DOCUDlents NorthW"est: The PONCHO Series

Michael Spafford

Seattle Art Museum January 9-February 2,1986

~chaelSpafford

For over twenty-five years Michael Spafford has found inspiration in the heroic mythology of the Western classical tradition. Drawing on the imagery of myths such as Hercules, Icarus, and Leda and the Swan, Spafford has created a body of work of rare intelligence and power. He presents the supernatural gods and demigods of ancient legend, whose antics once illuminated the mortal world, as vehicles for his exploration of human and spiritual values in the eighties. For Spafford, art itself is a heroic endeavor, the pursuit of that which is redemptive, an act of renewal.

Spafford received his formal training at Pomona College in Claremont, California, and at Harvard University. Exposure at Pomona to the great Jose Clemente Orozco mural, The Triumph of Prometheus, and works exhibited by Rico Lebrun and Leon Golub in Los Angeles provided young Spafford with models that were contemporary yet based on art historical sources. After graduating from Harvard, he abandoned the formal study of art history and moved to Mexico to concentrate solely on painting. There he had the opportunity to study firsthand the masterpieces of the Mexican muralist movement; their juxtaposition of bold, often brutal imagery with a highly cultivated aesthetic became a strong influence on Spafford's own style. Moved by the deep, abiding humanism evident in the muralists' work (especially Orozco), Spafford sought to develop a personal vision that would integrate his knowledge of art historical precedent and his insistence on emotional and social relevance. During this period, the artist first looked to Greco-Roman mythology for a source of imagery and a means of establishing continuity between his work and that of the past. It was in Mexico that Spafford began his characteristic pattern of working on an extended thematic series over a number of years. Exploring a recurring theme over time in extended series has allowed him to savor a theme, reworking it freshly again and again, building the cumulative power of the imagery with each successive interpretation.

This Documents Northwest exhibition is selected from a series of works that has occupied Michael Spafford over the last two years on the theme of Perseus and Medusa. First coming to this theme in 1969 while in Italy on a two-year Prix de Rome Fellowship, Spafford brings a new clarity and emo­tional energy to the classical myth. To prove himself, Perseus, son of Zeus by Danae, must kill the gorgon Medusa (one of three terrible, snaggletooth sisters whose gaze turned men to stone) and bring her head back to his mother's suitor. In Spafford's hands, the legend is abbreviated to the moment when Perseus severs Medusa's head with its hair of writhing snakes and lifts it aloft. The artist has stripped the myth to its most emblematic elements, and given them radical form: a truncated male torso, a hand, and a detached, round head with protruding tongue. Gone are the extraneous anatom­ical details and heroic trappings-Medusa's features, Perseus's helmet, polished shield, and winged sandals. The images that remain, simplified and compressed, take on the archetypal power of icons. Perseus is reduced to a headless silhouette-colurnnar legs supporting a trunklike torso with boldly rendered genitalia, his hand thrust forward and locked in Medusa's hair. Medusa is little more than ~ flat disc with phallic-like tongue and stylized serpents projecting offit, the active profile of the gorgon's head a foil against the static protagonist, Perseus. In the majority of works Spafford has eliminated any hint of chiaroscuro; there is no modeling of the figures, only flat form and pattern.

Similarly, Spafford reduces the composition to its simplest possible configuration. Stressing the structural aspects of the painting, Spafford reduces color basically to black, grey, and white, the extreme contrast in tone serving to underscore the conflict between Perseus and Medusa. Color, if present at all, is localized and tends to emerge from behind or within the overall black-and-white field. Bloody reds and sharp yellows lift the background black and animate the extreme contrasts of light and dark; the color carves out Medusa's head on a sooty field or peeks from the edge of forms, further energizing the often urgent physicality of the brushstrokes. Spafford maximizes the range of manipula­tion of pigment for expressive impact. He draws, scumbles, trowels, and scrapes the paint onto or off of the surface in broad gestures that have become his signature. Ranging from thick, slablike impasto to scraped stain, these textural effects create a sensual, physical surface that is an important aspect of Spafford's painting.

Space in these works is all but nonexistent. Compressed to two dimensions, the figures of Perseus and Medusa become little more than abstract shapes. Medusa's curvilinear head and hair play off the strict verticality of Perseus's torso, their confrontation a factor in the interplay of open and closed

fonns. The use of pattern to define everything from the interior planes of the torso to its surrounding field accentuates the highly linear conception of these paintings and Spafford's masterful drafts­manship. Drawing integrates structure and gesture in these works, either actively as line or stripe on the surface or as the subde pentimento of previous layers of paint now subsumed in the painting's surface. The compositions are a delicate balancing of extremely controlled image and spontaneously generated surface and gesture.

Spafford often speaks of the need to put "more" into a painting initially so that the necessary condensation of sensation and collapsing offonns into one another can take place. The rich penti­mento of these works more than suggests the extended process by which Spafford arrives at his deceptively simple-looking compositions. Spafford repaints to redefine the canvas; in each new version he reorganizes and heightens sensation, eliminating detail while managing to retain a freshness and spontaneity of nuance. He reconciles the freedom of expressive gesture with the discipline of strict fonnal composition.

Spafford fully exploits the emotional potential of Perseus and Medusa through the skillful manipu­lation of image, color, fonn, and composition. He brilliandy marshals the fonnal aspects of these works to serve the myth's enonnous capacity for expression; his extreme fonnal control is balanced by the cathartic impact of the imagery within the painting. The myth of Perseus and Medusa in Spafford's hands seems to suggest the deeper, darker regions of the conflicts between male and female, light and dark, life and death.

Michael Spafford is one of the Northwest's most original and compelling artists. Always struggling against the facile and fashionable, Spafford has created a unique, monumental style that is a synthesis of powerful imagery and brilliant fonnal invention. He draws on his masterful draftsmanship and rigorous fonnal skills to create paintings that are psychologically penetrating. His vision is a timeless one, conveying both an affirmation of life and a deep awareness of mortality. Spafford's paintings are provocative, emphatic statements that haunt memory.

Bruce Guenther Curator of Contemporary Art

Prepared in conjunction with the exhibition Michael SjXljford, this is the second brochure in volume three of Documents Nurthwest: The PONCHO Series. The exhibition is presented with the support of grants from PONCHO and the National Endowment for the Arts.

Photos: Chris Eden Cover: Perseus with Severed Head of Medusa (no. 1) © 1986 Seattle Art Museum

Bibliography

Books and Catalogues

American Academy in &me Annual Exhibit of Painting and Sculpture. Rome: American Academy, 1968 and 1969. Art Across America. Dayton, Ohio: Mead Corporation, 1966. Griffen, Rachel, and Martha Kingsbury. Art of the Pacific Northwest from the 1930s to the Present. Washington, D.C.:

Smithsonian Institution Press, 1974. Guenther, Bruce. 50 Northwest Artists. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1983. The Washington Year: A Contemporary View, 1980-81. Seattle: Henry Art Gallery, University of Washington, 1982.

Periodicals

Ahola, Nola. " Two Major Murals Dedicated February 27 at Kingdome." The Am (Seattle), January/February 1980. Ammons, David. "Capitol Cover-up: Wall to Hide 'Obscene' Murals." Seattle Times, May 21, 1982. Campbell, R. M. "Grappling with Ideas Through Mythology. " Seattle Po~ Intelligencer, February 22, 1976. _____ . "Spafford is Serious, Not Controversial." Seattle Po~Intelligencer, February 17,1982. Fernandez, J ustino . "Spafford Pintor de Mitos." Mexico en fa Cultura, January 14, 1962. Gay, Henry. "Greed's OK, Look Out for Lust." Seattle Po~Intelligencer, March 19, 1982. Glowen, Ron . "Paintings of Labor, Labors of Painting. " Artweek, December 17,1977. _____ . "A Painterly Classicism." Artweek, March 6, 1982. Grove, Richard. "Hercules Faces New Challenge." Seattle Post-Intelligencer, March 13, 1982. Hackett, Regina. "Murals Clash with Political Sentiment." Seattle Post-Intelligencer, June 13,1982. _____ . "Spafford Engages the Viewer with His Explosive Work." Seattle Po~Intelligencer, July 8, 1983. Joysmith, Toby. "On Art." Intercambio (Mexico), March 1, 1963. Johnston, Norman. "Legislative Murals Offer Opportunity." Seattle Times, February 7, 1982. Kingsbury, Martha. "Drawing in the Northwest." Drawing, NovemberlDecember 1981. Kangas, Matthew. "Michael Spafford at the Seattle Art Museum. " Art in America, November 1982. Kendall, Sue Ann. "New Murals Provoke Debate Among Art Critics and Legislators." Seattle Times, November 12, 1981. Layton, Mike. "Battle Over Murals." Seattle Po~Intelligencer, March 8, 1981. Lynes, Russell. " The State of Taste: Let Them Eat Worms!" Art in America, September/October 1970. _____ . "The Academy that Overlooks Rome." Harper's, May 1969. Reel, Gary. "Michael Spafford." Vanguard, May 1982. Robbins, Tom. "The Professor and the Muse-a Futile Relationship?" Seattle Times, February 9,1964. Spafford, Michael. "Impressions and Perspectives. " Northwest Art: News and Views, January/February 1970. Tarzan, Deloris. "Spafford's 'Swan' Song." Seattle Times, February 20, 1976. Voorhees, John. "Universal Themes Essential in Painting, Says Spafford." Seattle Times, January 1,1970. _____ . "Spafford Modernizes Myths in Paintings." Seattle Times, December 3, 1969. Warren, Paul. "Spafford in the Underworld." The Weekry, May 14,1980.

Checklist of the Exhibition All works courtesy of the artist and Francine Seders Gallery, Seattle.

Dimensions are in inches-height precedes width.

1. Perseus with Severed Head of Medusa, 1985 Oil on canvas 83 x 110

2. The Origin of Pegasus, 1985 Oil on canvas 83 x 110

3. Origin Myth-Gray Pegasus from Pink Medusa, 1985 Oil and acrylic on paper 93 x 70'4

4. Origin Myth-Black Pegasus from White­Headed Medusa, 1985 Acrylic and collage on paper 94% x56

5. Head of Medusa with Gray Snakes, 1984 Acrylic on paper 51% x 62'4

6. Head of Medusa with Sword, 1984 Acrylic and collage on paper 51% x 62'4

The Origin of Pegasus (no . 2)

7. Black Perseus & Proftled Head of Medusa, 1984 Acrylic on paper 51% x 62'4

8. Perseus and Monoprinted Head of Medusa, 1984 Oil, acrylic, and collage on paper 60x79%

9. Perseus with Fearsome Head of Medusa, 1984 Oil and acrylic on paper 62'4x51%

10. Perseus & Medusa #6, 1984 Oil on paper 26x34

11. Perseus & Medusa #10, 1984 Oil on paper 26x34

Biography Born in 1935 in Palm Springs, California; lives in Seattle.

Education Riverside City College, California, A.A., 1955 Pomona College, Claremont, California, B.A., 1959 Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, M.A., 1960

Awards 1983 Visual Arts Award for Painting, American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters, New York 1967 Prix de Rome Fellowship in Painting (also 1968) 1965 Louis Comfort Tiffany Foundation Grant in Painting

One-person Exhibitions 1985 Bumberbienniale-Art Since Century 21, Bumbershoot Festival, Seattle Center 1984 Vollum Gallery, Reed College, Portland, Oregon 1983 Francine Seders Gallery, Seattle (also 1980,1977,1976,1972,1969,1967)

Wentz Gallery, Pacific Northwest College of Art, Portland, Oregon 1982 Seattle Art Museum 1975 Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City

Tacoma Art Museum (also 1966) 1973 Kittredge Gallery, University ofPuget Sound, Tacoma 1965 Seligman Gallery, Seattle 1963 Galerias C.D.I., Mexico City 1962 Mexican-North American Cultural Institute, Mexico City

Selected Group Exhibitions 1984 The City as Collector, Seattle Art Museum

Size, Bumbershoot Festival, Seattle Center 1983 American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters, New York (also 1980)

Contemporary Artists from Seattle, Bellevue Art Museum Bumberbienniale-Art Since Century 21, Bumbershoot Festival, Seattle Center

1982 Pacific Northwest Drawing Perspectives, Eastern Washington University, Cheney (traveling exhibition) 1981 Partopia )81, Port Island, Kobe, Japan

Governor)s Invitational, State Capitol Museum, Olympia (also 1979,1972-75, 1966-67) 1980 &tconteur: Private Vzews, Henry Art Gallery, University of Washington, Seattle

Northwest Artists: A Review, Seattle Art Museum 1978 Selections of Northwest Artists, Tacoma Art Museum 1977 Northwest )77, Seattle Art Museum

Figures in Motion: Narrative works by Joan Brown) Jacob Lawrence) Michael Spafford, Wilcox Gallery, Swarthmore College, Pennsylvania

1975 Northwest Collectors, Bellevue Art Museum 1974 Art of the Pacific Northwestfrom the1930s to the Present, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. (traveling

exhibition) Annual Exhibition of Northwest Artists, Seattle Art Museum (also 1963-65)

1972 Alaska State Museum Invitational, Juneau 1971 73rd Western Annual, Denver Art-Museum, Colorado 1970 The Drawing Society National Exhibition, American Federation of Arts, New York (traveling exhibition) 1969 Annual Exhibit, American Academy in Rome (also 1968) 1966 Art Across America, Knoedler Gallery, New York (Mead Corporation traveling exhibition)

35 Seattle Artists, Seattle Art Museum 1965 Mexican-North American Cultural Institute, Mexico City

Pennament Installations House of Representatives Chamber, Olympia, Washington Kingdome, Seattle Seattle Opera House

Public Collections Bellevue Art Museum, Washington Junior League of Seattle Mexican-North American Cultural Institute, Mexico City Seattle Art Museum Seattle City Light, Portable Works Collection University of Washington, Seattle Washington State Collection, Olympia