * t$e &*ct c"))#!ic*t"r $*t !ece*r. &"r t$e

deired e'ect/ *t t$e *)e ti)e t$e e*ct &"r) t$*t t$e )e*+e t*


67/92

- Reei#er9 e'ecti(e c"))#!ic*ti"! re6#ire t$*t t$e c"))#!ic*t"r

*!tici%*te t$e recei(er> dec"di!+ *iit. t"

&r")/ E'ecti(e c"))#!ic*ti"! i recei(er "rie!ted !"t )edi* "rie!ted/

N"te t$*t tei!+ i !"t te*c$i!+ $e! t$e te*c$er #e *!+#*+e t$*t t$et#de!t c*!!"t #!dert*!d ie c"))#!ic*ti"! $* !"t t* tr*i!i!+ *!d *iit. t"

c")%re$e!d/- Deo!ing9 dec"di!+ i * tec$!ic* ter) &"r t$e t$"#+$t %r"ce & t$e

recei(er/ It i!("(e i!ter%ret*ti"!/ Recei(er i!ter%ret 0dec"de@ t$e

)e*+e i! i+$t "& t$eir "! %re(i"# e%erie!ce *!d &r*)e "& re&ere!ce/

F"r e*)%e t$e c"er t$e dec"ded )e*+e i t" t$e i!te!t "& t$e

c"))#!ic*t"r t$e )"re e'ecti(e i t$e c"))#!ic*ti"!/ T$*t )e*! i! *!

"r+*!i,*ti"! i& t$e )e*+e t$*t t$e c$ie& eec#ti(e recei(e &r") t$e

)*r

t$*t * "r+*!i,*ti"! t*


68/92

A! i)%"rt*!t %*rt "& i!ter%er"!* c"))#!ic*ti"! i non#er%alommuniation/ It

i!("(e c"))#!ic*ti"! %*ed it$"#t "rd/ O#t "& * t$e &"r) "& !"!(er*

c"))#!ic*ti"! t$e et

- %o!0language re&er t" +et#re &*ci* e%rei"! *!d "t$er "d.

)"(e)e!t t$*t c"!(e. )e*!i!+/- :er%alintonation re&er t" t$e e)%$*i ")e"!e +i(e t" "rd "r

%$r*e t$*t c"!(e. )e*!i!+/

I! )*!*+e)e!t e $"#d **. re)e)er t$*t * e c"))#!ic*te t$e !"!(er*

c")%"!e!t ##*. c*rrie t$e +re*tet i)%*ct/ It i !"t $*t ."# *. #t $" ."#

*. it/

Organi.ational ommuniation9 in#ol#es

- F"r)* (er# i!&"r)* c"))#!ic*ti"!9- T$e " %*tter! "& c"))#!ic*ti"!- F"r)* *!d i!&"r)* c"))#!ic*ti"! !et"r


69/92

decii"! )*

T$e i!d %"rt %ree!t *! i!ter%er"!* $*!dic*% &"r t$e e& i!ce "!e $*rd.c*! #!dert*!d t$e e$*(i"#r decii"! "r %"te!ti* "& "t$er it$"#t $*(i!+


70/92

d*t* "! $ic$ t$ee *re *ed/ Ot$er $*(e t$e *d(*!t*+e "&

%er"! 0e&@ )*. re"rt t" #%er4ci* c"))#!ic*ti"! t$*t i %ree!t * &*e

&r"!t "r &*X*de/ T$i it#*ti"! i %*rtic#*r. d*)*+i!+ $e! * #"rdi!*te

%eci*itie )#t c""rdi!*te $*t t$e. d" t$r"#+$ c"))#!ic*ti"!/

T$ere&"re t" i)%r"(e c"))#!ic*ti"! *! i!di(id#* )#t #tii,e t" tr*te+ie

- Exposurei i!cre*i!+ t$e *re!* . red#ci!+ t$e &*X*de it re6#ire t$*t t$e

i!di(id#* e "%e! *!d $"!et i! $*ri!+ i!&"r)*ti"! it$ "t$er/ T$e

%r"ce t$*t t$e e& #e t" i!cre*e t$e i!&"r)*ti"!

it/ T$e i!di(id#* i e *e t" c"!tr" t$e "t*i!i!+ "& &eed*c< t$*! t$e

%r"(ii"! "& e%"#re/ Ot*i!i!+ &eed*c< i de%e!de!t "! t$e *cti(e

c""%er*ti"! "& "t$er $ie e%"#re re6#ire t$e *cti(e e$*(i"#r "& t$e

e& *!d ite!i!+ "& "t$er/

Thegrape#ine i *cti(e i! *)"t e(er. "r+*!i,*ti"!/ T$i i * (er. i)%"rt*!t "#rce

"& i!&"r)*ti"! t" )*!*+e)e!t/ It *ct * * 4ter *!d &eed*c< )ec$*!i)/

M*!*+er *re *d(ied t" *!*.e $*t i $*%%e!i!+ "! t$e +r*%e (i!e/ $*t

i!&"r)*ti"! i %*ed *!d $" it " *!d $*t i!di(id#* ee) t" e


71/92

1/ Filtering9 ie t$e deier*te )*!i%#*ti"! "& i!&"r)*ti"! t" )*


72/92

"r+*!i,*ti"! %"i!t "& (ie "r+*!i,*ti"!* c"))#!ic*ti"! i "!e i! $ic$ )"re i

!"t **. etter r*t$er t$e +"* "& "r+*!i,*ti"! $"#d e t" i)%e)e!t

c"))#!ic*ti"! .te) t$*t e!#re t$*t t$e %r"%er i!&"r)*ti"! " t" t$"e

$" !eed it *!d !"t t" t$"e $" d"!>t/J* -emanti pro%lems9 ie &*i#re t" #!dert*!d $*t t$e c"))#!ic*t"r i tr.i!+

t" c"))#!ic*te/ Re)e)er c"))#!ic*ti"! i t$e tr*!)ii"! "& i!&"r)*ti"!

*!d #!dert*!di!+ t$r"#+$ t$e #e "& c"))"! .)"/ e c*!!"t tr*!)it

#!dert*!di!+ e c*! "!. tr*!)it i!&"r)*ti"! i! t$e &"r) "& "rd $ic$ *re

t$e c"))"! .)"/ U!&"rt#!*te. t$e *)e "rd )*. )e*! e!tire.

di'ere!t t$i!+ t" di'ere!t %e"%e/ t$e #!dert*!di!+ i i! t$e recei(er !"t i!

t$e "rd/ T$ere&"re )*!*+er )#t %*. c"e *tte!ti"! t" $" t$e. decrie

"t$ i! (er* c"))#!ic*ti"! *!d i! ritte! c"))#!ic*ti"! deired *cti"!

t$e. *!t t" ee t*


73/92

3/ Utili.ing $ee!%a"9t$i i *! i)%"rt*!t ee)e!t i! e'ecti(e t" *.

c"))#!ic*ti"!/ It %r"(ide * c$*!!e &"r recei(er re%"!e e!*i!+ t$e

c"))#!ic*t"r t" deter)i!e $et$er t$e )e*+e $* ee! recei(ed *!d $*

%r"d#ced t$e i!te!ded re%"!e/ I! d"!*rd c"))#!ic*ti"! i!*cc#r*cie>*re i


74/92

Managing wor" groups9

Managing teams9 it i!("(e t$e )*!*+e)e!t "& groups *!d +r"#% de(e"%)e!t/

M*!*+er )#t #!dert*!d +r"#% *!d $" it de(e"%/

- A +r"#% i *! *"ci*ti"! "& t" "r )"re %e"%e i!ter*cti!+ *!d

i!terde%e!de!t $" c")e t"+et$er t" *c$ie(e * %eci4c +"*/ Gr"#% c*!

eit$er e &"r)* "r i!&"r)*/- F"r)* +r"#% *re "r< +r"#% t$*t *re de4!ed . t$e "r+*!i,*ti"!>

tr#ct#re/- T$e i!&"r)* +r"#% e)*!*te &r") t$e i!ter*cti"! t$*t t* de)*!d &"r etter 6#*it. *!d

6#*!tit. "& %r"d#cti"!/ B. ei!+ * )e)er "& * +r"#% i!di(id#* e)%".ee

c*! ec")e i!("(ed i! +r"#% *cti(itie *!d "%e!. dic# t$ee

)*!*+e)e!t de)*!d it$ &e" "r


75/92

i!ter%reted * t$e e&-*ct#*i,*ti"! !eed/ M"t e)%".ee eie(e t$*t ri+id

:" re6#ire)e!t *!d r#e d" !"t e!*e t$e) t" *ti&. t$i !eed

#cie!t./ T$e. re*ct . :"i!i!+ * "r< +r"#% $ic$ i (ieed * * (e$ice

&"r c"))#!ic*ti"! *)"!+ &rie!d *"#t t$e #e "& * :" re*ted

c*! e*d t" )"re *ti&*cti"! "& t$e e& -*ct#*i,*ti"! !eed/

N"te t$*t +r"#% $*(e t*+e "& de(e"%)e!t/

-tage one is the $orming stage/ T$i t*+e i c$*r*cteri,ed it$ #!cert*i!t. t$e

)e)er *!t t" tet t$e *ter t" deter)i!e $*t t.%e "& e$*(i"#r *re *cce%t*e/

T$i t*+e i c")%ete $e! )e)er t*rt t" t$i!< "& t$e)e(e * %*rt "& * +r"#%/

The seon! stagei

i * re*ti(e. ce*r $ier*rc$. "& e*der$i% *!d *+ree)e!t "! t$e +r"#% directi"!/

The thir! stage i

e%ect*ti"!/

A$ter norming t$e! t$e +r"#% t*rt t" per$orm*!d $e!ce it i t$e %er&"r)i!+

t*+e/ T$e tr#ct#re i i! %*ce *!d *cce%ted . * +r"#% )e)er/ Ie t$e. !"

"r< t"+et$er/

Fi!*. it i t$e a!'ourning stage/

?i+$ e(e "& %er&"r)*!ce *!d )e)er$i% *ti&*cti"! c*! e *c$ie(ed ec*#e "&

")e "& t$ee re*"!9

- T$e *iit. "& t$e +r"#%> )e)er- T$e i,e "& t$e +r"#%

- T$e e(e "& c"!ict- T$e i!ter!* %re#re "! )e)er t" c"!&"r) t" t$e !"r)- External on!itions impose! on the group t$ee )*. i!c#de t$e

tr*te+. *#t$"rit. re*ti"!$i% &"r)* r#e *!d re+#*ti"! *(*i*iit. "&

re"#rce e)%".ee eecti"! criteri* %er&"r)*!ce )*!*+e)e!t .te)

*!d c#t#re * e * t$e +e!er* %$.ic* *."#t "& t$e +r"#% "r< %*ce

e+ t"" *!d e6#i%)e!t ei!+ #ed/- Group mem%ers resoures t$ee )*. i!c#de


76/92

- Group proesses it i!("(e decii"! )*


77/92


78/92

iii/ It %*. * tr*te+ic r"e i! *! "r+*!i,*ti"!> c")%etiti(e #cce/

N"te t$*t #cce "r+*!i,*ti"! )"(e t"*rd )*!*+i!+ t$eir "%er*ti"! &r") *

(*#e Qc$*i! %er%ecti(e:alue hain management i * %r"ce "& )*!*+i!+ t$e

e6#e!ce "& *cti(itie *!d i!&"r)*ti"! *"!+ t$e e!tire (*#e c$*i!/

- :alue hain9 re&er t" t$e e!tire erie "& "r+*!i,*ti"!* "r< *cti(itie t$*t

*dd (*#e *t e*c$ te%/ Ie &r") r* )*teri* t" 4!i$ed %r"d#ct/ T$*t

)e*! . #i!+ (*#e c$*i! ."# c*! e!c")%* t$e #%%ier> #%%ier t"

t$e c#t")er> c#t")er/- :alue hain9 c*! *" e de4!ed * t$e %er&"r)*!ce c$*r*cteritic

&e*t#re *!d *ttri#te *!d *!. "t$er *%ect "& %r"d#ct2er(ice &"r $ic$

c#t")er *re ii!+ t" +i(e #% re"#rce 0)"!e.@/ T$*t )e*! (*#e i

%r"(ided t" c#t")er t$r"#+$ tr*!&"r)i!+ r* )*teri* *!d "t$er

re"#rce i!t" ")e %r"d#ct "r er(ice t$*t e!d #er !eed "r deire $e!

$ere *!d $" t$e. *!t it/

The o%'eti#es o$ #alue hain management9

T" cre*te * (*#e c$*i! tr*te+. t$*t )eet *!d eceed c#t")er !eed *!d deire

*!d *" &"r i!te+r*ti"! *)"!+ * )e)er "& t$e c$*i!/

- A! e'ecti(e (*#e c$*i! i "!e i! $ic$ * e6#e!ce "& %*rtici%*!t "r !eed *!d deire/i(/ 7ea!ership re6#ire tr"!+ *!d c"))itted e*der$i%/ A e(e "&

)*!*+e)e!t )#t #%%"rt &*ciit*te *!d %r")"te t$e i)%e)e!t*ti"! *!d

"! +"i!+ %r*ctice "& (*#e )*!*+e)e!t/ T$e! e*c$ e)%".ee> r"e )#te c*ri4ed i! t$e (*#e c$*i!/

(/ Emplo0eeshuman resoures9 !"te t$*t it$"#t e)%".ee t$ere "#d

e !" %r"d#ct2er(ice/ T$ere "#d e !" "r+*!i,ed e'"rt i! t$e %#r#it

"& c"))"! +"*/T$e t$ree )*i! $#)*! re"#rce re6#ire)e!t i! t$e (*#e c$*i! *re

eiiit. ie eie *%%r"*c$e t" :" dei+! *re * !eceit./ -eon!l0

e'ecti(e $iri!+ %r"ce )#t e dei+!ed t" ide!ti&. e)%".ee $" $*(e

t$e *iit. t" e*r! *!d *d*%t/ T$ird. "! +"i!+ tr*i!i!+ i !ece*r. t" *

e)%".ee/ Ie )*!*+er )#t ee t" it t$*t e)%".ee $*(e t$e


80/92

1/ The role o$ tehnolog0 in operations )"t "r+*!i,*ti"! *re ""

MANAGING UMAN RE-OURCE-

S#cce i! e(er. "r+*!i,*ti"! t*rt it$ %e"%e/ Pe"%e *re t$e )"t %reci"# *et"& t$e "r+*!i,*ti"! t$eir ide* *!d di'ere!ce i t$e "!. %*t$ t" #t*i!*e "!+

ter) +r"t$ "& t$e "r+*!i,*ti"!/

$. i $#)*! re"#rce i)%"rt*!t It i i)%"rt*!t &"r t$ree re*"!

i/ It c*! e * i+!i4c*!t "#rce "& c")%etiti(e *d(*!t*+e * (*ri"# t#die

$*(e c"!c#ded/ T$*t )e*! %e"%e "rie!ted "r+*!i,*ti"! +i(e *!

"r+*!i,*ti"! *! ed+e . cre*ti!+ #%eri"r $*re$"der (*#e/ii/ ?#)*! re"#rce )*!*+e)e!t ian important part o$ organi.ational

strategies* Emplo0ers must #iew wor"ers an! treat them aspartners not 'ust as osts to %e minimi.e! or a#oi!e!/

iii/ T$e *. $" "r+*!i,*ti"! tre*t t$eir "r


81/92

T$i $" t$*t t$e *cti(itie "& ?RM )#t e c")%eted i! "rder t" e!#re t$*t

"r+*!i,*ti"! $*(e 6#*i4ed %e"%e t" %er&"r) t$e "r< t$*t !eed t" e d"!e/ T$ee

*cti(itie *re

- T" e!#re t$*t c")%ete!t e)%".ee *re ide!ti4ed *!d eected/- Pr"(idi!+ e)%".ee it$ #% t" d*te

c*%*e %e"%e i! t$e ri+$t %*ce *!d *t t$e ri+$t ti)e t$r"#+$ %*!!i!+ "r+*!i,i!+

*!d *("idi!+ #dde! %e"%e $"rt*+e *!d #r%#e/ ?#)*! re"#rce %*!!i!+

e!t*i t" $ic$ *re *ei!+ c#rre!t $#)*! re"#rce *!d )eeti!+ t#re $#)*!

re"#rce !eed/ T$i t*+e )*. *" re6#ire recr#it)e!t *!d de-cr#iti)e!t/

Pr"(idi!+ e)%".ee it$ #% t" d*te

T$e )*!*+er t$ere&"re !eed t" ide!ti&. e*ct. $*t

d"!i,i!+ t$e "r+*!i,*ti"! )*!*+i!+ di(ere "r


82/92

1/ The hanging en#ironment9 *! "r+*!i,*ti"! "%er*te i! *! e(er c$*!+i!+

e!(ir"!)e!t t$ere&"re t$e t*!d*rd )*. $*(e t" e re(ieed t"


83/92

/ Operations9 t$ee *re t$e d*. t" d*. *cti(itie "& t$e "r+*!i,*ti"!/ C"!tr"

e'"rt $* t" *" &"c# "! t$e) it$ * (ie t" e!#ri!+ t$*t r"#ti!e t*r+et *re

)et/ T$i i! t#r! i e!#re t$*t t$e "(er* "!+ ter) +"* *re )et/

-teps in the ontrol proess9

* Esta%lish stan!ar!s9 i! ter) "& %r"4t c"t t#r!"(er etc *!d et*i$i!+

$"#c$ %er&"r)*!ce i e )e*#red/

T$ere *re &"#r *. ."# c*! #e t" )e*#re t$e t*!d*rd t$ee *re %er"!*

"er(*ti"! t*titic* re%"rt "r* re%"rt *!d ritte! re%"rt

;/ Measuring atual per$ormane9 t$e re%"rti!+ $"#d e rei*e *!d

re*"!*. *cc#r*te/ It $"#d e i! ter) "& t$e *)e *e "& )e*#re)e!t* et t*!d*rd/

3/ Comparing atual an! stan!ar! per$ormane9 e)%$*i $"#d !"t "!.

e "! di'ere!ce t$*t *re !e+*ti(e #t $"#d *" e et*i$ed $. t$e

t*!d*rd $*(e ee! eceeded/ Bec*#e *t ti)e t$e ece c"#d e ec*#e

t$e t*!d*rd ere !"t c$*e!+i!+ e!"#+$/=/ Ta"ing orreti#e ation9 di'ere!ce i! t$e *ct#* *!d t*!d*rd %er&"r)*!ce

)*. e eit$er d#e t" #!*ti&*ct"r. %er&"r)*!ce "r #!re*itic t*!d*rd/

T$ere&"re t$e c"rrecti(e *cti"! i )e*!t t" c"rrect t$e %er&"r)*!ce i&

#!*ti&*ct"r. "r *d:#ti!+ t$e %*! i& t$e. #!re*itic/

T0peso$ontrol

T$e t.%e "& c"!tr" c*! e *!*.ed *cc"rdi!+ t" t$e t*+e *t $ic$ c"!tr" *cti"!

i t*


84/92

e)%".ee )"ti(*ti"! i! t$*t t$e. %r"(ide e)%".ee it$ i!&"r)*ti"! "! $"

e t$e. $*(e %er&"r)ed/

Control s0stems9 )*. e c*i4ed i!t" #re*#cr*tic *!d "r+*!ic c"!tr" .te)/

T$e. *re *ed "! trict r#e *!d re+#*ti"!/ Emphasis is on strit a!herene to

proe!ures* An! the0 rel0 on the hierarh0 o$ $ormal authorit0 lines/

A!#antageso$%ureaurationtrols9

A c"!tr" i *t e(er. t*+e it e!#re * de(i*ti"! *re c"rrected/ T$i i #it*e &"r

r"#ti!e *cti(itie *!d * t*e e!(ir"!)e!t/ It i ide* &"r it#*ti"! $e! t$e

c"!e6#e!ce "& err"r *re +r*(e/ ?e!ce e!#re #!i&"r)it. "& *cti"!/

Disa!#antages9

- M*. re#t i! *ti!+ "& re"#rce t$r"#+$ #!!ece*r. c"!tr"/- N"t #it*e &"r c")%ic*ted t*


85/92

i* The si.e o$ the organi.ation9 * )*er "r+*!i,*ti"! te!d t" re. "!

i!&"r)* %er"!* c"!tr"/ B#t * t$e "r+*!i*ti"! +r" t$e i)%er"!*

&"r)* .te) )*. $*(e t" e *d"%ted *"!+ it$ )"re direct #%er(ii"!/ii* Degree o$ !eentrali.ation9 t$e )"re dece!tr*i,ed *! "r+*!i,*ti"! i t$e

+re*ter t$e !eed &"r c"!tr"/ T$i i d#e t" t$e &*ct t$*t i! %ite "& dee+*ti"!

t$e )*!*+er ti ret*i! *cc"#!t*iit./ T$# )"re c"!tr" i e !ece*r. t"

e!#re t$e e'ecti(e #e "& dee+*ted *#t$"rit./iii* Importane o$ an ati#it09 it de%e!d "! t$e c"!e6#e!ce "& err"r/ $ere

*! err"r "#d e etre)e. c"t. t" t$e "r+*!i,*ti"! +re*ter c"!tr" )*. e

!ece*r./i#* 6osition an! le#el within the organi.ation9 t$"e $i+$er #% i! $ier*rc$ic*

e(e i $*(e * +re*ter !eed &"r )#ti%e c"!tr" ec*#e t$eir "r< i

##*. *ed "! *)i+#"# it#*ti"!/ T$i c"!tr*t it$ %er"! *t t$e

"er e!d "& t$e "r+*!i,*ti"!* $ier*rc$. $" $*(e ce*r. de4!ed %er&"r)*!cet*!d*rd *!d * #c$ !eed eer c"!tr"/

#* Organisational ulture9i& tr#t *!d "%e!!e *re t.%ic* "& *! "r+*!i*ti"!>

c#t#re t$ere i e )"re i!&"r)* re*ti(e t" &"r)* c"!tr"/ M"re &"r)*

c"!tr" "#d c"!(ere. eit $e! t$e c#t#re i c$*r*cteried . &e*r

ditr#t *!d re%ri*/

?ualities o$ an e1eti#e ontrol s0stem9

- -pei&9 t$e c"!tr" .te) )#t e t*r+eted *t %eci4c *re* e+

t*!d*rd )#t !"t e (*+#e- -impliit09 t$e .te) )#t e e*. t" #e/ A c")%ic*ted .te) )*. !"t

!ece*ri. e t$e )"t e'ecti(e "!e- Eonom09 it )#t e c"t e'ecti(e/ A **!ce i )#t e tr#c< etee!

ec"!"). *!d "t$er &*ct"r/- Timeliness9 *! e'ecti(e .te) )#t %r"d#ce i!&"r)*ti"! $e! it i

!eeded )"t/ T$i e!#re t$*t c"rrecti(e *cti"! i t*


86/92

- Emphasis on exeptions9 t$e c"!tr" .te) $"#d %i!%"i!t "!.

ece%ti"!* circ#)t*!ce/ T$i "#d e!#re t$*t )*!*+e)e!t d"e !"t

$*(e ecei(e *!d #!!ece*r. i!&"r)*ti"! c"!cer!i!+ (*ri*ti"! &r")

t*!d*rd/- Multiple riteria9 *! e'ecti(e .te) i $*(e )#ti%e t*!d*rd t" $e%

)i!i)i,e c$*!ce "& )*!i%#*ti"! r"#+$t *"#t . *. $*(i!+ * i!+e

t*!d*rd/ T$i )*. *" c"!tri#te t"*rd ":ecti(e c"!tr" .te) *!d

)"re *cc#r*te *e)e!t "& %er&"r)*!ce/- Correti#e ation9 t$e e'ecti(e!e "& * c"!tr" .te) i *" de%e!d "!

it *iit. !"t "!. t" detect de(i*ti"! #t *" it %recri%ti"! "& c"rrecti(e

)*!*+eri* *cti"! t" %#t t$e "r+*!i,*ti"! *c< "! c"#re t"*rd +"*

*tt*i!)e!t/- Aura09 t$e c"!tr" .te) )#t e *cc#r*te i! ter) "& t$e

)e*#re)e!t "& *ct#* %er&"r)*!ce/ I!c"rrect )e*#re)e!t i r*ie#!!ece*r. **r) . $i+$i+$ti!+ i!i+!i4c*!t (*ri*!ce/

The !egree o$ ontrol reuire! !epen!s on9

- The si.e o$ organi.ation9 ie $e! *! "r+*!i,*ti"! i )* it reie "!

i!&"r)* c"!tr" #t * it +r" i! i,e it ec")e !ece*r. t" #e * &"r)*

.te)/- Degree o$ !eentrali.ation9 i& t$e de+ree "& dee+*ti"! i $i+$ t$ere i

!eed t" i!cre*e t$e !#)er "& c"!tr" %"i!t/ T$i i !eceit*ted . t$e

&*ct t$*t )*!*+er ti re)*i! *cc"#!t*e &"r t$e *cti"! "& t$e#"rdi!*te !"tit$t*!di!+ t$*t t$e. i $*(e dee+*ted *#t$"rit./ B#t

$e! *#t$"rit. i ce!tr*ied t$ere i e * te!de!c. &"r eer c"!tr"/- Organi.ational ulture9 i& c#t#re i c$*r*cteri,ed . tr#t *#t"!"). *!d

"%e!!e c"!tr" "#d e )i!i)* *!d *r+e. i!&"r)*/ $ere t$e

"r+*!i*ti"!* c#t#re i c$*r*cteried . ditr#t *!d re%ri* t$ere i e *

te!de!c. t"*rd ti+$ter c"!tr"/- Importane o$ an ati#it09 $ere i)%"rt*!ce re*te t" t$e c"!e6#e!ce

"& err"r/ $ere *! *cti(it. i (er. cr#ci* t$ere i * i


87/92

The)"der! "rd i c$*r*cteried . r*%id c$*!+e ec*#e "& t$e e!(ir"!)e!t i!

$ic$ t$e "r+*!i,*ti"! "%er*te &r")/ E(er. "r+*!i,*ti"! e%erie!ce &"rce &r")

t" )*:"r e!(ir"!)e!t9 t$ee *re t$e internal an! external $ores/

T$e internal $ores )*. i!c#de !e "r+*!i,*ti"!* tr*te+ie c$*!+e i!

c")%"iti"! "& "r


88/92

5 6roess onsultation9 e!+*+i!+ *! "#tider 0c"!#t*!t@ t" $e% t$e

)*!*+er #!dert*!d $" i!ter%er"!* %r"cee *re *'ecti!+ t$e *. "r

mgmt 155 principles of management- students copy

Documents