RANA TARIQUE MEHMOODRANA TARIQUE MEHMOOD

PhD Scholar (Management Sciences)PhD Scholar (Management Sciences) Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of

Science & Technology. SZABIST SZABIST

MS (Management Sciences)MS (Management Sciences) (GOLD MADELIST) (GOLD MADELIST) Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of

Science & Technology. SZABIST SZABIST

MBA Marketing MBA Marketing (GOLD MADELIST)(GOLD MADELIST) BAQAI MEDICAL UNIVERSITY KARACHIBAQAI MEDICAL UNIVERSITY KARACHI

B.Sc Medical Technology B.Sc Medical Technology BAQAI MEDICAL UNIVERSITY KARACHIBAQAI MEDICAL UNIVERSITY KARACHI

E-mail: tariqphdszabist@gmail.comPh# 0333-2923550

Tarique Mehmood Master Trainer Learning Innovation

Division HEC Islamabad

CHP: 1&5-4

Case Study on Wal-mart and MetroBy Harvard Business Review

CHAPTER 1

What is management?

The word Manage is from Italian word “maneggiare” means to handle especially to handle/or train horses.

This traces back to Latin word “manus” means “hand”.

In 16th century “manage” was quickly extended to operations of war and in sense of taking control, taking charge, or directing.

Later it became confused with French words “menager” means “to use carefully”.

In 17th & 18th centuries the word “manage” and “ménage” overlapped in usage and today’s meaning of “Manager” is coloured by these variations.

Management originally used to indicate the process for managing, training or directing.

It was first applied to sports, then to house-keeping and later to government and business. (McFarland (1979) Management Foundations & Practice)

MANAGEMENT AS A PROCESS

Definitions:1. Management is therefore defined

as the process by which managers create, direct, maintain and operate purposive organizations through coordinated, cooperative human effort. (McFarland 1979)

2. Management has been called “the art of getting things done through people.”

This definition by Mary Parker Follet, calls attention to the fact that managers achieve organization goals by arranging for others to perform whatever tasks may be necessary – not by performing the tasks themselves. (James A.F.Stoner, 1982, Management)

3. Management is the process of planning, organizing, leading and controlling the efforts of organization members and resources to achieve the stated goals”.

M O D E L

M A N A G E M E N T P O L CL R E OA G A NN A D TI N I RN I N OG Z G L

I IN NG G

(Smith, Carroll, Kefales and Watson (1980 in their book – Management – Making Organization Perform)

4. “Management is the process of optimizing human, material and financial contribution for the achievement of the organizational goals”. (John Pearce II & Richard Robinson, Jr. 1989 in their book titled as Management)

5. “Management is concerned with accomplishment of objectives through the efforts of other people”. (Mondy, Holmes and Edwin B.Plippo 1983 in their book titled as Management: Concept and Practices)For example: Pass courses to get MBA and then seek job.

For this purpose, you need to do the following:

Planning: Determine what is to be achieved

Organizing: Allocate resources and establish means to achieve the plans / goals.

Influencing/Directing: Motivate and lead personnel.

Controlling: Compare results achieved with the planned goals.

Classic Definition by Henri Foyal (1916)

6. “To Manage is to forecast and plan, to organize, to command, to coordinate and to control”.

Definition by E.F.L. Brech (1957)

“Management is a social process… the process consists of …… planning, control, coordination and motivation.”

Koontz and O’Donnell (1976)

Managing is an operational process initially best dissected by analyzing the managerial functions.

The five essential managerial functions are: Planning, Organizing, Staffing, directing and leading and controlling.

Terry (1977)

“Management is a distinct process consisting of planning, organizing, actuating and controlling performed to determine and accomplish stated objectives by the use of human beings and other resources.”

Basic Resources Fundamental function Stated Objectives The 6 Ms The Process of Management End Results

Men & Women

Materials

Machines

Methods

Money

Market

Planning Actuating

Organizing Controlling

Management is a process of responsibility for deploying resources to accomplish given objectives .For given objectives, the resources are manpower physical resources i.e., material and financial.

Terry (1977)Management as a science:

Management science is body of systematized knowledge accumulated and accepted with reference to understanding of general truths concerning management.

Management as Art:

“Arts mean personal creative power plus skill in performance.”

Fullet defines Management as an Art.

Henry Boettinger (1975)

argues that Management is an Art. i.e., Poetry requires three components (i) artists vision, (ii) knowledge of craft and (iii) successful communication.

Schein (1968) argues Management as a Profession.

Key Characteristics

1. Professionals based their decision on general principles e.g., admire in public and criticize in private.

2. Professionals achieve professional status through performance. (difficult than lawyer or surgeon)

3. Code of Ethics for professional that protect client whereas no code of Ethics for Management.

4. Borje Saxberge – suggest – fourth characteristic i.e., dedication and commitment.

Characteristics for understanding Management

1. Management is purposeful.2. Management makes things happen.3. Management is an activity, not a

person or group of persons.4. Management is accomplished by,

with and through efforts of others.

5. Management is intangible.6. Management is aided not replaced by

the computer.7. Management has an outstanding

impact on human life.

Characteristics for understanding Management

Characteristics of the New Manager (Fulmer 1989)

1. An orientation towards people 2. A concern with implementation3. Competitive spirit4. An external perspective

5. An orientation towards systems. (Information based system)

6. Pragmatism, flexibility and ability to deal with an ambiguity.

7. An orientation towards the future.

What Managers Do? (Stoner 1982)

1. Managers work with and through other people.

2. Managers act as channels of communication.

3. Managers are responsible and accountable.

4. Managers balance competing goals and set priorities.

5. Managers must think analytically and conceptually.

6. Managers are mediators.7. Managers are politicians.

8. Managers should develop other political skills.

9. Managers are diplomats.10.Managers make difficult decisions.

A Manager is what manager does.