mgt602 lecture 5
TRANSCRIPT
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Research Methodology
Lecture No : 5
(Theoretical Framework - Hypothesis Development)
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Recap
• Types of Variables Independent, Dependent, Moderating,
Mediating( Intervening)
• Examples of relationships with eachother
• Developing of Theoretical ramewor! Variables, logical "elationships,
Directions, Explanations
• #e wanted to brea! down a problem
into easily meas$rable into testable
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Exercise
• & prod$ction manager is concerned abo$tthe low o$tp$t levels of his employee% Thearticles that he reads on 'ob performance
fre$ently mentioned three variables asimportant to 'ob performance s!illre$ired by 'ob, rewards and satisfaction%In several of the articles it was also
indicated that only if the rewards wereattractive to the recipients, didsatisfaction, and 'ob performance increasenot otherwise%
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Theoretical Framework ( Description and Discussion of the
Variables)• In this section of theoretical framewor! we
need to provide the description of thevariables and their relationships with
di*erent variables% or example%%• "ewards are two types, intrinsic and
extrinsic +%%, where as 'ob enrichment isma!ing the 'ob more challenging and
$tilies all the s!ills of the employee+when the%% % +"ewards are !nown toenhance the satisfaction of employeeswhich leads to higher organiationperformance +++ -$t for some
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Theoretical Framework (Schematic Diagram)
.obEnrichment
"ewards
Employe
e/atisfacti
on
0rganiatio
n1erformanc
e
&ttraction for
rewards
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Research uestions
• Does 'ob enrichment and rewardsin2$ence the performance 3
• Does the satisfaction intervenes the
relationship between rewards andperformance3
• Does the satisfaction intervenes therelationship between 'ob enrichment andperformance3
• Does attractiveness of the rewardsmoderate the relationship between
rewards and satisfaction%
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!"potheses De#elopment
• The research problem co$ld be bettersolved when we form$late the appropriateresearch $estions%
• The logically placed relationships need tobe tested%
• /o we develop statements which wo$ld beeasily testable
• orm$lating s$ch testable statements iscalled hypothesis development%
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!"pothesis Statements
• & hypothesis can be de4ned as a logicallyspec$lated relationship between two or
more variables expressed in the form of atest able statement%
• Di*erent 5ypotheses statements can bedrawn from the theoretical framewor!
developed earlier%• E%g%
• !a$ Job Enrichment leads to higher jobsatisfaction
• !a%: If rewards are oered the job satisfaction
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• The logical relationships have been nowstated in a testable format%
• #e need to statistically examine the
relationship between the variables 6"ewards7 and 6satisfaction7 or 6.obEnrichment7 and 6/atisfaction7
• #e need to also statistically establish thatthe satisfaction mediates the relationshipbetween rewards , 'ob enrichment and
organiation performance
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• #e need to statistically see if there ispositive correlation between thesevariables is signi4cant (large eno$gh) then
we wo$ld state that the hypotheses havebeen s$bstantiated(proved)
• In social sciences we call a relationshipstatistically signi4cant when we are
con4dent that 89 times o$t of :;;, theobserved relationship will hold tr$e%
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• It is thro$gh data analysis o$r logicalrelationships are tested%
• In case o$r hypothesis are not proved then
we wo$ld search for possible reasons% Maybe some other variables which in2$encethe relationship e%g% some moderatingvariables%
• It is again the literat$re which can provide$s with the directions% 5ence a goodliterat$re review is important%
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!"potheses Statement Formats
• 5ypotheses statements co$ld be totest Di*erence between gro$ps
"elationship between variables
• The statements co$ld be in theshape of
1roposition (s$ggestion)
If
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Examples of di'erent formats of!"potheses statements
• Di*erence between gro$ps There is di*erence between the motivation
level of men and women
• "elationship between variables There is a relationship between age and 'ob
satisfaction
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• 1roposition style Employees who are more healthy will ta!e sic!
leaves less fre$ently
• If
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• Directional The greater the stress experienced on the 'ob ,
the lower the 'ob satisfaction of the employees
The motivation level of women is more thenmotivation level of men
The age and 'ob satisfaction are negatively
related
• =on Directional There is a relations between stress and 'ob
satisfaction
There is a di*erence between motivation level
of men and women%
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• The way the statements are form$lated isdependent on the state of the research%
• #hen little s$pport from the previo$s
research is available then a more g$ardedapproach is $sed to form the hypothesisstatements%
• i%e% the direction of the relationship or thestatement on the clear di*erences areavoided%
• -$t where ever direction is !nown from the
previo$s literat$re it is better to state the
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ull and lternati#e !"potheses
• =$ll hypothesis is a proposition that statesa de4nite, exact relationship between twovariables% i%e% it states that the pop$lation
correlation between two variables is e$alto ero or some de4nite n$mber or thedi*erence between the two gro$ps is ero
• The alternative hypothesis is the opposite
of the n$ll hypothesis% It is a statementexpressing a relationship between twovariables or indicating di*erence betweengro$ps%
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• =$ll is stated as no signi4cant relationshipbetween the variables or no signi4cantdi*erence between the gro$ps exists%
• <ernate is stated as there is a signi4cantrelationship between variables orsigni4cant di*erence exists between thegro$ps%
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• The n$ll hypotheses are formed with theob'ective of re'ection%
• &s when we re'ect the n$ll hypothesis thenall other alternate hypotheses can be
s$pported%
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• It is the theory which gives $s the faiththat the alternative hypotheses are tr$e%
• Therefore we need to have strongliterat$re s$pport for developing o$rtheory on which are alternate hypothesisare based
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Exercise
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• & fo$rth and 4fth hypothesis can be developedthat is
• 5&> Motivation mediates the relationshipbetween need for achievement and 'ob
involvement
• 5&9 Motivation mediates the relationshipbetween wor! ethic val$es and 'ob involvement
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RE*+
• ?eeping in view the literat$re review wedevelop research $estions to address theresearch problem%
• In order statistically respond to theresearch $estions we develop the5ypotheses statements%
• These statements are stated in s$ch way
that they can be easily testable
• 5ypotheses statement are written indirectional, non directional formats for
testing gro$p di*erences relationship