micro 6502 journal january 1984

8/3/2019 Micro 6502 Journal January 1984

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NO. 68 COMMUNICATIONu.s . Edition:International Edition:

$2.50

$3.00

for the Serious Com l?_uterist

zoI-«oz:J

~

~

oo

- - . .Smart Modem Program

for the • Apple • Atari • C·64 • CoCo

MODCOMM: A Simple Modem Driver for CoCo

DOSPLUS: New Commands for Commodore 64

SPEEDUP: Reduce Apple Disk Loading Time

Atari Player: Electronic Organ Program

o



10610 BAYVIEW ( Ba yv iew P la za )

RICHMOND HILL, ONTARIO, CANADA L4C 3N8

(416) 884-4165

C64-LINK"The Smart 64 RTe

Call or write

payments

by VISA,

MASTERCARD

or BANK

TRANSFER.

Mail orders

also by

certified

check, etc.

Many more 64s

1

Cartridge

Expansion Slot

Serial

Audio I/O

Switch RF Video Port Cassette Port Users Port

VL 16

VIC Modem

ISpooling

to

Printer

Contact your local Commodore dealer or RTC.

(future)

Cartridge

M other Board

POWER@

And

PAL ©

Other

Cartridges

IEEE Disks

(2031) (4040) Tape

(8050) (8250)

(9090)

IEEE Printers 1541 Drive

(4022) (8023)And

(8300)1525 Printer

etc. or 1515 Printer

lEE E to Par a II e I IEEE to Serial

Interface Interface

Parallel True Serial

Devices Devices

or VL4 Cable

to Standard

Modem

or VL3 Cable

to Parallel

Printer

Give These Expanded

Capabilities To Your 64

*The ability to transfer data from any type of device to another (IEEE, Serial,

Parallel)

* BASIC 4.0 which allows you to run more PET BASIC programs and gives you

extended disk and 110 commands.

*The ability to have several 64s on line together - sharing common IEEE

devices such as disks or printers with Spooling Capabili ty.

* Built-in machine language monitor

* A built-In terminal or modem program which allows the system to communi-

cate through a modem to many bulletin board systems and other computer

mainframes.

*Compatibility with CP/M. Copyrights and Trademarks

C64 is a copyright of Commodore Business Machines.Inc. C64-LlNK is a copyright of Richvale Tele-communications. CPIM is a registered trademark ofDigi tal Research. POWER is a trademark of Pro-fessional Software. PAL is a copyright of BradTempleton.



Whenyoleast expect it,

•••Ina few millionths of a second, common electrical surges and spikescan enter your data processing equipment and cause memory loss,

false logic and misregistratlon. Surges very often do permanent

damage to microcircuitry.

FUXlDUCT Surge Suppressors catch surges and spikes before they

have a chance to enter your equipment In billionths of a second

(Nanoseconds),FUXIDUCT Surge Suppressors dissipate surges and

spikes from any side of the line (most protect only one side).

The multi-outlet unit is ideally suited to the computerized work-

station.lt givesyou the advantage of circuit breaker protection with

plenty of outlets for data processor and peripheral equipment

No computer should be without the protection of a FUXlDUCT Surge

Suppressor...apcdally yount Write or call for further information.Available from office products retailers.

® Su rge Suppre ssors

a product of Winders & Geist, Inc. P.O. Box 83088 Lincoln, NE 68501 402/474-3400

No. 68 - January 1984 MICRO

1:



for the Serious Computerist

MICRO

Communication Commodore.o. Box 6502

Chelmsford, MA 01824

617/256-3649

7 The Network 17 Downloading

Primer BASIC on PET, VICPublisher/Editor-in-Chlef Randall Hyde and C64

Robert M. Tripp

Associate PublisherThe organization and Kevin Stone &

Cindy Kocher implementation of local Andrew Cornwall

Technical Editor networks A program to allow BASICPhil Daley

Production Manager Using the Smartto be downloaded over amodem

Nancy Lapointe Modem in YourTypesetter 22 DOSPLUS'forLynda Fedas System:

Advertising Manager John KeltyCommodore 64

Cindy Kocher Michael KeryanSales Manager

A BASIC

C. Skip Bentle program that services the Add new utility functions

Circulation Manager Hayes Smart Modem for called from the keyboard

Linda Hensdil l the following33 Generating

Customer Service microcomputers:Kim Dundas

Apple Characters for theAccounting

Donna M. TrippAtari EPSON FX80 on

Contributing EditorsColor Computer the Commodore

Cornelis Bongers Commodore 64David Malmberg Robert M. Tripp

John Steiner 62 MODCOMM Create user defineableJim Strasma

Paul Swanson Walter Charlton characters for the FX80

Richard C. Vile, Jr.A simple modem to

interactively on theLoren Wright Commodore 64 display

modem communicationprogram for the Color 39 Commodore

MiCRO is published monthly by: ComputerMICRO, Chelmsford, MA 01824. Reviews

Second Class postage paid at: 17 Downloadinghelmsford, MA 01824 andadditional mailing offices. BASIC on PET, VIC 40 Commodore to

uSPS Publ ication Number: 483470.ISSN: 0271-9002. and C64 Smart ModemSend subscriptions, change of address,

USPS Form 3579, requests for back issues Kevin Stone & John Kelty &and all other fulfi llment questions to:

MICRO Andrew CornwallPhil Daley

P.O.Box 6502 A BASIC program thatChelmsford, MA 01824 A program to allow BASICor call 617/256-3649. to be downloaded over a

services the Hayes Smart

Subscription Rates: (per year): modem into the family ofModem for the C64

u.s. $24.00 or $42.00 for two yearsForeign surface mail: $27.00 Commodore computers 43 Commodoreir mail: Europe $42.00Mexico, Central America, Middle East, Compassor th Africa, Central Africa $48.00South America, South Africa, Far East,Australia, New Zealand $72.00

Loren Wright

Copyright © 1983 by MICRO. High resolution graphicsA ll Rights Reserved. on the Commodore 64

4 MICRO No. 68 - January 1984



Color Computer A tar; Apple

60 CoCo to Hayes 46 Atari to Hayes 74 Apple to Hayes

Smart Modem Smart Modem Smart ModemJohn Kelty & John Kelty & John Kelty &

Phil Daley Phil Daley Phil Daley

A BASIC program that A BASIC program that A BASIC program that

services the Hayes Smart services the Hayes Smart services the Hayes Smart

Modem for the Color Modem for the Atari Modem for the Apple

Computer49 Atari Music Player 79 Speed load:

62 MODCOMM Tom Marshall Enhanced AppleWalter Charlton Compose, save, load and DOSA simple modem to replay songs from your

Enirco Colombinimodem communication Atari keyboard

An enhanced version ofprogram for the ColorComputer 57 From Here to Atari DSO 3.3 that performs

Paul Swansonloading operations about

67 A VOX Input for four times faster.The ATR8000 peripheral

Your CoCo controller and Bulletin 71 Apple ReviewsSean Moyer Boards

Subroutines that allow

59 Atari Reviewssound to be used as inputto the computer

69 CoCo Bits GeneralJohn Steiner

The OS-9 operating7 The Networkystem

71 TRS·80C ReviewsPrimerRandall Hyde

A primer describing thefundamentals of localnetworks, with specificexamples on the NESTARsystem

91 Interface ClinicDEPARTMENTSRalph Tenny

Factors involved in getting 2 Editorial

two or more 112 Advertiser's Index

microprocessors to worktogether

No. 68 - January 1984 MICRO 5



You've got the loot ... now, GETAWAYI to a greatnew game from the Atari® Program Exchange!

It's all there! The squall of sirens, the crazyturns down endless city streets, the anxioussearch for ill-gotten gain, the race againsttime for a safe place to stash your cash!

Now your gas tank is nearly empty and night

is about to fall. The coppers are closing infast. Before you learn again that crime

doesn't pay ...Quick! GETAWAYl

Ask for GETAWAY! at your local Atari softwareretailer, or order direct. Phone 800-538-1862, or

800-672-1850in California. OrwriteAtari Program

Exchange, P.O. Box 3705, Santa Clara, CA 95055.

Cassette(410) APX-1019532K $29.95

Diskette (81 0) APX-2019532K $29.95

For direct orders, add $2.50.

You're in for a nasty spell ... unless you stop the Typos!In the dusky world beneath yourkeyboard the gruesome Typos dwell

...waiting to attack! Term paper duetomorrow? Got to get that book re-port typed? Fool! The Typos will

devour your letters as you type!That could spell O-O-O-M-E for

you!

Before you start typing, get downto the real work: destroy the Typos

before they destroy your proase ...

uh, proze ...prrrose ...Oh NO! THETYPOS!I! Get TYPO ATTACK, a

grand and glorious game fromAtari® Program Exchange. It might

even improve your typing!

Ask for TYPO ATTACK at your local Atari

software retailer, or order direct. Phone 800-

538-1862, or800-672-1850 in California. Or

write Atari Program Exchange, P.O. Box

3705, Santa Clara, CA 95055.

Cassette (410): APX-10180 8K $29.95

Diskette (810): APX-20180 16K $2995

For direct orders, add $2.50.



W sA l ~ .. s A l . . ' J t . s w'}ftc W4t/ts w~fts•_ ........A,. .. '" 'A~" " " .. .._ J . , . _ . . . _ . . . e v . . . . . . p Wlir.,..--., W'\i" ~" ..~ • VII'

ferent users to share a common database or communicate

with one another. For this reason many computer depart-

ments continue to purchase large computers instead of

decentralized personal computers.

The need to share peripheral devices is, of course, very

important. While a single user may have the need to use a

printer, he might not be able to justify the high cost of

such a device for use at his work station alone, especially if

it is a special purpose printer such as a letter quality

printer that will be used infrequently. It would be muchbetter ifa lot of different users could have access to a single

letter-quality printer. Since each user would only beusing

the letter quality printer a small fraction of the time, it

would almost always be available for use whenever a user

desired to print something on it. Since the printer is

available to several users, instead of just one, its utiliza-

tion would bemuch higher than if it were connected to a

single work station. Using the same idea hard disks, real-

time clocks, floating point processors, and other special

devices would bemuch more cost effective if they could be

shared amongst several users.

Several manufactures have created special multiplex-

ing devices that allow several personal computer users to

share a particular hardware device. For example, CORVUS

has a device called the CORVUS Constellation that lets

several microcomputer systems share a CORVUS hard

disk system. Other manufacturers provide black boxes

that let several personal computer users share printers,

tape drives, and other peripheral devices. While this

approach lets personal computer users share peripheral

devices land to a lesser extent, share databases), it suffers

from the drawback that it does not allow users to easily

communicate with one another, nor does it let users share

exotic peripherals forwhich there is nomultiplexer available.

TheNetwork

Pr imerby Randall Hyde

Ihe early sixties the integrated circuit was introduced.

Engineers were delighted to pay $20.00 for a single DIP

package containing four NAND gates. Due to the ex-

pense involved, every device designed using these devices

was optimized to use as few of these devices as possible.

With every technological advance that came along the

high price of silicon dropped dramatically. Today you can

buy that same NAND gate for less than fifteen cents in

suitable quantities.

Since computers designed in the sixties required

thousands of those $20.00 NAND chips, computers

(specifically CPU's) designed at that time were very ex-

pensive. Since CPU's were so expensive computer center

administrators wanted to squeeze every bit of useful com-

putational power out of their system as was possible. It

was considered heresy to leave a computer idle. Amillion-

dollar instrument sitting around idle was a very expensive

waste of money.

The same advances in silicon technology that gave us

the fifteen cent NAND gate also gave us the micropro-

cessor. It is now possible to buy a complete computer forless than $2.00 (Intel just announced an 8048-type

microcomputer for less than $2.00 containing CPU, RAM,

ROM, and 110 - everything you need for a complete com-

puter system). Even considering a personal computer,

such as the Apple II system, that sells for $1,000 to $2,000

it becomes apparent that the CPU utilization is not very

important - if the computer sits around all day with a

blinking cursor waiting for input from the user, no big

deal, for the same million dollars that bought the

System/360 in 1965 you could buy 500 to 1,000 personal

computers and get more through-put even if over three-

quarters of the computers sat idle at any given time.

There were only a few problems associated with using

1,000 personal computers instead of a single, large com-puter. First, although the overall through-put is increased

tremendously, certain compute-bound operations such as

math-intensive floating point calculations will proceed

much slower on a personal computer than on a larger com-

puter complemented with a floating point instruction set.

Second, while the price of the CPU has dropped

dramatically, electromechanical devices such as printers,

disks, tape drives, and other such devices haven't dropped

in price by the same proportion [i.e., these devices are still

relatively expensive). Lastly, with the big expensive com-

puters several users and processes could communicate

with one another and share databases. With the localized

personal computer it is difficult, if not impossible, for dif-

II

I II If:he Answer: A Network

To solve the problems inherent with a bunch of

autonomous computers a technique employed by larger

computers is employed: the computer network. A com-

puter network is simply some medium that allows two or

more computers to communicate with one another. In a

very general sense, the RS-232 line is an example of a com-

puter network since it allows computers to communicate

with one another. Real-life computer networks usually use

a different transmission scheme than RS-232, but the idea

is exactly the same-some method for transmitting data

between two computers is used.

In general there are two types of computer networks:

Remote networks and Local networks. A remote network

is usually associated with large mainframe computers.Anyone who has connected to the SOURCE via TELENET

or some other service has used a remote networking

system. Remote networks are seldomly used as a means to

share peripherals such as printers, hard disks, etc. since

data transmission rates are very slow and the end user

typically has little access to such device (so the hard copy

output, for example, could be picked up). Remote net-

works do allow access to shared data bases such as the UPI

and API data bases and stock quotation from the DOW

JONES and other financial systems. In general, however,

remote networks are of little interest to the group of per-

sonal computer users who wish to share a common set of

peripheral devices and files.

No. 68 - January 1984 7ICRO



The local network is used to connect various devices

that are located within a short distance ofone another. For

example, within an office building you might place a fast

dot-matrix printer in the engineering lab, in the account-

ing department, in the sales department, and in the shipping

departments. Persons using a local network would send

draft output to the printer nearest their workstation. A

single letter-quality printer might be found in the sales

department. Anyone could use the letter-quality printer by

sending the data to the proper device. The choice of dot-

matrix printer would be made simply by distance to the

printer. The people in the engineering lab would probably

use the printer in the engineering lab since it is closer

(although if the printer in the engineering lab is tied

up for a while output could bedirected to the sales depart-

ment's printer).

The local network also lets several individuals share a

single high-speed, high-capacity hard disk. This also

allows several users to share a common database and other

files. For special applications such as floating point opera-

tions, a special floating point processor can be placed on

the network and complex floating point operations can

be loaded into the floating point processor for further

calculations.Finally, a local network lets individual users com-

municate with one another. Since, after all, a network is

simply amedium of communication between two ormore

computers, two users can easily communicate by sending

data from computer to computer. This allows conversa-

tions to take place "CB" style over the network.

Within a local network there are two types of users:

clients and servers. A server is a computer system on the

network (a computer system on the network is called a

node) that provides a service to other nodes. For example,

a file server may consist of a small computer system con-

nected to a hard disk. It recognizes requests from other

users in the system and reads data from (orwrites data to)

the hard disk. A client is some node that requests servicefrom a server. For example, a typical user requesting data

from the file server is a client of the file server. Note that a

node can beboth a server and a client. For example, the file

server may become a client of a node containing a real-

time clock in order to obtain information to "date-stamp"

a file.

The Seven-Layered Network

Most of the modern network technology is directly

attributable to researched performed by the Department of

Defense and several major universities. A few years back

the International Standards Organization IISO)decided tocreate a draft containing several standards for implement-

ing network systems. A subset of the standard lin one

fashion or another) is implemented in almost all modem

networking systems. Therefore, an understanding of the

ISO model is extremely useful for understanding specific

networking systems.

The ISOmodel divides the basic networking system in-

to seven major components or layers. Each successive

layer builds on the layer just below it (see figure I). The

physical layer is the electrical and mechanical specifica-

tions of the networking system. For example, consider the

RS-232standard. Mechanically, a DB-25 connector is used

with certain pins allocated certain functions. This is the

8 MICRO

ApplicationLayer

PresentationLayer

SessionLayer

Message!TransportLayer

NetworkLayer

Data-LinkLayer

Physical

Layer

Figure 1: ISO seven-layer network model.

mechanical specification of the RS-232 standard. Elec-

trically, the signal is allowed tovary between Ovand + I2v

for a logic one, and between Ovand -I2v for a logical zero.

These specifications are the electrical specs for the RS-232

system [granted, somewhat abbreviated). The Physical

Layer for any network system defines the connection in

these terms, the connector used, voltage ratings, type of

transmission (phase encoded, pure digital, analog, etc.],

and other specifications of interest to the engineer wiring

the system together.

The Data Link Layer is responsible for the reading and

writing of data to the network, error detection land

possibly correction), and the assembly and disassembly of

data packets. More specifically, the data link layer is

presented with a packet of data containing, in addition to

the data to be transmitted, a destination address and other

useful information. The data link layer adds a checksum

(or other error-detecting scheme) to the end of this packet

and transmits the data over the network. Note that the

packet was given to the data link layer as a complete

package, the data link layer did not have to assemble thepacket a byte at a time. Likewise, when the data link layer

reads data from the network it reconstructs the data packet

transmitted and presents the higher levels with a com-

plete, error-free packet of data. In the event an error is

detected the data link layer disregards the entire transmis-

sion and requests a retransmission. The higher layers are

completely unaware of this. Most networks provided

error-free data above the data link layer.

The Network Layer is usually found only in the remote

network systems. The purpose of the network layer to to

insure that data packets move smoothly throughout the

network system. In most remote network systems data

packets being sent from system A to system C must first

No. 68 - January 1984



MICROSPEC

SOFTWARE MEANS

BUSINESS FOR THECOMMODORE 64

When it's time to get serious, it's time to boot upMicroSpec business software. Our complete lineofbusiness software ismade to giveyou some real

applications for your Commodore 64. From database management to full accounting software, wehave the package for you.It's attention to detail that makes our packages

so beautiful and makes them stand out from therest. We realize that most people are firsttimeusers, sowe designed all our packages tobe completely menu driven and user prompt-ed for each input. We also know that mostpeople use only one disk drive, so wedesigned all our packages to virtuallyeliminate disk swapping. Other features likenon destructive input routines really makeour software easy to use. But all this doesn'trestrict you. Pure random access file struc-ture maximizes your disk capacity andallows you to bring up any record for viewingin less than a second.In our efforts to put together the best pack-

ages available, we worked on more than thesoftware. We took the same approach with thedocumentation as the software. We made it com-plete and easily understood for the first time user.We even provide sample reports inmany cases.

L_/" /" /"/" ./ L.. »: ./?..:::::::.J?-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ _ _ _

The Demonstration Package, which shows howeach program runs, is available for $19.95. So, ifyou're serious about your 64, call or write for acomplete brochure or go right down to your

nearest computer retailer for a demonstration.

WHEN YOU AND YOUR 64 ARE READY TO GET DOWN TO BUSINESSGIVE US A CALL


P.O. BOX 863085 • PLANO, TX 75086(214) 867-1333

MICRO 9



pass through system B. Obviously the data being trans-

mitted to point C is of little interest to the application pro-

gram running on machine B,but due to the structure of the

network system B must store and forward the data being

received from system Aon to system C. The network layer

handles this problem as well as other problems associated

with congestion and flow control.

The Message/Transport layer concerns itself with

machine-machine communications. The transport layer is

responsible for taking a complete message and "transport-ing" it to the destination machine. Likewise this layer is

responsible for accepting a message and presenting the

whole message to higher layers in the protocol.

The transport layer is responsible for taking a complete

message, breaking it up into smaller packets [ifnecessary),

and presenting these packets of data to the network (or

data link) layer for transmission. This allows the higher

layers to treat data strictly in terms of message units

without having to worry about maximum message

lengths, minimum messages lengths, the type of transmis-

sion, etc.. Another responsibility of the transport layer is

handling the type of communication. There are typically

two types of transmission "modes":

Virtual Circuits and Datagrams.

Datagrams are very important in remote networks

where each data packet can take one of several different

routes. In a datagram model the network simply accepts

messages and attempts to transport them to the destina-

tion as a single unit. Datagrams may arrive out of order or

not at all. The receiving station is responsible for col-

lecting these datagrams, assembling them in their proper

order, and making sure that all datagrams have arrived and

are error-free.

Avirtual circuit attempts to treat the network systemas though the source and destination stations were the

only systems on the network. In this type of setup the net-

work appears as a single circuit between the source and

destination stations. Virtual circuits always provide an

error-free transmission channel where no data packets are

lost and they always arrive in the order they were

transmitted in. Once the transmission is set up, all data is

transmitted at which point the virtual circuit is discon-

nected. Most local networks use some combination of vir-

tual circuit/datagram service.

The Session layer is the true user's interface into the

network. The session layer is responsible for setting up a

communication channel between users and tacking on the

necessary address information for each packet trans-mitted. The session layer is also responsible for making

sure the transmission of a message isn't terminated

halfway through. For instance, a database management

program would be completely destroyed if a session was

terminated halfway through the update of a particular

record. Typically, the session level would gather all the

data required by a particular routine and present the

message as a complete package, not allowing the system to

continue operation until the entire package was received.

The Presentation layer is typically a small collection of

routines that handle data compaction, encryptionation,

etc.. This layer is rarely implemented in local networks [or

remote networks for that matter).

10 MICRO

The Application layer is the user program making use

of the network system. The definition of this layer is en-

tirely up to the user.

A Network System You've Used Since Childhood

Believe it or not, you've been using a remote network

for a good part of your life. Thanks to Alexander Graham

Bellmost of the people in this country, even those who've

never seen a computer in their life, are well aquaintedwith the most important network of all: the telephone

system. Bell labs (the R&D portion of the Bell system)

has put forth considerable research into optimizing the

telephone system. Luckily, many of the concepts

developed by Bell labs can bedirectly applied to computer

networks. With this in mind, a discussion of the telephone

system may behelpful beforediscussing computer networks.

In many respects, the telephone system can be divided

up into the seven layers just described for computer net-

works. For example, at the physical level you have the

connector plug in the wall, the allowable voltages, the

number of wires, and (for all you modem fans) esoteric

things like the ringer equivalence value. The data link

layer is the circuitry required to handle the analog

transmission from the mouthpiece to the telephone line.

The network layer is responsible for picking out the route

which the phone call will take [yes, sometimes a call from

L.A. to San Francisco gets routed via Washington D.C.).

The transport layer defines a virtual circuit mechanism for

data transmission (after all you do want the data to arrive

in order, it would beuncool if you said "Hello there" and

it came out "there Hello" at the other end). The session

layer consists of the circuitry required during dialing and

the maintenance of the virtual circuit during communica-

tion. The presentation layer (if present) could be

represented by one of those magic "black boxes" that the

CIA uses to scramble and unscramble phone conversa-

tions. And the applications layer is the actual phone con-

versation taking place. As you can see, the OSI network

structure provided by the ISO model is very general and

easily re-worded to fit almost any communication system

in existence.

Itwas noted earlier that Bell Labs has done quite a bit

of research into network structures, much of which has

found its way into many of the modern network designs.

This combined with the DOD's ARPANET, IBM's SNA,

and other early networking systems has structured many

of the modern networking systems including ETHERNET,

OMNINET, NESTAR, and others.

An Introduction to Local Networks

The need for local networks grew from two basic

desires: wanting to share expensive peripheral devices

among several inexpensive CPU's and wanting to improve

communication between various workstations.

Consider the average sales office. At any given time

you may have several secretaries using word processing

stations, executives using some financial modeling system

(VISICALCanyone?)I salesmen checking stock and placing

orders on computer terminals, and clerks maintaining the

inventory using workstations in the warehouse. This

much activity would bog any conventional timeshare

system down tremendously. Could you imagine how


Ie til.- ..... ' " . . . . . . . r a , . e P ' I / t : l < _ - - " "useful VISICALCwould be if it took 20 seconds to perform

each calculation? So a timeshare system would be out of

the question. Yet the individual members have to be able

to share data, for example whenever a salesman sold

something it would be nice if the stocking clerk was

alerting so that he could order a replacement. Likewise,

you wouldn't want two salesmen selling the same item if

it is the last one in stock, or at least you would want to

alert them so that they could advise the customer of any

possible delays. By combining a group of small computersinto a network it is possible to allow members of a

organization to easily share computer data without the

hassles of using a timeshare system.

Since there is a need to provide many of the employees

with access to some common data (like the number of

items in stock) a bunch of isolated microcomputers won't

be able to completely solve the problem. But if those same

microcomputer systems could be connected together so

that peripherals, data, and other communications lines

could be shared the problem could be solved. Suchwishful

thinking lead to the development of the local network.

The ETHERNETnetworking system is an example of a

local network. The ETHERNET system allows office

employees to share databases, peripherals, programs,

"chat" between stations, share a single communications

line [such as TELEX/TWX datacom lines], and have access

to larger, expensive computer systems. ETHERNET

features a high-speed data communications protocol that

provides an almost instantaneous transfer of data. The

problem with ETHERNET is that in addition to its high

speed, it is also very high cost. A controller card for a

microcomputer may well cost you $4000. When you stop

and realize that one of the main reasons for using a net-

work is to save the expense of putting a $2,000 printer at

every station you begin to realize that ETHERNET is not

yet cost effective. Luckily, there are alternatives to

ETHERNET.

slow the entire network will be slowed down since all

communication must go through the central station. 'Even

if the central node is fast, attaching additional stations to

the system will cause severe network degradation since

the central node becomes vastly overworked. The STAR

topology does have one highly redeeming value. Much of

the necessary connecting hardware is in place in many

business offices-the PBX telephone system. The PBX (or

private branch exchange) is the little operators console you

find on the desk of the front receptionist in any large cor-

poration. While intended to handle voice transmissions,

most PBX's are easily upgraded to handle data transmis-

sion. The PBX system is a good example of a networkusing the STARtopology. Since all the wires are already in

place, many businesses will opt to use their existing

equipment thus saving thousands of dollars in installa-

tion costs.

The RING topology [see figure 3) was developed mainly

for remote networks between large computer systems.

The basic idea behind a ring network is that data packets

The Shape of Things to Come: Network Topology

Anetworking system is used to connect several com-

puter systems together. Each computer system within a

network is called a node or a station. There are all kinds of

ways to connect several nodes together, any child playing

with tinkertoys can attest to that fact. In a networking

system there are various layouts possible when connecting

a group of computer systems together; the layout, or

graph, of the computer network is called the network

topology. While there are infinitely many ways to connect

up computer systems in a network there are three basic

topologies from which most others can be derived. Thesetopologies are the STAR, RING, and BUS lor tree)

topologies.

The STARtopology (seefigure 2 ) consists of some cen-

tral node through which all communication must pass.

The STAR topology is probably the most obvious since

this type of layout is used by largemainframes and mini-

computers which are connected to computer terminals. In

a networking system, if a node other than the central node

wished to transmit data to any other, the transmission

would have to go through the central node in order to

reach the destination node. This form of communication

has two drawbacks. First, if the central node goes down so

does the whole network. Secondly, if the central node is


Figure 2: Star Topology.

Figure 3: Ring Topology.

11



are passed from machine to machine in a "hot potato"

fashion until the data packet arrives at the destination

system. Since few local networks use the RING topology,

there's little need to discuss it any further here.

The BUStopology (seefigure 4) is the favorite topology

amongst the various local networks. ETHERNET, OM-

NINET, NET/80, SOFTWORKS, Z/NET, and most other

local networking systems use some variation on the BUS

topology. The BUS topology is high robust. Any compo-

nent (with the unlikely exception of the connecting cable)in the network system can fail and the network will still

operate. The BUS topology allows you to add and remove

nodes at will (in some cases without powering the system

down). The BUStopology has another big advantage: often

the circuitry required is less expensive than that required

for other networking topologies.

Network topology is very important in remote net-

works where delays due to routing can be significant.

Many remote networks use a store and forward approach

where one station transmits data to an adjacent station

from which point it is transmitted on down the line. Since

it takes time to receive and retransmit a package of data,

delays grow proportionally to the number of systems in a

ring topology network Iring topologies are in many large

networking systems). Since the network nodes are stationed

fairly close to one another in a local network, the bus

topology is normally used. The bus topology removes the

problem of routing delays, but requires special cables and

hardware which would be much too expensive for widely

separated stations.

Figure 4: Bus Topology.

Data Transmission in a Networking System

Since the same transmission medium is used by all the

nodes on a network, some supplemental information must

accompany each data transmission. For example, a

destination address must be tacked onto every transmis-

sion so that the intended receiver can recognize a data

transmission. Other auxiliary information, such as a

length field, type field, acknowledgement field, and

checksum may be tacked onto the data.

A block of data containing the necessary source,

destination, checksum, data, and other optional fields is

12 MICRO

called a frame ordata packet. Data packets are constructed

at each level in the network protocol. For example, the ap-

plication layer sends data (possibly a character at a time) to

the session layer where it is sent to the message/transport

layer with a destination and source address. The

message/transport layer collects the data until a complete

frame is constructed, adds any required length, type, and

other necessary fields and passes the data packet to the

data link layer for transmission. The data link layer adds

the checksum and any necessary acknowledgements and

transmits the data over the network.

One important feature of a networking system is its

data transmission rate. The data transmission rate is

usually measure in bits per second (BPS) which is also

called BAUD. For example, the familiar 300 BAUD line

used in telecommunications is a three hundred bits per

second data transmission rate. Many remote networks

operate at 300 BPS and 1200 BPS (using leased lines).

These data rates, however, are very slow. Most local net-

working systems operate in the range of one to twenty

MBPS [megabits per second) which is 1,000 to 60,000

times faster than the lines used by the remote networks.

The maximum data transmission rate of a networkingsystem is called its bandwidth. Even though a network is

capable of operating at 1MBPS, the medium can operate at

300 BPS if need be.

In almost any networking system there isn't constant

traffic on the net. So although a cable (or whatever) is

capable of handling data at high speeds, the average data

transmission rate is usually much lower than the band-

width of the transmission medium. If the average band-

width is low because no one is transmitting data, it's no

big deal. After all, the average network user isn't in-

terested in the quality of the cable being used to connect

nodes, he's only interested in response time. If the average

data transmission rate is only 50 BPSon any given day, but

users get instantaneous response then things are just fine.But if the network is noisy, congested, or has some other

problems, many packets will have to be retransmitted

thus cutting the average transmission rate and the

response time down considerably.

At any given time only one data packet can be in the

process of being transmitted over a single circuit. If two

nodes attempt to transmit over the same wire at the same

time both transmissions will be garbled up and the

transmission will be completely invalid. Such an occur-

rence is called a collision. Collisions occur most often in a

network using a bus topology since must nodes in such a

system share the same transmission circuitry. Receiving

stations have no way of determining if a collision has

occurred. If fact, the only time a receiving station candetermine that a collision has occurred is when it performs

some sort of error check and the checksum doesn't match.

One of the major problems with a collision is that the

entire data packet must be retransmitted. Which means

that the average data transmission rate is reduced. This is

compounded by the fact that data transmissions occur

asynchronously. That is to say anybody can start trans-

mitting whenever they please. So halfway through your

transmission someone else could start talking and wipe

out your entire message. This problem is easily solved by

by first listening to the bus to see if anybody else is

transmitting. If someone else is using the transmission

medium you wait until they are through. If there is no traf-

No. 68 . January 1984

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13



fie on the network then you can start transmitting. This

method, called the Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)

improves efficiency tremendously. CSMA does not com-

pletely eliminate collisions, but it does cut them down

tremendousl y.

A collision can still occur if two stations happen to

look at the bus at the same time and find that the carrier is

absent. Since data transmission takes place at somewhat

less than the speed of light there is a finite (although

small) time delay between the time a station puts a carriersignal on the network and it travels to all the stations.

This time, although measure in microseconds, is quite

long compared to the cycle time ofa typical personal com-

puter. For example, in a normal local networking system

this time interval, called the round-trip transmission time

might be 30-60 microseconds. If two nodes attempt to

transmit data within one round trip transmission time

there will probably be a collision. Collisions in a CSMA

collision detection system are"quite rare unless there is an

enormous amount of traffic on the network.

An Introduction to the NESTAR CLUSTER ONE

There are hundreds of different networkingarrangements, with new ones being introduced everyday.

Therefore, in order to discuss some specific details a

specific system must be discussed. The remainder of this

paper will concern itself with the NESTAR

CLUSTER/ONE MODELAlocal networking system.

The Cluster/one lets you connect up to 64 Apple II

computers together in a local network. EachAppleis inter-

faced to the system via a plug-in card that attaches to the

Apple's bus. This circuit card contains the necessary inter-

face circuitry as well as 1KofRAMand 2KofROM. Nodes

in the Cluster/one network are interconnected with

16-conductor cable similar to that used to attach disk

drives to an Apple II.

The Cluster/ one transfers data at 240 KBPS,quite slow

for a local network. Slow, however, is a relative term. 240

KBPS is roughly 1,000 times faster than the 300 BAUD

lines used by the SOURCE and other telecommunications

systems. 240 KBPS is the maximum data rate sustainable

by software methods using a 1Mhz 6502. By comparison

Xerox's ETHERNETtransfers data at 10MBPSyet the cir-

cuitry required to support ETHERNET is better than ten

times the cost of the Cluster/one. In general, the 240

KBPS is fast enough. To put it into concrete terms, you

can transfer 64K of data in less than four seconds using a

240 KBPS data transfer rate, that's much faster than a

floppy disk or printer.

The Structure of the NESTAR System

The NESTAR Cluster/one implements three of the

lowest four levels defined by the ISO reference model of

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI). These are the

physical, data-link, and message/transport layers. The

networking layer is usually not present in a local network,

and is absent from the Cluster/one networking system.

The remaining layers (session, presentation, and applica-

tion) are either supplied by the user or left

unimplemented. How the lower layers are implemented is

determined by the configuration of the network and the

software purchased with the system.

14 MICRO

~ III~ ~ .. tJlr wt~ IIf't/t, - 1 ' 1 / ' "One of the most important network design considera-

tions is the network topology. The Cluster/one normally

uses the bus topology. Due to the structure of the hardware

almost any topology can be accommodated. Typically,

however, the bus topology is used because it is the least

expensive and the software was designed with the bus

topology in mind.

A typical NESTAR consists of several user stations

Iclients) and one or more file server stations. Afile serverconsists of a dedicated Apple computer with an 8" floppy

or 14" hard disk. All the other users on the net share the

resources provided by the file server. The disk drives sup-

ported by the Cluster/one provide 1.2 megabytes to four

Gigabytes of disk storage using one or more drives on the

system. In addition to the file server, the dedicated Apple

also provides a clock/ calendar server so that files sent to

disk can be "time-stamped" with the creation and update

time. The Cluster/one network interface cards were

designed using low-cost non-critical components in an

effort to keep the total package cost down. It would be in-

sane to require a $4,000 interface card on a computer

system that only costs $2,000 (don't laugh, Intel is selling

ETHERNET interface cards for $4,000). The network in-

terface was optimized for low-cost and reliability at the ex-pense of speed. As mentioned previously, the bandwidth

of the NESTAR system is quite low.

The Cluster/ one interface carduses a passive interface.

This gives you the ability to power up and power down

stations on the net without adversely affecting the net-

work. It also allows you to add new nodes to the system

without having to power the system down or even halt

network communications. In the event ofa station failure,

the network may continue to function providing the con-

troller card itself isn't damaged. In many topologies [Iike

the ring and star topologies) the failure of one or more sta-

tions can shut the whole network down. In the caseof the

Cluster / one, the net will continue to function as long as at

least two stations are functional.The NESTAR system using a 16-conductor cable to

connect nodes in the net. This is the second unusual

feature to the Cluster/one system, most local networks

use a twisted pair or coax cable (two conductors). Of the

16-conductors, eight are used to transmit data in a byte-

serial fashion. By transmitting the data eight bits at a time

the effective bandwidth is increased by eight. Although

the system is transferring data at around 240 KBPS, the

data is actually being transferred at a data rate of 30 KBPS

on any given data wire. This gives the 6502 roughly 34

cycles in order to perform the necessary checksum calcula-

tions and store the data in memory or fetch the next byte

from memory. An additional line is used for the carrier

signal. When active, someone is attempting to use the net-

work, when inactive the network is free and ready for

transmission. Three of the remaining seven lines areused

for handshake using the standard data available/data

taken/ready to accept handshake protocols. The remain-

ing four lines are signal grounds.

To transmit data over the network a controller card

first checks to make sure everyone is listening and then it

places the data on the bus. The data available line is set ac-

tive and the destination node senses the data available line

and reads the data off of the bus. Once the data is read the

data taken signal is set active and the source station may

transmit additional data. Due to the structure of the net-




work, it's real easy to reverse the direction of the data lines

and acknowledge a data transmission. This fact is used by

the NESTAR software to handle frame acknowledgements

as will soon be pointed out.

The Cluster/one system is highly tolerable of

transmission errors. First of all its low bandwidth allows

inexpensive flat ribbon cable to be used instead of expen-

sive coaxial cable. Secondly, rather than use extra-cost

passive terminators in the system, the software was

designed to accept unterminated connections by providing

a software delay whenever data was placed on the bus.

This delay allowed all the ringing and echoes to die down

before attempting to read the data on the bus. Byrunning

at such a slow data rate 13 0 KBPS/conductor) many of the

problems associated with transmission lines is avoided.

All data transmitted over the NESTARCLUSTERBUS

fapossibly trademarked name for the 16-conductor inter-

connect) is transmitted in a purely digital form. No phase

encoding (like that used by ETHERNET) is performed, nor

are the signals converted to some type of analog signal

before transmission. This simplifies the data conversion

process and likewise lowers the cost of the NESTARsystem.

The NESTAR Data-Link Layer

The data-link layer in the Cluster/one is implemented

in hardware and firmware. The software required for the

data-link layer is contained in the 2K byte ROM on the

NESTAR interface card. The data-link layer is responsible

for transmitting data onto the net and accepting data from

the net. The data link layer attaches a checksum to the end

of a transmission and checks the checksum value at the

end of a transmission. It is responsible for handling

retransmissions in the event the data wasn't transmitted

properly. The data link layer is also responsible for media-

access scheduling, addressing, flow control, and conges-

tion control. To sum it up, the data link layer is respons-ible for providing error-free data transmissions between

two stations on the network.

Transmitting data:

The data link layer is presented with a data packet from

the transport layer. The data packet is of variable length

and consists of 4n bytes where n is the number of bytes of

data to transmit. The first byte transmitted is the source

address. This is used to detect a collision on the Cluster-

bus. If two stations attempt to place their source addresses

on the bus at the same time at least one of the transmitting

stations will recognize a collision since all source ad-

dresses are different. If a collision does occur, all stationsrecognizing the collision will jam the bus to make sure

that everyone else sees the collision aswell. The data-link

layer only checks for collisions during the first few bytes

of transmission. Later collisions during the transmission

of the data frame are highly unlikely since the carrier

signal is checked before attempting to transmit data. In

the case some station erroneously transmits data a

checksum error will occur and both packets will have to be

retransmitted. By not checking for collisions after each

transmitted byte, the data transmission rate is increased.

After the cable has been allocated (by placing the

source address on it) the source station places the destina-

tion address on the bus and, after a suitable delay, ac-


tivates the carrier control line. On the active edge of the

carrier control line hardware on each of the interface cards

triggers an address comparator that compares the address

on the Clusterbus to the source address of the particular

card. If a match is made then the software in the destina-

tion interface will be activated in order to read the data

packet being transmitted.

After the destination address is placed on the bus and

accepted by the source station, the type and length bytes

are transmitted. Following the length byte, "length" bytes

of data are transmitted over the network. During the

transmission of the type, length, and data bytes the source

station is constantly computing a checksum. At the end of

the data transmission the 16-bit (two byte) checksum is

transmitted over the network.

Once the checksum is transmitted the data packet

transmission is complete-almost. The only thing remain-

ing is to make sure that the data packet was properly

received. In order to check that the data packet was cor-

rectly sent the source station reverses its data lines and

becomes a receiver. The destination station transmits a

single byte containing a ACK (acknowledgement) or NAK

(negative acknowledgement) code. If a NAK code is re-ceived then the source station retransmits the data frame

beginning with the type field. If an ACK code is received

then the source station frees the network bus by setting

the carrier line inactive.

Data Reception:

Receiving data is almost the converse operation to

transmission. Data reception begins when the destination

hardware recognizes its address on the bus. Once the

destination hardware accepts the destination address from

the bus it reads the type and length fields respectively. The

destination interface software begins calculating the

checksum with the receipt of the type byte. Once thelength byte is accepted the destination station reads that

many data bytes from the bus. After the data bytes are read

two checksum bytes are read and the final checksum is

checked. If the checksum is ok then the destination sta-

tion transmits anACKcode to the source station. After the

ACK is transmitted the destination station goes on about

its business. If the checksum didn't match, then a NAK

code is transmitted to the source station and the destina-

tion station waits for a retransmission.

Congestion and flow control are also taken care of by

the data-link layer. Flow control (making sure the source

doesn't transmit data any faster than the destination can

receive it) is handled automatically by the hardware. A

new byte isn't transmitted until the old one is taken. Flow

control isn't quite that simple however. For example, if a

destination station is powered down in the middle of a

transmission the source station would be left hanging in alocked-up state if a timeout mechanism was not provided

for. Checking for timeouts also comes under the heading

of flow control since making sure that the destination sta-

tion is accepting the data fast enough is just as important

as making sure the transmitting station doesn't transmit

data too fast. This prevents stations from monopolizing

the network if for some reason they decide to start accept-

ing data at only one byte per minute.

Congestion control is possibly more important than

flow control in the Cluster/one. Congestion control deals

MICRO 15



with preventing too many users from accessing the net-

work at any given time. Congestion control is handled in

one of several methods. Since the Cluster/one uses a

CSMA collision detection the number of collisions is

reduced tremendously. Whenever a large number of sta-

tions start wanting to use the bus, however, the number of

collisions rises dramatically. While the bus is jammed and

garbage is being transmitted the average data transfer rate

is sorely reduced. Worse than that, it's reduced at the time

it's needed the most when there are a lot of stations re-

questing network service.

When a collision is detected, the stations recognizing

the collision back off of the network (i.e., attempt to set

the carrier line inactive) and jam the bus so that all sta-

tions on the Clusterbus recognize the collision. Once the

jamming is complete each station attempting to transmit

waits a small, random amount of time and tries again. It

should beobvious why a random amount of time is used,

if everyone waited the same amount of time a collision

would besure to re-occur. Bywaiting a random amount of

time (instead of a fixed, but different, amount of time) all

stations will be given equal priority on the bus. Another

responsibility of the congestion control is to make sure

that a pair of stations don't hog the bus. As you will soon

see it is possible to hold the carrier line active while

several data frames are transmitted. The congestion con-

trol portion of the data-link layer is responsible formaking

sure no one hogs the bus for too long.

The Message/Transport Layer

The next layer ofprotocol in the Cluster/one system is

the message/ transport layer which manages the handling

of messages and conversations among stations. Due to the

fact that the length of a data packet is limited to 260 bytes

(256 bytes of data, two bytes for type and length, and a

two-byte checksum) data must be transmitted in adatagram fashion. Remember, in a virtual circuit opera-

tion the source and destination stations connect just once

and then all data is transmitted across the line until the

transmission is complete. In a datagram system data

packets, or datagrams, are transmitted a block at a time

with the receiving station making heads or tails of the

received data. Since you can transmit a maximum of 256

bytes in a data fraine on the Cluster! one the system is

limited to datagram service. Since, in the Cluster/one,

datagrams are always transmitted in order and are never

lost, a sort of "pseudo-virtual circuit" operation can be

achieved by transmitted datagrams back and forth be-

tween two stations.

The simplest form of communication is a one-way,

single-packet transmission (the datagram). Datagrams in

the NESTAR system are always acknowledged (as dis-

cussed in the section on the data-link layer). One-way

communications, however, are only moderately useful. A

truly useful communication system requires a series of

two-way communications. This type of virtual circuit

operation is easily accomplished by sending datagrams

back and forth between the two stations. Such action, of

course, requires a certain amount of cooperation between

the two stations.

One of the more interesting features ofthe Cluster/ one

system revolves around the carrier line. By leaving this

line active inbetween packet transmissions a multiple

16 MICRO

packet transmission can be accomplished without any in-

terruption on the bus. While this does provide a small in-

crease in performance (especially when the packets being

transmitted are small), What's more important is that the

data frames can be exchanged without interruption. This

very important operation allows the construction of in-

divisible operations like the "set and test" instructions re-

quired by operating systems. Thus, semaphores can be

efficiently implemented in the NESTAR network. Care

must be taken, however, to make sure that two processes

don't accidentally hog the bus. As was previously men-

tioned, the data-link software checks certain time-out

counters to make sure that the current process isn't

hogging the Clusterbus.

Network Transparency

One of the most important features of a hardware

system like anetwork is that it must betotally transparent

to the user. A networking system would be absolutely

useless if you had to throwaway all the software you've

written and start over again to satisfy the network re-

quirements. Such a horrible thought need not come true,

due to the structure of the network itself, it is perfectly

possible to treat the network as though all the devices at-

tached to the network were, in fact, attached to the in-

dividual work station. This concept of virtual I/O makes

the system completely transparent to the end user. He

need not change the wayhe thinks about the file system or

I/O. Almost all of the existing software will run un-

modified on the network. And the modifications required

to adapt existing single-user applications for a multiple-

user environment are easy to make.

Some of the stations on the network (the servers) are

designed to serve other stations (the clients). The printer

server is a good example. This consists of an Apple II at-

tached to a printer connected to the network. From theuser's point ofview he need only type PRI (fromBASIC)or

OPEN(F,"PRINTER;")i [from Pascal) in order to access

the printer. Everything else is handled by the network and

patches made to the resident operating system. The only

difference is that the printout comes from the printer

server instead of the peripheral connected to slot one in

the users Apple.

To the Apple user the most important feature the

Cluster/ one offers is that it forces very little change on

current work habits. The system is easily learned and the

software enhances productivity through its combined

computational and communication facilities. In any cor-

porate structure communication is essential. A group of

widely separated computer systems doesn't enhance com-munication throughout the corporation. Unfortunately,

although a timeshare system provides the communica-

tions capabilities response time is not very good. The

Cluster/ one network allows several microcomputer

system to communicate with one another while maintain-

ing the excellent response time microcomputer owners are

used to and without obsoleting existing software.A \ ICRO"

Randall Hyde. is vice president in charge of advanced research

and development at Lazer MicroSystems, Inc., a Southern

California software development firm. You may contact Mr.Hyde clo Lazer MicroSystems, Inc., 1791 Capital, Unit G.

Corona, CA91720.

No. 68 . January 198"



Download ingBAS IC on thePET • VIC·20 • C64

byKevin S tone

and

Andrew Co rnwall

Tired of typing in a listing from a friend

or having to travel to a friend's place to

copy a program you would like? If so,

continue reading. This article explains

a simple method to send and receive

BASIC programs for machine language

programs with a BASICloader) over the

telephone using a VIC, C-64 or PET.

Equipment requirements are minimal,

consisting of the microcomputer and

compatible modems connected to the

serial port of the VICor C64 or the IEEEport of the PET. The program trans-

ferred is sent as a listing and automatic-

ally converted by the dynamic

keyboard technique to tokenized (pro-

gram) form by the receiving computer.

After communication, the received

program can bereadily run, or saved to

cassette or disk. Programs can be

received from any other system.

Kevin Stone, VIC enthusiast, is a

former Equipment Technician for

CNCP Relecommunications, and iscurrently a Technical Support

Representative for Victor [Canada) Ltd.

Kevin resides in Halifax, Nova Scotia,

Canada.

Andrew Cornwall, is a PET hobbiest

with a wide range of interests in

microcomputer applications. He is

Secretary of the Nova Scotia

Commodore Computer Users Group.

He resides in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia,

Canada.


Sending a Program

The first step in transferring a pro-

gram is to coordinate the modems at

the sending and receiving ends. As

usual for any communication, one

modem should be in the originate and

the other in the answer mode [for the

Bell 103 standard modem). Although it

does not seem critical, we prefer setting

both modems at full duplex, if there isa duplex option.

To send a program, load it into the

transmitting computer's memory in

the usual way (either from tape or disk,

or direct entry). Once telephone con-

tact has been established between

modems, the transmitting computer

lists the program to its modem device.

The procedure to do this is slightly dif-

ferent for the VIC or C64 and PET, and

each is described separately below.

Note that if only a portion of a program

is to be transferred, the LISTcommand

would contain the appropriate line

number references [e.g. LIST50-, LIST

50-100, etc.].

VIC or C64 Transmit

In direct mode, type the following lines

and hit return after each. Serial port

parameters are set by CHR$ , 6 } at 300

baud, no parity with 8 data bits, full

duplex, 1 stop bit, and three line hand-

shake. This will work with most

modems, but some may require

slightly different parameters.

MICRO

OPEN 2,2,O,CHR$,6}CMD2

LIST (with line range if

required)

The program will now be sent over the

modem as a full listing - not in

tokenized form. When listing is finish-

ed, indicated by return of the screencursor, wait about 15 seconds for if the

modem has a transmit light, until this

light stops flickering) for the serial port

buffer to empty to the modem, then

type in:

PRINT2

C LOSE 2

This redirects normal output to the

screen and closes the file.

PET Transmit

Enter the following lines in direct modeand hit return after each. The open

statement assumes that the modem is

device number 5, a common but not

universal modem device number. Use

the correct number for your system.

OPEN 5,5

CMD5

LIST

When listing is finished and the screen

cursor returns, enter:

PRINT5

CLOSE 5

Transmission Time

The time needed to send a program is

governed by the modem baud rate. At

300 baud, transmission requires about

30 seconds per kilobyte of listing. Since

a program listing can be as much as

twice as "long" as its tokenized pro-

gram form, a 4K program in memory

can take up to four minutes to transmit

as a listing.

Receiving a Program

The receive method uses the dynamic

keyboard append technique. While the

routines for the VIC, C64 and PET are

somewhat different, the general idea is

the same. In each casea program listing

is taken in and appended line-by-line to

the small receive program. When the

process is completed, the total program

in memory consists of the receive

routine plus the communicated pro-

gram. The receive routine can be

removed by using a toolkit delete com-

mand or simply by entering the line

17



numbers for the routine and hitting

return after each.

As with any append process, the

line numbers of the program being

transmitted should not overlap those in

the receive routine. If the line numbers

do conflict, then simply renumber the

program. The GOTO's must be fixed

along with the renumbering. Solong as

overlapping line numbers is not a prob-

lem, we prefer using the receive routine

with low line numbers, since it is

technically faster (and easier to

delete!) .

Upon being run, the receive routine

will ignore all transmitted characters

(such as the word READYsent after the

CMD command) until a numeric

character with a value 1 to 9 is en-

countered. The routine presumes that

the first numeric character is part of the

initial line number of a listing, andcommences to take in the remainder of

the listing after a valid number is

received.

At some point in the routines

dynamic keyboarding takes over to

carry-out the listing-to-program append

process. This is visible as each com-

municated program line appears on top

of the screen, a transfer line (ending

with a GOTO statement) is printed

under it, next READYflashes once, the

screen clears and the sequence starts

over. This will continue until the word

READY,which is automatically sent at

the end of the listing, is encountered.At this point the process will stop with

a harmless OUT OF DATA ERROR.

VIC and C64 RECEIVE Programs

These routines take advantage of the

serial port 256 byte input buffer, which

makes the timing of the receive and ap-

pend processes less critical, although

on average the routine keeps up with

the character input rate at 300 baud.

Upon being run the routine clears the

screen and waits for the listing to be

transmitted. When listing starts the

action of dynamic keyboarding can be

seen on the screen. The routine

simultaneously receives and appends

the incoming program listing. The

buffer prevents data being lost during

the dynamic keyboarding phase of the

receive/ append process.

Although the input buffer takesonly 256 bytes, the actual serial port

buffer occupies 512 bytes. The addi-

tional 256 bytes is for a transmit buffer,

which is not used when receiving. After

allowing for the buffers and receive

routine itself, only about 2K of

memory is available on a basic VIC for

the received program. The routine will

work with any memory expansion

configuration however, without

modification to the routine.

Receive Program Detail

LINE 0: OPENs a file to the serialport. CHR$(61 sets port parameters to

300 baud, no parity with 8 bits, full

duplex, 1 stop bit, and 3 line hand-

shake. These parameters are

appropriate for most common

modems. The screen is then cleared.

LINE 1: GETs a character via the

modem and tests for receipt of first

numeric character 1 through 9.

LINE 2: PRINTs first received

numeric character to screen.

LINE 3: GETs via the modem and

PRINTs across the screen. End of pro-

gram line is determined by receipt of a

carriage return.

LINE 4: PRINTs dynamic

keyboard transfer line to the screen.

POKE 152,1 tells the VIC/C64 that one

file remains open; GOTO 6 instructs

the routine to restart at LINE 6 when

the transfer line is executed in

simulated direct mode.

LINE 5: Fills keyboard buffer

locations 631 to 634 with a home

cursor and three carriage returns; POKE

198,4 tells the VIC/C64 that the

keyboard buffer contains four

characters. After this the routine is for-

V I C

o O P E N 2 , 2 , O , C H R $ ( 6 ' : P R I N T " ~ " ;1 G E T A $ : I F V A L ( A $ ' = O T H E N G O T O2 P R I N T A $ ;3 G E T * 2 , A : f : P R I N T A $ ; :

I F A $ ( ) C H R : f ( 1 3 ) T H E N 34 P R I N T : P R I N T " P O K E 1 5 2 , l : G O T O 6 "5 P O K E 6 3 1 , 1 9 : P O K E 6 3 2 , 1 3 : P O K E 6 3 3 , 1 3 :

P O K E 6 3 4 , 1 3 : P O K E 1 9 8 , 4 : E N D6 P R I N T " ~ " ; I G O T O 3

18 MICRO

mally instructed to END. In fact,

however, the routine continues as the

characters in the keyboard buffer are

executed (simulating direct mode

operation) which enters (appends) the

transmitted program line printed to the

screen and activates the transfer line.

LINE 6: Clears the screen in

preparation for the next received line. Itthen executes a GOTO 3 to continue

the input.

Using Other Line Numbers

Since many programmers use the

convention of starting at LINE 10, the

above routine which resides from LINE

o to LINE 6 should not normally be in

the way of the program being transfer-

red. If there is a conflict, then simply

renumber the BASIC program,

remembering to change the line

numbers for the three GOTO

commands in lines I, 4 and 6.

PET Receive Program

The PET IEEEport does not have an in-

put buffer. As a result, when

simultaneous receive and conversion is

attempted, incoming characters are

missed during dynamic keyboarding.

To overcome this problem, the receive

and conversion operations are done

separately. First, the listing is received

and POKE'd verbatum into a protected

area ofmemory above 2K.When receiv-

ing is finished, sensed by a 64 milli-

second time-out error, the listing is

automatically PEEK'd from memory

and dynamic keyboard appending

commences.

Overall, the PET routine is slower

than the VIC/C64 version, since it

takes about an extra second per line to

perform the separate appending pro-

cess. Another disadvantage is that in-

itial storage of the full listing requires

as much as twice the memory as its

counterpart in tokenized program

form. Very large programs, however,

can be communicated in stages, saved,

and appended together afterwards.

When run, the PET routine clears

the screen and prints the message

"READY TO RECEIVE". When a

listing is being received, the message

"RECEIVING" is printed. When the

receiving is completed, i.e. aREADYis

received, the dynamic keyboarding

takes over.

PET Receive Program Details

LINE 0: POKE 53,8 sets top of

BASICmemory at 2Kto protect higher

memory for character storage. It then

OPENs a file for device number 5,

which is presumed to be the modem




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. . . - - . . . . . - . . . . . . -. . . . . " , .'W' . - . . . _ - - - . . . . . . . . . . .

P E T

0 P O K E 5 3 , 8 : 0 P E N 5 , 5 : J = 2 0 4 8 :P R I N T " ~ R E A D Y T O R E C E I V E " r G O T O .3

1 G E T * 5 , A $ : I F S T < > O T H E N G O T O 52 J · J + l : P O K E J , A S C ( A $ ) : G O T O 13 G E T 4 t 5 , A $ :

I F S T ( ) O O R V A L ( A $ )= 0 T H E N G O T O 3

4 P R I N T " R E C E I V I N G " : G O T O 25 P O K E 5 3 , 1 2 8 : K = J : J = 2 0 4 8 : C L O S E 56 P R I N T " " ' 1 1 .. . ,7 J = J + l : B X = P E E K ( J ) : P R I N T C H R $ ( B X ) ; :

I F 8 7 . < > 1 3 A N D K ) J T H E N G O T O 78 P R I N T : P R I N T " K = " K " : J = " J " : G O T O 6 "9 P O K E 6 2 3 , 1 9 : P O K E 6 2 4 , 1 3 : P O K E 6 2 5 , 1 3 :

P O K E 6 2 6 , 1 3 : P O K E 1 5 8 , 4 : E N D

device number. Variable, is initializedto the 2K boundary. The screen iscleared and the message "READY TORECEIVE" is printed.

LINE 1: GETs a character from

the modem and tests the status variable

ST for an error. If an error occurs, it is

assumed to be a time-out error (ST=2),

and branches to the dynamic keyboard

section of the program, starting at LINE

5.

LINE 2: Increments variable, and

POKEs the PET-ASCII value of the

latest character received into memory

location [. Branches back to LINE 1 to

get another character.

LINE 3: Tests for receipt of firstnumeric character to suppress READY

and other non-BASIC lines.

LINE 4: PRINTs message

"RECEMNG", after the first numeric

character is received.

LINE 5: Restores the normal top

of BASIC memory. Defines variable K

as last value of" and redefines, as 2K.

CLOSEs file number 5.

LINE 6: Clear the screen.

LINE 7: PEEKs listing from

memory and PRINTs characters across

the screen. End of program line deter-mined by carriage return (= 13).

LINE 8 PRINTs dynamic

keyboard transfer line to the screen.

The transfer line carries over the values

of K and, and set the program to restart

at LINE 6.

LINE 9: Fills keyboard buffer

locations 623 to 626 with a 'home

cursor' and three 'carriage returns': the

POKE 158,4 sets a variable to tell the

PET that the keyboard buffer contains

four characters. After this, the routine

is formally instructed to END. In fact,

MICRO

the routine continues as the characters

in the keyboard buffer are executed,

simulating direct mode operation to

enter [append) the received programline printed to the screen and to

activate the transfer line.

Reliability

Even though this method for transfer-

ring programs does not use any error

detection, such as parity checking or

checksum, we found it to be very

reliable. Phone line glitches can cause

difficulties, but these were rare during

our development and testing of this

technique. On one occasion someone

dialed an extension telephone while aprogram was being transmitted. On

another, the phone line mysteriously

went dead for several seconds. Normal

phone line background noise and cross-

talk did not seem to cause any pro-

blems. In our "formal" testing of this

procedure, an 8K listing was com-

municated ten times over the period of

several days. Each time the program

was transferred successfully. Although

our experience was on a local call basis,

long distance telephone program

communication should be feasible.

If a problems occurs when a VIC orC64 is receiving a program. the routine

can be rerun to accept that portion of

the program listing which was not

received correctly. If a problem occurs

while a PET is receiving, the correction

procedure is more difficult. That por-

tion of the program received in good

condition can be saved and the routine

rerun to take in the listing of the re-

mainder. Afterwards, both parts can be

appended together. It is probably more

convenient to simply re-do the entire

procedure from the beginning.



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Tis article shows how to use the

~STORE key (which generates

a Non-Maskable Interrupti to ac-

cess up to 32 new utility routines.

Seven new functions are implemented,

including versatile printer support,

easy color changes, and a two-key

append function that will allow you tocombine two or more BASIC programs.

The framework is provided to allow 25

more functions to be added.

The Commodore 64 is definitely

one of the best values in home com-

puter hardware. It is roughly com-

parable to IBM's PCjr at about one-

fourth the cost. Why is it so inexpen-

sive? For one thing, Commodore de-

cided to use the same BASIC-in-ROM

interpreter that was used in the VIC-20

and older PET machines. The KERNAL

ROM was updated for the 64 but no


new BASIC commands were added to

support the 64's outstanding sound,

bit-mapped graphics, sprites, etc. To

use these features you are left with a

myriad of PEEKs and POKEs that in no

way can be described as user-friendly.

For example, to change the background

screen color to black, you must type:

POKE 53 281,0. To get a printed listing

of a program, you type: OPEN 4,4:

CMD 4: LIST, then afterwards: PRINT

#4: CLOSE 4. An almost unbelievably

complex series of POKES is necessary

to program sprites and music.

A number of third-party software

packages have attempted to solve some

of these problems by adding new com-

mands to BASIC, e.g. Ultra-BASIC 64.

However, there is always some

desirable function missing. For exam-

ple, Ultra-BASIC 64 provides graphic

screen dumps to the printer, but has no

normal [alphanumeric] printer dump.

Quite a few single-purpose machine

language routines have appeared in

magazines such as this recently which

provide desirable add-on features. In-

variably, these routines are placed

either in the cassette buffer or at

$COOO,and require the SYS function

to operate.

The most convenient way to access

handy functions involves assigning cer-

tain keys or sequence of keys to the

new functions. The DOS WEDGE [pro-

vided on the demo disk that comes

with Commodore's 1541 disk drive)uses this technique. For example, in-

stead of typing LOAD"$",8 then LIST,

you type only $ to get a directory

listing. In general, however, assign-

ment of special keys makes your pro-

grams run slower since the absence or

presence of these key sequences must

continually be checked.

The Powerful RESTOREKey

This article provides a framework to

add a series of extensions for the Com-

modore 64 using the RESTORE key,followed by another key to define the

function. Normally when you hit the

RESTORE key, you use it in conjunc-

tion with the RUN/STOP key, most

likely to regain control of your com-

puter when a program has gone into

never-never land. However, hitting

only RESTORE appears to have no ef-

fect - a virtually worthless key.

Actually, RESTORE is probably the

most powerful key on the keyboard,

and is ideally suited to controlling the

computer. It provides a Non-Maskable


listing 1

C 9 0 0C 9 0 1C 9 0 2C 9 0 3C 9 0 4C 9 0 5C 9 0 7C 9 0 AC 9 0 0C 9 0 FC 9 1 2C 9 1 5C 9 1 7C 9 1 AC 9 1 0

C 9 2 0C 9 2 3C 9 2 6C 9 2 7C 9 2 AC 9 2 CC 9 2 EC 9 3 0C 9 3 1C 9 3 4C 9 3 7C 9 3 AC 9 3 DC 9 4 0C 9 4 1

C 9 4 2C 9 4 3C 9 4 4

C 9 4 7

4 88 A4 89 84 8A 9 7 F8 0 0 0 D OA C 0 0 D O3 0 3 52 0 B C F 62 0 E 1 F FD O O F2 0 1 5 F 02 0 A 3 F O2 0 1 8 E 5

2 0 4 7 C 96 C 0 2 A O5 82 0 E 4 FFC 9 0 0F O F 92 9 1 FA AB D C O C B8 0 3 E C 9B D E O C B8 0 3 F C 92 0 F F F F7 86 8

4 8A 84 C 7 2 F E

A 9 0 0

D O S P L U S B Y M . J . K E R Y A N

D U P L I C A T E S N M I R O U T I N E A T$ F E 4 3 I N R O M , C H E C K S F O RK E Y P R E S S A F T E R R E S T O R E K E Y

R O M

N I T 1I N I T 2I N I T 3S T P F LC O N T N MS T O PG E T I N

U T I L I T I E S ,

• $ E 5 1 8• $ F 0 1 5• $ F O A 3• $ F 6 B C• $ F E 7 2• $ F F E 1• $ F F E 4

;C I A I R Q • $ 0 0 0 0 , F O R R S / 2 3 2 C H E C KT A B L • $ C B C O ; L O W B Y T E P O I N T E RT A B H • $ C B E O j H I B Y T E P O I N T E R,O R I G I N • $ C 9 0 0. . • O R I G I N;

N E W N H I

S T O P K Y

N O T S T PK E Y L P

R S 2 3 2

P H AT X AP H AT Y AP H AL O A U 7 FS T A C I A I R QL O Y C I A I R QB H I R S 2 3 2J S R S T P F LJ S R S T O PB N E N O T S T PJ S R I N I T 2J S R I N I T 3J S R I N I T 1

J S R I N I T N M ; N E W I N I T I A LJ H P ( $ A 0 0 2 ) ; W A R M S T A R TC L I E N A B L E K E Y B DJ S R G E T I N G E T A K E YC M P . $ 0 0 W A I T / P R E S S E DB E Q K E Y L PA N D U 1 FT A XL O AS T AL O AS T AJ S RS E IP L A

P H AT A YJ H P C O N T N M

T A B L , Xt+ 1 0T A B H , Xt+5

H F F F

I S A V E R E G I S T E R S

I R Q F L A G F O RR S / 2 3 2

F L A G S E TS T O P K E Y ?N O , B R A N C HO L i P L I C A T E N M I

R O U T I N E S

M A S K F O R 3 2U N I Q U E K E Y SG E T L O B Y T ES E T U P J S R

H I B Y T E

M O D I F I E D A D D RI R Q D I S A B L E DG E T B A C K Y

;J I N I T I A L I Z A T I O N R O U T I N E F O R N M I

K E R N A L N M I V E CK E R N A L C H R O U T

j

N M I N V • _ 0 3 1 8' I B S O U T • $ 0 3 2 6B R D C L R • $ 0 0 2 0B C K C L 1 • $ 0 0 2 1C O L O R . . $ 0 2 8 6C O L C H = $ 0 0C O L B K = $ O C

C U R S O R C O L O RC H A R S • B L A C KB A C K G = G R E Y

;I N I T N M L O A t < N E W N M I ; R E S T O R E N M I

MICRO 23

C 9 4 9C 9 4 CC 9 4 EC951C 9 5 3C 9 5 6C 9 5 9C95BC 9 5 EC 9 6 0C 9 6 3C 9 6 5C 9 6 8C 9 6 9C 9 6 AC 9 6 BC 9 6 DC 9 7 0

C 9 7 1C 9 7 2C 9 7 5C 9 7 7C 9 7 9C 9 7 BC 9 7 DC 9 7 FC 9 8 0C 9 8 3C984C 9 8 5C 9 8 6C 9 8 7C 9 8 BC 9 8 AC 9 8 DC 9 9 0C 9 9 2C 9 9 5C 9 9 7C 9 9 AC 9 9 DC 9 9 FC 9 A lC 9 A 4C9A7C 9 A AC 9 A CC 9 A FC 9 B 2

8 0 18 0 3A 9 C 98 0 19 0 3A 9 O C8 0 2 0 D OS O 2 1 D OA 9 0 08 0 8 6 0 2A 9 7 18 D 2 6 0 3A 9 C 98 0 2 7 0 3E AE AE AA 9 0 08 0 B B C96 0

4 8A D B E C 9C 9 0 4D O 3 DA 5 B AC9 0 8F O 3 76 88 0 B A C 94 S8 A4 8984 SA 9 7 E2 0 C 3 F F2 0 C A C 9A 9 7 E2 0 B A F FA 9 0 02 0 B D F F2 0 C O F FB O O BA 2 7 E2 0 C 9 F FA D S A C 92 0 C A F lA 9 7 E2 0 C 3 F F2 0 C C F F6 8

S T AL O AS T AL O AS T AS T AL O AS T A

L O AS T AL O AS T AN O PN O PN O PL O AS T AR T S

N E W O U T P U T R O U T I N EV E C T O R S O U T P U T T O P R I N T E R I FP F L A G I S S E T I N A D D I T I O N T OC R T - - O I S K A C C E S S W I L L T U R N

O F F P R I N T E R A C C E S S

N H I N VI > N E W N H I ;N M I N V H ;I C O L B K8 R O C L RB C K C L lI C O L C HC O L O R . ; C H A R A C T E R S

I < N E W O U TI B S O U T* > N E W O U T ;I B S O U T " l ;

V E C T O R T ON E W R O U T I N E

; E D G E C O L O Ri B A C K G R O U N D

N E W O U T P U TV E C T O R

1 $ 0 0P F L A G

; F U T U R E; E X P A N S I O N; P R I N T E R O F F

24

C L R ' H N • $ F F C C ; K E R N A L R O U T I N E SO L O O U T = H l C AC L O S E = H F C 3S E r L F S • $ F F B AS E T N A H • $ F F B OO P E N = $ F F C OC H K O U T = $ F F C 9;V I C H C RF AP F I L E

= $ O O l S= $ B A= $ 7 E

; V I C H E M C T R L R E G; C U R R E N T D E V I C E .; L O G I C A L P T R F I L E

;N E W O U T P H A

L O A P F L A G , C H E C K F L A G T OC N P 1 $ 0 4 , S E E I F P T R I SB N E R T N P ; A C T I V EL O A F A ; I F D E V I C E I SC N P I . O S ; I S D I S K T H E NB E Q R T N P ; O I S A B L E P R I N T E RP L AS T A P T E M PP H A ; S A V E R E G I S T E R ST X AP H AT V AP H AL O A I P F I L EJ S R C L O S E ; F I R S T C L O S E F I L EJ S R P C A S E , S E T U / L C A S EL O A I P F I L EJ S R S E T L F SL O A 1 $ 0 0J S R S E T N A HJ S R O P E NB C S P C L O S E ; C L O S E O N E R R O RL O X t l P F I L EJ S R C H K O U TL O A P T E H PJ S R O L D O U T ; C H A R T O P R I N T E R

P C L O S E L O A t l P F I L EJ S R C L O S EJ S R C L R C H N ; R E S E T T O C R TP L A ; R E S T O R E R E G S

MICRO

Interrupt [NMIJ request to the com-

puter's cpu. No matter what the com-

puter is doing at the time, it will stop

and jump to a special machine language

program that determines why the inter-

rupt was requested, and takes ap-

propriate action.

The Commodore 64 NMI program

basically does two things:

1. It determines if the NMI requestcame from the RS1232 port or from

the RESTORE key. If the RS1232

port generated it, the data transfer

is handled.

2. If the RESTORE key generated the

interrupt, the NMI program checks

to see if the STOP key was also

pressed. If so, it jumps to initializa-tion routines and then to a BASIC

warmstart. If the STOP key wasn't

pressed, the program has no

noticeable effect.

So when you press the RESTOREkey alone, nothing appears to happen,

but actually the NMI program was ex-

ecuted. Commodore makes it very easy

to replace their NMI program with one

of your own, since the NMI routine

vectors through RAM locations

$0318-0319. Place the locations of your

new NMI program in $0318-0319 and

you've gained complete control of the

computer through the RESTORE key.

Using the Program

An assembler program [Listing 1Jil-lustrates how the RESTORE key can be

used to add 32 new functions to the

Commodore 64. To gain access to these

new routines, press the RESTORE key

followed by a second key that identifies

the function. Seven new routines are

provided in the Listing, twenty-five

more are possible. The seven functions

are as follows:

..

.Ato Append programs ...

B to change the Background color

C t o change the Character colorE....o .change the Edge color

DtoDump the current screen totheprinteJ

p.to tl.lm OiLthe Printer

oto tum O£hhe printer.

Any other key pressed will return the

computer to normal execution. Using

the RUN/STOP and RESTORE keys

together function as normally, except

vectors are restored to the new routines.

Since this interrupt technique in-



volves no character checking during

normal program execution, it won't

slow down your programs. An unex-

pected benefit of using the RESTORE

key is that it also acts as a PAUSE or

NO-SCROLL key. When a program

listing or data is scrolling by too fast to

read, just hit RESTORE - this will

freeze everything until you hit another

key. To resume the scroll, press

RETURN. Also, the RESTORE func-

tions can be stacked. Suppose you just

stopped a scroll by using RESTORE,

and you would like a printout of the

current screen. Just hit RESTORE a

second time, followed by D to generate

the screen copy. Then hit RETURN to

continue scrolling. This is an obvious

advantage over using STOP, etc.

The series of machine language

routines reside in upper memory, pro-

tected from BASIC, Reset, etc., at loca-

tions $C800-CBFF. This is right next to

the DOSWEDGE 5.1 utility program

[$CCOO-CFFF). Therefore the new

routines (called DOSPLUS) can be

loaded and initialized along with the

WEDGE. Each routine is now described

briefly.

Non-Maskable Interrupt Routine

The new NMI routine duplicates

many of the functions of the original

NMI routine located in ROM at $FE43.

The CPU registers are saved and a

check is made for an RS1232 interrupt.If the NMI request came from the

RESTORE key, a check of the STOP

key is made. If STOP was pressed at the

same time, then three ROM initializa-

tion routines are run. Anew initializa-

tion routine, INITNM, is then run

[more on this later], followed by a

warm start to BASIC.

Assuming you had only pressed the

RESTORE key to access the new func-

tions, the initializations and warm

start are bypassed. The interrupt flag

is cleared to allow keyboard entry.

Then the program waits for a key to bepressed. The upper 3 bits of the ASCII

value of the key are masked to zeroes,

so only 32 unique keys are possible.

Based on the value obtained above,

pointers for the corresponding routines

are set up into a JSR statement, then

the JSR is taken, in which the new

function is executed. After the

subroutine is run, program flowreturns

to the old NMI routine in ROM which

restores the registers and executes an

RTI (return from interrupt) and normal

program execution resumes.


C 9 B 3C 9 8 4C 9 8 5C 9 B 6C 9 B 7C 9 B AC 9 S 8

C 9 B CC 9 B EC 9 C OC 9 C 3C 9 C 4C 9 C 6C 9 C 9

C 9 C AC 9 C O

C 9 C FC 9 D lC 9 0 3C 9 0 5C 9 0 7C 9 0 9

C 9 0 A

C 9 D OC 9 0 FC 9 E 2C 9 E 4C 9 E 7C 9 E AC 9 E CC 9 E Et 9 F lC 9 F 3C 9 F 5C 9 F 7C 9 F 9C 9 F CC 9 F F

C A 0 2C A 0 4C A 0 7C A 0 9C A O CC A O FC A 1 2C A 1 4C A 1 6C A 1 8C A 1 AC A l CC A 1 EC A 2 ! )C A 2 2

A 86 8A A6 84 C C A F l0 00 0

A 9 0 48 5 B A8 0 B B C 96 0A 9 0 08 0 B B C 960

A O 1 8 0 02 9 0 2

F O 0 4A O 0 700 02A O 00A 2 04

6 0

2 0 C A C 9

A 9 7 020 B A FFA 9 0 02 0 B O FF2 0 C O FFB O 7 AA 2 7 02 0 C 9 FFA 9 00

8 5 F OA 9 04

8 5 F E20 8 9 C A2 0 7 E C A20 9 7 C A

A 2 1 920 E 1 FFF O 5 020 7 5 C A2 0 9 1 C A20 8 0 C AA O 00B 1 F OC 9 22D O 02A 9 2 7C 9 A 2D O 02A 9 A 78 0 B A C 9

T A YP L AT A X

R T N P P L AJ M P O L O O U T j R T S T H R U O L O O U T

P T E M P , B Y T E $ 0 0P F L A G , B Y T E $ 0 0j

T U R N P R I N T E R O N / O F Fj

P R N T O N L O A * $ 0 4 j A C T I V A T E B Y PS T A F AS T A P F L A GR T S

P R N T O F L O A *$00 j A C T I V A T E B Y 0S T A P F L A GR T S

j

j O E T E R M I N E I F S C R E E N I S U P P E R O Rj L O W E R C A S E - - S E T X A N O Y,,P C A S E

U P P E RP O E V

L O A V I C M C RA N O U 0 2

B E Q U P P E RL O Y U 0 7B N E P D E VL O Y U O OL O X *'04

R T S

j Y I S S E C A O O Rj X I S D E V I C E II

j

j O U M P S C R E E N T O P R I N T E R

MICRO

j

O P N T RR O W S. C O L M N SD P F I L E,,P D U M P

R O L O O P

C O L O O P

S H F T Q T

N O T Q T

= $ F O= $ 1 9= $ 2 8. . $ 70

j P O I N T E Rj 2 5 R O W S O N C R Tj 4 0 C O L U M N Sj L O G I C A L F I L E *

J S R P C A S E

L O A * O P F I L EJ S R S E T L F SL O A U O OJ S R S E T N A MJ S R O P E NB C S O P C L O S j C L O S E O N E R R O RL O X * O P F I L EJ S R C H K O U TL O A U O OS T A O P N T RL O A U 0 4S T A O P N T R + 1J S R P C R J C A R R E TJ S R L I N E j S Y M B O L L I N EJ S R L I N B L K j B L A N K L I N E

L O X * R O W SJ S R S T O P j I F S T O P K E Y ,S E Q O P C L O S j T H E N S T O P P R I N TJ S R S P C 1 6 j M A R G I NJ S R B O X S Y M j S Y M B O LJ S R P S P A C E j S P A C EL O Y *'00

L O A ( O P N T R ) , Y j G E T C R T C H A RC M P * ' 2 2 j I F Q U O T E ,B N E S H F T Q T j C H A N G E T OL O A * $ 2 7 j A P O S T R O P H EC M P U A 2 j I F S H I F T Q U O T E ,B N E N O T Q T j C H A N G E T OL O A * $ A 7 ; S H I F T A P O S T R O P H Es r A p r E M P

25

NMI Initialization Routine

Asmentioned above, a combination C A 2 5 29 8 0 A N D 1 1 $ 8 0 , I F R E V E R S E C H A RRUN/STOP and RESTORE restores the C A 2 ? e o A F C A S T A R E V F L G ; T H E N S E N D R E Vperipheral chips, colors, etc. back to C A 2 A F O 0 5 B E Q D E C O D E , C O D E T O P R I N T E Rtheir default values. This means we C A 2 C A 9 1 2 L O A 1 1 $ 1 2 ,would lose control of the NMI routine C A 2 E 20 C A F 1 J S R O L D O U T

because the KERNAL ROM addresses C A . 3 1 A D S A C 9 D E C O D E L O A P T E M P ; C H A N G E S C R E E N

are reinstated in the indirect vectors inC A 3 4 2 9 3 F A N D U 3 F , C O D E T O A S C I I

RAM. The new initialization routineC A 3 6 O E B A C 9 A S L P T E M P ; C O D E F O R

therefore places our addresses back intoC A 3 9 2 C B A C 9

B I T P T E M P , P R I N T E RC A 3 C 1 0 0 2 B P L * + 4the vectors for the NMI routine and the C A 3 E 0 9 8 0 O R A 1 1 $ 8 0OUTPUT routine (used in the printer C A 4 0 7 0 02 B V S * + 4utilities) . C A 4 2 0 9 4 0 O R A 4 1 $ 4 0

The initialization routine also C A 4 4 2 0 C A F 1 J S R O L D O U T J C H A R T O P R I N T E Rallows us to change the colors to new C A 4 7 A D A F C A L O A R E V F L G J I F R E V E R S E T U R Ndefault values, in this case to black C A 4 A F O 0 5 B E Q C H R S N T , O F F R E V M O D E

characters on a grey background. If you C A 4 C A O 9 2 L D A 4 1 $ 9 2

desire different default colors, change C A 4 E 20 C A F l J S R O L D O U T

them here.C A 5 1 c e C H R S N T I N Y , N E X T C O L U M N

Lastly, the printer flag is reset toC A 5 2 C O 2 8 C P Y l t C O L M N SC A 5 4 D O B E B N E C O L O O P

disable the printer, if it was on before C A 5 6 20 A S C A J S R L N E N D , E N D O F L I N Ethe intialization was run. C A 5 9 9 8 T V A

C A 5 A 1 8 C L CNew OUTPUT Routine C A 5 B 6 5 F D A D C D P N T R

C A 5 D 85 F D S T A D P N T RNEWOUT allows you to turn on the C A 5 F 9 0 0 2 B C C H 4

printer (device #4) so that all output to C A 6 1 E 6 F E I N C O P N T R + l , R E V I S E P O I N T E Rthe screen can go to both the screen and C A 6 3 C A D Othe printer. When this routine is ac- C A 6 4 C O 9 E B N E R O L O O P

tivated, to get a program listing, just C A 6 6 2 0 9 7 C A D P C L O S J S R L I N B L K , D O N E W I T H C R T

type LIST. C A 6 9 20 7 E C A J S R L I N E

The NEWOUT routine first checksC A 6 C 2 0 C C rr J S R C L R C H N , R E S E T T O C R T

to see if the printer flag is off. Then itC A 6 F A 9 7 0 L O A l t D P F I L EC A 7 1 2 0 C 3 F F J S R C L O S E

checks to see if the active device is #8. C A 7 4 6 0 R T S , D O N E W I T H D U M PDisk access is set up to kill the printer ;output to avoid possible contention prob- ; S U B R O U T I N E S T O S U P P O R T D U M Plems on the serial bus. ,

The program then checks to see if C A 7 S A O 1 0 S P C 1 6 L O Y 4 1 $ 1 0 , 1 6 B L A N K Sthe screen is in upper/graphics or C A n 2 0 8 0 C A S P 1 6 L P J S R P S P A C Elower/upper case. Afile is then opened C A 7 A 88 D E Y

to device #4 with a secondary address C A 7 B D O f A B N E S P 1 6 L P

of 0 or 7, depending on the case.C A 7 0 6 0 F < r S

;The character is sent to the printer, C A 7 E . 20 75 C A L I N E J S R S P C 1 6 , L I N E O F S Y M B O L S

the file is closed, then the character is C A S l A O 2C L D Y U2Csent to the screen. Note that the printer C A 8 3 2 0 9 1 C A L I N E L F ' J S R B O X S Y Mfile is opened and closed for each C A 8 6 8 8 D E Ycharacter. The printer output mode is C A S ? D O F A B N E L I N E L Pturned on by RESTORE, P, and turned C A e 9 A 9 0 0 P C R L O A U O D , C A R R R E T U R Noff by RESTORE, O. C A 8 B D O 0 6 B N E O U T C H R

C A 8 D A 9 2 0 P S P A C E L O A U 2 0 , S P A C E

Dump Screen to Printer C A 8 F D O 0 2 B N E O U T C H R

C A 9 1 A 9 2 E B O X S Y I 1 L O A U 2 E , P E R I O DIn addition to the printer on/off

C A 9 3 20 C A rl O U T C H R J S R D L D O U TC A 9 6 6 0 R T S

functions, a screen dump routine isI

provided. This is accessed by the C A 9 7 2 0 7 5 C A L I N B L K J S R S P C 1 6 ; B L A N K L I N ERESTORE key followed by aD. The en- C A 9 A 20 9 1 C A J S R B O X S Y Mtire 40 x 25 screen is copied character C A 9 D A O 2 9 L O Y 4 1 $ 2 9by character to the printer. The printed C A 9 F 20 S O C A L B L K L P J S R P S P A C Eoutput is indented to center the text on C A A 2 8 8 D E Ythe paper and a dotted outline is drawn C A A 3 D O F A B N E L B L K L P

around the 40 x 25 matrix. As before, C A A 5 20 a D C A L N E N D J S R P S P A C E

the printed output is made the same C A A 8 2 0 9 1 C A J S R B O X S Y MC A A B 2 0 8 9 C A J S R P C R

case as the screen. C A A E 60 R T SThe PDUMP routine opens and



C A A F

C A D OC A B 2C A B 4C A 8 6C A B 9C A B CC A B EC A G OC A C 2C A C 4C A C 6C A C 8C A C AC A C CC A C DC A C FC A D 2C A D 5C A D 8C A D SC A D CC A D EC A E lC A E 2

C A E 4C A E 7C A E 9C A E CC A E EC A F lC A F . 3C A F SC A F 6C A F 8C A F AC A F CC A F Ec a o oC 9 0 2C D 0 5C B 0 7C B O AC B O DC D 1 1C 8 1 5C 8 1 9C B 1 DC B 2 1C B 2 5C 8 2 9C B 2 AC B 2 D

0 0

A 2 0 0F O 0 2A 2 0 1F E 2 0 D O2 0 E 4 F FC 9 0 0F O F 9C 9 4 2F O F OC 9 4 5F O E 8C 9 4 3F O 0 16 0A 2 F A

F E F F 0 7F E F 9 D 8F E F 3 D 9F E E D D AC AD O F lE E 86 0 21 89 0 0 5

,,R E V F l G , B Y T E $ 0 0 ; Z E R O I F N O T R E Vj

; C H A N G E S C R E E N C O L O R Sj 3 E N T R Y P O I N T S F O R E D G E , B A C K G R O U N D ,; A N D C H A R A C T E R S - - A l l 3 C A N B Ej C H A N G E o W I T H O N E E N T R Yj

E D G E l D X 1 1 $ 0 0B E Q C H G C C l lB A C K G D l D X 1 1 $ 0 1C H G C O l I N C B R D C l R , XW A I T C l J S R G E T I N

C M P 1 1 $ 0 0B E Q W A I T C lC M F ' 1 1 $ 4 2B E Q B A C K G DC M P 1 1 $ 4 5B E Q E D G EC M P U 4 3B E Q C H A R A CR T S

C H A R A C l D X U F A

F I l l C H I N C $ D 7 F F , XI N C $ D 8 F 9 , XI N C $ D 9 F 3 , XI N C $ D A E D , XD E X

D N E F I l l C HI N C C O L O RC l CB C C W A I T C l

; E O G E E N T R Y

j B A C K G E N T R Yj C H A N G E C O L O R; G E T K E Y

j S K E Y

j E K E Y

; C K E Y

; A N O T H E R K E Y

j C H A N G E A l l; O F C O L O Rj M E M O R Y

j C U R S O R C O L O R

; C O N T I N U E;j A P P E N D P R O G R A MJ T O T A C K O N S U B R O U T I N E P R O G R A M S, T O O T H E R P R O G R A M S,,T X T T A BV A R T A B

IA P P E N DA P P D O N

4 C E 7 C AA 5 2 C8 0 3 F C DA 5 2 B8 0 4 0 C BA 5 2 E8 5 2 C. 3 8A 5 2 DE 9 0 28 5 2 8B O 0 2C 6 2 CA 9 2 A A P O N8 D E 5 C AA 9 C B8 D E 6 C A2 0 4 1 C BO D 4 C 4 F 4 14 4 2 0 5 0 4 74 D 3 2 2 C 2 04 8 4 9 5 4 2 05 2 4 5 5 3 5 44 F 5 2 4 5 2 C2 0 4 1 O D 0 06 0A D 3 F C B A P P D O F8 5 2 C

= $ 2 B. . $ 2 D

J M P A P P D O N j M O D I F I A B l El D A T X T T A B + lS T A A P H Il D A T X T T A BS T A A F ' l Ol D A V A R T A B + le TA T X T T A B + lS E Cl D A V A R T A BS B C 1 1 $ 0 2S T A T X T T A BB C S A F ' O ND E C T X T T A B + 1l D A I I ( A PP D O FS T A A P P E N D j 1l DA I I) AF 'F 'D OFS T A A P P E N D + 2J S R M E S S A G, B Y T E $ O D , $ 4 C , $ 4 F , $ 4 1, B Y T E $ 4 4 , $ 2 0 , $ 5 0 , $ 4 7, B Y T E $ 4 D , $ 3 2 , $ 2 C , $ 2 0, B Y T E $ 4 8 , $ 4 9 , $ 5 4 , $ 2 0. B Y T E $ 5 2 , $ 4 5 , $ 5 3 , $ 5 4, B Y T E $ 4 F , $ 5 2 , $ 4 5 , $ 2 C, B Y T E $ 2 0 , $ 4 1 , $ O D , $ 0 0R T Sl D A A P H IS T A T X T T A B + l

J M P


closes a file similarly to the OUTPUT

routine. Abig difference is the transfor-

mation from screen code toASCIIcode.

Commodore does some very strange

things to the printer and screen when a

reverse character follows a quotation

mark. It is very difficult to get an exact

screen dump when this occurs. A

quotation mark is replaced by an

apostrophe on printed output, to allowreverse characters to be printed [ifyour

printer or printer/interface will handle

them). Examples of screen dumps are

shown in Figure 1. In this case the

printer used [NEC 8023/Tymac Con-

nection Interface) does not provide

reverse alphanumerics; a Commodore

1525 printer would have printed the

directory header with reverse characters.

Change Screen Colors

Aroutine is provided to change the

screen colors. This routine has three

entry points. RESTORE, B changes the

background color, RESTORE, E

changes the edge color, and RESTORE,

C changes the character color. Note

that all characters on the screen will be

changed, not just the characters follow-

ing the cursor. When the colors are

changed, their code number is in-

cremented byone, from 0 to IS, back to

0, etc.

Once anyone colorhas been changed,

you can continue to step through the

colors by repetitively pressing the same

key [no need to hit RESTOREagain). In

addition, no matter which one you

started with [B, E, or C], you can

change the others by pressing the cor-

responding key. Any other key will get

you out of the color change mode.

Append

To append a program [normally

consisting of subroutines or DATA

statements) to another, first load the

main program in the usual manner:

LOAD"PRG1",8. Then pressRESTORE, AThis raises the bottom of

the BASIC program workspace to the

end of the first program. The computer

than prompts you to load the second

program, e.g. LOAD"PRG2",8 and

press RESTORE,Aagain. This time the

bottom of the BASIC workspace is

moved back down to the previous loca-

tion. Your two programs are now one,

which you should SAVE with a new

name. You can continue to append more

programs using the same technique. One

wordof caution - make sure that the ap-

27

:1'I

I

·1

I

I: II

II

III

I

I

pended programs have higher line

numbers than the main programs since

they are not merged - only appended.

A general purpose message printer

routine is used above. To use this

subroutine in your machine language

routines, do a JSR to MESSAG followed

by your message in ASCII characters.

End the message table with a zero.

After the message is printed, controlwill return to the next byte following

the zero. In addition to normal text,

cursor controls, color changes, etc. can be

intermixed with text for special effects.

Entering the Program

The DOSPLUS routines currently

start at $C800 and extend through

$CBFF. Space for more routines is

available from $C807-C8FF and from

$CB60-CBBE. Additional extensions

can be assembled below $C800. The

DOS WEDGE occupies $CCOO-CFFF,so it is advantageous to load and

initialize the DOS WEDGE and

DOSPLUS at the same time.

There are several ways to get the

program into your Commodore 64. Ifyou have an Assembler, type in the

Assembly code as shown in Listing 1. A

compact BASIC loader is also provided;

see Listing 2. Checksums are used to

catch your typing errors, which will

terminate the program. Note the

change to line #1260 required if you donot intend to run the BASIC loader

with DOS 5.1 in memory. A thirdmethod is to send the author $10 fUS)

for a disk containing the programs

shown in Figure 1. [For foreign re-

quests, please provide sufficient return

postage). If you load and run the first

program DOSPL US, both the DOS-

WEDGE and the RESTORE routines

will be loaded and initiated. Then type

NEW and you're ready to go.

Seven new functions were added,

but the tables will allow a total of 32.

Some possible additional functions in-

clude variable listing, single step, trace,

autoline, hex-decimal converter, save

& swap screens [for animation), etc.

Don't hesitate to write if you have a

useful addition. Or better yet, write it

up for all MICRO readers.

You may contact the author:

Michael J . Keryan713 Locust Drive

Tallmadge, Ohio 44278

28

C D 2 FC 8 3 2C 8 3 4C 8 3 6C D 3 9C B 3 BC B 3 EC B 3 F

C 8 4 0

C B 4 1C 8 4 2C B 4 4C 8 4 5C B 4 7C 8 4 9

C B 4 BC B 4 DC B 4 FC B 5 1C B 5 3C B 5 6C B S 7C B 5 9C S S BC B 5 CC S S EC B 5 F

e 8 0 0C 8 0 3C 8 0 6

C 8 8 F

c s c oC S C 4C B C 8C B C CC B O O

C B 0 4C B 0 8C B O C

C B E OC B E 4C B E 8C B E CC B F CC D F 4C B F 8C B F C

A L I 4 0 C B8 5 2 BA 9 E 78 0 E 5 C AA 9 C A8 0 E 6 C A60F F

F F

6 88 5 F B688 5 F CA 2 0 0E 6 F B

0 0 0 2E 6 F CA 1 F BF O 0 620 0 2 F F1 89 0 F OA 5 F C4 8A 5 F B4 86 0

2 0 4 7 C 920 0 0 C C6 0

6 0

L O A A P L OS T A T X T T A B

A P O F F L O A * < A P P D O NS T A A P P E N O + lL O A I > A P P O O NS T A A P P E N O + 2R T S

A P H I , B Y T E $ F F

A P L O , B Y T E HF;j M E S S A G E P R I N T E Rj J S R M E S S A G - - F O L L O W W I T H A S C I Ij M E S S A 8 E - - E N D W I T H Z E R O.C H R O U T = $ F F D 2P O I N M S . . $ F B,,M E S S A G

P O I N M Sj S A V E P O I N T E R S; F O R R E T U R N

P L AS T AP L AS T AL O XI N C

B N EI N CL O AS E QJ S RC L CB C CL O AP H AL O AP H AR T S

P O I N M S + 11 $ 0 0P O I N M S j P A R S E M E S S A G E

H4P O I N M S + 1 j B U M P P O I N T E R( P O I N M S , X ) j 8 E T C H A RM S S G B K i E N O O N Z E R OC H R O U T j P R I N T I T

M S S G L P j C O N T I N U EP O I N M S + 1

P O I N M S

M S S G L P

M S S G B K

j

* = $ C 8 0 0I N I D O S • $ C C O O

if J A S I N T J S R I N I T N M j I N I T N M I U T I L SJ S R I N I O O S j IN I T D O S W E D G ER T S

,,* • $ C B B FR E T R N , B Y T E $ 6 0

i

* • $ c e C OT A B L . .

S f E 4 B 4 C DO A B O B F B FB F S F S F B FB F B F B F C 4B C B F S F S F

B F B F S F B FS F B F B F S FB F B F B F B F

*, B Y T E $ B F , $ E 4 , $ B 4 , $ C O, B Y T E $ D A , $ B O , $ B F , $ B F, B Y T E $ D F , $ B F , $ B F , $ B F, B Y T E $ B F , $ B F , $ B F , $ C 4. B Y T E $ B C , $ B F , $ B F , $ B F

. B Y T E $ B F , $ B F , $ B F , $ B F, B Y T E $ B F , $ B F , $ B F , $ B F

. B Y T E $ B F , $ B F , $ B F , $ B Fj

* = $ C B E OT A B H . . *

C B C A C A C A , B Y T E $ C B , $ C A , $ C A , $ C AC 9 C A C B C B . B Y T E $ C 9 , $ C A , $ C B , $ C BC B C B C B C B , B Y T E $ C B , $ C B , $ C B , $ C BC B C B C B C 9 , B Y T E $ C B , $ C B , $ C B , $ C 9C 9 C B C B C S , B Y T E $ C 9 , $ C B , $ C B , $ C BC B C B C B C B , B Y T E $ C B , $ C B , $ C B , $ C BC B C B C B C B . B Y T E $ C B , $ C B , $ C B , $ C BC B C 8 C B C B . B Y T E $ C B , $ C B , $ C B , $ C B

. E N D

MICRO No. 68 - January 1984

Listing 2

1 P R I N T " [ C L R J D O S P L U S L O A D E R " : P R I N T " W A I T - - L O A D I N G "1 0 D I H N ( I 0 1 : 1 = 02 0 R E A D A $ : 1 = 1 + 1 : C S a O3 0 U = L E F H ( A $ , 2 1 : G O S U S 1 0 0 ; I F Z < I l ' H E N S Y S 5 1 2 0 0 : E N D4 0 B Y = Z : K S = Z : X $ = H I D $ ( A $ , 3 , 4 ) ; e O S U B 1 0 0 : L C " ' Z5 0 X $ = M I D $ ( A $ , 3 , 2 ) ; G O S U B I 0 0 : K S = K S t Z : U = I 1 I D $ ( A $ , 5 , 2 ) : G O S U B 1 0 0 : K S = ~ ~ S + Z6 0 F O R J - I T 0 8 V : Ua H I D $ ( A $ , S r J f 2 , 2 ) : P R I N T " , I I ;7 0 G O S U E i 1 0 0 : N ( J ) = Z ; C S = C S + Z : N E X T J8 0 X $ = H I D $ ( A $ , 7 r 8 Y t 2 , 4 ' : G O S U B 1 0 0 : I F Z ( ) C S + K S T H E N P R I N T " E R R O R L I N E * 1 1 ; 1 :S T O P90 F O R J = I T O B Y : P O K E L C + J - I , N ( J ) : N E X T J ; P R I N T " * I I ; G O T D 2 0

1 0 0 :1 1 0 R E M H E X T O D E C I M A L1 2 0 R E M X $ I S f l E X N U M B E R T O B E C O N V E R T E D1 3 0 R E M Z I S D E C I M A L N U M B E R C O N V E R T E D

1 4 0 Z = O1 5 0 L = L E N ( X $ ) : F O R K = I T O L1 6 0 Y = A S C ( M I D $ ( X $ , K , I ' )1 9 0 Z = Z * 1 6 + Y - 4 8 + 7 * ( Y ) 5 7 )2 0 0 N E X T k : : R E T U R N

1 0 0 0 D A T A " 1 8 C 9 0 0 4 8 8 A 4 8 9 8 4 8 A 9 7 F 8 D O D D D A C O D D D 3 0 3 5 2 0 B C F 6 2 0 E I F F D 0 0 F 2 0 0 C 4 6 "1 0 1 0 D A T A " 1 8 C 9 1 8 1 S F D 2 0 A 3 F D 2 0 1 8 E 5 2 0 4 7 C 9 6 C 0 2 A O S 8 2 0 E 4 F F C 9 0 0 F O F 9 2 9 1 F O C 7 B "1 0 2 0 D A T A " 1 8 C 9 3 0 A A B D C O C B 8 D 3 E C 9 B D E O C B 8 D 3 F C 9 2 0 F F F F 7 8 6 8 4 8 A 8 4 C 7 2 F E A 9 0 F E 7 "1 0 3 0 D A T A " 1 8 C 9 4 8 0 0 8 D 1 8 0 3 A 9 C 9 8 D 1 9 0 3 A 9 0 C 8 D 2 0 D 0 8 D 2 1 D O A 9 0 0 8 D 8 6 0 2 A 9 7 1 0 A 7 4 "1 0 4 0 D A T A ~ 1 8 C 9 6 0 8 D 2 6 0 3 A 9 C 9 8 D 2 7 0 3 E A E A E A A 9 0 0 8 D B B C 9 6 0 4 8 A D B B C 9 C 9 0 4 D O O E O E1 0 5 0 D A T A " 1 8 C 9 7 8 3 D A 5 B A C 9 0 8 F 0 3 7 6 8 8 D B A C 9 4 8 8 A 4 8 9 8 4 8 A 9 7 E 2 0 C 3 F F 2 O C A C 9 0 E I B1 0 6 0 D A T A " 1 8 C 9 9 0 A 9 7 E 2 0 B A F F A 9 0 0 2 0 B D F F 2 0 C O F F B O O B A 2 7 E 2 0 C 9 F F A D B A C 9 2 0 0 E E 81 0 7 0 D A f A " 1 8 C 9 A 8 C A F I A 9 7 E 2 0 C 3 F F 2 0 C C F F 6 8 A 8 6 8 A A 6 8 4 C C A F I O D O O A 9 0 4 8 S B A O E C 21 0 8 0 D A T A " 1 8 C 9 C 0 8 D B B C 9 6 0 A 9 0 0 8 D B B C 9 6 0 A D 1 8 D 0 2 9 0 2 F 0 0 4 A 0 0 7 D 0 0 2 A 0 0 0 A 2 0 C 9 B1 0 9 0 D A T A " 1 8 C 9 D 8 0 4 6 0 2 0 C A C 9 A 9 7 D 2 0 B A F F A 9 0 0 2 0 B D F F 2 0 C O F F B 0 7 A A 2 7 D 2 0 C 9 0 E 6 51 1 0 0 D A f A " 1 8 C 9 F O F F A 9 0 0 8 5 F D A 9 0 4 8 5 F E 2 0 8 9 C A 2 0 7 E C A 2 0 9 7 C A A 2 1 9 2 0 E I F F F O O F 3 21 1 1 0 D A T A " 1 8 C A 0 8 5 0 2 0 7 5 C A 2 0 9 1 C A 2 0 8 D C A A O O O B 1 F D C 9 2 2 D 0 0 2 A 9 2 7 C 9 A 2 D 0 0 2 0 C B O1 1 2 0 D A T A " I B C A 2 0 A 9 A 7 8 D B A C 9 2 9 B O B D A F C A F 0 0 5 A 9 1 2 2 0 C A F I A D B A C 9 2 9 3 F O E B A O D F C1 1 3 0 D A T A " 1 8 C A J 8 C 9 2 C B A C 9 1 0 0 2 0 9 8 0 7 0 0 2 0 9 4 0 2 0 C A F I A D A F C A F O O S A 9 9 2 2 0 C A O C 0 31 1 4 0 D A T A " 1 8 C A 5 0 F I C 8 C 0 2 8 D O B E 2 0 A 5 C A 9 8 1 8 6 5 F D 8 5 F D 9 0 0 2 E 6 F E C A D 0 9 E 2 0 9 7 0 F E 9I I S O D A T A " 1 8 C A 6 8 C A 2 0 7 E C A 2 0 C C F F A 9 7 D 2 0 C 3 F F 6 0 A O I 0 2 0 8 D C A 8 8 D O F A 6 0 2 0 7 5 0 E 3 D1 1 6 0 D A T A " 1 8 C A 8 0 C A A 0 2 C 2 0 9 I C A 8 8 D O F A A 9 0 D D 0 0 6 A 9 2 0 D 0 0 2 A 9 2 E 2 0 C A F 1 6 0 2 0 0 D 1 E1 1 7 0 D A T A " 1 8 C A 9 8 7 5 C A 2 0 9 1 C A A 0 2 9 2 0 8 D C A 8 8 D O F A 2 0 8 D C A 2 0 9 1 C A 2 0 8 9 C A 6 0 0 0 0 D 8 B1 1 8 0 O A T A " 1 8 C A B O A 2 0 0 F 0 0 2 A 2 0 I F E 2 0 D 0 2 0 E 4 F F C 9 0 0 F O F 9 C 9 4 2 F O F O C 9 4 5 F O E 8 1 0 3 D1 1 9 0 D A T A 1 8 C A C 8 C 9 4 3 F O O l 6 0 A 2 F A F E F F D 7 F E F 9 D 8 F E F 3 U 9 F E E D D A C A D O F 1 E E 8 6 1 4 0 41 2 0 0 D A T A 1 8 C A E 0 0 2 1 8 9 0 D 5 4 C E 7 C A A 5 2 C 8 D 3 F C B A 5 2 B 8 D 4 0 C B A 5 2 E 8 S 2 C 3 8 A 5 2 D O C 9 C1 2 1 0 D A T A 1 8 C A F 8 E 9 0 2 8 5 2 B B 0 0 2 C 6 2 C A 9 2 A 8 D E S C A A 9 C B 8 D E 6 C A 2 0 4 1 C B O D 4 C 4 F O D A D1 2 2 0 D A T A 1 8 C B 1 0 4 1 4 4 2 0 5 0 4 7 4 D 3 2 2 C 2 0 4 8 4 9 5 4 2 0 5 2 4 5 5 3 S 4 4 F 5 2 4 5 2 C 2 0 4 1 0 D 0 6 B D1 2 3 0 D A T A 1 8 C 8 2 8 0 0 6 0 A D 3 F C B 8 5 2 C A D 4 0 C 8 8 5 2 B A 9 E 7 8 D E S C A A 9 C A 8 D E 6 C A 6 0 F F O F 1 61 2 4 0 D A T A 1 8 C B 4 0 F F 6 8 8 5 F B 6 8 8 5 F C A 2 0 0 E 6 F B D 0 0 2 E 6 F C A I F B F 0 0 6 2 0 D 2 F F 1 8 9 0 1 0 5 51 2 5 0 D A T A 0 8 C B 5 8 F O A 5 F C 4 8 A 5 F B 4 8 6 0 0 6 4 C "1260 D A T A 0 7 C 8 0 0 2 0 4 7 C 9 6 0 2 0 0 0 C C 0 3 4 B "1 2 7 0 D A T A 1 8 C B 8 F 6 0 8 F E 4 B 4 C D D A B O B F B F B F B F B F B F B F B F B F C 4 B C B F B F B F B F B F B F 1 3 6 1 "1 ~ 8 0 D A T A 1 8 C D D 7 B F B F B F B F B F B F B F B F B F C B C A C A C A C 9 C A C B C B C B C B C B C B C B C B C B 1 4 5 0 "1 2 9 0 D A T A l I C B E F C 9 C 9 C B C B C B C 8 C B C B C 8 C B C B C B C B C B C B C B C 8 0 F 4 2 "1 3 0 0 O A 1 A " O O "1 5 0 0 :1 5 1 0 R E M I F D O S W E D G E W I L L N O T B E R U N W I T H T H I S P R O G R A M , R E P L A C E L I N E 1 2 6 0

W I T H :1 5 2 0 R E M 1 2 6 0 D A T A " 0 4 C 8 0 0 2 0 4 7 C 9 6 0 0 2 5 C "

No. 68 . January 1984 MICRO 29



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BOX 550, BARRINGTON, ILLINOIS 60010Phon. 3121382·5244 to ord.r

Sample Commodore Graphic Character Set for the FX80.

,t ij .~"u

' 1 . . • \ "I r ' U ' i i l ! [, ; n iil!~ Sf: [ a m i n 1 " 1 i i l i U C :d-iiji ;:~ o r :, . . . iiiiIi g ; ; ; . . 1 1 10 • . . . . . ~ ' f f

" " S

' ""~it d" > < (It ,Iii. i . . . . . . . :~ : i ' 1 ' 1 '~ lU I

I I l I i I il l r , p e I~:~ r';W

,~"'\ :~!i ;~:i~.L i . . . . . J . . - w · o ; i 1 1 • • &1

",

~ ill;U U: : ; : ; : I V i ft - ii IL , I t I I ! ~ i i i i : ! '

liiii i I f I I l 'I n i l l ! I l l o i ~ i l I i i ~m ti u

~t ~ii, :.:.:. :.:.:. K ' ". . . .

f' "D . T '1 m W" 0 ' m m ~J 1'1 ,,jj III III H - :

., iUlil aI~I II It

i i . l l i i r i l l iUij1 1 m : ~ . ! jilll Ul

IIlli ill III . . . . • n u . . mill , l U i . . jjj

l' r < i . . "p L " ., ,i" f" lu m F'j

G ~' 1 1 m

....~ ,nJ i" iii I nn n IL' ",

! I l l ~'ii J i i -' ' ' i t o , Hilil b", I f I I . i . L i U i l i i i i i u , ill ! Jf J n··~ u• • . ; iU - .: .1 « r

"1 • 'ijji', '0 '1 " a ~ ,JI . , i D r . J jJ jp " ~ : : ~ - r-t

m i ,"'!"

nJ i U i f i b ,' rY " • :; : 1 '1 : I l l i._.i u . . ' 1 . . b" l . . . . i_~ . l

~ i l iU l .:.:-: :::;:: ~r i H " iiiII..

"ii ~ H mII!m

a i r J i 1 I i ! i i :~ ~: : : : iIli ijljij ,B O N 9 ::I f! u . ; ; ~,jjjii'"

: . : . : . , iII i . . ,"

r "D . ·r' ,~ B lt i ~'!l11 ~!lll

,w U ill .II m1'1

ii,iTl . .. i;U!i

: n I ! l m ij I m l l ill : 1 1 j l !1 m ~.i ~ mI l l O iii . . .. i I I I I I i~

Normal Characters Reversed Characters

Generating Characters for theEPSON F X B O on a Commodore 64

by Ro be rt M . Trip p

The evolution of plain paper printers has been toward less

expensive units that domore. Those who have entered the

microcomputer revolution lately may not realize that it

was only five or six years ago that a used Teletype (tm) at

over $500 was a hot item. And all it could do was produce

numbers, punctuation and upper case alphabetics - at 10

character per second with a lot of noise and it was not very

transportable! Printers have come a long way since then

and are getting better all the time, One of the most useful

features to come along recently is the ability for the user to

define his own character set. Until this capability was

added, the user had three choices if he needed characters

that the printer did not support:

1, Find some way to live within the constraints of

the supported character set, such as using [CLIt]

to stand for the inverse heart shape that

Commodore computers use as the displayable

representation of the clear screen function,

2. Print the character information in a graphics

mode,

3. Purchase a custom printer with the appropriate

character set - normally limiting the user to the

printer manufactured by the microcomputer

company.

Eachalternatives has amajor drawback. The first requires

that special programs bewritten to dothe conversion from

the microcomputer display character code to thealphanumeric string that will represent it, and results in a

printout that does not represent the microcomputer

display very well. The second requires a program to con-

vert the character oriented information into a graphic

form, and due to the fact that information has to be

transmitted for every bit on the line, is quite slow. The

third is an added expense and may result in a printer with

limited capabilities and few, if any, of the more

sophisticated printer features.

Avery neat solution has been provided recently by the

general purpose printer manufacturers, Many now include

the ability for the user to define some or all of the

character set in the printer's RAM,While the number ofcharacters that may be so defined, the matrix for The FX80manual has a very good discussion of the details

generating the characters, and the exact protocol for defin- ofgenerating user defineable characters. This presentationNo, 68 . January 1984 MICRO 33

Basic Printing Concepts ing the characters varies from printer to printer, the basic

concepts are the same, MICRO, as amicrocomputer user,

probably has more need for the user defineable characters

than the average user since we deal so often with printed

material and we deal with such a variety of micro-

computers, We investigated the available printers and

selected the Epson FX80 since it has allows all 256

characters to be user defined. Many of the other printers

with UOCs currently available only permit a portion of

the character set to be redefined and some do not support

copying the existing ROM set into RAM to form the basis

for the UOC, These two factors may not be significant to

you, and other printers may be better for your particular

requirements, Most of the material in this article will be

applicable to printers in general.

Custom Character Sets

The GRAPIDCS issue of MICRO [#66, November 1983)

discussed character oriented graphic characters and

provided methods for generating character sets on the

Commodore 64, VIC 20 and Atari microcomputers. The

examples used in the articles were, for the most part,

generated on our FX80. Afew of the possible uses for the

UOC include:

1, Graphic characters that replicate those of the

micro's display,

2, Custom graphic characters such as those used for

line drawings, macro characters, special symbols,

and so forth.

3, Alphabets for foreign languages, computer

readable codes such as bar codes, optical scanner

characters, special fonts such as the magnetic ink

characters found on checks, etc.

4. Character segments that may be used to form

'super sized' printouts for displays such as

calendars, printed material for the visually

handicap ed, an so on.

Generation of User Defineable Characters

1 R E M " F X P C 6 G E N E R A T O R "1 0 P R I N T " ~ G E N E R A T I N G C H A R A C T E R S "1 5 C L R : 6 0 S U B 5 0 0 0 :

R E M G E N E R A T E C H A R A C T E R S2 0 G O S U S 5 1 0 0 : R E M D E F I N E E Q U A T E S3 0 G O S U S 4 0 0 0 : R E M S E T U P S C R E E N4 0 G O S U B 1 0 0 0 : 6 0 T O 2 0 0 0 : R E M E D I T

1 0 0 0 R E M F X C H A R A C T E R D I S P L A Y

1 0 1 0 B Y = F X + 1 3 * C H : P R I N T " S " ;1 0 2 0 F O R J = 7 T O 0 S T E P ~ 1 : K = 2 A J1 0 3 0 F O R L = l T O 1 1 S T E P 2 : I = B Y + L1 0 4 0 I F P E E K ( I ) A N D K T H E N 1 1 0 01 0 5 0 I F P E E K ( I - l ) A N D K T H E N 1 0 8 01 0 6 0 I F P E E K ( I + ! ) A N D K T H E N 1 1 1 01 0 7 0 P R I N T " . " ; : 6 0 T O 1 2 0 01 0 8 0 I F P E E K ( I + l ) A N D K T H E N 1 1 2 01 0 9 0 P R I N T C H R $ ( L H ) ; : G O T O 1 2 0 01 1 0 0 P R I N T C H R $ ( C U j : G O T O 1 2 0 01 1 1 0 P R I N T C H R $ ( R H ) ; : 6 0 T O 1 2 0 01 1 2 0 P R I N T C H R $ ( L R ) j1 2 0 0 N E X T1 2 1 0 P R I N T : N E X T

1 2 2 0 R E T U R N1 4 0 0 R E M O U T P U T F X C H A R A C T E R S T O M E M O R Y1 4 1 0 B Y = F X + l 3 f C H1 4 2 0 F O R L = O T O 1 2 : P O K E ( B Y + L ) , O : N E X T1 4 3 0 F O R L = l T O 1 1 S T E P 2 : I = B Y + L : A = 0 : B = 0 :

X X = I N T ( L / 2 )

1 4 4 0 F O R J = 7 T O 0 S T E P - 1 : K = 2 AJ1 4 5 0 X = P E E K ( O G + X X )1 4 6 0 I F X = C X T H E N A = A O R K1470 I F X = R X O R X = D X T H E N B = B O R K1 4 8 0 X X = X X + R W : N E X T1 4 9 0 P O K E ( ! ) , A : P O K E ( I + 1 ) , B : N E X T1 5 0 0 R E T U R N2 0 0 0 R E M E D I T

2 0 1 0 H = 0 : V = 0 : C P = 8 72 0 1 5 P R I N T " S ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) C H A R l " j C H j " l I § ' _ " j2 0 2 0 P O = 0 G + v * R w + i E Y ; P E E K ( P 0 )2 0 2 2 Y = P E E K ( P O + 1 ) : B Y = F X + C H * 1 1 + V2 0 2 5 P O K E P O , C P2 0 3 0 G E T H: I F 1 $ = ' " ' T H E N 2 0 3 02 0 4 0 I F T $ = " £ " T H E N C P = 2 2 5 : 6 0 T O 2 0 2 52 0 5 0 I F T $ = " A " T H E N C P = 8 7 : G O T O 2 0 2 52 0 6 0 I F T $ = C L $ T H E N H = H + 1 : 6 0 T O 2 5 0 02 0 7 0 I F T $ = C R $ T H E N H = H - l : G O T O 2 5 0 02 0 8 0 I F T $ = C D $ T H E N V = V + l : G O T O 2 5 0 02 1 0 0 I F T $ = C U $ T H E N V = V - l : G O T O 2 5 0 02 1 1 0 I F T $ = R T $ T H E N H = O : V = V + l : G O T O 2 5 3 0

2 1 1 5 I F T $ = F l $ T H E N P O K E P O , X : G O T O 7 0 0 02 1 2 0 I F T $ = F 2 $ T H E N P O K E P O , X : G O T O 7 1 0 02 1 2 5 I F T $ = F 3 $ T H E N P O K E P O , X : G O T O 7 4 0 02 1 3 0 I F T $ = F 4 $ T H E N P O K E P O , X : 6 0 T O 7 3 0 02 1 3 5 I F T $ = F S $ T H E N P O K E P O , X : G O T O 6 2 0 02 1 4 0 I F T $ = F 6 $ T H E N P O K E P O , X : G O T O 6 0 0 02 1 4 5 I F T $ = F 7 $ T H E N P O K E P O , X : G O T O 2 6 0 02 1 5 0 I F T $ = H M $ T H E N P O K E P O , X : 6 0 T O 2 0 1 02 1 5 5 I F T$="+" T H E N 2 2 0 02 1 6 0 I F T $ = " - " T H E N 2 3 0 02 1 6 5 I F T $ ( > C S $ T H E N 2 0 3 0

2 1 7 0 F O R 1 = 0 T O 1 22 1 7 5 P O K E F X + 1 3 * C H + I , 0 : N E X T2 1 8 0 G O S U B 1 0 0 0 : G O T O 2 0 1 02 2 0 0 R E M + S E R V I C E2 2 0 5 I F C P = 2 2 5 T H E N 2 4 0 02 2 1 0 I F x = P D O R X = C X O R X = B X T H E N 2 2 8 02 2 2 0 I F X = L X O R X = D X T H E N 2 2 9 02 2 4 0 X = C X

2 2 6 0 I F Y = L X T H E N Y = B X : G O T O 2 2 9 02 2 7 0 I F Y = D X T H E N Y = R X : G O T O 2 2 9 02 2 7 5 G O T O 2 2 9 02 2 8 0 X = C X2 2 9 0 H = H + l : G O T O 2 5 0 02 3 0 0 R E M - S E R V I C E2 3 1 0 I F X = P D O R X = C X O R X = B X T H E N 2 3 5 02 3 2 0 I F X = L X T H E N 2 2 9 02 3 3 0 I F X = D X T H E N X = L X : G O T O 2 2 6 02 3 4 0 X = B X : G O T O 2 2 6 02 3 5 0 X = B X : G O T O 2 2 9 02 4 0 0 I F X = P D O R X = B X T H E N X = R X : G O T O 2 4 1 02 4 0 2 I F X = C X O R X = R X T H E N X = R X : G O T O 2 4 1 02 4 0 4 I F Y = P D O R Y = B X T H E N Y = L X2 4 0 6 I F Y = C X O R Y = L X T H E N Y = L X2 4 0 8 X = D X : G O T O 2 2 9 02 4 1 0 I F Y = L X O R Y = R X T H E N Y = D X2 4 1 5 I F Y = P D O R Y = B X T H E N Y = L X : G O T O 2 2 9 02 4 2 0 I F Y = C X O R Y = L X T H E N Y = L X : G O T O 2 2 9 02 4 5 0 I F Y = P D O R Y = B X T H E N Y = L X : G O T O 2 2 9 02 4 5 5 I F Y = L X O R Y = R X T H E N Y = D X2 4 9 9 G O T O 2 2 9 02 5 0 0 I F H ( O T H E N H = 1 0 : V = V - l2 5 1 0 I F H ) 5 T H E N H = O : V = V + l2 5 2 0 I F V < O T H E N V = 52 5 3 0 I F V > 7 T H E N V = O O2 5 4 0 P O K E P O , X : P O K E ( P O + 1 ) , Y

2 5 5 0 G OT O

2 0 2 02 6 0 0 R E M R E V E R S E - A S B E S T Y O U C A N !

2 6 1 0 X X = O G2 6 2 0 F O R 1 = 0 T O 72 6 3 0 F O R J = O T O S : X J = X X + J2 6 4 0 A = P E E K ( X J ) : I F A = P D T H E N A = 8 X2 6 5 0 I F A = B X T H E N A = C X : G O T O 2 7 0 02 6 6 0 I F A = C X O R A = D X T H E N A = B X : G O T O 2 7 0 02 6 7 0 I F A = R X T H E N 2 7 2 02 6 7 5 I F P R = 8 X T H E N A = C X : G O T O 2 7 0 02 6 8 0 I F P E E K ( X J + l ) = R X T H E N A = R X :

G O T O 2 7 0 02 6 9 0 A = B X2 7 0 0 P R = A : P O K E ( X J ) , A : N E X T

2 7 1 0 P R = O : X X = X X + R W : N E X T : G O T O 2 0 1 02 7 2 0 I F P R = D X O R P R = R X T H E N A = L X :G O T O 2 7 0 0

2 7 3 0 A = B X : G O T O 2 7 0 02 8 0 0 I F P R = D X O R P R = R X T H E N A = L X :

G O T O 2 7 0 03 0 0 0 P R I N T " S " j Q Q $ j L L $ j " ] " j : I N P U T C H3 0 1 0 C H = C H A N D 2 5 5 -3 0 2 0 P R I N T " S " j Q Q $ ; L L $ j S 9 $3 0 3 0 R E T U R N -4 0 0 0 P R I N T " ~ " j Q Q ' i

" + O N I - O F F I £ H A L F I A F U L L "

3 4 MICRO No. 68 - January 1984

4 0 1 04 0 2 04 0 3 04 0 4 04 0 5 04 0 6 0

4 0 7 04 0 8 0

5 0 0 05 0 1 05 0 2 05 0 3 05 0 4 05 0 4 55 0 5 05 0 6 05 0 6 55 0 7 05 0 8 05 0 9 0

5 0 9 55 1 0 05 1 1 05 1 2 05 1 3 05 1 4 05 1 5 05 1 6 05 1 6 55 1 7 05 1 7 55 1 8 05 1 8 55 1 9 05 1 9 5

5 1 9 65 1 9 75 1 9 86 0 0 06 0 1 06 0 2 06 0 2 56 0 3 06 0 4 06 0 5 06 0 6 06 0 7 06 0 8 06 0 9 0

6 1 0 06 1 1 06 1 2 06 1 2 56 1 3 06 1 4 06 2 0 06 2 1 06 2 2 06 2 2 56 2 3 0

P R I N T " Q F l R E A D C H A R I "P R I N T " F 2 W R I T E C H A R I "P R I N T " F 3 R E A D N E X T "P R I N T " F 4 W R I T E C U R R E N T / R E A D N E X T "P R I N T " F 5 D I S K L O A D "P R I N T " F 6 D I S K S A V E "

P R I N T " F 7 R E V E R S E C H A R A C T E R "R E T U R N

P R I N T C H R $ ( 1 4 2 )P O K E 5 2 , 4 8 : P O K E 5 6 , 4 8P O K E 5 6 3 3 4 , P E E K ( 5 6 3 3 4 ) A N D 2 5 4P O K E l , P E E K ( 1 ) A N D 2 5 1F O R 1 = 1 ) T O 2 0 4 7P O K E 1 + - 1 2 2 8 8 , P E E K ( I + 5 3 2 4 8 ) : N E X TX X = 1 2 2 8 B + 9 1 * 8F O R 1 = 0 T O 3 9

R E A D A : P O K E ( x X + I ) , A : N E X TP O K E l , P E E K ( l l O R 4P O K E 5 6 3 3 4 , P E E K ( 5 6 3 3 4 ) O R 1

P O K E 5 3 2 7 2 , P E E K ( 5 3 2 7 2 ) A N D 2 4 0 . O R 1 2R E T U R NP O K E 6 5 0 , 1 2 8 : R T $ = C H R $ ( 1 3 )O G = 1 0 2 4 : R W = 4 0 : F X = 2 5 6 J 5 6

P O K E 5 3 2 8 1 , l : P O K E 5 3 2 8 0 , 2P D = A S C ( " . " ) : P R I N T " u l " jB L = 1 2 3 : C L = 1 2 4 : L H = 1 2 5 : L R = 1 2 6 : R H = 1 2 7B X = 9 ) : C X = 9 2 : L X = 9 3 : D X = 9 4 : R X = 9 5C H = I ) : F 1 $ = " i " : F 2 $ = " ~ " : F 3 $ = " ~ "F 4 $ = " 1 . : " : F 5 $ = " II" : F 6 $ = " ~ " : F 7 $ = " II"C L $ = " ] " : C R $ = " II": C U $ = " : : "C D $ = " if" : H M $ = u S " : C S $ = u u "Z U = R T $ + " : : ] ] ] f ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "Z S $ = " - - - - - - - - - - -

Z R $ = " 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 "E L $ = Z L $ + Z S $ + Z R $ : E U $ = C U $ + E L $

Q Q $ = " Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q "L L $ = " ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "

R E T U R NR E M S A V E T O D I S KP R I N T " S Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q " j

B $ = " " : P R I N T E L $ j : I N P U T " F I L E " ; B $I F B $ = " " T H E N P R I N T C U $ ; : G O T O 6 1 6 0C $ = " @ O : " + 8 $ + " , S , W "

O P E N 3 , 8 , 8 , C $

P R I N T E U $ ; : I N P U T " F R O M C H A R I " ; F C XP R I N T E U $ ; : I N P U T " T O C H A R I " ; T C XI F T C i . < F C i . T H E N 6 0 5 0P R I N T I 3 , F C i . ; R T $ j T C i . ; R T $ jF O R I = F C X T O T C X

P R I N T * 3 , 1 3 9 ; R T $ ; : R E M A T T R I B U T EI I = F X + l J 1 3F O R J = I I + 1 T O 1 1 + 1 1P R I N T l 3 , P E E K ( J ) ; R U j : N E X T JN E X T I : C L O S E 3P R I N T E U $ j B $ ; " S A V E D " ; : G O T O 2 0 1 0R E M L O A D F R O M D I S KP R I N T " S Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q " ;

B $ = " " : P R I N T E L $ ; : I N P U T " F I L E " j B $I F B $ = " " T H E N P R I N T C U $ ; : G O T O 6 3 2 0C $ = " @ O : " + B $ + " , S , R "


6 2 4 0 O P E N 3 , B , B , C $6 2 5 0 I N P U T I 3 , F C X , T C X6 2 6 0 F O R I = F C X T O T C X

6 2 7 0 I I = F X + I J 1 3 : I N P U T I 3 , C X : P O K E 1 1 , 1 )6 2 8 0 F O R J = l T O 1 1

6 2 8 5 I N P U U 3 , C % : P O K E ( I I + J ) , C i . : N E X T J

6 2 9 0 P O K E ( I I + 1 2 ) , O : N E X T I

6 2 9 5 C L O S E 3 : G O T O 2 0 1 0

6 3 0 0 P R I N T " : : " ; E L $ ; B $ ; " L O A D E D " ; : G O T O 2 0 1 C6 6 0 0 P R I N T R U j " : : ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] " ;

6 6 0 2 P R I N T " " ;

6 6 0 4 P R I N T " 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 " ;6 6 1 1 ) R E T U R N

7 0 0 0 R E M R E A D S P E C I F I E D C H A R A C T E R7 0 1 0 P R I N T H M $ j : G O S U B 7 2 0 07 0 2 0 I F C C X < 2 5 6 T H E N C H = C C X7 0 3 0 C H = C C X : G O S U B 1 0 0 0 : G O T O 2 0 1 07 1 0 0 R E M W R I T E S P E C I F I E D C H A R A C T E R7 1 1 0 P R I N T H M $ ; C D $ ; : G O S U B 7 2 0 0

7 1 2 0 I F C C % < 2 5 6 T H E N C H = C C X7 1 3 0 G O S U B 1 4 0 0 : G O T O 2 0 1 0

7 2 0 0 P R I N T Q Q $ j " ~ " ;7 2 1 0 P R I N T R T $ ; "UllJJJ.lU1J.ElL" ;7 2 2 0 P R I N T C H ; " I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 " ;7 2 3 0 C C X = C H : I N P U T C C X7 2 3 5 I F C C X < O O R C C X ) 2 5 5 T H E N C C X = 2 5 67 2 4 0 R E T U R N7 3 0 0 R E M W R I T E C U R E N T / R E A D N E X T7 3 1 0 G O S U B 1 4 0 07 4 0 0 R E M R E A D N E X T7 4 1 0 C H = ( ( C H + l l A N D 2 5 5 )

7 4 2 0 G O S U B 1 0 0 0 : G O T O 2 0 1 0

9 0 0 0 D A T A 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 09 0 1 0 D A T A 0 , 6 0 , 1 2 6 , 1 2 6 , 1 2 6 , 1 2 6 , 6 0 , 09 0 2 0 D A f A 0 , 1 9 2 , 2 2 4 , 2 2 4 , 2 2 4 , 2 2 4 , 1 9 2 , 0

9 0 3 0 D A T A 0 , 1 9 5 , 2 3 1 , 2 3 1 , 2 3 1 , 2 3 1 , 1 9 5 , 09 0 4 0 D A T A 0 , 3 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 3 , 0

is designed to provide you enough information to under-

stand the operation of the FX80without the manual, and,

to provided actual programs that make the whole process

easier. The FX80 allows the user to define any number of

characters, up to 256 characters in the standard RAMarea,

more with additional RAM. First consider each character

in the FX80 tobedefined in amatrix that is eight dots high

by six dots wide. This is similar to the character definition

on the various microcomputers, although many of them

are defined as eight by eight. The capital letter Awould be

defined as:

•• •• ••••••• •• •• •The alphanumerics and punctuation will normally be a

five by seven character within the six by eight matrix,

providing at least one blank column and one blank row

between individual characters. Simple enough. But, the

FX80 people decided to get even better looking characters

35



by allowing dots to beplaced half way between the six col-

umns. This means that there are not six but eleven poss-

ible horizontal positions for dots. The capital letter A

could be defined as:

••• •• ••••••• •• •• •

Note that the dots in the top half of the letter A overlap

vertically. The dots on the top line and third line are offset

one-half space from the dots on the second and fourth

through seventh lines. This extra resolution in the

horizontal direction, eleven positions in the normal space

of six, provides very nice looking character, but does

severely complicate the character generation process.

There is an important restriction to be aware of. The dots

must not overlap. If there is a dot on one of the eleven

positions, then there may not be a dot on the next

position.

The FX80 manual discusses how to define your

character on graph paper, and then to manually convert

each of the eleven columns into an 8-bit byte. The top

most row is considered to have a value of 128 decimal or

80 hex. The next row is 64 decimal, 40 hex, and so forth.

The value of each dot that is to beprinted in any column is

summed with all other dot values in the column to pro-

duce the column value. There is one 8-bit value for each

column, and eleven columns. In addition to these eleven

bytes of information to define each character, you must

S O PH IS TIC AT ED T EL E-C O MM U N IC AT IO N IS H ER E

THE COMMUNICATORfor 4.0 Commodore Computers

JIM STRASMA'S REVIEW:

"THE BEST TERMINAL PACKAGE I'VE SEEN YET"

By April 1 (maybe sooner) It Will Be Even Better

SPEEDSUP TO 9600 BAUDXON-XOFF

TRUE CTAL KEY (we do our own keyboard scan)

THE HARDWARE- A printed circu~ board; easily installed in the CBM. It usesno CBM connectors; gives a serial pon wM lrue RS232Cstandard.

THE SOFTWARE -Emulates the ADDS Regent 100, ADM 31 andlor the

TeleVideo950.1Or choosethe VT100model for usewith DECand VAXcomputers.

Runs coresident with BASIC programs; lets BASICprograms and program on host computer communicate to develop real-ly sophisticated communication and control capabilities.

The prCJgram is on ROM at either address; no disk loadingrequined.Usesonly 512bytesof RAM;will relocate itself around any othe rmachine language program at top of memory.

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36

provide an attribute byte. The attribute byte determines if

the character is to be shifted down one dot position to pro-

vide a lower case descender, which column the character

starts in and which column it ends in. This is provided to

permit proportional spacing. In this article, we assume

that all characters are full width and print in the upper

eight dot positions.

If you sit down and start plotting out characters on

graph paper, then assigning each dot its value, summing

the individual dot values, and so forth, that it is a

somewhat tedious, repetitive job. The type of job that

computers are supposed to be good at! So, why not have

the computer do the work! The FX80 GENERATOR is

given in Listing 1. It is based on the interactive Program-

mable Character Generator by Loren Wright that appeared

in the GRAPHICS issue. Several important additions have

been made byme. First, the program automatically defines

a few new characters for use on the Commodore 64. The

FX80 can printed dots between the main columns of each

character; the Commodore can not. To make a realistic

display of the character being generated, three new

characters are defined. They are the left half of a dot, the

right half of a dot, and the left and right halves joined

'back-to-back'. This permits a dot to be generated that

appears to be half way between the normal columns of the

Commodore display. Other enhancements include Save to

Disk, Loadfrom Disk, and Reverse Character.

The operation of the program is quite straight-forward.

After the three special half dots are generated, the display

is initialized. A character is generated in the upper left

corner of the display. The + key is used to write a dot; the- key to erase a dot. the up arrow to select the main

columns, and, the British pound sign to select the dots on

the intermediate columns. The HOME, CLR and the

cursor controls can be used for their normal functions.

Function Keys 1 through 7 each have a specific functionassociated with them. These functions are listed on the

display.

Fl READ CHAR # converts eleven bytes of data in

memory accessable by the character number into a dot

display in the upper left corner.

F2 WRITE CHAR # converts the dot pattern in the

working space into eleven bytes of data in memory

accessable by the character F3 READ NEXT reads

the next character without requiring a number to be

specified.

F4 WRITE CURRENTlREAD NEXT combines a

write with a read to make entering of a number of

consecutive characters more automatic.

F4 DISK LOAD loads a file specified by name from

the disk to make it available for editing.

F6 DISK SAVE saves the character information that

is in memory on the disk.

F7 REVERSECHARACTER changes the dots on the

main columns to blanks and the blanks to dots. Note that

this will only work well with patterns that have no dots

between the main columns. This is because the while the

FX80 can print half spaces, it can not print half dots.

Think about it. It is not as simple as it seems.

Program Description

MICRO

The subroutine at 5000 copies the standard ROM character

set into RAM. Five new characters are defined by reading

the DATA statements at 9000 and poking them into the

character RAM. These five characters are a blank, a solid

dot, the left half of a dot, the left and right halves of a dot

joined 'back-to-back', and the right half of a dot. They are




used to provided the intermediate dots for the even col-

umns in the working display. The Character Dot-Data

BaseAddress at 53272 is set to point at the RAM character

set.

The subroutine at 5100 defines a number of variables

and strings.

Subroutine 4000 displays the basic editing screen.

Subroutine 1000 examines the data in memory for a

specified FX80 character. Each character is represented by

13 consecutive memory locations. To make the testing

easier, the first and last location are always zero. The other

eleven locations contain the bit pattern for the FX80eight-

by-eleven dot matrix. Since the intermediate dots, those

on the even numbered columns, are generated by a com-

bination ofdisplay patterns - the specially defined patterns

generated above - the prior, current and next memory loca-

tions all must be tested to determine the correct pattern to

display.

Subroutine 1400 reverses the process and converts the

display pattern into the correct memory pattern.

The major editing service starts at 2000. Itdisplays the

current character number and sets the cursor shape. There

are two cursor shapes used in this program. The first is anopen circle that represents the odd columns. It is selected

by the Vertical Arrow located next to the RESTORE key.

When it is selected, you can write or erase in the six odd

columns. The second cursor is a half solid vertical bar that

represents the even columns. It is selected by the British

Pound Sign key, and when selected allows you to write or

erase in the five even columns. Cursor up, down, left and

right; carriage return, home and clear work area are sup-

ported. A dot is written by positioning the cursor in the

desired location, including selecting the correct full or half

cursor, and pressing the + key. Adot is erased by pressing

the - key.

The trickiest part of the program is probably in lines

2200 through 2550 that determine what characterjs]should bedisplayed as a function of the current mode - odd

or even column, the command to write or erase, and the

information that is currently in the work area. For exam-

ple, if you aregoing to write a dot in an even column, you

must actually write a right half dot in one character posi-

tion and a left half dot in the next. But what if the next

position, the odd column, already contains a full dot? Or,

even more difficult, what if it contains the right half for

the next even column? A number of tests are made to

determine how the display must be changed.

Lines 600 to 2800 are a limited REVERSEfunction. It is

easy to reverse a full dot bymaking it a space, or reverse a

space bymaking it a full dot. The problem comes in rever-

sing a half dot. While the FX80 can print a half space by

proper positioning of the printing mechanism, it can not

print a half dot! The print head is only capable of printing a

full dot. So, it is not possible to accurately reverse patterns

that contain any half dots. The routine does the best it

can. When done reversing, it accepts a new character

number.

The routine at 6000 to 6140 saves the FX80 character

information on disk. It is called by the F6key. It requests a

filename, the number of the first character to be saved and

the number of the last character to be saved. It outputs an

arbitrary attribute byte of 139 which defines each

character as the upper eight printing positions on-the FX80

with the full character width. The eleven bytes of data that

define the information for the eleven columns on the FX80

are then output.

The routine at 6200 to 6300 loads the FX80 character

information from the disk. It is called by the F5 key.Lines 7000 to 7420 support the other basic editing

functions that include: Read a specified character, Write a

specified character, Read the next character, and, Write

the current character number and Read the next.

Generating Data Statements

Now that a new character set for the FX80 has been

generated using the FX80 Character Generator, and is

saved on disk as a sequential disk file, the question arises:

How do I get it over to the FX80?The obvious answer is to

first convert the sequential file to BASIC DATA

statements and then add a driver program that would

output the character information, plus any specialcommand information required by the FX80. Step one,

generating the BASIC DATA statements from the

sequential file is simply handled by the FXPCG

DATAMAKER routine. Load and run the FXPCG

DATAMAKER. It will ask for the FIRSTBASICLINENO:.

Input a line number, say 10010. It will then ask for the

FILENAME:. Input the filename that you used to save the

character information. The file will be loaded from disk.

1 R E M F X P C G D A T A M A K E R - R , M , T R I P P 1 9 8 32 I N P U T " ~ F I R S T B A S I C L I N E N O : " ; L N

3 P O K E 5 2 , 4 8 : P O K E 5 6 , 4 8 : C = 2 5 6 * 5 6 : I N P U T " F I L E N A M E : " ; B $ : C $ = " @ O : " + B $ + " , S , R "4 O P E N 3 , 8 , 8 , C $ : P R I N T " L O A D I N G " : I N P U T # 3 , F X , T X : F O R 1 = 0 T O T X - F X : X = C t I * 1 25 F O R J = O T O 1 1 : I N P U T 4 I 3 , C % : P O K E ( X + J I , C X : N E X T J : N E X T I : E = X + 1 1 : C L O S E 36 P R I N T " ~ " ; M I D $ ( S T R $ ( L N I , 2 1 ; " D A T A " ; F X ; C H R $ ( 4 4 1 ; T Y . : L N = L N + 1 0 : K = 1 : G O T O 87 P R I N T " ~ " ; : K = O8 F O R I = K T O 6 : P R I N T M I D $ ( S T R $ ( L N I , 2 1 ; " D A T A " ; : F O R J = O T O 1 19 P R I N T H I D $ ( S T R $ ( P E E K ( C ) ) , 2 ) ; C H R $ ( 4 4 ) j : C = C + l : I F C ) E T H E N P R I N T 2 5 6 ; : I = 6 : J = 1 1

1 0 N E X T J : P R I N T C H R $ ( 2 0 ) : L N = L N + 1 01 1 N E X T I : P R I N T " L N = " ; L N ; " : C = " ; C ; " : E = " ; E1 2 I F C ) E T H E N P R I N T " Q Q S O T O 1 4 " : G O T O 1 61 3 P R I N T · " Q Q G O T O 7 " : G O T O 1 61 4 P R I N T " ~ " ; : F O R I = l T 0 8 : P R I N T I : N E X T : P R I N T " G O T O 1 5 " : G O T O 1 61 5 P R I N T " ~ " ; : F O R I ~ 9 T 0 1 6 : P R I N T I : N E X T1 6 P O K E 6 3 1 , 1 9 : F O R 1 = 1 T O 9 : P O K E 6 3 1 + I , 1 3 : N E X T : P O K E 1 9 8 , 1 0 : E N D




Youwill then seeDATAstatements appear on the display,

the display be cleared, and more DATA statements

appearing, until all of the characters have been converted

to DATA statements. Then the numbers 1 to 16 will

appear on the screen. At this point, the program is erasing

itself! You are left with a BASICprogram that is nothing

but DATA statement containing your character set.

Now all that is left is to add a short BASICprogram in

front of these DATA statements that will send

initialization information to the FX80. The Character Setfo r FX80 shows the additional DATAthat is needed to set

up a typical FX80 application. Lines 10001 to 10009 are

the sequences that must besent to the FX80 to perform the

specified operations. See the FX80 manual for additional

details.

All that you need to add is a driver program that will

open up your communication channel, read and output

the information contained in the DATA statements, and

you are on your way. The FX80 will now contain the

characters you defined.

Using the New Characters

You will need to write a short conversion program tooutput the correct codes to the FX80 to access the

characters you have generated. The SCREEN DUMP

program is an example that was used with my character

set. It can be appended to an existing screen editing

program by listing it on the display, loading you editor,

and then pressing returns on each line of the display. Then

add a command to your editor to go to the 30000

subroutine, and you can dump your screen directly to the

3 0 0 0 0 R E M S C R E E N D U M P3 0 0 0 1 O P E N 3 , 43 0 0 0 2 F O R Y = O T O 2 43 0 0 0 3 F O R X = O T O 3 93 0 0 0 4 A = P E E K ( 1 0 2 4 + Y * 4 0 + X )3 0 0 0 ~ I F A ( 3 2 T H E N A . A + 6 4 : G O T O 3 0 0 1 03 0 0 0 6 I F A ) 6 3 A N D A ( 1 2 8 T H E N A = A + 6 4 :

G O T O 3 0 0 1 0

3 0 0 0 7 I F A ) 1 2 7 A N D A ( 1 9 2 T H E N A = A - 1 2 8 :G O T O 3 0 0 1 0

3 0 0 1 0 P R I N T I 3 , C H A R $ ( A )3 0 0 1 1 N E X T : P R I N T I 3 , C H R $ ( 1 3 )3 0 0 1 2 N E X T : P R I N T I 3 , C H R $ ( 1 3 )3 0 0 1 3 C L O S E 3 : R E T U R N

FX80. Your conversions will vary as a function ofhow you

have defined the special characters on the FX80.

What's Next

A scheme to intercept the output of a BASIC LIST

command and convert it will bepresented next month. A

complete PARALLEL driver will bedescribed that includesthe cabling information and software to permit you to use

the FX80 with your Commodore without requiring a serial

interface! This can saveyou quite a bit ofmoney since the

serial interface on the FX80 is an option, the parallel

interface is standard. While it does take a bit ofeffort toget

the FX80 working with the special characters for your

computer, it does provide you with a virtually unlimited

printing capability. A \ ICAO "

How long can you endure? When will it end? .. We're not talking about a new shoot 'em up game for theCommodore 64, but Commodore's own disk operating system! Commodore made a great computer in

the 64 but left its disk operating system out in the cold. If you've been waiting for a true disk operatingsystem, here it is!. .. If you've been waiting for a great BASIC language enhancement that will let you

utilize the Commodore's many special features, here it is! What is it? It's grafDOS, the great new utilityfrom Xylex Software that allows the user to actually become friendly with the Commodore 64! grafDOS

includes commands like DELETE, RENAME, CATALOG, RUN, etc. The BASIC allows you to do highresolution and low resolution graphics, sound, sprite program, plus much, much more for a total of 40

commands! Plus included in every package is MINIMON, a powerful machine language monitor thatincludes another 20 commands for use in machine language. The disk also comes with sample pro-

grams and demos including a great music generator! And all this together is only $49.95! How couldyou have lasted this long without it?

DON'T WAIT ANY LONGER!

Make your programming easier! grafDOS is available now at your local dealer or:

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(213) 328-9422

38

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Add $2.00 shipping

CA residents add 6'/2# sales tax.

Dealer inquiries invited.




I A l C A O ' ·Commodore Reviews

Product Name:

Equip. req'd:

Price:

Manufacturer:

Interpod

Commodore VIC or 64

$150.00

Oxford Computer Systems Ltd.

Hensington Road, Woodstock

Oxford OX7 1JREngland

U.S. Distributors:

SJBDistributors

10520 Plano Rd., #110

Dallas, TX 75238

(214) 343-1328

Limbic Systems1056 Elwell Ct.

Palo Alto, CA94303

(415) 964-8788

Description: This is an IEEE-488 and RS-232 interface for

the VIC-20 and C64. It is guaranteed compatible with all

programs. Though it lacks the BASIC 4 and monitor of

RTC's C64-LINK, INTERPOD is a most important new

product. Highly recommended.

Pluses: Unlike other IEEE interfaces we've tested, it con-

nects to the serial bus, like Commodore accessories. Thus,there is no need to relocate it and no problem with pro-

grams that use up internal memory. It easily links a

VIC-20 or C64 to a whole network of PET/CBM or other

IEEE-488devices plus an RS-232printer, and it works fine

with most DOS-protected programs. When the computer

addresses a device, INTERPOD sees if a device on the

serial bus answers. If not, the call is transferred to the IEEE

bus to see if any device answers there. If not, and the

device number is 4, it tries the RS-232 port. It ignores the

IEEE device when a serial device is on and can arrange

another address for the RS-232device.

Minuses: INTERPOD goes off and sulks if you turn the

computer off and on without also turning off INTERPOD.A multi-plug switch solves this. When rechecking IEEE

disk status, INTERPOD adds garbage after the valid infor-

mation; this hangs some data-handling programs. The

cure, says the fairly adequate manual, is to send a "clear"

command to INTERPOD's command channel before each

new access - easy in your own programs, but impossible

in protected commerical ones.

Skill level required: None to use the IEEEport. The usual

high skill is needed to set up the RS-232 port.

Reviewer: Jim Strasma

Product Name:

Equip. req'd:

DIARY 64

Commodore 64 Computer, 1541 Disk

drive or Dattasette, Printer Optional

$39.95

Computer Marketing Services

300 W. Marlton Pike

Cherry Hill, NJ 08002

[609) 795-9480

Price:

Manufacturer:

Description: DIARY 64 is a cartridge based file manage-

ment program. Files are set up in blocks which may con-

sist of up to 10 lines of 27 characters each. When the files

are printed out, only the first four lines of each block is

printed. This allows printing names and addresses or like

information. The files may besaved on either tape or disk.

Pluses: The program is quite easy to use. The manual ex-

plains the functions quite well. Files may beset up using a

date rather than a block number and the file information

can be accessed by data as you would use a diary. This

seems to be the origin of the program's name. Blocks may

be added, changed or deleted as necessary. There is a

search function allowing a particular record to befound by

block number, data, or "key" character.

Minuses: The blocks cannot be sorted nor can you set up

and print out all files at one time. Each filerecord requires

the user to press the I'up-arrow' and the return keys to ob-

tain a print out.

Documentation: The eight page manual contains all the

information needed to use the program effectively. It is

clearly written and easy to understand.

Skill level required: Beginning level user.

Reviewer: Richard E. Devore

MICRO 39o. 68 . January 1984



cSma

1 0 R E M

2 0 R E I ' 130 R E M4 0 R E H5 0 R E M6 0 R E M7 0 R E I ' 18 0 R E M9 0 R E M

100 R E M11 0 R E M1 2 0 R E M130 R E M1 4 0 R E M150 R E M

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S I ' 1 A R T 3 0 0

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* * * * * "5 2 0 P R I N T "5 3 0 P R I N T "

B Y : K E L T Y E N G I N E E R I N G "

4 0 MICRO

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * "5 4 0 P R I N T :

P R I N T " C O N N E C T C A B L E S T O M O D E M , "5 4 5 P R I N T " C O H P U T E R A N D P H O N E

C O M P A N Y . "5 50 P RI NT : P RI NT :

P R I N T " ( B R E A K A N D L I S T T H I SP R O G R A M T O "

5 5 5 P R I N T " S E E C A B L E D E T A I L S ) . "5 60 P RI NT : P RI Nf :

I N P U T " P R E S S E N T E R W H E N R E A D Y " ; A $

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H A K E H M = H O W8 2 5 R E M M A N Y * Y O U W A N T T O L I S T ( M A X

O F 9 ) .




8 3 0 R E M T H E N I N S E R T L I N E S S I M I L A R T OT H O S E

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8 4 0 P R I N T " ~ N U M B E R S Y O U C A N E A S I L YC A L L " : P R I N T

8 5 0 S N $ (1)= " 1 X X X - X X X X A F R I E N D

8 6 0 S N $ ( 2 )= " 2 X X X - X X X - X X X X A B B S

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1 4 2 0 P R I N T S A ; A N $ ( S A )1 4 3 0 N E X T S A1 4 4 0 P R I N T : P R I N T :

P R I N T " S E L E C T O N E O F T H E A B O V E "1 4 5 0 G E T A $ : I F A $ = " " T H E N 1 4 5 01 4 6 0 P R I N T " ~ ~ " M $ ( 2 )1 4 7 0 O N V A L ( A $ ) G O S U B 1 4 9 0 , 1 5 6 0 , 1 7 2 01 4 8 0 G O T O 1 3 1 0

1 4 9 0 R E M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *1 5 0 0 R E M D O N O T A N S W E R1 5 1 0 P R I N T :

P R I N T " * * * " A N $ ( l ) " * * * "1 5 2 0 P R I N T :

P R I N T " T H E S M A R T M O D E M A N S W E R

F U N C T I O N "1 5 3 0 P R I N T " I S D I S A B L E D . "1 5 4 0 P R I N T * 2 , " A T S O = O "1 5 5 0 G O T O 2 0 4 0

1 5 6 0 R E M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

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A N S W E R A L L "1 6 0 0 P R I N T " C A L L S I M M E D I A T E L Y . "1 6 1 0 P R I N T " U S E T H I S T O T R A N S F E R C A L L S

T H A T "1 6 2 0 P R I N T " A R E A L R E A D Y I N P R O G R E S S

S E T W E E N "1 6 3 0 P R I N T " T W O I N D I V I D U A L S T O

C O M M U N I C A T I O N "1 6 4 0 P R I N T " B E T W E E N T H E I R C O M P U T E R S . "1 6 5 0 G O S U B 1 8 7 01 6 6 0 P R I N T * 2 , " A T " D P $ " A "1 6 7 0 P R I N T " A T T H I S P O I N T Y O U N E E D T O

R U N "1 6 8 0 P R I N T " O R E X E C Y O U R O W N R E C E I V E R "1 6 9 0 P R I N T " P R O G R A M T O I N T E R P R E T T H E "1 7 0 0 P R I N T " I N C O M I N G C A L L . "1 7 1 0 G O T 0 2 0 4 0

1 72 0 R E M * ** * * * ** * * * * * * ** * * * *1 7 3 0 R E M A N S W E R A F T E R X X R I N G S

1 7 4 0 P R I N T : P R I N T " * * * " A N $ ( 3 ) " * * * "1 7 5 0 P R I N T :P R I N T " T H E S M A R T M O D E M W I L LA N S W E R A L L "

1 7 6 0 P R I N T " C A L L S A F T E R T H E N U M B E R O FR I N G S "

1 7 7 0 P R I N T " Y O U S E L E C T ( F R O M 1 T O 2 5 5R I N G S ) II

1 7 8 0 P R I N T1 7 9 0 I N P U T " H O W M A N Y R I N G S ( 1 T O 2 5 5 ) " ;

R G1 80 0 R G =I N T ( RG )1 8 1 0 I F R G ( l O R R G ) 2 5 5 T H E N 1 7 9 0

8 7 0 F O R K = l T O H M8 8 0 P R I N T S N $ ( K )8 9 0 N E X T9 0 0 P R I N T :

P R I N T " S E L E C T O N E O F T H E A B O V E "9 1 0 P R I N T " ( B R E A K A N D L I S T T O E D I T

T H E S E N U M B E R S ) . "9 2 0 G E T A $ : I F A $ · " " T H E N 9 2 093 0 N 8 = V A L ( A $ )9 4 0 I F ( N B ( l ) O R ( N B > H M ) T H E N 8 0 0

95 0 P $ = M I D $ ( S N $ ( N B ) , 5 , 1 6 )9 6 0 G O S U B I 0 9 09 7 0 R E T U R N

9 8 0 R E M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *9 9 0 P R I N T : P R I N T " D I A L I N G A N E W N U M B E R "

1 0 0 0 P R I N T :P R I N T " T Y P E I N T H E P H O N E N U M B E R

T H A T "1 0 0 5 P R I N T " Y O U W I S H T O C A L L . "1 0 1 0 P R I N T " E X A M P L E S : "1 0 2 0 P R I N T " 1 - 8 0 0 - X X X - X X X X L O N G

D I S T A N C E1 0 3 0 P R I N T " 1 1 2 - 8 0 0 - X X X - X X X X F R O M

L I N C O L N1 0 4 0 P R I N T " X X X - X X X X L O C A L

C A L L1 0 5 0 P R I N T1 0 6 0 I N P U T " T Y P E D E S I R E D N U M B E R " ; P $1 0 7 0 G O S U B 1 0 9 01 0 8 0 R E T U R N

1 0 9 0 R E M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *1 1 0 0 R E M N U M B E R K N O W N A T T H I S P O I N T1 1 1 0 R E M R E A D Y T O D I A L1 1 2 0 P R I N T * 2 , " A T F O D " P $

1 1 6 0 R E M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *1 1 7 0 R E M Y O U C A N R U N A N Y T E R M I N A L1 1 8 0 R E M P A C K A G E T H A T Y O U W I S H B Y

1 1 9 0 R E M E D I T I N G T H E N E X T L I N E S .1 20 0 R EM L OA D" M O D CO M M . PR G " , 81 2 2 0 R E M R U N1 2 3 0 P R I N T " ~ ~ Y O U N E E D T O U S E Y O U R

O W N "1 2 4 0 P R I N T " T E R M I N A L P A C K A G E A T T H I S

P O I N T "1 2 5 0 P R I N T " ( S U C H A S V I D E O T E X A N D

O T H E R S ) . "1 3 0 0 G O T O 2 0 4 0

1 31 0 R EM * ** ** * * * ** * * * ** * * * * *1 3 2 0 R E M A U T O A N S W E R R O U T I N E

1 3 3 0 R EM * ** ** * * * ** * * * ** * * * * *




1 8 2 0

1 8 3 01 8 4 01 8 5 01 8 6 01 8 7 01 8 8 0

1 8 9 0

1900

1 9 1 01 9 2 01930

1940

1 9 5 01 ~ 6 01 9 7 0

1 9 8 0

1 9 9 02 0 0 0

2010

2 0 2 02 0 3 02040

2 0 5 0

P R I N T :P R I N T " T H E P H O N E W I L L B EA N S W E R E D "P R I N T " A F T E R " R G " R I N G S . "G O S U B 1 8 7 0P R I N T I 2 , " A T " D P $ " S O · " R GP R I N T : G O T O 1 6 7 0

R E M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *R E M F U L L O R H A L F D U P L E X

P R I N T :P R I N T " D O Y O U W A N T F U L L O R H A L FD U P L E X ? "P R I N T " ( I F Y O U D O N O T K N O W ,T R Y H A L F ) . "P R I N T : P R I N T " l F U L L D U P L E X "P R I N T " 2 H A L F D U P L E X "G E T A $ : I F A $ = ' " ' T H E N 1 9 3 0O N V A L ( A $ ) G O T O 1 9 5 0 , 1 9 9 0R E M F U L L D U P L E XD P $ - " F l "P R I N T :P R I N T " F U L L D U P L E X S E L E C T E D . "G O T O 2 0 2 0

R E M H A L F D U P L E XD P $ = " F O "

P R I N T :P R I N T " H A L F D U P L E X S E L E C T E D . "P R I N TR E T U R N

R E M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *R E M E X I T R O U T I N E

2 0 8 0 P R I N T :P R I N T " T H I S P R O G R A M H A S E N D E D . "

3 0 0 0 R E M T H I S P R O G R A M S E N D S A N DR E C E I V E S

3 0 1 0 R E M T R U E A S C I I D A T A3 0 2 0 D I M F X ( 2 5 5 ) , T 7 . ( 2 5 5 )3 2 0 0 F O R J · 3 2 T 0 6 4 : T X ( J ) = J : N E X T3 2 1 0 T X ( 1 3 ) = 1 3 : T X ( 2 0 ) = 8 : R V = 1 8 : C T = 03 2 2 0 F O R J - 6 5 T 0 9 0 : k - J + 3 2 : T X ( J ) = K : N E X T

3 2 3 0 F O R J = 9 1 T 0 9 5 : T X ( J ) = J : N E X T3 2 4 0 F O R J = 1 9 3 T O 2 1 8 : K - J - 1 2 8 : T X ( J ) - K :

N E X T3 2 5 0 T X ( 1 4 6 ) = 1 6 : T X ( 1 3 3 ) = 1 63 2 6 0 F O R J = O T O 2 5 53 2 7 0 K - Y X ( J )3 2 8 0 I F K ( ) O T H E N F X ( K ) = J : F X ( K + 1 2 8 ) = J3 2 9 0 N E X T3 3 0 0 P R I N T " " C H R $ ( 1 4 7 )3 3 1 0 G E U 2 , A $3 3 2 0 I F A $ = " " O R S T ( ) O T H E N 3 3 6 03 3 3 0 P R I N T " " C H R $ ( 1 5 7 ) :

C H R $ ( F X ( A S C ( A $ ) ) ) j3 3 4 0 I F F X ( A S C ( A $ ) ) = 3 4 T H E N P O K E 2 1 2 , O3 3 5 0 G O T O 3 3 1 03 3 6 0 P R I N T C H R $ ( R V ) " " C H R $ ( 1 5 7 ) :

C H R $ ( 1 4 6 ) j : G E T A $3 3 7 0 I F A $ ( ) " " T H E N P R I N T I 2 ,

C H R $ ( T X ( A S C ( A $ ) ) ) j3 3 8 0 C T - C T + l3 3 9 0 I F C T = 8 T H E N C T = 0 : R V = 1 6 4 - R V3 4 0 0 G O T O 3 3 1 0 I\ICRO"




I A l C A O "Commodore Compass

by Loren Wright

High Resolution on the

Commodore 64

Mny C-64 users don't even know that their

machines have high-resolution graphics, let alone

know how to use them! There is no mention in

the User's Guide, and very little in the Programmer's

Reference Guide. In this column I'll explain a little about

these modes, and provide a couple machine-languageutilities to make high-resolution programming easier.

There are actually two bit-map modes. One is a two-

color mode (hereafter called hi-res bit-map mode) that pro-

vides resolution of 320 by 200 pixels. The other is a four-

color mode [hereafter called multicolor bit-map mode)

providing resolution of 160 by 200 pixels. Each mode uses

an 8K bit-map area and the lK color memory.

In hi-res bit-map mode, each bit in bit-map memory

corresponds to a pixel on the screen. If the bit is a 1, thenthe corresponding pixel appears in the foreground color; if

the bit is a 0, then the corresponding pixel appears in the

background color. Screen memory is used to select the

foreground and background colors for each 8-pixel by

8-pixel area [the area normally occupied by a character).Bit-map memory is arranged to take advantage of this

square-by-square color selection capability. The first eight

bytes in bit-map memory represent the pixels of an 8-by-8

square at the top left corner. The next eight bytes of repre-

sent the 8-by-8 square immediately to the right of that.

This arrangement makes it a little more difficult to

calculate a given bit, but the reward is being able to use

many more than two colors on a high-resolution screen.

In multicolor bit-map mode, the pixels are twice as

wide and it takes two bits to specify the source of the color

00 - background #0, 01 - high four bits of screen

memory location, 10 - low four bits of screen memory

location, 11 - color memory location. Each byte contains

four bit-pairs, each of which corresponds to a double-width pixel. The bytes are arranged in the same way as in

hi-res bit-map mode, and the little squares are the same

size (8 rows of 4 double-width pixels). Each little square

may have only four colors in it, but there may be many

more than four colors on the whole screen at once.

Listing 1 is a hi-res bit-map routine to calculate the

proper byte BY, byte contents BQ, and bit BI, as well as

the proper position PO for control of colors. X and Y are

the input and represent the x- and y-coordinates of the hi-

res pixel. 0,0 is the coordinate of the upper-left corner. BA

is the starting address of bit-map memory, and OG is the

screen memory start address. These vary with the memory

configuration you choose.


Listing 2 is a similar routine, only for multicolor bit-

map mode. X and Y are the input. Remember X ranges

from 0 to 159 because of the double-width pixels. The out-

put is the byte BY, byte contents BQ, bit pair BP, and posi-

tion PO.

To use listing 1, perform the following set-up once at

the beginning of your program:

40 DIM P%(7),M %(7):FORI = OT07: P%(I) = 21\1:M% =255- P%(I): NEXTI

The following calling sequence may now be used:

110GOSUB 4000: REMX=O TO 319, Y=O TO 199

120POKE BY,BO AND M%(BI) OR P%(BI)

To use listing 2, perform the following set-up once at the

beginning of your program:

40 DIM P%(3),M %(3):FORI = OT03: P%(I) = 41\1:

M% = 255-P%(I):NEXTI

You may now use the following calling sequence:

110GOSUB 4000: REM X=O TO 159, Y=O TO 199

120POKE BY,BO AND M%(BP) OR P%(BP)

How to Set Up Bit Map Modes

The procedure shown in the Programmer's Reference

Guide uses bit-map memory at $2000 (8192). This is ade-

quate for experimenting with short programs, but the 6K

left for BASIC is not adequate for a program of any

significance. Listing 3 is a routine to set up bit-map

memory at $6000 (24576). This uses bank 1for the VIC II,

so the screen must be moved to $5COO(23552). The resultis over 20K for your BASIC program. Listing 4 is a routine

to restore the multicolor bit-map mode. Listing 5 is a rou-

tine to restore the normal screen. If you are using either

listing 3 or listing 4, the first lines of your program must be:

10 POKE 52,92: POKE 56,92: POKE 55,0: CLR

20 BA= 24576: OG = 23552: MY= 199: MX= 319:

REM MX= 159 for multicolor

Line 10 prevents the BASIC program from writing over

bit-map or screen memory. It must be the very first line in

your program. Because the CLR instruction clears the

stack, as well as the variables, this statement cannot be in-

MICRO 43

List 5: Restorenormal screen.

8100 REM RESTORE NORMAL SCREEN

8110 POKE 56578,PEEK(56578)OR3

8120 POKE 56576,PEEK(56576)AN02520R3

8130 POKE 53272,PEEK(53272)AN070R16

8140 POKE 53265,PEEK(53265)AN0223

8150 POKE 53270,PEEK(53270)AN0239

s16~:::1~ETUF.:t·~

List 6: Machlne·languageroutines, Installation and calling routines.

30 GOSU88500:POKE843,INT(8A/256):POKE842,INT(OG/256)

3100 POKE840,C:SYS898:RETURN:REM CLEAR COLOR 1



8500 REM REAO IN ML ROUTINE

::::51~:::1<:::':::::::84£1:=£1

8520 REAOYY:IFYY:::::-ITHEN8540

8530 POKEXX+I,YY:I=I+l:GOT08520

::::5412:1.:ETURt·~

190000ATA2,240,92,32,95,173,75,3,133,254,24,105,32,141,76,3,169,0,13319010 OATA253,173,72,3,160,0,145,253,200,208,251,165,254,24,105,1,

1:3:3r 254 .r 2~~5

19020 OATA76,3,208,236,96,169,216,133,254,169,0,133,253,169,220,141,

19030 DATA208,218,173,72,3,10,10,10,10,141,72,3,169,15,141,73,3,208,5

190400ATAI69,240,141,73,3,173,74,3,133,254,24,105,3,141,76,3,169,0,13~

190500ATA253,168,177,253,45,73,3,13,72,3,145,253,200,240,13,192,232,

20:3

190600ATA239,165,254,205,76,3,208,232,240,4,230,254,208,226,96,-1.

1dCRO ' "

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Submit the best or most uniquefont using the above software and wewill make you $100 richer. Otherprizes for the first 25 runners up.

"There's got to be a better way 10 load fonls!"

No. 68 . January 1984 45ICRO



Atari ToSmartmodem

By Jo hn Ke lty

Adapted for Atari byPhU Daley

Tis is an adaptation of my pro-

gram for the Color Computer.

The hardware requirements are

the Hayes Smart Modem and the Atari

850 commmunications interface. This

program was specifically written with

the serial line connected to port 1of the

serial port (the standard port for com-

munications]. This fantastic modem

can be programmed from Atari BASIC.

The interface cable is a standard

Atari communications cable - 9-pin

D-connector to DB-25. If you want to

wire your own cable, here are the

connections:

Atari Connector DB-25

1 20

2 8

3 2

4 3

5 7

6 6

7 4

8 5

9 11

however, to have the Smartmodem

near your computer setup, then you

can hear the dialup and the send and

receive carrier tones when you begin

communicating. There are many pro-

gramming options you can choose with

the Hayes Smartmodem, and these are

extremely well documented in the ex-

cellent Owner's Manual. (In case you

have not guessed, I consider the Hayes

Smart modem my best computing pur-

chase to date!).

The BASIC program is menu driven

for ease of operation. If you BREAKand

then RUN the program again, the

Smartmodem functions are cleared

("AT ZIt is sent to the modem). To

write to the Hayes, you must access the

port in concurrent I/O mode (XIO 40)

and then use normal PRINT# com-

mands. Now you can talk to your

modem just like it was a printer with

PRINT#5, "your modem command".

To get back into the normal Atari mode

use CLOSE#5. It is important to read

back the information sent by the Hayes

modem or else the program will hang,

and pressing reset is the only way to

recover. Also, the only way to ter-

minate the program is by pressing reset.

Now you can use a communications

You need 9-conductor cable and I have

used as long as about 25 feet without

any problems. It is convenient

46 No. 68 . January 1984ICRO

package such as AMODEM or a similar

program to communicate with bulletin

boards or data bases. The program in-

cludes a short subroutine to emulate a

dumb terminal if you don't have a com-

munications package yet.

I know little to nothing of amateur

radio operations, but with a few lines of

BASIC and possibly some hardware,

the Hayes Smartmodem can be made to

send morse code. Auxiliary relay con-

tacts are provided in the modem to key

the transmitter automatically. It can-

not however, be made to directly

receive morse code. Diagrams describ-

ing the modem to radio interface are

found in the Smartmodem User

Manual Appendix H. Obviously some

nice commercial terminal packages

exist for the Atari, but this program has

made me happy for some time now.

With the Hayes Smartmodem and the

Atari Computer, I am sure you will also

enjoy computer communications.

Listing 1

5 G O T O 5 0 01 0 R E M S I M P L E T E R M I N A L P R O G R A M1 1 R E M T O G E T A N D P U T C H A R S1 2 R E M T O A N D F R O M M O D E M1 3 O P E N # l , 4 , O , " K : "1 5 O P E N # 3 , 8 , 0 , " E : "2 0 G O S U B 4 0 03 0 I F P E E K ( 7 6 4 1 = 2 5 5 T H E N 6 04 0 G E T # l , A : P U T #3,A5 0 P U T # 5 , A60 S T A T U S # 5 , X X7 0 I F P E E K ( 7 4 7 ) = 0 T H E N 3 08 0 G E T # 5 , A : I F A = O T H E N 30

9 0 P U T # 3 . A : G O T O 3 01 0 1 R E M S M A R T 3 0 01 0 2 R E M V E L T V E N G I N E E R I N G1 0 3 R E M W R I T T E N B Y J O H N R . K E L T Y1 0 4 R E M L I N C O L N , N E B R A S K A 6 8 5 0 5i 5 H E t i1 0 6 R E M U S E T H I S P R O G R A M T O C O N N E C T1 0 7 R E M A N D P R O G R A M T H E H A Y E S1 0 8 R E M S M A R T M O D E M T O T H E1 0 9 R E M A T A R I C O M P U T E R .i1 0 F \ E M1 1 1 R E ~ l T H E i ' 1 O D E M C A B L E S H O U L D120 R E M C O N N E C T T O T H E 8 5 01 3 0 R E M I N T E R F A C E M O D U L E .14 0 R E M P O R T # 1 .2 1 0 R E M2 2 0 R E M HIE 3 0 0 ~ A U D H A Y E S M O D E M2 3 0 R E M M A Y B E U S E D W I T H A H O D E M2 4 0 R E M O R A N Y O T H E R T E R M I N A L2 5 0 R E M P A C K A G E T H A T A L L O W S T H E2 6 0 R E M H A Y E S T O R U N A T 3 0 0 B A U D .270 PE i1

2 8 0 R E M T H E H A Y E S W I L L O P E R A T E2 9 0 R E M L O C A L L Y A T H I G H E R R A T E S3 0 0 R E M B U T N O H I G H E R T H A N 3 0 03 1 0 R E M W H I L E O N L I N E .3 2 0 R E M3 3 0 R E M S E [ Y O U R U S E R ' S M A N U A L3 4 0 R E M F R O M H A Y E S F O R D E T A I L S .3 5 0 R E M

3 6 0 R E M* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ' ~ * * *3 7 0 R E M

4 0 0 O P E t ~ # 5 , 1 3 , 0 , " R : "4 1 0 X I O 3 8 , # 5 , O , 3 2 , " R : "4 ? n X I O 4 0 , # 5 , O , 0 , " R : "4 3 0 R E T U R N4 5 0 G E T # 5 , X X : G E T # 5 , X X4 6 0 G E T # 5 , X X :

I F X X < > 1 0 T H E N P R I N T C H R I ( X X I ;4 7 0 I F XX<> lO T H E N 4 6 04 00 C L O S E # 5 : R E T U R N500 DIt1 A $ ( 3 0 ) , P $ ( 1 6 ) , D P $ ( 2 )5 1 0 P R I N T " } * * 1 * * S M A R T M O D E M

* * * * * "5 2 0 P R I N T " B Y :

K E L T Y E N G I N E E R I N G "5 3 0 F R I N T "

* * * * * * * ' * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * "5 4 0 P R I N T

P R I N T " C O N N E C T C A B L E S T O M O D E M ,

5 4 5 P R I N T " C O M P U T E R A N D P H O N EC O M P A N Y . "

5 6 0 P R I N T " P R E S S E N T E R W H E N R E A D Y " ; :

I N P U T A $5 7 0 P R I N T " } "5 8 0 G O S U B 4 0 0 : P R I N T # 5 , " A T Z":

G O S U B 4 5 0

5 9 0 R E M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

6 0 0 R E M M E N U6 1 0 P R I N T : P R I N T "I A U T O D I A L I N G "6 2 0 P R I N T " 2 A U T O A N S W E R I N G "6 6 0 P R I N T " S E L E C T O N E O F T H E A B O V E "6 7 0 I N P U T A S6 8 0 O N V A L l A S ) G O S U B 7 0 0 , 1 3 1 0690 G O T O 5 1 0

7 0 0 R E M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *7 1 0 R E M A U T O D I A L I N G R O U T I N E

7 2 0 R E M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *730 R E M7 4 0 P F : I N T " } A U T O D I A L I N G "7 5 0 P R I N T " 1 D I A L A S A V E D N U M B E R "7 6 0 P R I N T "2 D I A L A N E W N U M B E R "7 7 0 I N P U T A S7 8 0 O N V A L l A S ) G O T O 8 0 0 , 9 8 07 9 0 G O T O 7 4 0

8 0 0 R E M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *8 1 0 H M = 2 : R E M H O W M A N Y N U M B E R S8 2 0 R E M T O C H A N G E T H I S L I S T .

M A K E H M = H O W .8 2 5 R E M M A N Y # Y O U W A N T T O L I S T { M A X

O F 9).

8 3 0 R E M T H E N I N S E R T L I N E S S I M I L A R T OT H O S E

8 3 5 R E M B E L O W W I T H Y O U R N U M B E R S A N DN A M E S .

8 4 0 P R I N T " } N U M B E R S Y O U C A N E A S I L YC A L L " : R E S T O R E

8 5 0 D A T A " 1 X X X - X X X XF R I E N D "

A


8 6 0 D A T A "2 XXX-XXX-XX iX A B B S

8 7 0 F O R K = 1 T O H M8 8 0 R E A D A $ : P R I N T A S890 N E X T K9 0 0 P R I N T " S E L E C T O N E O F T H E A B O V E "9 1 0 P R I N T " I B R E A K A N D L I S T T O E D I T

T H E S E N U t 1 B E R S ) "920 I N P U T A $ : R E S T O R E' 7 3 0 N B = V A L (A$)

9 4 0 I F N B ( l O R N B > H M T H E N 8 0 0' 7 5 0 F . OR K = 1 T O N B : R E A D A $ : ~ lE X T f

9 5 5 F l ' $ = A $ ( S , l . j )9 6 0 G O S U B i . O ' 7 ' O

47



H E T U R NH E M 1 1 1 1 1 ~ 1 1 ~ * I I * I I I . * * I * * * 1 1P R I N T " D I A L I N G A N E W N U M B R "P R I N T " T Y P E I N T H E P H O N E U M B E RT H A T "

1 0 0 5 P R I N T " Y O U W I S H T O C A L L . "1!) 1 I) P R I N T " E X A t 1 P L E S : H

1 0 2 0 P R I N T " i - 8 0 0 - X X X - X X X X L O N GD I S f A N C E "

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Atari Music Player

By Tom Marshall

PLAY WHEN READY SON~:YANKEE DOODLESPACE BAR TO PAUSE ~Rt::TURNTO END 50 ...A. F. OR K REST

Atari Player enables you to play music

on your Atari. It converts the Atari into

a simulated organ with the organ keys

being represented by the keys on the

Atari keyboard, as shown above. Eachnote you play can be heard over one of

the Atari voices. The keyboard spans

three complete octaves, beginning with

a low C and ending more than two

octaves higher with a B. Each note that

is played is stored in memory so that it

can be instantaneously replayed and

then saved on cassette tape or disk.

Later you can load your song in again

and replay it.

We have included a feature in Atari

Player that allows you to stop playing,

go back to correct mistakes, replay the

song from the beginning to the currentnote, and then continue playing addi-

tional notes. Absolute perfection is

possible using the editing option

[number 5), which allows you com-

plete control over every note that has

been played. You can change the tone,

octave, and/or duration of any of the

notes, or, if you wish, you can add

more notes or remove them altogether.

With the Atari Player installed in

your computer you can make your

Atari a musically instructive as well as

entertaining device.


Operating Instructions for AtariPlayer Demonstration

The first time you use the Atari Player,

you should listen to the song already

provided on your cassette or disk to ap-

preciate how much can be accomplish-

ed. To do this, follow the simple steps

listed here.

1. Using standard Atari loading pro-

cedures, load Atari PLAYER. If you

are using a cassette, leave it in the

cassette unit; do not rewind it.

2. Type 'RUN' followed by the

'RETURN' key.

3. You will bepresented with the infor-

mation that appears on the display

screen below.

4. Press the 4 key to select the 'LOAD

SONG' 0t'tion.

5. The display will ask for the file

name under which the song is

stored.

6. If you are using a cassette, type 'C:'

followed by the 'RETURN' key. This

will cause the next file [aprerecord-

ed song) on the cassette to be loaded.

If you are using a disk, then type

'D:SONG' followed by the

'RETURN'. This will cause the song

MICRO

alread y provided in the fil e

'D:SONG' to be loaded into your

Atari.

7. When the song has been loaded,

Atari Player will tell you how many

notes have been loaded, wait a few

seconds, and then return to the

original menu.

8. Press the 2 key to select the

'REPLAYSONG' option.

9. You will now be treated to a rousing

song played automatically on your

Atari computer.

Using the Atari Player

After choosing the 'PLAY SONG' op-

tion from the menu, the program will

prompt you for the name of your song.

(This is not the same thing as the file

name that disk users have to supply

when performing a save or a load. The

name is saved with the song just for

convenience and has no bearing on the

song itself.) Then a representation of

the Atari keyboard is printed on the

screen in the format of a two-keyboard

organ. The bottom row of keys

represents the lowest notes, starting

with 'C' and ascending alphabetically.

The second row of keys represents the

sharps and flats (black keys) that cor-

respond to the first row. Note that

there are inbetween keys on the second

row of the Atari for every pair of first-

row notes. This is different than the

normal organ keyboard and means that

some of the second-row keys do notsound when pressed lA, F, and K).

These keys can be used to introduce

rests into your song.

The third row ofkeys represents the

second keyboard of the organ, starting

at middle 'F' and ascending to high 'B'.

The top row of keys represents the

sharps and flats corresponding to this

second keyboard. When you have

mastered the keyboard, you are well on

your way to composing your own

music. Read on.

At the beginning, the program waits

for you to start the song. This is one ofthe few times when a pause doesn't

count. Once you start playing, the

computer keeps track of every note and

its length exactly as you play it. Prac-

tice a bit to get the feel of the keyboard.

It is not as simple as a piano, especially

with the letters on the keys distracting

you from what the true note is. The

white keys on the display have the ac-

tual name of the note printed over the

keyboard name of the key to help keep

you oriented.

After you start a song, you may

49

discover that you didn't mean to playa

particular note. Fortunately there is a

mistake-recovery method. As soon as

you realize that you have made an error

(sometimes the first note is an error),

press the space bar to pause momen-

tarily. You will be presented with

several options.

1. CONTINUE allows you to start

playing the song at exactly the point

where you stopped. This is a usefultechnique for the times when you

become confused as to which note

you want to play next; press the

space bar to pause, regather your

wits, and press 'C' to continue from

where you stopped.

2. REPLAY will play the song up

through the current note so that you

can inspect your masterpiece as you

input and make corrections if

necessary. This option can bechosen

as many times as you need it.

3. BACKUP is the option for whichyou've been waiting. This allows

you to remove one note at a time

from the current song, all the way

back to the beginning if you want.

When you make a mistake and press

the space bar to pause, press the 'B'

option and the note you are erasing

will sound. Another 'B' will erase

the next note, and soon. Then press-

ing 'C' will allow you to continue

your song from the point to which

you have backed up.

If , no matter how hard you try, you

can't seem to get the song perfect, then

the next step is to use the editor (option

5), which will allow you to manipulate

the more obscure aspects of your song.

Using the Editor

The Editor option enables you to fix

any minor (or major) mistakes that

may creep into your performance. It

allows complete control over every

note in your song; the note, octave, and

duration can all be changed to your

specifications. And when using the in-sertion feature, you can start from

scratch and construct your own song

without ever playing a note on the

Player keyboard! The Editor option is

the perfect complement toAtari Player.

The first thing that the editor does

is to list the notes currently inmemory

in groups of 30. These are notes that

have been either entered from the

keyboard or loaded in from apreviously

saved song. The 'Next' and 'Previous'commands allow you to page forward

and backward through the note tables

50

Listing 1: Atari Player/Editor

~O REM ATARI PLAYER/EDITOR

30 OPEN U~,4,O."K :••:GOSUB ~ZOOO40 GOSUB ~OOOO50 GET U~,A:IF A<4' OR A>55 THEN 5

o60 A=A-46:GOSUB A*~OOO:GOTO 40

~OOO PRINT :PRINT "Inpu't: song naMe

..."; :INPUT B$: IF B$=···· THEN B

$="NONAME"

~O~O 11,1=0~oaO~5 G05UB ~4000~020 D=O

~030 D=D+~:A=PEEK~764~ :IF A=255 TH

EN ~030~040 POKE 764,255:G05UB '500:S0UND

0,0,0 ..0

~060 IF A=~2 THEN SOUND O..O..O..O:MA

H=V+~:H~V+~~=O:GOTO ~~20~070 IF A=33 THEN MAH=V+~:GOSUB 60

OO:GOTO ~0~5~060 IF'A>62 THEN A=3

~O'O TP=A:SOUND O,ASC~PITCH$~TP+~,TP+~~~,DS,L

~~OO V=V+~:IF V=LN THEN W~V~=O:GOT

o ~~20~~~O GOTO ~020~~20 POKE CF ..O:RETURN

·2000 ? ""PLAYING": V=~20~0 IF H~V~=0 THEN ? "?NO SONG IN

MEMORY": GOTO '000

2020 GOSUB 'ZOO:IF TP=O AND D=O TH

EN RETURN

2030 SOUND O,O ..O,O:GOSUB '600:11,1=11,

~:IF V>=MAK THEN SOUND 0,0,0,0

:V=IV=V-~: RETURN

2040 IF PEEK~764~<>255 THEN POKE 7

64,255:RETURN

Z050 GOTO 20Z0

3000 GOSUB '~OO:OPEN U2,6,0,F$:TRA

P 350030~0 PRINT UZ;B$

3020 FOR V=~ TO MAK:? U2;W~V~ :NEHT

V

3040 CLOSE UZ:? ··SAVED

OTES TO ";F$ :GOTO

3500 CLOSE UZ:? "FILE

OTO '~~O4000 GOSUB '~OO:OPEN U2,4,0,F$:TRA

P 3500

40~0 INPUT UZ,B$

4020 INPUT UZ;A:W~V~=A40~0 IF A>O THEN V=V+~:GOTO 40Z0

4040 MAH=V: CLOSE UZ:? "LOADED ••;MA

K-~;" NOTES FROM ";F$: GOTO '00

o5000 POKE ZO~,5:POKE CF,~:POKE 62.

o5020 11,1=0

5030 POKE CF..:POKE 703,24:PRINT

"CURRENT SONG: ";B$

503Z POSITION .,~:PRINT •••.:::~• II::.

";MAK-~;" N

'000I/O ERROR": G

o L "N 0 L"; :COLOR 2: PLOT ~6, 2 : DRAWTO ~6.~,

5048 FOR HK=Z TO 2Z STEP 20:FOR YY

=3 TO ~7:V=V+~5060 GOSUB 'ZOO:IF W~V~=O THEN MAK

=11,1POSITION KK, YY :PRINT "END":

GOTO 5~3e

5062 NO=ASCCNTOCTSCTP+1,TP+1~~:O=INTCNO/13~ :Y=NO-INTCNO/13~*13:NS=NTSCY*2+1,Y*2+2~

5080 POSITION HHYY:PRNT UNS;••

..;0;.. ..; D

50~0 NEHT YY:NEHT HH5130 POSITION 0,20:POKE 703,4:POKE

CFO

5140 PRNT ··[:]EKT ~REUIOUS, [!iURAE

NT ORm··: AS=····:INPUT AS:PP=U:IF AS=···· THENAS=··Z··

5150 U=OIF ASCCAS~>=48 AHDA5CCAS

~<=57 THEN U=UALCAS~:PP=PP-305160 IF u=o THEN5430

5170 PRNT ··[!iHANGE [!lELETE OR[J

NSERT··

5180 G050UB5540: IF AS=··C·· THEN520

o51~0 GOTO54605200 GOSUB~2005240 IF WCU~=O THEN52705250 Y=ASCCNTOCTSCTP+1,TP+1~~:O=IN

TCY/13~:N=Y-INTCY/13~*135260 PRNT ··flliiNOTENUMBER: ••;U

5270 AS=····: PRNT ··NEWLENGTH··,: IN

PUT AS:IF AS=···· THEN5140

5280 IF AS<>••/ •• THEND=UALCAS~52~0 AS=····: PRNT ··NEWNOTE:··,: INPU

TAS:IF AS=···· THEN 53~05300 IF AS<>••/ •• THENNS=AS: IF I:FLENC

NS~>2 THEN 52~05302 IF LENCNS~=1 THENNSC2~=••••5310 FORN=OTO12:IF NTSCN*2+1,N*

2+2~<>NSTHENNEHTN:PRNT ··?NOTENOTFOUND··: GOTO52~0

5320 AS=····: PRNT ··NEWOCTAUE:··, :IN

PUT AS:IF AS=···· THEN 53~05325 IF UALCAS~>2 THENAS=··2··5330 IF AS<>••/ •• THENO=UALCAS~53~0 NT=N+O*12:FOR TP=OTO62:IF A

5oCCNTOCTSCTP+1,TP+1~~<>NT THEN

NEHT TP

53~2 G050UB~500:REM PACKIT INTO WCU~

5400 U=U+1:GOTO 5200

5415 IF U<OTHENu=o

5420 PRNT ··fIIii··: GOTO58385438 IF AS=··P·· THENU=PP-60: GOTO5

415

5440 IF AS<> · H · · THEN54585442 POKE703,24: PRNT ··fIIii··: IF PP+2

~>MAH THENPP=MAH-305443 IF PP<8 THENpp=o

5444 U=PP:GOTO 5030

5450 IF AS=··C·· THENU=PP-30: GOTO5

415

5458 RETURN

5460 IF AS=··D··

5480 FORI=MAH

=WCI~ :NEHT40

5510 FORI=U TOMAH:WCI~=WCI+1':NEHT I:MAH=MAH-1:GOTO 5140

5540 GET1:11,A:AS=CHRSCA~:IF AS=····THEN5540

RETURN

END

THEN5510

TOUSTEP -1:WCI+1~I:MAH=MAH+1:GOTO 51

5558

5~~~

6008

6010

:?. .

TEMPO

HEWTEMPO

•• ; '5

••; :IN

?

?

:?

PUT

6020 IF

50

50<1THEN6010

No. 68 . January 1984 MICRO

so that you can look for the note (or

notes) that you wish to change. The

'Current' command simply redisplays

the table starting at the same note.

This option is usually used after an in-

sert, delete, or change to see how the

song looks.

The' #' option allows you to change

the current notes in memory, one at a

time; Note that the editor does not

want the number sign itself; it is expec-ting a number. Also, it does not change

any notes on the tape or disk, so don't

worry about making a mistake. Experi-

ment with changing notes and then

play them together to see how they

sound.

Pressing the return at the 'NEW

LENGTH:' prompt will return you to

the main menu. Pressing return at any

other prompt will leave the rest of the

parts of the note unchanged and skip

ahead to the next note. This allows you

to change the lengths without re-

entering the remaining values that youdon't want to change.

Pressing the' /' and return at any

prompt preserves that one value and

jumps to the next prompt. For example,

if you don't want to change a value,

such as length, but do want to change

the note or octave, press' /' and it will

skip over the values you want to save

without your having to retype them.

The insert option moves all the

notes (including the onewhose number

you entered) forward one position and

then returns you to the 'Next,

Previous, Current, or #' prompt. Youmight want to use the 'Current' option

now to see how the song looks. Change

the note that was at the point of inser-

tion to whatever specifications you

want and you have just entered a note.

Delete moves all the notes follow-

ing the one you specified down one

position, effectively erasing that note.

As with the insert option, you will be

returned to the 'Next, Previous,

Current, or #' prompt. Again, you may

want to use the 'Current' option to see

how the song looks after the deletion.

When you are prompted for a new

note, the only notes that will be ac-

cepted are 'C', 'C#', etc., as listed in

the data statement (line 13010). A rest

is indicated by 'I ]'.The program looks

up your note in the note table and con-

verts it into the number that represents

that particular note. If it can't find that

note, it will giveyou the '?NOTE NOT

FOUND.' error and return to the 'NEW

NOTE' prompt to give you another

chance to change it.

51

Other Menu Options

There are five additional menu

options that allow you to hear your

song, load a song from or save a

song to the tape player, change the

tempo of the song, or quit.

Choosing option 2, 'REPLAY

SONG,' will play the song current-

ly in memory over the television

speaker. The routine uses the cur-

rent tempo for the speed at which

to play the song. If there are no

notes in the song, then the error

'?NO SONG IN MEMORY' is

printed and you are returned to the

menu.

'SAVE' and 'LOAD' options are

numbered 3 and 4, respectively. To

save the current song, choose op-

tion 3 and enter the file name of

the song to be stored. If you are

using a cassette you can specify on-

ly 'C:' as your file name. If you are

using a disk, the file name must bea standard disk file name. Note

that this file name and the name of

the song you specify when you

choose option 1 (PLAYSONG) are

not the same. The name refers to

the name that you wish the song to

be titled - for the sake of conve-

nience only. The file name ismere-

ly where you want the song to be

stored and applies only to disk

users. I f you are using a cassette-

based system you will beprompted

to press PLAYand RECORD on the

tape player. When the song is sav-ed, the number of notes and the file

in which they are saved are

displayed and you are returned to

the menu. I f you are using the tape

player, it will stop.

Option 4 is similar in operation

to option 3. Remember that when

you LOAD a new song, you will

erase any song currently in

memory; you must SAVE the cur-

rent song (ifyou want to keep it for

later use) before loading a new one.

The file name prompt will now

appear. ( I f you areusing a cassette,there are no file names that you

can specify. The tape will read

from where it was left last.] When

the song is loaded, as when saving,

the number of notes and the file

they were in are displayed and you

are returned to the menu. Again, if

applicable, the tape player will

stop.To change the current tempo

setting, choose option 5. The

minimum (fastest) setting allowed

is '1'. There is no restriction on the

52

6030 RETURN

7000 CLOSE "~:GRAPHICS O:END

6000 SOUND O~O~O~O:GOSUB ~200

60~0 ? ••" ••:POSITION 3,3

6020 ? ··CHOICES:··:? :?

6030 ? ··~ONTINUE··

6040 ? ··I::]EPLAY··

6050 ? ··mACK UP ~ NOTE··:?6060 ? ··WHICH? ••;

6070 G05UB 5540:REM GET ROUTINE

6060 IF AS=··C·· THEN GOSUB ~200: SOU

ND O,O~O~O:RETURN60~0 IF AS=··R·· THEN GOSUB 2000: GOT

o 60~0

IF AS<> ··B·· THEN 6070

IF U=O THEN 6070

GOSUB ~200:GOSUB ~600:U=U-~

SOUND O~O~O~O:GOTO 6070

FOR I=~ TO 300:NEHT I:RETURNPRINT :PRINT ••

6~00

6~~0

6~206~30

~OOO~~OO c: f'or casse"t:"t:e

D:f'ilenaMe f'or diSk

~~05 PRINT· •Ent:er e i1.naMe . . .•• ; :I N

PUT FS~~~O U=~: IF FS <> ··C :.. THEN RETURN

~~50 ? ··INSERT SONG TAPE AMD PRESS

I:H'II:I:I"

GET U~~A:? :POKE CF~O:RETURNTP=ZNTCWCU~~~OOO~

D=WCU~-TP*~OOO:RETURN

IF D>~~~ THEN D=~~~

WCV~=INTCTP*~OOO+D~:RETURN

SOU~D O~ASCCPITCHSCTP+~~TP+~~

~~60~200

~2~0

~500

~5~0

~600~,DS,L

~6~0 FOR I=~ TO S*D~6:NEKT I:RETUR

N

~OOOO GRAPHICS O:SOUND O~O,O~O:POK

E CF,~:SETCOLOR ~~O,O:SETCOLOR

Z~3~4:SETCOLOR 4~7~6

~Oe30 ? ••"......... ATARI PLAYER·· :? :? :V=O

~0040 ? ..

~0050~0060

~0070

~0075

~0060

~OO~O.J..8.1.0e POKE CF. 8 :? ..

? ••;: RETURN

~2000 S=~0:LN=500:DS=~0:L=6:CF=752

~20~0 DIM WCLN~,PITCHSC63~~NTSC26~

~FSC~4~~BSC20)~NSC3)~ASC3),NTOCTSC63)

~2020 RESTORE :BS=··NONAME··

~204Z READ PITCHS,NTS,NTOCT$

~2050 RETURN

~3000 DATA r~f' ••••• C.u~.-~~~.~~D.L~ ••U.Y.1.~~ ••e.H5.<Q£*.Y.2.

.! ••H•..::iI~30~0 DATA C CUD DUE F FUG GUA AUB

L1

~3020 DATA ........+- .... !.u+.~y.....,.~ I., . ... ~• .-+ .--.. . •. r"'_&''' ..,.. L . _ . . . . . . ..S"~ ••/~

~4eOO POKE 82 ~Z: POKE CF~~:? ••......PLA

Y WHEN READY SONG:··; BS: SETCO

LOR ~~O,O:SETCOLOR 2~~2~6~40~0 ? ··SPACE BAR TO PAUSE, RETUR

N TO END SONG··;

~4020 ? ··A, F, OR K

[] PLAY SONG··

~ REPLAY SONG··~ SAVE SONG··

In LOAD SONG··

~ EDIT SONG··

rn CHANGE TEMPO··

~

?? ••

? ..? ••

? ••? QUIT ...••

CHOOSE

REST··

MICRO No. 68 . January 1984

~4030 ? " " 32. ASCII Codes

Because computers cannot handle

J..4040 ? " " I --- -- - anything other than numbers, a._- I " " method for handling characters such as

.1.4050 ? ""I --- -- - punctuation marks, letters of the._- I"" alphabet, or any other character, is

.1.4060 ? ""I .... E::. ~ . . . . ~ needed. What has been devised is the

.1K !lI ~ I"" ASCII codes (American Standard Code.1.4078 ? ""I --- --

-for Information Interchange), which are._- I"" numerical represen tations of each

.1.4080 ?

""I I character for the computer to handleI I"" internall y. Most users never see these.1.40'0 ? ""I [ i l l rrli r . 1 1 m l [!II m l ( ] j l [ i l l numbers for they are converted back to

ffil r i l l rn I"" characters when displayed on the.1.4.1.80 ? " " I I

screen, but they are neccessary whenI I""

.1.4.1..1.0 ? ""I a l WI EI RI TI VI ul IIdealing with such specific statements

01 pi I " "as the Atari GET.

.1.4.1.28 ?

.1.4.1.38 ? " " .1. 2_

" "~4.1.40 ? " " -- ----

I"".1.4.1.50 ? " "

-- ----I"".1.4.1.68 ? "" ~~ ~m:.~

~ .. I " ".1.4.1.70 ? -- ---- I " "J..4.1.88 ? II I""

.1.4.1.'0 ? r!11 m l ( ] j l [ i l l rrli [ i l l m lr!11 m l ~ I""

.1.4280 ? " " I II I " "

.1.42.1.8 ? " " I z l HI el UI B I MI M I,I .I / I " "

.1.4228 ?

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - " " . :RETURM

maximum (slowest) setting, except

for the fairly large internal limits of

the Atari. However, even a setting

of just 100 will result in extremely

long notes.

When you are finished with

Atari Player and want to return to

BASIC, choose option 6. Always

remember to save any song that

you are currently working on

before choosing this option. If youforget this rule, typing 'GOT020'

might enable you to return to the

program without losing your song.

Programming Concepts

Using a Menu to Make a Choice

1. Input with a Single Keystroke

Normally input from devices is

done with the INPUT statement. The

only limitation of this statement is that

it requires the input data to be followed

by a carriage return. Thus, any input

from the keyboard using this method

would require at least two keystokes -


one for the character being input and

one for the return key. The way around

this is illustrated in program lines 30

and 50.Line 30 opens the keyboard for in-

put. This means exactly what it seems:

you can now input from the keyboard.

The open statement is usually used for

access to files on cassette or disk, but it

can be used for any connected device,

such as the keyboard and even the

screen. The device specification for the

keyboard is 'K:', which is the open

statement's fourth parameter.

Because a single keystroke input is

preferred, the keyboard input for the

menu (line50) is donewith a GET. The

GET statement waits for one character

of data from the keyboard; i.e., the

single keystroke. Thus no carriage

return is required and an option may be

selected by striking a single key.

However, the data input is not a

character, or a letter, but rather a

number. This number is the numerical

representation of the typed letter and is

called an ASCII code.

MICRO

3. Using a Menu to Make a Choice:

Selection by Number

When you run Atari Player, the first

display that you see is a list (or menu)

that tells you what options areavailable. Each item on the menu is

selected by pressing the number

associated with it. The BASICprogram

steps required to evaluate your choice

are in lines 50 and 60.

IS. tiiET 111 ..A:zr A<4-' OR

A> 515 THIr: ••••• a:;A-"OltiiOSUIl

A*.1.•••• GOTO 48

Line 50 gets the ASCII code for the

keyboard character pressed and stores it

in variable A. The following IF...THEN

statement checks to seewhether or not

the character typed was a number.

Note that, as stated above, the GET

statement gets the internal code for the

character typed rather than the

character itself. This means that the

program has to check for the characters

1-9 rather than the numbers 1-9. If Ais

less than 49 [ASCII1)orgreater than 55

(ASCII 7), then the character typed is

ignored and the program returns to line

30 to get another choice from the

keyboard.

Line 60 does the actual branching to

the appropriate routine. Since the only

options available are listed 1 through 7,

and the program routines for each start

on the line numbers that are multiples

of a thousand [1000-7000), the bran-

ching to these routines can be done by

formulae. All that is needed to branch

to the appropriate routine is to multi-

ply the option number chosen by 1000

and then perform a GOSUB to that

result. Thus, 48 (ASCII0) is subtracted

from the code in A to convert it to one

of the numbers 1-7. Then a GOSUB to

the line number A • 1000 is performed.

53

This is a useful space conservation

technique. The only other way to do

this would be to have a fairly large

ON...GOSUB statement followed by

the starting line number of every

subroutine.

4. Selecting by First Letter

If the space bar is pressed during the

'PLAY SONG,' then another menu is

displayed.

The first character of each item isdisplayed in reverse video to indicate

which letter is to be pressed on the

keyboard to select that choice. The

routine that gets the characters from

the keyboard is at line 5540. Note that

this routine converts the number put in

variable A into a string (A$) via the

CHR$ command. This is done so that

the routine will return a string holding

the choice as opposed to returning the

ASCIIvalue of the choice. That is, this

routine returns a letter, which is then

serviced by its own IF...THEN-

statement.

tirely. For the beginner, using this loca-

tion is rather difficult as the codes

follow no obvious pattern. For in-

stance, a space is a 33, the letter A is

63, the B is 21, and so on. Therefore,

the user must know which keys to ex-

pect ahead of time. The following short

routine can be used to discover the

various key codes. After typing RUN,

simply hit a few keys; their correspon-

ding codes will come up on the screen.

10 PRINT PEEK(764):GOTO 10

Lines 1030, 1060, and 1070 show

how Atari Player uses this location.

Note that it is POKEdwith 255 after be-

ing read. This insures that the same

key can be hit twice and registered as

two keys. That is, because the location

holds the last key hit, if you were to

hit, say, the 'Z' key twice, and if the

location was not reset after each read, it

simply would not change from the first

'Z' to the next. This means that twonotes would be read as one fwith a

8078 G05UB 5540:REM GET88a8 X~ A$=C THEN G05UB

••8.8LO:RETURN88'8 IF A~=R THEN G05UD

88.1.8.1•• IP A$<>B THEN 8.7.

ROUTINE'Za.:50UND

Z.ee:fiiOTO

If there are only a few choices, as in

this example, then there is not a lot of

code. If there were many choices, then

the amount of code to service the

letters could be significant.

5. Accessing the Keyboard for Real-

Time Situations

The above method of selecting by

first letter using the GET statement is

fine for most situations involving input

with a single keystroke, but it is severe-

ly limited in real-time applications.

This is because the GET statement

actually waits for a key to be struck.

For instance, suppose you were writing

a game that needed to keep track of the

elapsed time between keystrokes. This

would be impossible with the GET

statement because the loop required tokeep track of the time could never be

executed. Such was the problem in

writing the PLAYSONG option, which

has to keep track of such things.

The Atari uses memory location

764 as the place to keep the last key hit.

That is, whenever a key is struck (no

matter what program is running) loca-

tion 764 is filled with a number that

represents the last key pressed. But this

number is not ASCII. This location

uses the actual hardwired codes for the

keyboard - a different set of codes en-

54

rather long duration). Resetting loca-

tion 764 also allows us to keep track of

the duration in the first place (line

1030). By checking for the 255, we

know that the key has not yet been hit

and that the duration should then be

incremented.

Space Saving with Arrays

Atari Player uses many arrays - for the

storage of its notes, keyboard entries,

and other such internal data. There are

many ways of storing this information

in the arrays. This section deals with

the most economical way possible for

storing the types of information

contained in Atari Player.

1. Numeric Arrays

Atari Player could have stored all of its

information in the form of numerical

arrays as all of its information is, in-

deed, numbers. But numbers are very

costly to store in BASIC arrays,

especially on the Atari. Atari BASIC

'eats' up 15bytes plus 6 bytes for every

cell in the array. This is not including

the space that is eaten up by the

variable name and the DIM statement

itself. For example, an array that was

dimensioned for 100 cells would eat up

15 plus 6 times 100 - or 615 bytes I

Therefore, the only array that we made

numerical was W, and it was dimen-

sioned for a whopping 501 cells. Over

3000 bytes is used to store it.However, things could be worse.

The Warray has a little more informa-

tion than normal crammed into it. In

fact, that one array is made up of both

the keystroke (for the note played) and

the length of time that it is played. It

was necessary to perform such a

numerical combination to keep from

wasting an exorbitant amount of

memory. But before we get into such a

space-saving trick, let's first examine

.how not to program the storage area.

As mentioned briefly before, each

note that you play involves two piecesof information that must be saved by

Atari Player: the number (keystroke) of

the note and the duration of the note.

We could define a two-dimensional

array that contains a number for both

parts of each note: e.g., DIM W(500,l)

would reserve space for 500 notes (the

zeroth element is not used) with two

numbers per note. How much memory

do you think this would take? It really

is deceiving. Since 500 times 2 is 1000,

is that the total number of bytes re-

quired? No! Each Atari BASIC array

number requires six bytes of memory.Therefore, it would take 6 • 1000, or

6000, bytes ofmemory! On a 16KAtari

(which, by the way, has only 13000

some bytes left after the operating

system has taken its share) that leaves

a little over 7K for the rest of the

program.

You have to get a bit tricky to

squeeze more out of the song space; but

there is nothing wrong with getting

tricky when writing programs. In fact,

that can be half the fun! To really

squeeze the memory in Atari Player,

we took advantage of the size of thenumber that the Atari arrays can hold.

The two values that we need tokeep for

each note played are the note number

(0 to 38) and the duration (which is

limited to 0 to 999 units). If only we

could pack both of these individual

values into a single number for storage

G05UB 'S•• :REM PACK XT XNTO WC:U,

MICRO 1984o. 68 - January

and then unpack them when we needed

to use them. Well, good news - we

can!

The technique to pack the numbers

is shown in line 5392.

This equation is not as difficult as it

may at first appear.

W (V)is the array of notes where V

is the number of the note in

the song

+TP 1000 multiplies the

keystroke number (0 to 63) by 1000

+D adds the duration value (0 to

999)

All we have done is multiply the

keystroke value that we need to saveby

enough tomake sure it does not overlap

with the duration value. This insures

that we will be able to unpack the

separate parts later. The unpacking is a

bit more difficult than the packing, but

conceptually it is simple. All we needto do is reverse the packing process.

This is accomplished in the following

lines:

elements are of equal size this is fairly

simple because the starting character

position of any of the elements can be

calculated using the index. Take for

example the following lines:

end of line 5062. Note that the

elements in this case must be two

characters long: a note, 'C' for

instance, followed byeither a space or a

sharp sign, '#'.

.1.0DIM NAMESC:30:J28 NAMES=··TOM DICK HARRYJIMBO

RALPHBILLY".1.00 INPUT INDEH: REM ---INDEH

'START'S AT 0---

.1..1.0RINT NAMESC:INDEH*5+.1.,INDEH*5+5:J

.1.20 GOTO .1.00

This routine simulates a string

array where the elements are first

names. In Atari BASIC, to get part of a

string, you specify the string name

followed by the starting and ending

character position of the substring you

want. Inline l IO,what is printed is the

substring that starts with character

position INDEX. 5 + 1 and ends with

INDEX-S + 5. Thus, because the

character position is calculated, everyelement must be the same length. Ifthey aren't, and this is usually the case,

then the smaller ones must be padded

~200 TP=INTC:WC:V:J~.1.080:J~2.1.0 D=WC:V:J-TP*.1.000:RETURN

Line 9200 restores the note number

by dividing by 1000.

Line 9210 restores the duration by

subtracting the note number

multiplied by 1000. This simply

returns the remainder that was shearedoff by the INT 1000.

The above lines of program take the

single integer value and convert it back

into two separate parts. This method

results in a SOO-note song requiring

only 501 array slots to store it, at six

bytes per number, for a total storage of

just over 3000 bytes - only half the

amount that would be needed if we

stored the two values separately!

2. Simulating String Arrays

NT$ is a string that holds all the possi-

ble note symbols. Normally these

symbols would be entered separately in

a string array, but the Atari does not

have this capability. (Itdoes dimension

strings, but this refers only to the

lengths of the strings and that doesn't

help us much. ) Instead, all string infor-

mation must be concatenated, or

'strung together, 'one after another in a

single string. This means that the only

way to access the different elements is

to access the different character loca-

tions within the string. As long as the


with spaces. Every element must start

at every character position that is a

multiple of some number in order for

this particular technique to work.

The note symbols used by Atari

Player are stored the same way. Theyare stored initially in line 13010 and

then READ in as a single string (NT$)

in the initialization routine at lines

12000 through 12050. Assuming Y is

the note number (0-12), the following

routine will set N$ equal to the

corresponding note symbol:

10 N$=NT$(Y"2+1,Y"2+2)

In fact, this very routine is found at the

There is another way that strings

are used in Atari Player. It is a bit more

complex but basically entails the same

concepts. The difference lies in the fact

that this method is used to store a

series of numeric values such as would

normally be done with numeric arrays.

The savings are space and time and for

the following reasons.

Strings use up only one byte of

memory per character. A little more isused up in the variable name and such,

but that is essentially it. So, ifwewere

to somehow convert every number that

is in a numeric array (six bytes) to a

string character (one byte), we would

have a savings of five bytes per ele-

ment. Thus, a numeric array dimen-

sioned for 100 elements that would

normally eat up 600 bytes of storage

could be made to fit in merely 100

bytes.

Loading in the initial values in a

string is very fast, whereas loading in

the initial values in an array is tedious-ly slow. This is because string loading

can be done with a single statement

and all the elements can be loaded in at

once; the elements in an array must be

loaded in one after another in a loop.

For arrays of ten elements or less, con-

version to a string is hardly worth the

effort because the loading is so short

and, therefore, does not take up much

time anyway. But for larger arrays,

string conversion is definitely worth-

.1.2000 S=.1.0:LN=580:D'S=.1.0:L=8:CF=752

.1.20.1.0DIM WC:LN:J,PITCHSC:63:J,NTSC:26:J

,FSC:.1.4:J,BSC:20:J,NSC:3:J,ASC:3:J,NTO

CTSC:63:J

.1.2028 RESTORE :BS=··NONAME··

.1.2042 READ PITCHS,NTS,NTOCTS

.1.2050 RETURN

.1.3080 DATA r~~ ••••• c:.n~.-~~~.~mD.L~••U.~.1~~••e.HS.<Q£*.Y.2..!••U•.c;n

.1.30.1.0DATA C CUD DUE F FnG GnA AUB

L]

.1.3028 DATA .........- .... !.n<E-.~Y."""'.~I~ . _ I i :¥+.-.. .•. r . . . . . . ~ . . . . . - . . . . . . . ..S"~••/"MICRO 55

while because the loading time of even

several minutes can be cut down to

only a few seconds at most.

Lines 12042, 13000, and 13020

demonstrate how the strings are stored

and read in.

There are a couple of problems

when working with these strings. First,

when addressing the element you

must, in reality, address the individual

characters of the string. That is, the

index that you would normally use to

access any of the elements in the

numeric arrays is now the character

position in the string. But element

positions in arrays start at zero (0 )

while string positions start at one (1).

Therefore, when accessing the data in

strings, you must either ignore the

zeroth element entirely and start the

element numbers off at one, or add one

to the element number so that the ele-

ment that was previously numbered

zero will reside at string position one

(1). Line 9800 demonstrates how this

latter method is used in Atari Player.

number that could possibly bestored in

one is 11111111 binary (255 decimal).

Also, the number must be a non-

negative integer. To get the number in

the string as an element it must becon-

verted to a character via the CHR$

~800 SOUND O,ASCCPITCH$CTP+1,TP+1))DS~L

where TP is the index to the string

array PITCH$.

The second problem is a little

tougher for the beginner to under-

stand. Since each character in a string

is essentially one byte of storage inter-

nally, the size of the numbers you can

store are limited to what a .byte can

store. Because, as you may know, bytes

are only eight bits long, the largest

Atari Player Variable Usage

Constants

CF

DS

L

LN

NT$

NTOCT$

PITCH$

Variables

A

D

I

MAX

N

NT

oS

TPV

W ()

XXyy

A$

B$

F$

N$

POKE location for cursor inhibit

Sound distortion

Sound loudness

Last element available in Warray

String' array' of all note symbols

Note/ octave conversion from keystroke

number. String 'array' of sound pitches for

conversion from keystroke

ASCII value from keyboard

Duration for current note

Loop counter

Position of the zero element in the song

(end of song)

Note number (0-12)

Actual note (0-12) plus octave (0-2)

Note's octave

Tempo setting (speed of song)

Keystroke/note equivalentNote pointer for song

Array of notes and durations

X position of editor's output

Y position of editor's output

Input string from keyboard

Song name

File name

Note symbol

56 MICRO

function. This function will turn the

number specified into the character

whose ASCII value is that number so

that it may be stored in a string. When

accessing that element, to get the

number from the character, the ASC

function must be used. This function

converts the string specified

(presumably an element in the string]

to its ASCII equivalent. (See Program-

ming Concepts 2: ASCII Codes.)

S A F EW A R p M I n s u r a n ce p ro v i d e s f u l l

r e p l a ce m e n t o f h a rd w a re , m e d i a a n d

p u r c ha s e d s o f t w a re a f t e r a l o w $ 5 0 d e d u c t i b l e

A s l i t t l e a s $ 3 5 / y r c o v e r s :

• F i r e • T he f t • P o w e r S u r g e s

• E a r t h q u a ke • W a te r D a m a ge • A u t o A c c i d e n t

S elect th e coiera ge y ou w ant from th e ta ble.

Amount or Insurance Annual Premium

Up 1 0 $ 2.000 $ 35s 2.001-$ 5000 $ 60

s 5001 -$ 8 .000 $ 7 5

s 8.001-$11.000 $ 90

$11.001-$14.000 $]05

C a ll f o r h ig he r c o ve ra g e s.

~ o t a v a il 10 A K . DC H I K Y 1 - ' \ IE. ~ S . \ I V . S C . o r W Y .

Ca ll f or immed ia te p r ot ec ti on .

1-800-848-3469( In O h io ca ll 1-800-848-2112)

@ m t l l i t R E )C O LC MB IA :- < AT IO N A L G EN ER A .L A G E~ CY



I A i C A O r uFrom Here to Atari by Paul s. Swanson

The number of new peripherals you can add to your Atari

computer has been steadily increasing. The ATRSOOOs a

device produced by SWPMicrocomputer Product, Inc. that

adds CP/M and a few other interesting capabilities.

Another addition is a modem, which opens up a new

direction to microcomputer users. In addition to the

modems which can be attached to the Atari computers

directly, any RS232C modem can be used either with the

S50 interface module or under CP/M with the ATRSOOO.

The ATR8000

This peripheral is actually a computer on its own and can

be used with or without an Atari computer attached. It

does have the standard Atari serial bus connectors, but it

can use any RS232C terminal instead of an Atari,

connected through its modem port.

I have had anATRSOOOnow for about a month and use

it to connect three Radio Shack disks to my Atari

computer. With such a setup, the drives can be used as

Atari drives when not in CP/M mode, or as dual density

CP/M drives in CP/M mode.

Using the ATRSOOOas a peripheral to the Atari

computer [i.e., not in CP/M mode) allows mixing the

drives so that drive 1may be connected to the disk port of

the ATRSOOOand may be a Radio Shack or other non-Atari

drive and drive 2 may be an Atari SlO or 1050 connected

along the serial I/O bus. In the CP/M mode, an Atari SlO

or 1050 disk drive may not be used.Two other devices that can bedirectly connected to the

ATRSOOOare parallel printers and RS232 devices, such as a

serial printer or a modem. When the ATRSOOOs not being

used for CP/ M, it will act as a printer buffer for the printer

connected to it. A 64K ATRSOOOprovides a 4SK printer

buffer. This buffer will work for any printer attached to the

parallel port on the ATRSOOO.t does not work for printers

that are connected using the Atari serial I/O bus or S50

interface module.

Amodem can also be connected to the ATRSOOOusing

its serial port. The modem must beRS232 compatible and

is controlled directly by the ATRSOOO.The modem

connected in this fashion is not available to the Atari

computer as device "R:", but may beused under CP/M. Amodem connected to the S50 interface may beused by the

Atari computer as device "R:" when not in CP/M mode.

There are several different configurations allowed with the

ATRSOOO,particularly if you also have an S50 interface.

There are also a few drawbacks to consider. The device

does generate a large amount of television interference,

particularly if you use a ribbon cable connector for the

printer. Itmay even display an interference pattern on the

television you use as a monitor for your Atari computer. A

ferric core is supplied with the ATRSOOOo suppress this

interference (by wrapping the cable from the Atari to the

television around it) on your monitor/television. Another

problem is that you have to build cables. The pinouts are

Telecommunicating with your Atari Computer

provided in the manual and the three ports on the

ATRSOOOare edge card connectors. The printer cable

required the most work to assemble. The disk cable was

relatively easy. The Radio Shack disk cables will work

with no problem, even when using disks which are not

Radio Shack disks. The only caution with using Radio

Shack disk cables is that the drive selection is done in the

cable, so you have to put the drives onto the cable in the

correct order and the select on the disk drive must agree

with the select on the cable connector.

The ATRSOOOmanual explains how to alter a Radio

Shack drive to use it on the ATRSOOO.I ran into a slight

problem .with that, however, because the Radio Shack

drives I have are not the same kind as the ones described. If

you try this and find you have the older Radio Shack

drives, all that is required is to sever the only jumper

across the connector inside the drive. When you open the

drive, which wire to cut will be obvious.

Since most ' 'bare" disk drives will work with the

ATRSOOO,including S" drives with an alteration, it is

tempting to get an ATRSOOOnd two drives from a surplus

electronics store instead of two Atari drives if you are

upgrading to a disk system. Careful shopping can result in

drives for less than $150 each. The ATRSOOOlists at

$349.95 (16K without CP/M) or $499.95 (64K with

CP/M), which adds up to $649.95 or $799.95 - less than

the cost of the two Atari disk drives. Youwill still need the

cable and a power supply for the disk drives, but if you do

this, you will also have the printer connection with the4SK buffer and a modem port, plus CP/M if you get the

64Kversion, not to mention the ability to add a third drive

for under $150 if the power supply is adequate for three

disks.

Using CP/M with an Atari does have one serious

problem associated with it, which is that CP/M requires

an SO-column screen and the Atari screen has only 40

columns. The software that accompanies the ATRSOOO

contains a program that turns the Atari into a terminal for

CP/ M use. The screen is sectioned and moves back and

forth to allow you to see the SOcolumns with a 40-column

window.

There is a better solution for more serious CP/M users.

Austin Franklin has provided the software on a cartridgefor the SOOto allow use of his SO-column board with

CP/M. The system runs on the Atari SOOcomputer. The

SO-column board and the software for using it for the

ATRSOOOis available from Austin Franklin Associates,

Inc., 43 Grove Street, Ayer, MA 01432, (617) 772-0352.

The SO-column board lists at $2S9.95 and the software

allowing its use with the ATRSOOOists at $29.95.

Modems create one of the more unusual ways to meet

people. All over the country there are free bulletin boards

for computers to call. If you have a modem on your Atari




WORD PROCESSINGTOTL.TEXT

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co ~ SOFTWARE, INC. details and ordering information.

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computer, you were probably informed amply about major

national networks where you, for a fee, can tap in and take

advantage of various services. In addition, there are many

telephone numbers you can use to connect your computer

to services that are completely free.

These free bulletin board services, or BBS's, are run

mainly by private individuals on many different types of

microcomputers. They provide a public message base,

which usually have some interesting conversations that

you can jump into, as well as other features. Many havedownloading sections where you can obtain copies of

public domain programs for your Atari. Some have

"feature articles" which are the electronic equivalent of

magazine articles. Most have private mail capability to

allow you to communicate with specific other users if you

have something private to discuss.

There are also games available for you to play on many

of these BBS's while you are connected. Bulletin files may

be read, which tell you things about the computer you

have connected with or about some recent alterations in

the services provided. Almost all of them also have a help

file you can read, which tells you how to operate the BBS.

I am now involved with two of these BBS's. One I

mentioned in a previous column, which is the Atari Worldsection of the Outpost [617-259-0181). Another I have set

up on my Atari computer. This one, Nite Lite, is on line

from 6pm to 6am [eastern time) at 617-576-2426. Both

support message bases and have bulletins, help screens

and games. Both also answer at either 300 or 1200 baud

and have lists of other boards in this area. In the near

future, I will post a list of several boards in other areas of

the country, so you will be able to call the number for Nite

Lite [please take careful note of the hours) and get a list

containing numbers that may be closer to you.

In many ways, these BBS's resemble the CB radios,

which allowed communication between people who have

never met. Some of the informality and lack of self-

consciousness that CB radios created in conversations canbe seen on the BBS's. The main difference between CB

radio and the message bases of these BBS's is that the

messages have to be typed and can be reviewed. It seems to

result in more sophisticated conversation, almost always

interesting and well worth reading.

In addition to idle chatter, discussions concerning

national or local politics, critiques concerning news items

and other discourse, the message bases are also a very good

source of help for you concerning, among other things,

your computer. If you are having a problem and don't

know how to solve it, you are looking for some hardware

or just some advice on making a decision, all you have to

do is post a message on one of the local BBS's. You will

probably have several replies within a few days and if yourproblem is interesting, you may even see messages where

other people have started discussing it on their own.

The future of these free BBS's looks very promising. As

an example of what can happen, both Nite Lite and the

Outpost are members of BINEXNET, which is Boston

INformation EXchange NETwork. One of the planned

functions of this network is an exchange of mail Ithemessages) among the member BBS's. If this is

implemented successfully, this network will be looking to

tie into other networks around the country to exchange

mail. The result, if successful, will be the electronic

equivalent of letter mail, except there will probably be no

charge. j\JCA()"


- Afar;

J A I C A O ' " A tari Re views

Product Name:Equip. req'd:

VoiceBox nAtari 800 computer with 40KofRAM

BASICCartridge Disk Drive

$124.95

The ALIENGroup

27West 23rd St.

New York City, NY 10010

(212) 741-1770

Price:

Manufacturer:

Description: The VoiceBox IIis a voice synthesizer that

connects in daisy chain fashion to the computer just as the

disk drives, etc. do. It is provided with three disks. These

disks have the demo program plus programs and dic-

tionaries which allow the use of speech or singing in your

BASIC programs. There are also several games includedwhich take advantage of the speech abilities provided.

Pluses: The synthesizer may be used to include speech

and/ or music to any BASIC program. This can make

educational programs much more interesting to younger

children. You may also become a songwriter and producer

for the Atari. A talking, singing head is provided complete

with lip movement to match the sounds. There are two

versions, one is just the outline of a head with eyes,

mouth, etc. while the other is full featured including hair.

The latter was programmed by JerryWhite and is quite good.

Minuses: The use of the VoiceBox IIis not easy if you

want the sound to be realistic. The speech is reminiscent

of someone from a Spanish speaking country who is learn-

ing English. In order to play the work back, it is necessary

to have a VoiceBox IIconnected to the computer. Thus

anyone who wants to use your speaking or singing pro-

gram would also have to have the synthesizer.

Documentation: An eighteen page manual is supplied.

This is sufficient to use the program but it could bemore

informative. New computer owners would have a difficult

time at first.

Skill level required: Intermediate computer user.


Product Name:

Equip. req'd:

Mail List

Atari 400/800!l200XL with 48KAtari

BASICdisk drive printer

$39.95

MMG Micro Software

·P.O. Box 131

Marlboro, N J 07746

Price:

Manufacturer:

Description: Mail List program. This program will handle

up to 600 names per disk. It uses one complete sector per

record and allows up to 125 characters per record. EachNo. 68 - January 1984 MICRO

record may contain separate entries for "First Name'{.,"Last Name", "Address I", "Address 2", "City",

"State", "Zip Code", "Reference I", and "Reference 2" .

Features a random access search which claims to find any

file on the disk in less than 1 second. Supports use of up to

4 disk drives and multiple files on the same or different

data disks.

Pluses: Menu driven and easy to use. Sorts on "Name 2",

"City", "State", "Zip Code", "Reference I" in ascending

or descending order. Prints labels with or without the two

reference fields.

Minuses: You MUST read the directions carefully and be

sure to use OPTION 7-END to end the session or your

records may be lost.

Documentation: Atwelve page booklet gives adequate in-

structions for the programs use.

Skill level required: Any computer owner with the prere-

quisite equipment.


C64-FORTHfor the Commodore 64

FORTH SOFTWARE FOR THE COMMODORE 64C64-FORTH (TM)for the Commodore 64- $99.95• Fig Forth-79 implementation with extensions• Fullfeature screen editor and macro assembler• Trace feature for easy debugging• 320x200, 2 color bit mapped graphics• 16color sprite and character graphics• Compatible with VIC peripherals including disks, data set, modem,printer and cartridges

• Extensive 144 page manual with examples and application screens• "SAVETURNKEY"normally allows application program distribu tionwithout licensing or royalties

C64-XTEND (TM)FORTH Extension for C64-FORlH - $59.95(Requires original C64-FORTH copy)

• Fullycompatible floating point package including arithmetic,relational,logical and transcendental functions

• Floating point range of 1E+38to ZE-39• String extensions including LEFT$, RIGHT$, and MID$• BCD functions for 10 digit numbers including multiply, divide, andpercentage. BCD numbers may by used for DOLLAR.CENTScalculations without the round-off error inherent in BASIC realnumbers.

• Special words are provided for inputting and outputtingDOLLAR.CENTS values

• Detailed manual with examples and applications screens

(Commodore 64 isa trademark of Commodore)

TO ORDER - Specify disk or cassette version- Check, money order, bank card, COD's add $1.50- Add $4.00 postage and handling in USA and Canada- Mass. orders add 5%sales tax- Foreign orders add 20% shipping and handling- Dealer inquiries welcome

PERfORMANCE MICRO PRODUCTS770 Dedham Street. S-2 I . - . . ICanton, MA02021 r_(617) 828<i209

59



cscereSf l1 .dntCl~~mayJo taJ l !K . t~y

The Radio Shack Color Computer

is certainly my favorite person-

nel computer, but the RS-232

connections arenot exactly what I had

in mind when I read that it had a serial

interface [how many other RS-232 in-

terfaces do you know of that use the

data input line as the printer busy?). In

any case, there are ways around these

things, and to connect the Hayes Smart

Modem to the CoCo, I have written

this BASIC program (including a few

POKES) to change the RS-232 input/

status line response. With this change,

the many automatic features of this

fantastic modem can be programmed

from Color Computer BASIC.

I am presently using a "64K" CoCowith Extended Disk Color BASIC, two

disks, and the "Solution" [from Frank

Hogg Labs). Since the program is fairly

simple, I am sure it can bemodified for

whatever CoCo configuration you

have. Most of the lines that are op-

tional are listed as comments.

The interface cable is made with a

DIN plug at the CoCo end and a male

DB-25P connector at the Smartmodem

end. The pin connections are described

early in the program listing. You need

Listing 1H I ' S I I A l m , .2 8 ' K E L T Y E N 6 I N E E R I N 63 8 ' W R I T T E N B Y J O H N R . K E L T Y4 8 ' L I N C O L N , N E B R A S K A b 8 S 8 S5 8 'b 8 ' U S E T H I S P R O G R A M T O C O N N E C T7 ~ ' A N D P R O G R A I I T H E H A Y E S8 8 ' S I I A R T I I D D E I IT O T H E R A D I O9~ ' S H A C K C O L O R C O I I P U T E R .H I l i '

I l ~ ' T H E C O N N E C T O R C A B L E S H O U L D1 2 8 ' C O N N E C T T O T H E R S - 2 3 2 P O R T1 3 8 ' I N T H E F O L L O W I I I G W A Y :1 4 ' '1 5 8 ' C O L O R D I N H A Y E S C O N N E C T E RIb' '1 7 " 1 C A R R I E R D E T E C T 81 8 8 ' 2 R E C E I V E D D A T A 319" 3 S I 6 N A L S R O U N D 72 S " 4 T R A N S I I I T T E D D A T A 22U'2 2 . ' T H E 3 8 ' B A U D H A Y E S 1 I 0 D E I I2 3 . ' I I A Y B E U S E D W I T H V I D E O T E X2 4 8 ' O R A N Y O T H E R T E R I I I N A L2 5 8 ' P A C K A G E T H A T A L L O N S T H E2 b 8 ' H A Y E S T O R U N A T 3 " B A U D .2 7 . '2 S B ' T H E H A Y E S N I L L O P E R A T E2 9 ' ' L O C A L L Y A T H I 6 H E R R A T E S3 1 1 8 ' B U T N O H I G H E R T H A N 3 "3 1 . ' W H I L E O N L I N E .32. J

3 3 8 ' S E E Y O U R U S E R ' S I I A N U A L

4-conductor cable and I have used as

long as about 25 feet without any

problems. It is convenient however, to

have the Smartmodem near your com-

puter setup, then you can hear the

dialup and the send and receive carrier

tones when you begin communicating.

There are many programming options

you can choose with the Hayes Smart-

modem, and these are extremely well

documented in the excellent Owner's

Manual. (In case you have not guessed,

I consider the Hayes Smartmodem my

best computing purchase to date!).

The BASICprogram is menu driven

for easeofoperation. If you BREAKand

then RUN the program again, the

Smartmodem functions are cleared

I"AT Z" is sent to the modem). To

write to the Hayes simply make the

CoCo printer busy signal constantly

high. I do this with software (remember

that the modem is sending back infor-

mation on that line as the data to

CoCo) by programming the internal

6821 bit to be an output. Not to worry!

Remember somebody said that you

cannot type in anything into your Col-

or Computer that will damage it (See

some past Rainbow editorials). This

programming is accomplished with the

following:

A65314: BA1

POKE B,51: POKE A,1: POKE B,55:

POKE A,4

Now you can talk to your modem just

like it was a printer with PRINT-2,

"your modem command".

To get back into the CoCo original

RS-232mode, use the following:

(using same A and B as above)

POKE B,1: POKE A O: POKE B,55:

POKE A,S

Now you can use a communicationspackage such as the Radio Shack

Videotex or a similar program (see

MODCOMM elsewhere in the CoCo

section) to communicate (the Videotex

will set the data rate at 300 Baud as re-

quired by the Hayes 300 model).


radio operations, but with these

POKES, a few lines of BASIC, and

possibly some hardware, the Hayes

Smartmodem can be made to send

morse code. Auxiliary relay contacts

are provided in the modem to key the

transmitter automatically. It cannothowever, be made to directly receive

morse code. Diagrams describing the

modem to radio interface are found in

the Smartmodem User Manual Appen-

dix H. Obviously some nice commer-

cial terminal packages exist for the

CoCo, but this program has made me

happy for some time now. With the

Hayes Smartmodem and the Color

Computer, I am sure you will also en-

jo y computer communications.

/AJCAO'"

3 4 1 ' F R O I I H A Y E S F O R D E T A I L S .3 5 . '3 b . ' • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

3 7 . '3 a . ' R E S E T P R I N T E R B U S Y T O W R I T E T O H A Y E S3 9 . '4 8 . A = b 5 3 1 4 : B = A + l : P O K E I 5 ' 1 8 .4 1 . P O K E B15 1 : P O K E A : l : P D K E B , 5 5 : P D K E A , 44 2 . D I l l 1 I , ( 5 ) , S N S ( Y )4 3 . ' • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •4 4 . ' F O R C A S S E T T E O P E R A T I O ~ L Y O U4 5 8 ' C A N D E L E T E T H E D I S K C H t C K ,4 b l ' B U T I T C O U L D B E L E F T I N .4 7 . ' W I T H O R W I T H O U T D I S K S • .4 9 8 ' • • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • • •• • • •• • •4 9 . D K = . : ' C A S S E T T E O P T I O N5 • • I F P E E K ( 4 9 1 5 2 ) = 6 a A N D P E E K ( 4 9 1 5 3 ) = 7 5 T H E N D K = 1S . 5 ' C H E C K F O R R S D I S K R O i l5 1 . C L S : P R I N T : P R I N T " • • • • • S I I A R T 1 I 0 D E I I • • • • • •5 2 . P R I N T " B Y : K E L T Y E N 6 I N E E R I N G ·5 3 . P R I N T " • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •5 4 . P R I N T : P R I N T " C O N N E C T C A B L E S T O 1 I 0 D E I I , ·5 4 5 P R I N T · C O I I P U T E R A N D P H O N E C O / I P A N Y . ·5 5 . P R I N T : P R I N T : P R I H T " { B R E A K A N D L I S T T H I S P R O S R A I I T O "5 5 5 P R I N T " S E E C A B L E D E T A I L S ) . "5 6 1 P R I N T : P R I N T : I N P U T " P R E S S E N T E R W H E N R E A D Y · ; A S5 7 . C L S : P R I N T5 a , P R I N T I - 2 " A T Z " : ' C L E A R 1 I 0 D E I I5 9 . ' • • • • • • • , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •6 " ' I I E N U6 1 . I I S ( I ) = " A U T O D I A L I N G "6 2 8 1 I $ ( 2 ) = " A U T D A N S W E R I N 6 "

6 3 ' F O R S = 1 T O 260 No. 68 - January 1984ICRO



6 4 j P R I N T S j I l S i S )6 5 0 N E I T Sbb ~ P R I N T : P R I N T : P R I N T ' S E L E C T O N E O F T H E A B O V E 'b 7 . A S = I N K E Y S : I F A S = · · T H E N b 7 .b 8 . O N V A L i A S ) 6 0 S U B 7 " , 1 3 1 .b 9 ' G O T O S I ' .7 " ' • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •7 1 0 ' A U T O D I A L I N 6 R O U T I N E7 2 . ' • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •7 3 . '7 4 . C L S : P R I N T : P R I N T I I S i l )

7 S . P R I N T : P R I N T : P R I N T ' I D I A l A S A V E D N U I I B E R '7 b ' P R I N T ' 2 D I A L A N E W N U I I B E R '7 7 . A S = I N K E Y S : I F A S = · · T H E N 7 7 17 8 . O N V A L ( A S ) 6 0 T 0 8 " , 9 8 .7 9 . 6 0 T 0 7 4 88•• '•••••••••••••••••••••••8 1 . H I I = 2 : ' H O N I I A N Y N U I l B E R S8 2 0 ' T O C H A N G E T H I S L I S T , I I A K E H I I = H O W I I A N Y I Y O U W A N T T O

L I S T i l l A I O F 9 ) ,8 3 . ' T H E N I N S E R T L I N E S S i l l I L A R T O T H O S E B E L O W W I T H Y O U R

N U I I B E R S A N D N A I I E S ,8 4 8 C L S : P R I N T " N L l I I B E R S Y O U C A N E A S I L Y C A L L ' : P R I N T8 S . S N S i l ) = · 1 X I I - X I I I A F R I E N D "8 b . S N S ( 2 ) = · 2 X I I - X X X - X X X X A B S S •8 7 0 F O R K = I T O H I IS S l i P R I N T S N S i K )89. N E X T

9 • • P R I N T : P R I N T · S E L E C T O N E O F T H E A B O V E I9 1 . P R I N T · ( B R E A K A N D L I S T T O E D I T T H E S E N U I I B E R S ) , "9 2 . A S = I N K E Y S : I F A S = · · T H E N 9 2 .9 3 . N B = V A L l A S )9 4 . I F N B ( I O R N B ) H I I T H E N 8 • •9 S . P S = I I I D S i S N S i N B ) , S , l b )9 b . G O S U B l i l 9 .9 7 . R E T U R N9 8 . ' • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •9 9 . P R I N T : P R I N T · D I A L I N G A N E W N U I I B E R ·l . i I . P R I N T : P R I N T " T Y P E I N T H E P H O N E N U I I B E R T H A T ·I • • S P R I N T ' Y O U W I S H T O C A L L , ·1 . 1 . P R I N T · E X A I I P L E S : "1 ' 2 ~ P R I N T · I - 8 . ' - I X X - X X X X L O N G D I S T A N C E1 . 3 . P R I N T · 1 1 2 - S . ' - X X X - X X X X F R O I I L I N C O L N1 . 4 . P R I N T · X X X - X I X X L O C A L C A L LI . S . P R I N Tl . b 0 L I N E I N P U T · T Y P E D E S I R E D N U I I B E R · j P S1 8 7 . G O S U S 1 8 9 t 1I t l 8 . R E T U R NI t l 9 t 1 ' • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •I I • • ' N U I I B E R K N O W N A T T H I S P O I N TI I I . ' R E A D Y T O D I A L1 1 2 . P R I N T I - 2 ' A T F t l D " P S1 1 3 . ' E N A B L E R S 2 3 2 R E C E I V E B I TI I U p m : E B , I : P O K E A , t I : p m : E B , S S : P O K E A , 51 1 4 5 S T O P1 1 5 t 1 I F D K = t I T H E N 1 2 3 .I l b t l ' • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •1 1 7 t 1 ' Y O U C A N L O A D I I A N Y T E R I I I N A L1 1 8 t 1 ' P A C K A G E T H A T Y O U W I S H B Y1 1 9 . ' E D I T I N G T H E N E X T L I N E S ,1 2 0 0 L O A D " " I I O D C O " " ·

1 2 1 . F O R D = I T O 2 t 1• • : N E X T D : ' D I S K 1 I 0 T O R D E L A Y1 2 2 . ' E X E C1 2 3 t 1 C L S : P R I N T : P R I N T · Y O U N E E D T O U S E Y O U R O W N ·1 2 4 t 1 P R I N T " T E R I I I N A L P A C K A G E A T T H I S P O I N T ·1 2 5 0 P R I N T D i S U C H A S V I D E O T E X A N D O T H E R S ) , ·1 2 b . P R I N T " I F Y O U H A D P R E L O A D E D A T E R I I I N A L ·1 2 7 . P R I N T · P A C K A G E W R I T T E N I N I I A C H I N E "1 2 8 . P R I N T " L A N G U A G E l T H E N S H I P L Y T Y P E E X E C ·1 2 9 0 P R I N T · A N D P R E S ~ E N T E R , ·1 3 t 1 . 6 0 T O 2 . 4 .1 3 1 9 ' • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •1 3 2 9 ' A U T O A N S W E R R O U T I N E1 3 3 . ' • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •1 3 4 ~ ,1 3 5 0 C L S : P R I N T : P R I N T l l f ( 2 )1 3 b 0 P R I N T1 3 7 0 ' I I E N U

1 3 8 8 A N S { I ) = " D O N O T A N S W E R "1 3 9 . A N S ( 2 ) = " A N S W E R I I I I I E D I A T E L Y ·1 4 • • A N S ( 3 ) = " A N S W E R A F T E R X X R I N G S ·1 4 1 t 1 F O R S A = I T O 31 4 2 . P R I N T S A j A N S ( S A )1 4 3 . N E I T S A1 4 4 . P R I N T : P R I N T : P R I N T · S E L E C T O N E O F T H E A B O V E ·1 4 5 . A S = I N K E Y S : I F A S = · · T H E N 1 4 5 .1 4 b . C L S : P R I N T : P R I N T · · I I S ( 2 )1 4 7 . O N V A L i A S ) G O S U B 1 4 9 8 , 1 5 b . , 1 7 2 .1 4 8 t 1 G O T O 131.

1 4 9 . ' • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •1 5 ' . ' D O N O T A N S W E R1 5 1 . P R I N T : P R I N T · • • • · A N S i l ) · • • • •1 5 2 . P R I N T : P R I N T · T H E S I I A R T 1 I 0 D E I I A N S I I E R F U N C T I O N "1 5 3 1 P R I N T · I S D I S A B L E D , ·1 5 4 t 1 P R I N T I - 2 , ' A T S . = I ·1 5 5 8 G O T O 2 1 4 .

1 5 b . ' • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •1 5 7 8 ' A N S I I E R I I I I I E D I A T E L Y1 5 8 8 P R I N T ' • • • · A N S ( 2 ) · • • • •1 5 9 . P R I N T ' T H E S I I A R T 1 I 0 D E I IW I L L A N S W E R A L L 'I b . 8 P R I N T ' C A L L S I I I I I E D I A T E L Y , 'I b i S P R I N T ' U S E T H I S T O T R A N S F E R C A L L S T H A T "I b 2 . P R I N T ' A R E A L R E A D Y I N P R O G R E S S B E T I I E E N 'I b 3 . P R I N T B T I I O I N D I V I D U A L S T O C O I I I I U N I C A T I O N 'I b 4 . P R I N T ' B E T I I E E N T H E I R C O I I P U T E R S , 'I b 5 . G O S U B 1 8 7 .I b b . P R I N T I - 2 , ' A T ' D P S " A 'I b 7 . P R I N T · A T T H I S P O I N T Y O U N E E D T O R U N ·I b 8 . P R I N T · O R E X E C Y O U R O l i N R E C E I V E R ·1 6 9 8 P R I N T ' P R O G R A I I T O I N T E R P R E T T H E ·1 7 • • P R I N T · I N C O I I I N G C A L L , ·1 7 1 . 6 0 T 0 2 1 1 4 81 7 2 t 1 ' • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •1 7 3 . ' A N S I I E R A F T E R X X R I N G S1 7 4 t 1 P R I N T : P R I N T · • • • · A N S I 3 1 · • • • •1 7 5 . P R I N T : P R I N T · T H E S I I A R T 1 1 0D E l i I I I L L A N S I I E R A L L ·1 7 b . P R I N T ' C A L L S A F T E R T H E N U I I B E R O f R I N G S ·1 7 7 . P R I N T · Y D U S E L E C T ( F R O I I I T O 2 5 5 R I N G S ) '1 7 8 . P R I N T1 7 9 . I N P U T " H O I I I I A N Y R I N G S i l T O 2 5 5 1 " ; R G1 8 . , R G = I N T I R 6 ) .1 8 1 t 1 I F R G { I O R R 6 ) 2 5 5 T H E N 1 7 9 .1 8 2 . P R I N T : P R I N T ' T H E P H O N E W I L L B E A N S I I E R E D ·1 8 3 . P R I N T · A F T E R " R G " R I N 6 S , "1 8 4 8 G O S U B 1 8 7 1 11 8 5 . P R I N T I - 2 L " A T · D P S · S . = · R G1 8 b . P R I N T : G O I O I b 7 .1 8 7 . ' • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •1 8 8 1 1 ' F U L L O R H A L F D U P L E X1 8 9 t 1 P R I N T : P R I N T ' D O Y O U I I A H T F U L L O R H A L F D U P L E X ? "1 9 • • P R I N T · I I F Y O U D O N O T K N O W , T R Y H A L F ) , ·1 9 1 ' P R I N T : P R I N T ' I F U L L D U P L E X ·1 9 2 1 1 P R I N T · 2 H A L F D U P L E X ·1 9 3 t 1 A $ = I N K E Y S : I F A S = " · T H E N I 9 3 .1 9 4 . O N V A L i A S ) G O T O 1 9 5 1 , 1 9 9 81 9 5 . ' F U L L D U P L E X1 9 b 1 D P S = · F I ·1 9 7 1 P R I N T : P R I N T " F U L L D U P L E X S E L E C T E D , ·1 9 8 . G O T O 2 1 1 2 .

1 9 9 1 ' H A L F D U P L E X2 ' " D P $ = ' F I I "2 ~ l t I P R I N T : P R I N T ' H A L F D U P L E X S E L E C T E D , ·2 . 2 . P R I N T2 . 3 . R E T U R N2 . 4 . ' • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •2 8 5 . ' E X I T R O U T I N E2 ' b . ' E N A B L E R S 2 3 2 R E C E I V E B I T2 . 7 . P O K E B , I : P O K E A , I : P O K E B , 5 5 : P O K E A , 52 1 1 8 . P R I N T : P R I N T " T H I S P R O G R A " H A S E N D E D , ·2 ' 9 t 1 E X E C2 1 • • ' T O U S E T H I S P R 0 6 R A I I I I I T H 1 I 0 D C O I I I I2 1 1 . ' Y O U I I U S T A D D A S I l I T C H T O T H E I I O D E I I2 1 2 t 1 ' C A B L E S O T H A T P I N I C A N B E C O N N E C T E D2 1 3 t 1 ' T O P I N 2 A F T E R D I A L I N G T H E N U I I B E R2 1 4 1 ' S E E I I O D C O I I " A R T I C L E F O R E X P L A I N A T I O N 1dCRO ' "2 1 5 . E N D

No. 68 - January 1984 61ICRO



MODCOMM

The Color Computer

and Modern to Modem

Communication

_, " : , , , .. '. ,.-",,.: -, -. -.:-,', "-','-:,',':

MODCOMM explains ·hq~.·t()bSeCtheq~lqrr~()~p"~~~.t()cornmunicate to largemaintramecompUt$fS ..The .program has the Co lorCoq' tp . ..~erem uJ,t lng.a

dumb terminal.' .

by Walter Charlton

odem to modem communica-

Mtion is often a necessary use of

the Color Computer. Radio

Shack has a ROM pack that will make

the Color Computer emulate a dumb

terminal; however, since the package is

in ROM, there is no way to add other

applications or features to the package.The purpose of this paper is to show

how simple it is to write your own ap-

plications. Additionally, there is a pro-

gram with this paper that will do most

things the Radio Shack package will.

The paper also shows the use and ad-

vantages of interrupts.

The program listed here is com-

pletely relocatable, so for those CoCo

owners that only have 4K of memory,

you can load the object code beginning

at any location and it will work. The

source code in the listing will take at

62

least 16K of memory, if you use an

assembler package.

The CoCo use the Peripheral Inter-

face Adapter (PIA) to communicate to

external devices. While the PIA is an

excellent' device, it was actually de-

signed for parallel communication.

When it is used for serial communica-tion (for instance with the RS-232C),

the information must be passed to the

adapter one bit at a time. Timing loops

must bedesigned to wait the proper bit

time for baud rate timing.

There is also a drawback in the soft-

ware. The processor must be totally

dedicated to input or output at the time

of communication, so a great deal of

processing time is wasted. For in-

stance, if the processor is bringing in

information from the RS-232C I/O

port, it cannot be interrupted for any

MICRO

reason or timing will bewrong and data

will probably be lost.

The hardware configuration of the

RS-232CI/O port is as follows:

Pin Purpose

1 Carrier detect -

CAl Interrupt of

PIAl

2 Data in - Bit 0 of

Address&HFF22

on PIAl

3 Ground

4 Data out - Bit 1 of

Address &HFF20

on PIAl

As the interrupt is currently wired

(pin I), it is useless for modem com-

munication. The carrier detect just

checks for carrier on the modem. I fcarrier exists, the interrupt is active

(carrier is the medium that actually

transmits the data over the phone

lines). This would mean that com-

munication must be totally software

controlled. Better use of this interrupt

would enhance the computers ability

to communicate to a mainframe.

An interrupt canbeused to force the

MPU to a service routine. For instance,

the computer can be busy doing

anything and still be programmmed so

that when an interrupt occurs, it will

drop what it is doing and go to a vectoraddress that will service the interrupt.

After servicing the interrupt, it can

then return to exactly what it was do-

ing before the interrupt. Since data

coming onto the computer will always

be at random intervals, I wanted to use

the interrupt line to bring in the data. I

did this simply by tieing the data in

line to the interrupt so that when a bit

enters the computer, it will force an in-

terrupt. This is a very simple technique.

I suggest that you first purchase a

new serial I/O cable fromRadio Shack.

This cable should be used only formodem to modem communication.

Select one end and lift a small tab out of

its slot which will allow you to pull

back the outer shield. The inner shield

can now be separated which will bare

the wires. Cut the wire to pin 1 (the

pins are numbered on the front) and

solder a small piece of wire from pin 1

to pin 2. After putting it all back

together, mark the modified end. This

end will be the one that plugs into the

CoCo. We arenow ready to start on the

software.




Software

Without the use of the interrupt,

the data in line would need continual

checking. The interrupt significantly

reduces the software needed for com-

munication. I will first discuss the out-

put routine and then the input. Most ofthe programming of the PIAis done on

power up of the computer so nothing

more is needed on that.

Lines 1700-1900 are the transmit

routine. All that is needed to transmit

is a store command to the address

&HFF20.The data is held in register A

of the MPU as shown in the DATAOT

subroutine. Bit 0 is then shifted into

the carry bit with the LSRAcommand.

This is followed by two rotate left com-

mands that position the bit into the

transmit location of the B register. The

B register is then stored into &HFF20

which transmits the data. After

transmitting the entire byte, two stop

bits are normally transmitted which

are logic ones. Often one of the stop

bits is not used. Also, some systems

use parity, so if the program listed here

does not work, check with your

systems people to get what is needed.

You should note the branch to the

subroutine WAITin DATAOT. This is

thebaud rate timer. This routine can be

used for both transmit and receive, and

is currently set for 300 baud. Forreasons I will explain later, it cannot be

set for a baud rate higher than 300 in

the program listed here.

The loop value for the baud rate

timer is found by the following steps.

First, find the cycle time of the CoCo

by dividing the clock time (.895 MHz)

into one. Second, find the baud rate

time by dividing the baud rate 1300

baud) into one. Third, divide the com-

puter cycle time into the baud rate time

to find the number of cycles for each bit

time. Finally, the wait loop takes ex-

actly 8 cycles, so after taking you the

overhead (about 10 cycles), divide the

above value by eight and the answer is

the time for one bit wait. This pro-

cedure works for any baud rate.

Before discussing the receive

technique, I will talk about how to set

up the interrupt routine. Lines 640-720

show the routine that prepares the

computer for interrupts. Bit 0 is forced

high in address &HFF21. This is the

control address for the A side of PIAl.

By forcing the bit zero high, the inter-

rupt is activated when CAl is


forced low by the peripheral. The FIRQ

interrupt is tied to the PIAso the jump

vector address is in &HllO and

&Hlll. These addresses are loaded

with the start address of the subroutine

DATAIN which is the service routine

for the interrupt. The final job of the

initializing routine is to able the inter-

rupt in the condition code register sothat the interrupt will be recognized by

the MPU. When an interrupt occurs,

the MPU will go to addresses &HllO

and &Hll1 to get the service routine

address and will then execute it. After

executing the service routine, and RTI

command will return the processor to

the point before the interrupt.

Subroutine DATAIN (lines

1230-1610) works just the reverse of

subroutine DATAOT. The first thing

that needs to be done when entering

the subroutine is mask any interrupts.

If this is not done, the computer willstart interrupting interrupts as data

comes into the computer. Another

thing that needs to bedone upon enter-

ing the routine is to save the state of all

registers. The FIRQ interrupt will only

save the program count and condition

code register, so the rest of the registers

must be saved to assure that nothing

will be lost when returning.

The HBWAIT routine is a half bit

wait. It is necessary to center the recep-

tion so that slight errors in the timing

will not matter., Address &HFF22 is

the data address for receive. The data isin bit 0 and after a load of the data

register, two rotate commands are

needed to position the data in the A

register. The RORBmoves the data into

the carry bit and the second shifts the

data into the Aregister. Since the inter-

rupt is the CAl, it is necessary to read

the PIA data register A (&HFF20) to

clear then interrupt. This should be

done just before returning.

A further comment needs to be

made on interrupts if using a program

pack for assembly. The program pack

forces a continual interrupt that cannot

be cleared. If this is not disabled, the

program cannot be executed with the

pack installed because the interrupt

will always be active. The simplest

way to disable the interrupt is by put-

ting scotch-tape over pins 7 and 8 of the

program pack. These pins can be found

by viewing the pack from the top. Hold

it with the plug at the top and points 7

and 8 are the first ones on the top and

bottom with copper runs from the right

side. You can tell ifyou have the proper

end because just next to pin 7 is the 5

MICRO

volt pin which is slightly indented.

After installing the program pack, it

can be executed by typing EXEC49152.

The Program

The program has a few features that

have not yet been mentioned. It will

output nearly the full spectrum of con-

trol characters. The downward arrow

acts as the control key. It has a

backspace key that when used with the

shift key, will output the delete/rub

character. Both lower and upper case

characters are recognized, displayed

and output (lower case letters have a

dark background). By using the shift

and clear keys, the program will be

exited. Without the shift key, the clear

key outputs the escape character. The

break key will output the control C

character. Shift zero will set the

keyboard to lower case characters andoutput upper case only when the shift

key is used.

This program does have a few

weaknesses. The program cannot send

and receive data at the same time. This

would take a great deal of software and

has little value so I did not put it in. I

did, however, mask the interrupts go-

ing into the data out routine. This will

allow the operator to transmit data

even if a long receive message is com-

ing in. One or two characters may be

lost, however, on receive.

There will be some difficulty in in-creasing the baud rate on this program.

Screen control and scrolling are done

during the two stop bit times. Since

screen control takes a great deal of

time, any increase in the baud rate will

result in garbage on there screen during

scroll. As it was, I had to reduce the

half bit wait to get the screen control

in. If it is necessary to communicate at

a higher baud rate, the received infor-

mation will have to be buffered and

displayed when the processor has

more time.

The program, as listed here, is just

one use of the Color Computer's ability

to communicate to mainframe. Other

uses could be for preloaded programs

for later transmissions, downloading

from a computer oruse as an intelligent

terminal. Happy computing! IAICAO

Walter Charlton has his MBAfrom the

University of Nevada, LasVegas. He

teaches computer programming part time

and works as a Field Engineer for a major

computer manufacturing firm.

63

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AVOXInput

For YourColor Computer

A discussion of subroutines thaf.afl()w'soundasa formof input.

All Sound Subroutines

require:

TRS-80 Color Computer withcassette. Some routinesrequire Extended BASIC.

By Sean Moyer

While waiting for a particularly

long program to cassette load

during one of my late night

programming sessions, I began to

ponder the possibility of voice control

for my Color Computer. Visions of ex-

ternal amplifiers and analog to digital

converters danced through my mind.

Next to dance through my mind were

visions of the price tags that accom-

panied these pieces ofequipment. I was

about to abandon this line of thought

when my attention was caught by thesteady hiss of the program loading in. It

dawned on me that I probably had

everything I needed right in front of

me. I realized that in order for a pro-

gram to load in from the cassette

player, the input from the player had to

affect any number ofmemory locations

in the area of memory devoted to II O.

All I needed was a source of sound for

the cassette player and a program to

look through the area of memory

devoted to IIO. I found the range of

memory addresses devoted to II 0 in


the Color Computers Owner's Manual.

I developed the program in listing 1 to

look through each address, pausing

momentarily at each one.

For noise, I grabbed the nearest

music cassette I had on hand, put it in

the Color Computer's cassette recorder

and pressed play. I ran my program, sat

back and waited. My wait was a short

one. At memory location 65312, I

noticed the content display flickering

rapidly. I recorded the location, andletting the program run, I found several

more locations showing identical

behavior. The change on the display

was binary two for the low state, three

for the high.

All that remained now, was to

substitute my voice for the prerecorded

input. The procedure for accomplishing

this varies, depending on the type of

cassette you own. For the older black

model, with built in microphone,

simply remove the plug from the

"MIC" jack on the left side of the unit.

Next, open the cassette compartmentand remove the cassette. Now, care-

fully inspect the upper lefthand corner

of the compartment. There will be a

small stud there. Push the stud toward

the back of the unit. While holding it

down, press Record and Play.

The process is the same for the

more recent models with one excep-

tion. You must plug an external

microphone into the "MIC" jack. With

this accomplished, the recorder is

now sending your amplified voice to

the computer.

MICRO

To test the procedure, turn up the

volume on your monitor and type

AUDIO ON. If the procedure was com-

pleted correctly, you should hear your

amplified voice issuing from your

television speaker. With the

preliminary set up now complete, we

are ready to discuss three subroutines

that should get you sufficiently

familiar with the basics of sound input

to help you to develop your own sound

subroutines.The first subroutine is a voice ac-

tivated binary input. When the pro-

gram receives a sound, the routine is

turned "ON". When the next sound is

recognized, the routine is turned

"OFF", and will alternate "ON" and

"OFF" with each additional sound.

Specifically, the program will check

memory location 65312. If this loca-

tion contains a 2, the low state, it

returns and checks again. If the loca-

tion contains a 3, indicating the

presence of sound, the program im-

mediately prints ON. The next se-quence in the routine is a FOR/NEXT

loop. This delay loop debounces the

switch, which is to say it allows the

sound that activated the switch to end.

Without this delay the voicing of a

word such as ON or OFFwould be suf-

ficiently long as to turn the routine off

and on several times in succession. The

memory location is checked again in

the manner previosly mentioned, and

when a sound is recognized, the pro-

gram prints OFF and goes through a de-

bouncing loop. The program returns to

67



he beginning and repeates the cycle.

If the program fails to operate and

you determine it has been entered cor-

rectly, reset the computer. Under

special circumstances, such as the use

of the AUDIO ON or PLAYcommands,

the contents ofmemory location 65312

may be other than 2 or 3. If the program

gets number other than 2 or 3, it will

crash. Resetting the computer should

restore the program to operational order.

This is the least complex and least

useful of the three routines presented

here. It serves basically as a primer for

he next two programs. The next two

routines are more complex, and they

should prove more interesting and

useful as well.

The next routine we will discuss is

the voice operated dictation shown in

listing 3. This program is designed to

record whatever you say, deleting the

long periods of silence betweenphrases. To run this program, leave a

blank cassette in the recorder before

you press record and play.

The program begins by checking

memory location 65312. When a sound

is recognized, the recorder is activated

by the MOTOR ON command. The

delay loop that follows serves a

somewhat different purpose than that

in the VOX binary input. This loop

prevents the recorder from shutting

down during the short pauses between

words in a sentence, or even shortersilences in the words themselves. The

program begins the count from 1 to

300, and checks memory location

65312 inside the loop. If at any time a

sound is recognized, the program

begins the count again from 1. This

way, if the pause is short, the loop re-

initiates, leaving the motor on. If the

pause is long, the routine will complete

the loop, and the recorder will be shut

down using theMOTOR OFFcommand.

Finally, the program returns to the begin-

ning and waits for the next sound.

If this program is used for dictationa small preliminary sound, such as a

finger snap, might prove necessary for

total legibility. When the first sound is

sensed the motor is activated, but it

takes a fraction of a second for the

motor to reach proper recording speed.

This often causes the first word to be

lost. A finger snap would activate the

motor and allow it to reach recording

speed in time for the first word to be

recorded. A preliminary sound would

not beneeded if the program were used,

for instance, tomonitor an empty room

68

for activity.

The third and final program differs

from the first two in that instead of a

straight binary input, it uses a sampling

routine to approximate an analog in-

put. This program displays the analog

approximation in PMODE 4 graphics,

oscilliscope style. This is the only

routine that requires Extended BASIC.

In addition, because the program uses a

real time graphics display, I have in-

cluded the high speed poke [POKE

65495,0). If the high speed poke does

not work on your system simply

remove it from the program. This will

slow down the routine, though the

results should still be acceptable.

The routine begins with the high

speed poke and then prepares the

graphics screen. This is followed by at---------------- ...threesome ofnested FOR/NEXT loops.

The outer loop controls the initial ver-

tical placement of each trace line. Thenext loop in controls the rate at which

the trace sweeps horizontaly across the

screen. The innermost loop is the heart

of the program. This is the sampling

routine. For every point on the horizon-

tal sweep, memory location 65312 is

sampled six times.

The routine sums all six samples,

and stores the sum in variable T. It

then subtracts a constant (12 in this

case), so that six samples taken during

a period of total silence would giveT a

value of zero. T is then multiplied by a

constant (4) to give the graphic dis-play proper amplitude. The grahics dis- 1 -1

play comes directly after the sampl- Listing 4

ing routine. 1 0 R E M L I S T I N G 4

These routines will help you under- 2 0 R E M n S C I L L I S C D P Estand the workings of the cassette audio 30 R E M B Y S E A N M O Y E R

4 0 R E Minput port, and hopefully they will be 50 R E M H I G H S P E E D P O K E M A Y N O Tuseful to you in your program library. 6 0 R E M W O R K O N S O M E S Y S T E M S

70 R E M R E M O V E I F I N O P E R A B L E8 0 P O K E 6 5 4 9 5 . 09 0 R E M P R E P A R E G R A P H I C S S C R E E N1 0 0 P l 1 0 D E 4 . 111 0 S C R E E N 1.11 2 0 p e L S . '1 3 0 R E M V E R T I C A L P L A C E M E N T L O O P

1 4 0 F O R V = 2 6 T O 1 9 1 S T E P 2 51 5 0 R E M H O R I I O N T A L S W E E P1 6 0 F O R H = 4 T O 2 5 5 S T E P 41 7 0 R E M S A M P L I N G R O U T I N E18 0 1 = 01 9 0 F O R I = 1 T O 62 0 0 T = T t P E E K ( 6 5 3 1 2 )2 1 0 N E X T !2 2 0 R E M C O R R E C T I O N F O R2 3 0 R E M Z E R O I N G A N D A M P L I T U D E2 4 0 T = I T - 1 2 ) f 42 5 0 R E M G R A P H I C S D I S P L A Y2 6 0 L I N E [ H - 4 , V - T D ) - I H , \ } - T l , P S E T2 7 0 T D = T ' . .2 8 0 NEH H2 9 0 N E X T V

10 0 G O I O 5 0

Listing 2

1 0 R E M L I S T I N G 220 R E M V O X B I N A R Y I N P U T3 0 R E M B Y S E A N M O Y E R4 0 R E M5 0 R E ~ C H E C K S F O R S ! l U ~ j D60 I F P E E K ( 6 5 3 1 2 ) = 3 T H E N 70 E L S E 6 0

7 0 P R I N T ' m j '8 0 R E M D E L A Y L O O P9 0 R E M D E B O U N C E S S W I T C H1 0 0 F O R I = 1 T O 2 0 0 : N E X T I1 1 0 R E M C H E C K S F OR S OU N D1 2 0 I F P E E K ( 6 5 3 1 2 ) = 3 T H E N 1 3 0 E L S E 1 2 0130 P R I N T ' O F F '1 4 0 R E ~ D E B O U N C E S S W I T C H1 5 0 F O R I = 1 T O 2 0 0 : N E I T I160 G O T O 6 0

Listing 3

10 R E M L I S T I N G 3

2 0 R E M U ! l l D I C T A T I O N30 R E M B Y S E A N M O Y E R4 0 R E M5 0 R E M C H E C K S F O R S O U N D6 0 I F P E E K ( 6 5 3 1 2 ) = 3 T H E N 9 0 E L S E 6 070 R E M A C T I V A T E S R E C O R D E Re o " ' o T O R O N9 0 R E M D E L A Y L O O P / C O N T I N U I T Y10 0 F O R I = 1 T O 30 011 0 R E M I F D I C T A T I O N I N P R O C E S S1 2 0 R E M R E I N l T l A T E S D E L A Y L O ! l P1 3 0 I F P E E K 1 6 5 3 1 2 1 = 3 T H E N 1 0 01 4 0 ~ j E X T I

1 5 0 R E M D E A C T I V A T E S R E C O R D E R16 0 M O T O R O F F170 G O T O 5 0

You may contact Sean Moyer at, 1825South 17th Street, Fargo, ND5.l830.

Listing 1

1 1 ) R E M P R O G R A M 12 0 R E M M E M O R Y S E A R C H3 0 R E M B Y S E A N M O Y E R4 0 C L S5 0 R E M II S A D D R E S S R A N G E60 F O R I = 6 5 2 B O T D 655357 0 R E M J I S I O F 1 1 ~ E S E A C H8 0 R E I 1 A D D R E S S I S D I S P L A Y E D90 F ! l R J = 1 T O 751 0 0 R E M D I S P L A Y S A D D R E S S A N D1 1 0 R E M C O N T E N T C E N T E R S C R E E N1 2 0 P R I N T @ 2 2 4 , I , P E E K ( I )1 3 0 N E X T J ..

1 4 0 N E X T I




you ask the computer to do at one time

is the available memory space.

The computer will share tasks in a

priority basis, and you may assign a

higher priority for jobs you want done

more quickly. OS-9 uses a hardware

clock to divide time into slices, and

allot more time slices to tasks that

have a higher priority. By the way,when you sign on to OS-9, you can

enter the time and date, and the time

will remain accurate, even with disk

I/O as the software does not allow in-

terruption of the time clock for disk

I/ O. You can use the clock in program

output for any purpose desired.

One ofthe major advantages ofOS-9

is its device independent I/O system.

Only one I/O routine is needed with

several drivers written to support the

devices being used. OS-9 normally

defaults to input from the keyboard and

output to the video display, however itis easy to redirect input and output as

required. Devices that are supported in

the CoCo implementation are:

Drives 0 to 3

Keyboard

Video display

Serial printer

RS-232 terminal

Joysticks

As an example, you might redirect in-

put from the keyboard to drive I, and

output from the display to the printer.

OS-9 is powerful, and complex, and

Ihave a big project to become proficient

in its use during the coldNorth Dakota

winter. This overview will hopefully

give you some idea of the new found

power in the Color Computer. You

don't have to hang your head anymore

when someone asks "Why did you buy

that "toy" computer.

Over the next few months we will

take other looks at OS-9 and its

features. Next month we will look at

BASIC09, and seewhat features and ad-

vantages you get for your hundred

dollars. Wewill also take a look at two

more CoCo word processors, Nelson's

VIPWriter, and Elite.Word. / I IJCAO

You may contact John at 508 FourthAve.,N.W., Riverside, NO 58078.

70 MICRO

SPECTRUM32K RAM Button ••••••••••••••••• $ 2.99NANOS Reference Card •••••••• $ 3.9964K RAM Button ••••••••••••••••• $ 4.99Coco Editor Assembler •••••••••• $ 6.95Coco Tech Manual •••••••••••••• $ 7.9516K RAM ChiPs •••••••••••••••••• 1 9.95Coco Secrets Revealed Book. 14.95

LED On/Off Indicator •••• ••••••• 14.95Coco Light Pen•••••••••••••••••• $ 19.95ATARI Joystick Interface ••••••• 119.95Video Interface Kit. ~............ 24.9516K-32K Upgrade Kit ••••••••••• 25.956883 SAM Chip •••••••••••••••••• $ 29.956809E CPU Chip •••••••••••••••• t 29.95Basic ROM 1.1 •••••••••••••••••• 36.0064K RAM Chips.................. 49.95MARK DATA Keyboard •••••••••• $ 69.95BOTEK Printer Interface •••••••• $ 69.95Extended Basic ROM ••••••••••• $ 84.00Disk Controller •••••••••••••••••••• $139.95COLOR COMPUTERS•••••••••••• $ CALL

Call or Write for FREECatalogSPECTRUM PROJECTS93-15 86th Dr Woodhaven.NewYork 11421

Add Sales Tax & $3.00 for StH

•• Dealer/Club Inquires Invited ••

212 441-2807

It pays to write for MICRO!

o Win the esteem of your colleagues·o Gain recognition as a computerist .

o See your programs and ideas in print·

o Feel satisfaction from helping others-

o Earn money for your work.

MICRO wants to continue to provide substantial

material for the Serious Computerist. This must come

from you - the readers of MICRO who are actively

invloved with understanding the inner workings of

microcomputers, who experiment to find better ways of

using microcomputers, who are developing new

techniques, who are programming in assembler,

FORTH, Pascal and other languages in addition toBASIC.

Writing for MICRO is easier than you think. If you can

provide the programs and the basic information about

how they work, our staff can help turn this 'rough'

material into a polished article. Remember, in this

business, everyone knows something of value, and

nobody knows everything.

Request the Writer's Guide which covers many of the

fundamentals of writing for MICRO.




I A l C A O " TRS·80C Reviews

Product Name:

Equip. req'd:

Price:

Manufacturer:

Disk interface/ROM pack extender

TRS-80 Color Computer Disk system

$29.95 + $3.00 shipping

Spectrum Projects

93-15 86th Drive

Woodhaven, NY 11421

Description: The Spectrum Projects disk interface and ex-

tender cable can be a useful accessory for the Color Com-

puter. It allows the disk or program ROM pack to be

located up to three feet away from the side of the com-

puter. This high quality cable has a gold plated connector

on each end that mates with the connectors on the com-puter and ROM packs.

Pluses: Makes positioning of drives more convenient at

the desk, allows the computer to have only a ribbon cable

extending from the computer, rather than a largeROMpack.

Minuses: Unfortunately, it may not work with all drives.

MyMPI works correctly with the cable but my Tandy unit

has problems. If I put drive one as drive zero, then the

cable seems to work. It is possible that my drive needs ad-

justment for the longer length of cable.

Documentation: None needed or provided. The cable is

marked TOP on both sides, care must be taken that thecable is inserted correctly.

Skill level required: The cable is easy to install by even

a novice.

Reviewer: John Steiner

Product Name:

Equip. req'd:

Price:

The Stripper

TRS-80 Color Computer

$7.95

Manufacturer: Eigen Systems

P.O. Box 10234

Austin, TX 78766

Description: The Stripper is a programmers utility for the

Color Computer that will compress or "pack" a BASIC

program. Stripper has three options, remove remarks, pack

lines, and remove spaces. Anyone or all three options may

be exercised.

Pluses: The packed program will take up less memory, and

may operate slightly faster. The utility normally loads into

graphics memory, thus freeing all other memory for the

packing operation, and your BASICprogram. One of thelowest cost utilities I've seen, and well worth the money.


Minuses: You cannot edit, or otherwise change a line

packed program. The program must be saved in an un-

packed format, should you decide to modify or edit it.

Documentation: Four pages of notes describe the opera-

tion of the program thoroughly.

Skill level required: No advanced skill level is required to

use the program.


Product Name:

Equip. req'd:

Price:

Manufacturer:

CCP-l Serial-Parallel Interface


$69.96 + shipping

Botek Instruments

4949 Hampshire

Utica, MI48087

Description: Botek Instruments serial-parallel interface

provides the TRS-80 Color Computer and TDP-100 with a

standard Centronics style parallel interface. The interface,

housed in a 3 in. by 6 in. mini-box, is easily connected to

the CoCo RS-232 port. A parallel cable is provided that

connects the interface to the printer. Athird cable leads to

a small AC power supply. Baud rates of 300 to 9600 baudare switch selectable on the front of the interface. POKE

150,1 will allow CoCo to access the printer at 9600 baud.

The unit can beconfigured toROM 1.0 or ROM 1.1 by just

changing a jumper.

Pluses: The interface is easily installed, and requires little

attention, except to change baud rates. If the printer you

have is capable of + 5 volts on pin 18of the printer connec-tor, you may remove the AC supply and power the inter-

face from your printer. This option is not available on my

Epson printer, so I could not test it.

Minuses: None noted.

Documentation: Asingle page instruction sheet describes

hook-up and operation of the unit. In addition, a separate

sheet contains a complete interface schematic.

Skill level required: The unit should be easy to install for

anyone familiar with computer and printer installations.


Product Name: BASIC Aid

Equip. req'd: TRS-80 Color Computer

Price: $34.95

MICRO 71



Manufacturer: Eigen Systems

P.O. Box 10234

Austin, TX 78766

Description: BASIC Aid is a ROM based programmers

utility for the Color Computer. Commands may be

entered using two keystrokes, and keys may be redefined

as required. Aplastic overlay is included to remind you of

the key codes. Automatic line numbering is supported,

and lines may be moved from one part of a program toanother. AMERGE utility allows two BASICprograms to

be combined.

Pluses: BASIC Aid works with all CoCos, 4Kon up. ROM

pack construction requires only 227 bytes of RAM to hold

the key define table. An auto space command prints a

space after the defined key for maximum readability. Auto

space can be shut off should you require memory conserva-

tion. Programs to be merged may be binary, and do not

have to be stored in ASCII format unlike many utilities.

BASIC Aid can be turned off and on from the keyboard

if desired.

Minuses: BASIC Aid automatically allocates the top 227

bytes of available RAM for its key define table, which is

not relocatable. As a result, you will have to relocate any

machine-language routines that must be used with your

program, assuming they are relocatable. In addition, all

CLEAR commands must be set to protect the top 227

bytes, or you may accidentally overwrite the table.

Documentation: The instruction book is excellent, easy to

understand, and well written. The only conflict I could

find was in the MOVE utility. The manual asks for line

numbers in the format 100, but on my machine, 100

turned into 10000 until I entered the numbers with leading

zeroes, as 00100.

Skill level required: The program is easy to use, and makes

programming a much easier task. No extra skills are re-

quired of the programmer.


Product Name: CCEAD Color Computer Editor/

Assembler/Debugger


$6.95 + $3.00 shipping

Eigen Systems

PO Box 10234

Austin, TX 78766

Equip. req'd:

Price:

Manufacturer:

Description: This is a BASIC program that provides theuser with a machine-language software development

system. You receive two versions: a 12K+ commented

source listing and a stripped 7600-byte running version. It

assembles and stores code in the unused CoCo graph-

ics pages.

(Continued on next page)

DERRYIERIPHERALS

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72

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(516)744-64629AM-5PM Weekdays




Documentation: A single page gives adequate instruc-

Reviewer: John Steiner tions, once started, all you need to know is how to stop -

simply type "shut up"!

Pluses: The program is inexpensive and easy to use. It

allows you to "get your feet wet" in machine-language

programming for little cost. The BASICprogram is easily

modified to the user's preference.

Minuses: The program is slow in assembly and allows

only five directives; ORC, RMB, FCB, FOB, and EQU. No

math is allowed in labels.

Documentation: A ten-page manual is provided to

demonstrate the operation and use of CCEAD. Two sam-

ple programs are provided that assist in learning to use

the software.

Skill level required: This program requires some

knowledge of machine-language programming.

Product Name:

Equip. req'd:

Price:

Manufacturer:

SHRINK

Color Computer with 16Kmemory

$15.00 tape or disk

Star Kits

P. O. Box 209-N

Mt. Kisco, NY 10549

Description: SHRINK is another implementation of Eliza,

the computerized psychologist. It is fun to use, but it is

rather easily "fooled" into making somewhat irrelevant

comments. It will run indefinitely and is a cute demo for

parties, etc.

Pluses: SHRINK is a change of pace: you can relax while

experimenting - an unusual use for a computer. Writtenin assembly language, it is somewhat faster than many

other similar programs.

Minuses: A serious experimenter might wish for a more

sophisticated implementation of this concept.

Skilllevel required: None.

Reviewer: Ralph Tenny

0W RRt RSSDC~RT tS, no.c :JUJ

Questionnaire Analysis Software

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Avoid the expen se o f con tr act servi ces . . do eve rything in-hou se on

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Avoid time consuming keypunching . Uses respondent-marked cords

en tered wi th on Opt ical Ma rk Re ade r (keybo ard e nt ry ot so pos sibl e) .

• Comprehensive dato onolysi~

Sort on ony variable(s), tally all responses, conduct cross tcbs.

co(re lo~iom, Iineor reqre seton . {requency dis tr ibutiom., and more.

• Complete edi ti ng capab il it ies

Weig ht it ems , d erive compo sit es, o dd or d ele te items, a nd mor e

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Programs are user f ri endl y, menu dri ven, and interac ti ve . No special

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System requirements:

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73



This fantastic modem can be pro-

grammed from Applesoft BASIC.

The interface cable is a standard

communications cable - DB-25 to

DB-25, with pin-for-pin connections.

You need 12-conductor cable and Ihave

used as long as about 25 feet without

any problems. It is convenient

however, to have the Smartmodem

near your computer setup, then you

can hear the dialup and the send and

receive carrier tones when you begin

communicating. There are many pro-

gramming options you can choose with

the Hayes Smartmodem, and these are

extremely well documented in the ex-

cellent Owner's Manual. (In case you

have not guessed, I consider the Hayes

Smartmodem my best computing pur-

chase to date!).

The BASICprogram is menu driven

for ease of operation. If you BREAKand

then .RUN the program again, the

Smartmodem functions are cleared("AT Z" is sent to the modem). To

write to the Hayes, merely access the

slot (with PRH2), and PRINTyour com-

mands. Now you can talk to your

modem just like it was a printer with

This is an adaptation of my pro-

gram for the Color Computer.

The hardware requirements are

the Hayes Smart Modem and an RS-232

communications interface. This pro-

gram was specifically written with the

CPS Multifunction card in slot 1 withthe serial port assigned to slot 2 (the

standard slot for communications).

This program should be easily adapt-

able to other interfaces. Seeyour inter-

facemanual for any necessary changes.

Listing 1

1 0 0 R E M S K A R T 3 0 01 1 0 R E M K E L T Y E N G I N E E R I N G1 2 0 R E M W R I T T E N B Y J O H N R . K E L T Y1 3 0 R E M L I N C O L N , N E B R A S K A 6 8 5 0 51 4 0 R E M1 5 0 R E M U S E T H I S P R O G R A M T O C O N N E C T1 6 0 R E M A N D P R D C R A M T H E H A Y E S1 7 0 R E M S M A R T M O D E M T O T H E

1 8 0 R E M A P P L E C O M P U T E R .1 9 0 R E M2 0 0 R E M T H E C O N N E C T O R C A B L E S H O U L D2 1 0 R E M C O H H E C T T O T H E R S - 2 3 2 P O R T2 2 0 R E I ! I N T H E F I l . . L O W I M GW A Y :2 3 0 R E M P I N F O R P I N C O N N E C T I O N2 6 0 R E M2 7 0 R E M T H E 3 0 0 8 A U D H A Y E S K a D E l !2 8 0 R E M K A Y B E U S E D W I T H V I D E O T E X2 9 0 R E I ! O R A N Y O T H E R T E R I ! I N A L3 0 0 R E I ! P A C K A G E T H A T A L L O W S T H E3 1 0 R E M H A V E S T O R U N A T 3 0 0 B A U D .3 2 0 R E M3 3 0 R E M T H E H A Y E S W I L L O P E R A T E3 4 0 R E M L O C A L L Y A T H I G H E R R A T E S3 5 0 R E M B U T N O H I G H E R T H A N 3 0 03 6 0 R E M W H I L E O N L I N E .3 7 0 R E M3 8 0 R E M S E E Y O U R U S E R ' S M A ~ U A L3 9 0 R E M F R O M H A Y E S F O R D E T A I L S .4 0 0 R E I !4 1 0 R E M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *4 2 0 D I l l K S ( : ; i > , S N S ( 9 ) : { I $ C H R S \l3i t C H R $

( 4i4 3 0 H O t I E : P R I N T : P R I N T " U U * S M A R T K

O D E K * U * * "4 4 0 P R I N T " B Y : K E L T Y E N G I N E E R I N G "4 5 0 P R I N T " U * U U * * * * * * * * U * * * U * "4 6 0 P R I N T : P R I N T " C O N N E C T C A B L E S T O K O D E K ,

"4 7 0 P R I N T " C O M P U T E R A N D P H O N E C O I I P A H Y . "4 8 0 F i d N T : P R I N T : P R I N T " ( B R E A K A N I I L I S 1

T H I S P R O G R A M T O "

4 9 0 P R I N T " S E E C A B l E D E T A I L S ) . "

PRINT "your modem command". To

get back into the normal Apple mode

use "PRHO".

Now you can use a communications

package such as DATACAPTURE or a

similar program to communicate with

bulletin boards or data bases. The pro-

gram includes a command to enable

terminal mode on the CPS card, which

will allow a dumb terminal com-

munications setup.


radio operations, but with a few lines of

BASIC and possibly some hardware,

the Hayes Smartmodem can bemade to

send morse code. Auxiliary relay con-

tacts are provided in the modem to key

the transmitter automatically. It can-

not however, be made to directly

receive morse code. Diagrams describ-

ing the modem to radio interface are

found in the Smartmodem User

Manual Appendix H. Obviously some

nice commercial terminal packagesexist for the Apple, but this program

has made me happy for some time now.

With the Hayes Smartmodem and the

Apple Computer, I am sure you will

also enjoy computer communications.

1 dCRO "

S O O P R I N T : P R I N T : I N P U T " P R E S S E N T E R W H E NR E A D Y ' " A S

5 1 0 H O l l E : P R I N T5 2 0 P R I N T D S " P R I I 2 " : P R I N T " A T I" : R E M C L E A

R M O D E M5 3 0 P R ! N T D S " P R I O "5 4 0 R E M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *5 5 0 R E M M : N U

5 6 0 M S ( l ) = " A U T O D I A L I N G "5 7 0 I ! S ( 2 ) = " A U T O A N S I I E R I N G "5 8 0 F O R S = 1 T O 25 9 0 P R I N T S " " M $ ( S )6 0 0 " N E X T S6 1 0 P R I N T : P R I N T : P R I N T " S E L E C T O N E O F T H

E A B O V E "6 2 0 G E T A S6 3 0 O N V A L ( A S ) G O S U B 6 5 0 , 1 2 1 06 4 0 G O T O 4 3 0

6 5 0 R E I ! * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *6 6 0 R E M A U T O D I A L I N G R O U T I N E& 7 0 R E M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *6 8 0 R E M6 9 0 H O l l E : P R I N T : P R I N T K S ( l i7 0 0 P R I N T : P R I N T : P R I N T " 1 D I A L A S A V E D N

l l I i B E R "

7 1 0 P R I N T " 2 D I A L A N E W H U M B E R "7 2 0 G E T A S7 3 0 O N V A L ( A S ) G O T O 7 5 0 , 9 5 07 4 0 G O T O 6 9 ( )7 5 0 R E M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *7 6 0 H i ' ! = 2 : R E M H O I I I ! A N Y N U K B E R S7 7 0 R E M T O C H A N G E T H I S L I S T , I I A K E H M = H O W7 8 0 R E M K A N Y I Y O U W A N T T O L I S T ( K A X O F 9 ) .

7 9 0 R E M T H E N I N S E R T L I N E S S I M I L A R T O T H O S EB O O R E I I B E L O W W I T H " 0 U f : : N U I l I l E R SA N D H A M E S .8 1 0 H O M E : P R I N T " N U M B E R S Y O U C A N E A S I L Y C A

L L " : P R I N T8 2 0 S t l $ (1 ) = " 1 X X X - X X X X A F R I E N D

u

8 3 0 S N $ ( 2 ) = " 2 X X X - X X X - X X X X A B B S"




You'll

Receive:

.M IC RO C alc .. .a miniature sp~ad·sheet program that makes complex, repetitivecalculations a breeze•

• M ASTER •..a guessing game that teachesprogramming with random numbers and 'flags•

• V IC C lo ck •• •o teach you ON.•GOSUB functionand character graphics.

• BR E AK ·U P...apopular game that also teaches howanimation is achieved with PEEKSand POKESto screenmemory•

Use this coupon or the postage paid card in this issue to order.

MICRO Books P.o. Box 6502, Chelmsford, MA01824

o YES, please rush copies of MASTERINGYOURVIC-20 (w/cassette))

at only $19.95 per copy (plus $2.00 slh, MA res. add 5% sales tax).

My payment of $ is enclosed. I'm paying by 0 Check 0 MO

o VISA 0 MC

NAME __

ADDRESS _

CITY ---- STATE ZIP _

CREDITCARD# EXP.DATE _

Allow 6- 8 weeks for delivery.

• Pius .•• music programming,string manipulation, sorting

demonstrations, and more.

Each ProgramWorth the Priceof the Book!

O rder you r copy o f

M AS T ER I NG 'YOURV IC · 2 0

Today !



TERMINALS

910 $519.00

910 Plus $599.00

914 $569.00

924 $689.00

925 $739.00

950 $929.00

970 $1039.00

COMPUTERSTeleport Portable CALL

800A $1099.00802 $2699.00

803..... . $1949.00

802H $4695.00

806/20 54999.00

816/40 $9199.00

1602 $3399.00

1603 CALL

Spirit XL Portable $3999.00

IIE·I $1369.00

IIE·2 $1649.00

IIE·3 $2399.00

IIE·4 $3199.00

PC·E $1579.00

PC·l $2399.00

PC·2 $2799.00

PC·XL $3599.00

1620 $3599.00

1630 $5499.00

1640 $6499.00________________ .;;C,;,y;,;m;,;a;.,;Soitware...............• CALL

fBSANVOMBC·550 PC CALL

MBC·555 PC .................••. CALL

MBC 1100 $1599.00

MBC 1150 $2099.00

MBC 1200 $1999.00

MBC 1250 $2399.00

FDD 3200·320K Drive $399.00

FDD 6400·64K Drive $499.00

P;...R.;5.;5.;00.;..P;_ri;.;n;.;te;.;r...,;.....,;..,;;;,; ;,;...;$..;6.;9..;9...0;.;. M0OEMS-

ANCHOR

Mark I (RS·232) $79.00

Mark II (Atari) $79.00

Mark III (TI·99) $109.00

Mark IV (CBM/PET) $125.00

Mark V (Osborne) $95.00

Mark VI (IBM·PC) $169.00

MarkYlI (Auto Ans/Auto Dia l) $119.00

Mark XII (1200 Baud) $299.00

TRS·80 Color Computer $99.00

9 Volt Power Supply $9.00

HAYES

Smartmodem 300 $219.00Smartmodem 1200 $509.00

Smartmodem 1200B $459.00

Micromodem II $265.00

Micromodem II Plus $299.00

Micromodem liE $269.00

Micromodem 100 5299.00

Smart Com II $89.00

Chrono9raph $199.00

NOVATION

J·eat $99.99

SmartCat 103 $179.00

SmartCat 103/212 $399.00AutoCat $219.00

212 AutoCat $549.00

Apple Cat II $249.00

212 Apple Cat $569.00

Apple Cat 212 Up9rade $309.00

Cat $139.99

D·Cat $ f49.00

PC·Cat $339.00

ZENITH

ZT·l $369.00

APPLE INTERFACE

CARDS & SUFFERSChoose from PKASO, Orange Micro,

MPC. Mic roMax , Tymac , Quadram &

Practical Peripherals CALL

MONITORSAMOEK

300 GTeen $149.00

300 Amber $159.00

310 Amber 5169.00

Color 1 $279.00

Color 1 P lu •................. $299.00

Color 2 ....•................. $399.00

Color 2 Plus $419.00

Color 3 $349.00

Color 4 $699.00

BMC12" Green $79.99

12" Green HI·RES $119.99

9191·13" Color $249.99

GORILLA

12" Green $88.99

12" Amber $95.99

NEC

JB 1260Green $109.99

JB 1201 Green $149.99

JB 1205Amber $159.99

JC 1215 Color $299.99

JC 1216 RGB $429.99

OUAORAM

Quadchrome $499.99

TAXAN

12" Green $119.00

12" Amber $129.00

Taxan 1 RGB $279.00

USI

Pi 1, 9" Green $99.99

Pi 2, 12" Green $119.99

Pi 3,12" Amber $149.99

Pi 4, 9" Amber $139.991400 Color $269.99

ZENITH

ZVM 122 Amber $99.99ZVM 123 Green ..........•... $89.99

ZVM 135 Color/RGB $469.99

NEe 3550 •••...•••.• 1699.00

PERCOM/TANOON

DRIVES

5'/," 320K Floppy $249.00

5 Me9 Hard w/Control le r $1399 .00

10Me9 Hardw/Contro ller $1699.00

15Me9 Hardw/Contro ller $2095.00

20Me9 Hardw/Con trol le r $2399 .00

AMOEK

310A Amber Monitor $169.00

DXY 100 Plotter $599.00

Color II $399.00

AST RESEARCH, INC.

Six Pak Plu •... lrom " .$279.00

Combo Plus 1I Irom $279.00

Me9a Plus lrom $309.00

I/O Plus 1I..• Irom $139.00

OUAORAM

Quadlink $549.00

Quad board as low as S289.oo

Quad 512 Plus . .. as low as $249.00

Quadcolor as low as $21 9.00

Chrono9raph $89.00

Parallel Interface Board S89.00

64K RAM Chip. Kit $59.00

MICRO PRO

WordStar/Mail Merge $369.00

InioStar $299.00

SpeliStar $159.00

CalcStar $99.00MICROSTUF

Cros.talk '5105.00

MICROSOFT

Multiplan.... . $159.00

pfa

Write:

Graph:

Report:

File:

goruncne-: as law as

APPLE

79.00

79.00

79.00

79.00

16.00

IBM

89.00

89.00

79.00

89.00

16.00

-cau On Titles

IUS

EasyWriter II . ..5189.00

EasySpelier ... . ... $119.00

EasyFiler. .. $229.00

CONTNENTAL SOFTWARE

lstCassMal/Form Letter _,$79.00

The Home Accountant Plus . .. 588.00SYNAPSE

File Manager $89.00LOTUS

1·2·3. . $319.00PROFESSIONAL SOFTWARE

PC Plus /The Boss .. . . ..... $379.00

VISICORP

VisiCalc

VisiCalc 4

VisiCalc-Advanced

VisiWord/Spel1

Visitrend/Plot

VisiLink

VisiFile

VisiSchedule

Visidex

VisiPlot

VisiTerm

Desktop Plan

Bus. Forecast Model

Stretch Calc

VisiTutor Calc

VisiTutor·Advanced

VisiTutor Word

Vision Calc

Vision Graph

Vision Mouse

Vision Host

IBM APPLE

159.00

159.00

269.00

249.00

199.00 199.00

169.00

199.00 169.00

199.00 199.00

159.00

135.00

75.00

199.00 169.00

75.00 75.00

75.00 75.00

59.00 59.00

75.00 75.00

59.00 59.00

249.00

129.00

159.00

319.00

PRINTERSAXIOM

AT·l00 Atari Interlace $249.00

CD·l00 CBM 64/VIC 20 $249.00

GP·l00 Paralle l Inter lace .,. $199.00

BMC

401 Letter Quality $589.00

BX·80 Dot Matrix $269.00

CENTRONICS

122 Parallel $499.00

739·1 Parallel $399.00

739·3 Serial $449.00C.ITOH

Gorilla Banana $209.00

Prowriter 851 OP $379.00

Prowriter 1550P $679.00

Al0 (18 cps) 569.00

Fl0·40 $999.00

Fl0·55 $1499.00

COMRI:X

ComWriterll LetterQuality ... $549.00

DIABLO



OAISYWRITER

2000 $999.00

2500 CALL

Tractor Feed $109.00

EPSON

MX·80FT, MX·l00, RX·80, RX·80FT,

FX·80, FX·l00 CALL

IDSPri sm BO For Configurations CALL

Pri sm 32 For Configurati ons CALLMANNESMAN TALLY

160L. $589.00

180L. $799.00

NEC

8023 Dot Matrix...... .. $379.00

8025 Dot Matrix.. .. $669.00

2050 Letter Quality.. . $999.00

3510 Serial/Letter Quality ..' $1449.00

3530 Parallel/Letter Quality $1499.00

3550 IBM/Lei ter Qua li ty $1699.00

7710/7730 Serial/Parallel. .. $1949.00

OKIOATA

82.83 ,84,92,93 ,2350,2410 .. CALL

SMITH CORONA

Tp·2 $449.00

Tractor Feed..... 5119.00

SILVER REED

500 Letter Quality 5469.00

550 Letter Quality.... . $699.00

STAR

Gemini 10X . $299.00

Gemini P15 .. $449.00

Delta 10....... ..$559.00

Serial Board $75.00

TOSHIBA CALL

TRANSTAR •......... CALL

PRINTER CABLES

Available for Atari, Commodore, IBM,

Apple, Epson, Kaypro, Tek!video, Frank-

lin, Ea9le, Sanyo, Osborne, NEC,

Zenith and many others. Wesupplyall

your computer needs!

PAPER SUPPLIES

ACE 1000 Color Computer CALL

ACE Family Pack System CALL

ACE PRO PLUS System CALL

ACE1200Off ice M9mt. System CALL

"NOT liE EXPENSIVE"

MICRO-SC

A2 .........................•. $219.00

A40 ........................•. $299 .00

A70 $319.00

C2 Controller $79.00

C47 Controller $89.00

RANA

Elite 1 $279.00

Elite 2 $389.00

Elite 3 $569.0C

APPLE lie STARTER PACK

64K Apple lie , Disk Drive & Controller.

80Column Card, Moni to r I I & DOS3.3

COMPLETE $1499.00

(:: commodore. CBM

CBM 4032 .

CBM 8096 ..

CBM 9000 . ..

. 5599.00

... 5869.00

.. . .. . 5999.00

B128·80... . 5769.00

CBM 64K Memory Board 5269.00

8032 to 9000 UP9rade 5269.00

2031 LP Disk Drive $299.00

8050 Disk Drive $949.00

8250 Disk Drive. . $1199.00

4023 Printer. . 5379.00

8023 Printer $569.00

6400 Printer . $1399.00

Z·RAM......... . 5499.00

Silicon Office. . 5699.00

The Manager 5199.00

Soft ROM . $125.00

VisiCalc 5159.00

PROFESSIONAL

SOFTWARE

Word Pro 2 Plus. . 5159.00

Word Pro 3 Pius $189.00

WordPro4 Pius/5Plus each $279.00

InloPro......... .. $179.00

Adm,n1strator '" S399.00

Power....... " $79.00

8032

$599CBM 64 $199

VIC20 •.......•.• CALL

C1541 Disk Drive $249.00

C1530 Datasette $69.00

C1520ColorPrinter/Plotter $169.00

C1525 Dot Matrix/ParalleL .. $219.00

C1526 Dot Matrix/Serial $279.00

C1702 Color Monitor $249.00

C1311 Joystick $4.99

C1312 Paddles $11.99

C1600 VIC Modem $89.00

C1650 Auto Modem $89.00

Logo 64.... . $49.00

Pilot 64 539,00

Simon's Basic 519.00

Word Pro 64 P lus 559.00

Parallel Printer Interface $69.00

Calc Resufl64 $129.00

Codewriter 64 575.00

Ouick Brown Fox $49.00Word Pro 64 Plus.. . 559.00

We stock a ful l inventory of software for Commodore, such as:

Artworx. Broderbund, Commerc ia l Dala, Creative Software,

Epyx, HES, MicroSpec, Nufekop, Romox, Sirius, Synapse,Thorn EMI, Tronix, UMI, Victory, Spinnaker, Rainbow & Timeworks!

CALL FOR DETAILS!

6 : : A [ h ; i D C D M ; ;~ SHARP

41CV $209

41CX ......•...• $259

HP 10C . . .. 551.99

HP 11C . 569.99

HP 12C 588.99

HP 15C . . 588.99

HP 16C . 588.99

HP 75C 5749.99

HPIL Module.. . 598.99

HPIL Cassoor Printer 5359.99

Card Re.der 5143.99

Ex tended Functi on Module $63.99

Time Module 563.99

NECPC-8201 Personal Computer 5599.00

PC·8221A Thermal Printer 5149.00

PC'8281A Data Recorder 599.00

PC·8201-o6 8KRAM Chips 5105.00

PC·8206A32K RAMCartridge S329.oo

PC-150DA ..• $165.99

PC-125DA ••.. $88.99

CE·125 Printer/Cassette .... 5128.99

CE-150Color Printer/Cassette•..$171.99

CE·155 8K RAM 593.99

CE 181 16K RAM 5134.99

CE 500 ROM Library 529.99

TIMEX/SINCLAIR1000

Timex/Sincl.ir 1000 535.99

16K Memory 529.99,

2040 Printer 599. 99

VuCalc $17.99

Mindware Printer $99.99

A \ . H O M E

A T A R I '

SDDXL.••••. $1S9

SDDXL•••••. $299

1010 Recorder $74.00

1020 Color Printer $249.00

1025 Dot Matrix Printer $449.00


1030 Direct Connect Modem ... CALL

1050 Disk Drive $379.00

CX30 Paddle $12.00

CX40 Joys tic k ......•... each $8.oo

CX77 Touch Tablet $64.00

CX80 Trak Ball ..............• $48.00

CX85 Keypad $105.00

4003 Assorted Education 547.00

4011 Star Raiders $33.00

4012 Missile Comm.nd $29.00

4013 Asteroids $29.00

5049 VisiCalc $159.00

7097 Logo $79.00

7101 Entert.iner $69.00

7102 Arcade Champ $75.00

S026 Dig Dug .•.............. 533.00

S030 E.T. Phone Home $33.oo

8031 Donkey Kong 539.00

S036 Atari Writer 579.00

S040 Donkey Kon9, Jr 539.00

S043 Ms. PacMan 539.00

S044 Joust 539.00

DISKETTESMAXELL

5'/.' MD-1 $29.00

5'/.' MD-2 539.00

8" FD-1 (55/00) 539.00

8" FD-2 (05/00) $49.00

VERBATIM

5'/," 55/00 ........•...•...... 526.99

5'/.' 05/00 536.99

ELEPHANT

5'/0" 55/50 518.49

5'1," 55/00 522.99

5'1," 05/00 .......•.........•• 528.99

HEAD

51/4' D isk Head Cleaner .. .• •. $14 .99

DISK HOLDERSINNDVATIVE CDNCEPTS

Fl ip-n·Fi le 10 ........••........ 53.99

Fllp-n-File 50 517.99

Flip-n-File(400/8OOROM)Holder.•517.99

WK ENTERPRISES

Alan Letter Per1ect·Disk(4O/80).. $79.99

Alan Letter Perlect-ROM(4OcoQ . . •579.99Alan Letter Per1ect-ROM(SOoI) •..$79.99

AIBriData Perlect-ROM(SOcol)••...$79.99

Ata ri Spe ll Per fect ·D ISK . .. .. $59.99

Atari Uti li ty/MaiIMerge ... .. .• $21.00

App le Let ter Per fect .• .. .. .. .. 599.00

App le Data Per fect . .. .• .. .. .. $75 .00

Apple LJK Util ity ..•.......••. $21.00

AppfeLowerC8seGenerato< .•.• 19.00

12DDXL .... CALL

14DDXL ...• CALL

[ ~ E f H J ( ) M lAT 88-51 .

AT 88-A2 $259.00

AT 88-52.. . 5529.00

AT 88-51 PD. . $429.00

AT 88-DDA 5119.00

RFD40·S1 $449.00

RFD 40-A1 $269.00

RFD 40-52 5699.00

RFD 44·51 5539.00

RFD 44-52 5869.00

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

TX 99·51 $279.00

RANA

1000 .

TRAK

AT·D2 $389.00

MEMORY BOARDSAxlon 32K 559.00

Axlon 48K 599.00

Axlon 128K 5299.00

Intec 32K 559.00

Intec 4BK 585.00

Intec 64K $99.00

Intec Real Time Clock $29.00

ALIEN VOICE SOX

Atari 5119.00

Apple...... . 5149.00

KOALA PAO

At.ri.......... .575.00

Apple....... . 585.00

IBM . 595.00

CBM 64. . 575.00

CONTROLLERS &

.JOYSTICKS

WICO

Joystick................ ..521.99

34way Joystick.... . 522.99

Famous Red Ball 523.99

Power Grip............ . 521.99

BOSS Joystick 517.99

ATARI/VIC Trak Ball. 534.99

Apple Trak Bali.... . 554.99

Apple Adapter 515.99

Apple Analog 537.99

KRAFT

Joystick .

Atari S ingle Fire $12.99

Atari Switch Hitter S1S.99

Apple P.ddles.. .534.99

IBM Paddles 534.99

IBM Joystick.. . 546.99

AMIGA

3100 Single 513.993101 Pair... . 519.99

Joyboard 537.99

TG

8 4 0 F O R K = 1 T O H tI8 5 0 P R I N T S N $ ( K )8 6 0 N E X T8 7 0 P R I N T : P R I N T " S E L E C T 0 t I E O f T H E A B O V E "

a s e P R I N T " ( B R E A K A I D L I S T T O E D I T T H E S E " UM B E R S ) . "

8 9 0 G E T A S9 0 0 N B = V A l ( A S )9 1 0 I F N B ( 1 O R H i ) H tI T H E N 7 5 09 2 0 P $ = M I D $ ( S N $ ( N B ) , 5 , 1 6 )

9 3 0 G O S U B 1 0 7 l )9 4 0 R E T U R N9 5 0 R E M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *9 6 0 P R I N T : P R I N T " D I A l I N G A N E W N U M B E R "9 7 0 P R I N T : P R I N T " T Y P E I N T H E P H O N E N U M B E R

T H A T "9 8 0 P R I N T " Y O U W I S H T O C A L L . "9 9 0 P R I N T " E X A M P L E S : "1 0 0 0 P R I N T " 1 - 8 0 0 - X X X - X X X X L O M G . D I S T A N C E

1 0 1 0 P R I N T " 1 1 2 - 8 0 0 - X X X - X X X X F R O H L I N C O L N1 0 2 0 P R I N T " X X X - X X X X L O C A L C A L L1 0 3 0 P R I N T1 0 4 0 I N P U T " T Y P E D E S I R E D N U M B E R " j P $1 0 5 0 G O S U S 1 0 7 01 0 6 0 R E T U R N .1 0 7 0 R E M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

1 0 8 0 R E M N U H B E R K N O W N A T T H I S P O I N T1 0 9 0 R E M R E A D Y T O D I A L1 1 0 0 P R I N T D $ " P R t l 2 " : P R I N T " A T T F O D " P S1 1 0 1 R E M T O U C H T O N E , I F Y O U W A N T P U L S E , U

S E 'P ' .

1 1 0 5 R E K O H A H G E T H E ' 0 ' T O ' 1 ' F O R F U L L D UP L E X

1 1 1 0 P R I N T D $ " P R t I O "1 1 2 0 R E K * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *1 1 3 0 R E M Y O U C A N R U N A N Y T ~ I N A L1 1 4 0 R E K P A C K A G E T H A T Y O U W I S H B Y1 1 5 0 R E K E D I T I N G T H E N E X T L I N E S ,1 1 6 0 R E K P R I N T D S " R l J N T E R M I N A L F ' R O G R A K "1 1 7 0 H O K E : P R I N T : P R I N T " Y O U N E E D T O U S E

Y O U R O W N "1 1 8 0 P R I N T " T E R K I N A L P A C K A G E A T T H I S P O I N T "

1 1 9 0 P R I N T " ( S U C H A S V I D E O T E X A M D O T H E R S ) , "1 2 0 0 G O T O 1 9 7 01 2 1 0 R E K * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *1 2 2 0 R E M A U T O A N S W E R R O U T I N E1 2 3 0 R E M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *1 2 4 0 R E M1 2 5 0 H O M E : P R I N T : P R I N T M $ ( 2 )1 2 6 0 P R I N T .1 2 7 0 R E M K E H I J1 2 8 0 A H S ( l ) = " D O H O T A N S W E R "1 2 9 0 A N $ ( 2 ) = " A N S W E R I " " E D I A T E L Y "1 3 0 0 A N S ( 3 ) = " A N S W E R A F T E R X X R I N G S "1 3 1 0 F O R S A = 1 T O 31 3 2 0 P R I N T S A j A N $ ( S A )1 3 3 0 N E X T S A1 3 4 0 P R I N T : P R I N T : P R I N T " S E L E C T O " E O F T

H E A B O V E "1 3 5 0 G E T A S1 3 6 0 H O M E : P R I N T : P R I N T " " K S ( 2 )1 3 7 0 O N V A L ( A S ) G O S u e 1 3 9 0 , 1 4 7 0 . 1 6 4 01 3 8 0 C O T O 1 2 1 0 .1 3 9 0 R E H * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *1 4 ( ) O R E K D O " O T A N S W E R1 4 1 0 P R I N T : P R I N T " * * * " A N S ( l l " U * "1 4 2 0 P R I N T : P R I N T " T H E S M A R T K O D E M A N S W E R

F U N C T I O N "1 4 3 0 P R I N T " I S D I S A B L E D . "1 4 4 0 P R I N T D S " P R I I 2 " : P R I N T " A T S O = O "1 4 5 0 F ' R I N T D $ " P R I I O "1 4 6 0 G O T O 1 9 7 01 4 7 0 R E K * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *1 4 8 0 R E M A H S W E R I H H E D I A T E l Y

1 4 9 0 P R I N T " * * * H A N $ ( 2 ) " * * * "1 5 0 0 P R I N T " T H E S l t l l R T I l D E M W I L L A N S W E R A L L

"1 5 1 0 P R I N T ' ' C A L L S I K H E D I A T E L Y . ·1 5 2 0 P R I N T " U S E T H I S T O T R A N S F E R C A L L S T H A T

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F D U P L E X ? "1 8 3 0 P R I l t T " < I F Y O U D O N O T K N O W , T R Y H A L F ) .

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F E E D S "2 0 4 0 P R I N T " T Y P E ' C T R L - R ' ' C T R L - X ' T O E X I T

T E R I U I W . . K O I I E "2 0 6 0 P R I N T " - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "2 0 6 5 F O R I = 1 T O 1 0 0 0 0 : N E X T2 0 7 0 P R I N T ) ) $ " P R I 2 " : P R I N T C H R $ ( 9 J U H "2 0 8 0 R E " T H I S P U T S " G U N T A I N C P S C A R D2 0 9 0 R E M I N T O H A L f D U P l E X T E R l t I M A l . O D E2 1 0 0 R E f t F O R F U L L D U P l E X S U B S T I T U T E2 1 1 0 R E M A N ' F ' F O R T H E ' H ' I N A B O V E L I N E2 1 2 0 P R I N T ) ) $ U p R I I O u : N D NC:ItO'"



Speedload

Enhanced

Apple DOS

By Enrico C ol om b in i

ThiS article describes how to build

an enhanced version of Apple

DOS 3.3 which performs all

loading operations about four times

faster then original DOS. The modified

DOS is fully compatible with a 48K

slave DOS, including inner routines

and addresses, excepted that it cannot

format new diskettes for the first time.

Why Apple DOS Is So Slow

Since I started using Apple, I was

puzzled by the apparently strange

behaviour of the Disk Operating

System. Why the DOS itself is loaded

much faster than a binary file of equal

length? A slave DOS 3.3 is loaded in

less than 2 seconds. Afileof equal size

(9.25K) is loaded in about 11 seconds.

Even considering the time spent in

looking at index and other file informa-tions, there is still a great difference in

loading times. With an ear at the head

steppin-motor and a hand on the stop-

watch, I measured the average track-

loading time: about 3.70 seconds. Ifyou consider that the disk rotates at

five turns per second (a tum in 200

msec), you can see that the entire track

passes under the head 3.70 by 5, that is

over 18 times! Why is it not possible to

load the track in just one revolution of

the diskette? Where is the theoretical... limit? And the practical one? For the

MICROo. 68 . January 1984

answers, we must look at the Apple

hardware and at the inner structure

of DOS.

Apple does not have a specialized

disk controller chip asWestern Digital

1791 or similar device. It has instead a

little masterpiece of engineering: a

"state machine" based on a PROM and

a shift register. This circuit performsthe hardware encoding/decoding opera-

tions to and from the R/W electronics

of the disk drive. But that simplicity

has a cost: the encoding/ decoding pro-

cess is not complete. It just sends to or

receives from the disk drive a stream of

6-bit "nibbles". The remainder of the

process, that is the nibbles-bytes con-

version, has to be done by software.

Every track is organized as a stream

of 16 sectors, 256 bytes each. In

reading, the software conversion of a

sector (342 nibbles to 256 bytes) takes

about 10msec. In theory, it is thereforepossible to read the entire track (200

msec) and then decode it (10 msec by

16 = 160 msec) in only 360 msec. But

this implies a great waste of space for

the nibblized-track buffer: 342 by 16

= 5472 bytes of memory! It is not

acceptable.

Amore realistic approach is to read

and decode one sector at a time. That

is, read a sector and decode it, read the

next sector and decode it, and so on.

Ok, but what is the NEXT sector?

While the program decodes the first

79



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Figure 1: Sector Interleaving

Access order by RIW head of disk drive"l

o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ABC D E F Physical sector order

o 7 E 6 D 5 C 4 B 3 A 2 9 18 F Logical sector order

The above procedure is repeated for

... every character requested by Basic.

~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -ector, the next physical sector (the

second) passes under the head and can-

not be read. Since the decoding time

(10 msec) is shorter than the sector

duration (12 msec approximately in-

cluding header), the program can safely

read the third sector. After that, it loses

the fourth, reads the fifth and so on.

It is so possible to read only 8 sec-

tors per disk revolution. Starting withthe disk head at the beginning of the

first sector, it takes two turns [400

msec) to read the entire track: reducing

the buffer from 5472 bytes to only 342,

we lost about 10% of speed. A very

good compromise. Considering a head

positioning and first sector finding time

of 150 msec (average), we can expect to

read a track in about 550 msec, or .55

seconds. The DOS track loading time is

near to this value, so we can consider

this time (550 msec) as the practical

speed limit.

Well, Apple can load a track in .55seconds. Yet we do not know why DOS

cannot. Wemust find the reason in the

deepest depths ofDOS itself.

The Cost of StructuredProgramming

I like structured programming. It

improves program development,

testing, debugging and reading. The

program occupies less memory and is

much more easy to modify, even by

another programmer. I make large use

of it in every language, including Basic,and I am greatly rewarded: my work is

much easier. All these advantages are

achieved at only one cost: the program

runs slower. How much slower it runs,

it depends on the level of structuring.

More deep the structure, more slow the

program. For some time-critical pro-

grams, structuring to the deepest level

can be a great disadvantage. For these

programs, the programmer must find

the better compromise, that is the level

where it must stop structuring and

start "spaghetti-programming".


Apple DOS is a deeply structured

program. It is verywell written and can

be easily adapted to different diskette

organization, that is shorter sectors,

more tracks, etc. At the moment,

however, the 3.3 version is widely

accepted and the coming of another

version is very unlikely, unless the

DOS is wholly changed for new disk

drives. We can therefore see if theslowness depends on the DOS structure

and, if it is so, see if it is possible to

reduce the structure level and so speed

up the operations.

Apple DOS is made mainly of three

blocks, in order of depth:

- The external level, which is the in-

terface with Basic, monitor and user.

- The file manager, which performs

all operations on diskette files.

- The RWTS, which physically

reads/writes a single disk sector.

This is [roughly) the sequence ofopera-

tions when Basic inputs a string from a

sequential text file, already opened:

- Basic calls input routine for getting

the first character. Since READ com-

mand is in effect, DOS intercepts

the call.

- DOS external level calls file

manager asking for a single character

from active input file.

- File manager calls its internal

routine "read one byte" [RDIBYTJ.- RDIBYT calls a routine which, if a

byte is not already available, finds and

loads the next sector in the buffer

[using RWTS).

- RDIBYT gets the requested byte

from the buffer.

- RDIBYT calls a routine which in-

crements the pointer (offset) in currentrecord. In case of sequential files,

records are of course one byte long.

Since end of record is reached, the

record counter is incremented and the

offset is reset to zero.

MICRO

- RDIBYT calls another routine

which increments the POSITION file

pointer. After that, it returns with the

wanted byte to main file manager

routine.

- File manager returns to external

level.

- External level returns to Basic with

the first character.

Just a little confused by this

simplified explanation? Well, think

that all increments and calculations are

done in 16 bit arithmetic and you may

begin to understand why sequential

files reading is so slow. But, you will

ask, what has that to dowith loading of

Basic or binary files? It has since DOS,

as I said, is highly structured: it loads

these files using the same abovedescribed procedure, as if they would

be text files! So, Basic and binary

loading is very slow too.

The SPEEDLOAD Approach

How much is the wasted time, in

terms of disk sectors? When DOS is

loading a Basic or binary file, after call-

ing RWTS for reading a sector it waits

for a little less than 100msec 1 8 sectorsorhalf a track) beforecalling the RWTS

again for the next wanted sector.

I must now explain another featureof Apple DOS: sector interleaving.

Using RWTS driven by a fast routine,

as it happens when loading DOS, it is

possible to load a sector every two, ac-

cording with our former analysis. Max-

imum speed can be achieved only if

sectors are loaded in that order. InDOS

3.3, every track is initialized with sec-

tors in ascending order, that is starting

with sector $0 and ending with sector

$F (hex). But this is the physical sector

order. Using a table called "interleav-

ing table", DOS make use of the sec-

tors as if they were in another order,the "logical order".

Figure 1 shows the correspondence

between physical and logical sector

numbers. The upper line represents the

sector numbers in a track as they are

physically written on the diskette dur-

ing initialization process. The lower

line shows the sector numbers as they

are used by the DOS (the RWTS). DOS

stores sectors in descending logical

order, that is starting with sector $F

and proceeding towards sector $0.

Every sector is stored in the physical

81



sector located through the interleaving

table. For example, logical sector $F is

stored in physical sector $F, logical $E

in physical $2, $0 in $4 and so on, as

stated by the table in fig. 1. As DOS

always uses sectors in logical order,

you can forget the upper line and look

only at the lower line (logical order).

When loading DOS itself, after

reading sector $7 it must be decoded.

During this operation, sector $Epasses

under the head, unnoticed. When

RWTS is ready for reading sector $6, it

is just this sector which passes under

the head, with very little delay. The

loading time is thus optimized. The

situation is very different when loading

a Basic file [it is the same matter with a

binary file): the time needed by the file

manager for processing sector $7 is so

great that in the meanwhile sectors

$E,$6,$D,$5,$C,$4,$B and $3 pass

under the head. When at last DOS is

ready for reading sector $6, that one is

already passed by and it has to let sec-

tors $A,$2,$9,$I,$8,$F,$O,$7 and $E

pass under the R/W head before it can

at last read sector $6. 17 sectors to

wait: a very long time!

In the book Bag of tricks by Don

Worth and Peter Lechner (published by

Quality Software) you can find a

similar description of the problem. The

authors call the time wasted in waiting

the next sector to read "rotational

delay" and the time wasted in process-

ing a sector "file manager overhead".Searching for a solution, they discarded

(rightly) the idea of modifying the in-

terleaving table, because DOS and

diskettes thus created were incompat-

ible with standard ones. They suggest

to modify the physical sectors order, in

such a way that 8 sectors lay between

two logical consecutive sectors. It is a

good idea, but it has some disadvan-

tages. First, it requires to re-init the

diskette. Second, the majority of copy

programs, and the more reliable ones,

will destroy the work and restore the

standard sector order on the copy.Third, all that work can achieve only a

45% gain in loading speed, in the best

case. If we might read a sector every

two, as in the DOS loading, we can

achieve a much greater improvement.

But this implies rewriting part of file

manager. Well, if there is no other way,

we must follow this one.

There is a problem: after loading

and decoding a sector, there is no time

for copying it in memory at the right

place. It were therefore necessary to

read it directly in memory. But this is

82

Normal DOS

Figure 2: Approximate binary file loading times (In seconds)

File size

1K (1024 bytes)

2K (2048 bytes)

4K (4096 bytes)

8K (8192 bytes) .

16K (16384 bytes)32K (32768 bytes)

not ever possible, as some sectors are

only partially written and unwanted

bytes must not be placed in memory.

Looking closer at the file structure, it

can be seen that only the first and the

last sector does not contain only bytes

to be copied in memory. The first

because it begins with address/length

informations and the last if it is not ex-

actly filled (which is unlikely to hap-

pen). All the sectors in between can be

loaded directly in memory without any

problems.

That is the theory of SPEEDLOAD:

loading the first sector in the normal

way, loading all the subsequent ones

directly in memory, excepted the last,

if it is not wholly filled. Obviously,

there is no gain in loading a very short

file and in preliminary operations (in-

dex looking, etc.), but there is a great

speed improvment as the file size growsup, as you can view from figure 2. Since

SPEEDLOAD trick is in the DOS, it do

not requires any modifications on

diskette formatting and can read any

standard diskette. The modified DOS

can beput on the diskette and it will be

booted exactly as the standard DOS.

Let us go to the practical implementa-

tion of SPEEDLOAD.

Inside The File Manager

Since SPEEDLOAD must deal with

Basic and binary files, we need to lookclosely at the loading process. The in-

volved commands are LOAD, BLOAD,

RUN and BRUN. First, notice that

RUN and BRUNmake use respectively

of LOAD and BLOAD routines, so we

can look only at the latter ones. Let's

look at the DOS loading process:

- External level calls file manager for

reading file informations: loading ad-

dress and length for binary files, length

only for Basic files.

- External level calls file manager for

MICRO

Speedload DOS

3.1

4.2

6.5

9.8

17.632.3

2.5

2.7

3.7

3.9

5.78.3

reading a block of bytes of specified

length.

- External level sets required

parameters and, if needed, starts the

loaded program.

In all loading operations, file

manager make use of the formerly

outlined RDIBYT routine. But forloading a block RDIBYT is called

through a "read L bytes" IRDLBYT)

routine which sets L [the required

length) and jumps in a general purpose

routine [read/write a range of bytes). It

is therefore possible to alter this jump

and redirect it to a hi-speed block

loading routine.

Since the 48Kslave version of DOS

3.3 is universally accepted, I decided to

make SPEEDLOAD not relocatable,

thus keeping it smaller.

After a careful analysis (using

some DOS sources and the QualitySoftware's Beneath Apple DOS), I

determined the input parameters and

conditions of RDLBYTE. These are

outlined in figure 3. The new routine

must respect these conditions in order

to maintain compatibility with stan-

dard DOS.

The SPEEDLOAD routine

The SPEEDLOAD routine is very

little structured, because speed is

needed. There are only 2 msec lor little

more) available between RWTS calls.Figure 4 is the listing of

SPEEDLOAD routine, (in LISA2.5 for-

mat). Notice the assembly address: the

SPEEDLOAD routine take the place of

the DOS 3.3 FORMAT routine, that is

the routine which physically initializes

a new diskette, writing the address

marks on it (and empty data too). The

FORMAT routine is therefore no more

available, but this do not means that it

is impossible to INIT a diskette. Since

the INIT routine is not modified, it is

always possible to re-INIT a previously




Figure 3: RDLBYT input variables (for 48K slave DOS).All 2'byte variables are in the L'H order.

Memory locations:

Loc. Name Contents andlor meaning

$8S88 FMOPC $03 s REAO (FMNGR opcode)$8SBC FMSUBC $02 = R/W RANGE (FMNGR

subcode)$8SBO FMPAR+O Record index. In pract ice, posi tion in

FMPAR+ 1 file ¢ 1; it is $01 if 8asic file, $03 ifbinary.

$BSBF FMPAR+2 8yte offset in the record; always o .FMPAR+3

$BSC1 FMPAR+4 No. of bytes to read (FILEN)FMPAR+S

$BSC3 FMPAR+6 Before jumping to SPEEOLOAO

FMPAR+ 7 routine, it will contain the loadingaddress (now in Y,X)

$BSCS FMPAR+8 FMNGR return code$BSC6 FMPAR+9 Not used$BSC7 FMPAR+ 10 Address of FMNGR work area buffer

+ 11

$8SC9 FMPAR+ 12 Address of TIS l ist buffer, which+13 contains the first TIS list sector

$BSC8 FMPAR+ 14 Address of sector buffer, which

+1S contains the first data sector

CPU registers:

A: don't care

V,X: loading address (H,L) to be stored In FMPAR + 6,+7

Zero page variables available:

$42,$43 only.

assembler to save the produced object

code under the name SPL.M.

used diskette (if it is not damaged). It is

not possible to INIT a new diskette forthe first time, because the routine

which writes the address marks is no

longer within DOS. A direct call to

RWTS Format returns with a "format

error" indication.

A diskette must be INITed for the

first time using a normal 3.3 DOS.

After that, it can be re-INITed with

SPEEDLOAD DOS, unless an un-

wanted exposition to a magnetic field

has destroyed the formatting. More in-

formation about INIT in the next

paragraph (installation).

The routine is 2S7 ($101) bytes

long. Amore detailed analysis of DOS

might have allowed to further reducing

the routine size, making use of some

DOS subroutines, but I preferred a self-

contained routine. The only external

call is for RWTS. You might be sur-

prised to see a single zero page pointer

(PTR in the listing) used alternately for

two purposes, but I chose to use only

locations used by the standard file

manager routine, thus insuring total

compatibility in any case.

The DCM directive instructs the


Installing SPEEDLOAD

Once you have assembled the

SPEEDLOAD routine, you must build

a SPEEDLOAD DOS, following this

procedure:

- Boot a standard 3.3 DOS.

- Put in a new (blank) diskette.

- INIT the blank diskette.

- Insert the diskette with SPL.M

- BLOAD SPL.M, A$BEAF

- Remove the diskette with SPL.M- CALL-lSI (go to monitor)

- A477: 4C BABE (link SPLroutine)

- AE93: EA EA EA (unlink Format

routine)

- CTRL-C (return to Basic)

- Put in again the blank diskette.

- INIT the blank diskette again.

You now have a diskette with

SPEEDLOAD DOS on it. Transferring

SPEEDLOAD DOS to another diskette

can be achieved in two ways:

1.) INIT a new diskette with standard

MICRO

DOS, then boot SPEEDLOADDOS and

re-INIT the diskette.

2.) Transfer tracks 0-2 from

SPEEDLOAD diskette to normal

diskette, using some copy program.

The second way allows you to in-

stall SPEEDLOAD without erasing the

data on the diskette, if you have a track

copy program.

If you want to copy a SPEEDLOAD

diskette, you can do it with COPYA,

but the destination diskette must have

been previously INITed with normal

DOS, or you will get an 1/0 ERROR

message.

Conclusions-.

Although there are many speeded-

up DOS available on the market,

SPEEDLOAD DOS is the only one, for

that I know, which is fully compatible

with normal DOS in inner addresses,

POKEs, variable usage and so on.

SPEEDLOAD works only in loading

process, and that is its major limita-

tion, but that is a constraint if you

want to keep compatibility with DOS

3.3 (and, beside that, I do not wanted to

rewrite all the DOS). However, if you

have a big program, or you made use of

chaining or machine-language

routines, SPEEDLOAD can save you

lots of time, in program development

and usage.

I tested SPEEDLOADwith over 200programs and I do not found any in-

compatibility, even with programs

which make extensive use of the file

manager, as FlD or Microsoft's TASC

compiler. I confess that I removed the

protection system from many of my

game diskettes, only for installing

SPEEDLOAD and avoiding frustrating

delays. I hope we do not have to see

again the hateful "please wait while

loading ... If , now that SPEEDLOAD is

available. HdCRO ·

BiographyAfter working five years in designing

specialized circuits for FM.broadcasting,I founded a little finn which is nowgrowing in the European industrialmicro-board market. Since January 1983 Iwork as free-lance programmer andwriter (mainly for Jackson publishinggroup, based in Milan). My first interestin programming are high level multi-player games and didactical applications.I am responsible for small computers inABRS (a research association) andASTROFISMA (a didactical one for youngpeople). I work with an Apple IT, twodrives and silenrype.

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S O F T W A R E

A R T S C I List

M agicalc $149 .00

Magicwindow 99.00

Magicword 99.00

Spec ial, A ll 3 of above. .. 3 4 7.00

B R O D E R B U N D

Payro ll $ 395 .00

AcctlR ec. 3 95 .00

59.95

34 .95

29.95

24 .95

A rcade Mach ine .

C hop lifter .

Sea fox .

G alaxy Wars .

F R A N K L IN C O M P U T ER

W i th 4 8 K RAM , 1 D i s k D r iv e, D is k C o nt ro lle r C ar d,12 " A mb er M on ito r, A dd itio nal64 K R AM , M ag i-

c a lc , M a g icw or d , M a g icw in dow, Ma g ic s pel le r

Spec ial Price $194 9.95

" New " fr om P ro me th eu s P ro du ctsP roModem@ 1200 Bel l 2 1 2A 3 0 0/ 12 0 0B au d Modem

A . C an b e e x p an d ed in to a te le comm un ic at io ns y st em a s a s t and -a lo ne pa ck age .

B . R ea l tim e c lo ck a nd c ale nd arC . H elp C om m an dsD . B u il t- in d ia g no s ti cs

E . A uto d ialerF . P ro g rammab le I nt el li ge n t D i al in gG . R S 2 32 in terfa ceH . In ter na l P ow er S up ply

O P T I O N S

On l in e phone d ir ec to r yE xp an d ab le b u ff er f rom 1 6K t o 6 4K

SPECIAL $ 4 75 .00

B A S IS 1 0 8

128K c om pu ter SPEC IAL $915.00A ls o availab le with C PM 3 .0 o r D OS d ual d rivesm on ito r, p erfect s eries s oftw are o r M ag ic alc ,

M ag ic win d ow a nd M ag ic wo rd . C all.

P R O M E T H E U S P R O D U C T S16K Card $ 60.00

64K Expand-A -Ram $ 225.00128 K Expand -A -Ram $ 275.00

G raph it ti C a rd(Spec ify Prin ter) $ 8 9.00

P .S . 1 6K B uffe r C ar dExpandab le to 64K $ 105.00

Applesu rance Card $ 99 .00

V er sa C ar d F ou r c ar ds in o ne1. Serial 2 . Paralle l 3 . Real T ime c lock and

calendar 4 . BSR Port $ 159.95

With Graph ics '" $ 199 .95

PRT-1 Prin ter C ard $ 7 9.00

P R I N T E R SNEC 8 023 $ 395.00w it h i n te r fa cecard and cables $ 4 49 .00

OK I8 2A

8 0 co l.l120cps $ 4 3 9.00OK I8 3A

13 6 co l.l120 cps $ 695.00Brother

Letter Q uality $ 8 8 9.00T r an s ta r 3 1 5

Colo r Prin ter $ 469.95

A C C E S S O R I E ST.G . Joys tick $ 42 .95Select a Port $ 39 .95

System Saver Fan $ 69.9525 .95 Super Fan 11 $4 9.9542 .95 S lim line D isk D rives $ 225.00

3 2 .95 D isk Drives Fu ll HI. $ 195 .003 2 .95 F loppy Disc Box 10 $ 25 .004 2 .95 F loppy D isc w/order $ 19.90 The JrUliI order specialists

4 2.95 .. 3 42 Q u artz C ircle, L iverm ore, C A 9 45 50

SGC

S 9 9.00

65.95

60.95

219.95

$255.95

255.95

39 .95

24 .95

20.95

20.95

D A T A M O S T

Property M gr. . $295 .00 $194 .95

Rea l Es tate

Inves tment Package .

Tax Beater .

Zaxxon .

Cas ino .

C on q ue ri ng Wo r ld s

M atin g Z on e .....

Pand oras Bo x '"

Se r ie s Baseba ll

179.95

129.95

39 .95

39 .95

29.95

29.95

29.95

29.95

I N F O R O M

Zo rk 1,2 ,3 $ 3 9.95 $ 2 7 .95

Planet Fall .. 4 9.95 3 2 .95

S tarcross . . . . 3 9.95 27 .95

P E A C H T R E E

Peachcalc .. $150.00

PeachPak (G 1/A r/Ap /) 395.00

M ailing L is t M gr. 250.00

S E N S IB L E S O F T W A R E

$ 92 .95

226.95

151.95

M ed ical d ic tionary $ 99.95 $ 72 .95

DOS Plu s 25.00 18 .95

Legal D ic tionary. . . • . . . . 99.95 72 .95

S IR T E C H S O F TW A R E

Le ga cy o f L ly lg amyn $ 39 .95

W izard ry 4 9.96

Galac tic A ttack . . . . . 2 9.95

S I R I U SBandits .. . .... $ 34 .95

Epoch 34 .95

F ly W ars " ...... 2 9.95Beer Run 29.95

Ou tpost 29 .95

Snake Byte. . . . . . . . 29 .95

Sneakers 29 .95

Joy Port. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 9 .95

S T R A T IG I C S IM U L A T IO N S

$ 29 .95

34 .95

21.95

$ 2 4.95

24 .95

20.9520.95

20.95

20.95

20.95

37 .95

Germany .... , $ 59.95 $ 42 .95

N orth A tlan tic 1986 59.95 42 .95

Rap id Dep loymen t

F or ce ....

R oad to Gettysbu rg .

C om pu ter Baseball .

Compu te r Qua r te rback

Bomb A lley .

N apo leons C am paigns .

34 .95

59.95

39.95

39 .95

59.95

59.95

118.95

89 .95

27 .95

27 .95

20.95

20.95

20.95

20.95

S P E C IA L A N D N E W ... $ 7 95 .00

8 0 co lum n Card • Magicalc • M ag icwindow •

M agics peller. 16K C ard S pec ial .... $ 44 9.00

3 - C A R D S Y S T E M

c ol/16 K c ar d/Z -8 0 c ar d S pe cia l .... $ 3 19 .9 5

M O D E M S

Smartm odem 300 . $ 219.95

Smartm odem 1200 . $ 499.00

D -Cat M odem $164 .00

O N I T O R S

14 " Compos ite Colo r H igh Res $260.00

ber 12" $129 .95

RGB colo r . $ 395.00

L1S IH i/Res green. . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 14 1.95

8 0 C O L U M N C A R D S

Smarterm 11 . $149 .95

V idex V ideo Term $215.00

U ltra Term . $289 .00

V iew Mas ter . .. $139 .00

App le lie 64K , 8 0 co l. ... $ 99 .00

Z -8 0 C A R D S

M ic ro so ft S oftc ard .

Z -8 0 Plu s .

Z -Card 11 .

E D U C A T IO N A L S O F T W A R E

. $ 2 2 9. 95

..... $ 12 5.00

. .. $ 13 1.9 5

Spelling /Read ing Prim er $ 29.95

Percep tion .. . . . . . . . . . . $ 20.95

Counting Bee " . . . . . . . . $ 2 3 .95W ord Scrambler . $ 15 .95

Frac tions . $ 36.95

Intro . A lgeb ra .. ..... $ 21.95

B U S IN E S S S O F T W A R EWords tar . $244 .95

Spells tar $159 .95

W S tar/MM erge . $3 95 .00

W S tar/SS tar $4 22 .00

Supercal $ 129.95

PSF F ile $ 8 8 .75

PSF G raph . $ 8 8 .75

PSF Repo rt . $ 8 8 .75

PSF 3PAK , $246.7 5

A l l e q u ipm e nt s h ip p ed l ac to r y f re s h. M a n u la c tu r er s w a rr a nt ie si n c luded . Ca l if o rn i a cus t omer s add 6 ' 1 2 % t ax . I nc lu d e p a ym e n t b y

p er so na l c he ck . m o ne y o rd er . o r c as hi er 's c he ck w it h o rd er a ndSGC w il l p a y s h i p pi ng c h ar g e. C a ll f or am o u nt o f S h ip p in g c h ar g ewh en p a yi ng b y c r ed it c a rd .

A ll item s are norm ally in s to ck

'"4%5)490-3420... A nd w e'll b e h e re to h elp a fte r y o u

r ec ei ve y o ur o r de r. F e el fr ee t o c al l t h e SGCTechni cal S taf f f o r a ss is t ance .



IAICAO'" Apple Reviews

Product Name:

Equip. req'd:

Price:

Manufacturer:

Printmate 150G Printer

Serial, Parallel or IEEE interface

?

Micro Periphals, Inc.

4426 Century Drive

Salt Lake City, UT 84107

Description: A high quality dot-matrix printer with bi-

directional printing, true descenders and one-pass

underlining capability, the 150G prints 100 CPS, 132

characters per line and has a lK (expandable to 8K) buffer.

While printing normally with a 5 x 9 dot matrix, a serif

font is included for letter quality type in a 11 x 9 matrix.

Dot addressable graphics are supported, and an Ap-pak is

available for Apple owners with full software support forscreen dumps including different sizes, alignment and

printing two pictures at once. Special fonts may be down

loaded into RAM or stored in ROM. An optional external

keypad is available for setting printer options and is

backed up with a battery for remembering the settings.

Pluses: Avery fast, very high quality printer which makes

the imported models pale in comparison. If you want a

better quality printer at a comensurate price, this is the

printer I recommend. I have used it for all my printing for 4

months and have not had a single problem.

Minuses: None.

Documentation: An 80+ page technical manual and a

50 + pageAp-pak reference manual are included. They areterse, well written manuals. If you like chattiness, buy

an import.

Skill level required: No prior knowledge necessary.

Reviewer: Phil Daley

Product Name:

Equip. req'd:

Price:

Manufacturer:

Money Tool

Apple II+ or IIe, disk drive, printer

$59.95

Howard W. Sams &. Co., Inc.

4300 W. 62nd St.

Indianapolis, IN 46268

Description: This product is an excellent checkbook/

budgeting program. It is set up to automatically categorize

expenses and apply them against deposits. Additionally,

features are provided to accommodate payroll deduction

storage for end-of-year tax accounting ..

Pluses: The program is incredibly fast for what it has to do.

Categorized summations are available for any desired time

period. Hard copy is neatly structured and easily interpreted.


Minuses: The program is overpriced. I've seen similar

home finance utilities for half as much. Functionally, the

only feature I found offensive was the inability to display

on the screen all the reports that could be printed.

Documentation: The documentation is entirely adequate.

The tutorial is written clearly and is easily followed. Do-

ing so, one can learn everything in about two sittings.

Skill level required: A new Apple owner would have no

problem using the program.

Reviewer: Chris Williams

Product Name:

Equip. req'd:

Apple Record Manager

Apple II or II+ with one disk drive

and 48K

$40.00

Connecticut Info Systems

218 Huntington Road

Bridgeport, CT 06608

Price:

Manufacturer:

Description: Creates and saves text files, which you can

then edit, append, rename, or delete. This Menu-driven

program allows you to set up sequential data files of

variable length. You name the files and fields and can

quickly view/edit data prior to printing or saving.

Pluses: One-keystroke commands make operation smooth

and simple. Aquantity ofutilities perform all needed func-

tions from the menu.

Minuses: Error-handling is only marginal and might trip

up beginners. The screen often becomes cluttered as

RecordManager is a stripped-down package and skimps on

niceties, such as screen formatting.

Documentation: No written instructions are provided, but

upon booting the disk, on-screen instructions are

displayed, and they are satisfactory for acquainting the

user with information needed to operate the program.

Skill level required: Some knowledge of text files is useful

but not mandatory. After some stumbling around, a begin-

ner will get the hang of things.

Reviewer: Mike Cherry

Product Name:

Equip. req'd:

Micro Dlustrator

Apple II w/ 48K and Applesoft

Recommended: Koala Touch Tablet

$129.95 with Tabletrice:

(continued)

MICRO 87



Hewlett PackardWri te or c a ll fo rp r i c es .------------:----------------------------------------~-=---

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V olk smodem wllh c empuler cable 199) 68

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DISKSPECIALS II

P E T S C A N I $ 2 4 5 b a s e p r ic eA llo ws yo u to c on ne ct u p to 3 0 C BM /P ET C om pu ter s toshare d d i sk d r iv e s a nd p r in ter s .Comp le te ly t r a n sp a r en t to theuser . Pe rfe ct lo r s choo ls o r mu lt ip l e wo rd p r oc es si n g c on -f igur at ions . Ba se con figur at ion suppor t s 2 computer s . Add~

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C OMS EN SE R em ole S ln sll.A dlp ler lo rC 64 0r VIC 3 5

COM VOICE SV II~lSlzer lor C 64 or V IC 139inc ludes software lo r t ex t t o s p ee ch , p i tc h, e tc .

~~_'!_C!~~~~]!~_~~~!~~!!~!.'!_~~l~~V IC 20 P re duc ts lid S olln re I I a le ck

1lnEMI Seltw lre UMI Seltw are

ABACUSSeltw lre HES Selhn re

~~~~~-~-~~-----~----~~!!~~-~~~-----------?-~V ICTORYSo ltw lr e l or V IC I n d C64

Metamorphosis 16 C r e a t o r ' s Revenge 16Labyrin th of C reator 16 G alac tic C onquest 16Kongo Kong 16 Ann ihila tor 16Champer Man 16 Grave Robbers 13

~ _I!!Y__~~~~! !~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ! . ~ ~ _ ~ _ ~ _ : O : _ ~ _ ~ ~PAPER CLIP W erd PreceSlor 99

OR AC LE0111 Bile 1I1ImBIHeries In clud ed 109

Su,er BusClrd 111111aHeries Inc luded 159C ommod ore 6 4 Programmers R eferen ce G uid e 16

MlcmC~oSl lor C 64-8 I.. e ls 0 1 ,IIV 19exce l le n t g ra ph ic s a nd co lor

SPINNAKER So fh n re C64. A p p le , I BM.A l l riCompute!'s First Book of PET/CBM 11

C64 or V IC SW ITCH 129POWER ROM Utili t ies t O l " PET/CBM 78

WordPili 3+ /64 wH~ Spellmuler 85W ordPro 4+ - 8032, d isk , p rin ter 295

SPELLMASTERsp e ll il l c ll ec k er I lr Wo rd P il iV ISICALCfor PET,ATARI,or A pp le 189

PET·THAXPET I e E ,son G llIp~lca Softw are 40

SM·KIT enhlced PET/CBM ROM UtIIHles 40Programmers T oolk it - PET ROM Utilities 35EASYCALCforC64 65PET Spacemaker 1 / ROM Sw itch 36

COPYWRITERW ord P ruceuor lor C 64 692 Meter PET to IEEE or I EEE to IEEE Cable 40Dust Cover for PET, CBM,4040, or 8050 8

CmC I n ll rf lc es ( ADA1800. ADA1450. SAD I I n s tu ck i

Prellllllllllll~e PE T/C BM (C OII,ulell- R .W esl 20Compute! ' s Machine Language lo r Beginners 11

MULTIPLA lllor C64 79

HES MODEM wH~ Softw lre 65

H ES S of tw lre lid Hlr dw lre I I s la ck!~)_I~~cll ~~!~~ _

S c ot ch ( 3M) 5 " s s/ d dS c ot ch ( 3M) 5 " d s /d d

Scotch ( 3M)8" ss /sd

S c ot ch ( 3M) 8 " s s/ dd

10/2.20 50/2.00 100/ 1.9510/ 3.05 50/ 2.80 100/ 2.75

10/ 2.30 50/ 2.10 100/ 2.0610/ 2.85 50/ 2.70 100/ 2.65

_ . _ . - - - - _ ..- - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - ------------------

P ROMQUEEN l or V I C

A p p le Emui ll or l or Commodo re 6 4

S TATS l Jl ls li cs P lc kl g. l or C 64

Solid Olk 2 L nel Slln d lor C64 or V ICC64N1C Swi tch ( network ing)

BACKUPV 1 .O I J pe c op ie r l or C 64 o r V I CCARDBOARD/6Mothe rboa rd - V ICCARDBOARD/5Mothe rboa rd - C64CARDPRINTG P ri n te r I n t w i th G r ap h ic s

CARD PRINTB Pr in te r I n te r fa c e-C64N ICCARDBOARD!3sMothe rboa rd - V ICCARDCOC64NIC Ca lcu lato r KeypadCARDRAM/16RAM Exp an s io n - V IC

Comp l el e CARDCOUne i n s la c kC I E a n d V I E I EEE .I n te rf a ce s i n s t oc k

MSD SuperOrI.e lor C64 or IEEE 365

MAE Assembler for C64 50K alil T ouch TI~leI-C64 or VIC 79

C BC 4 /1 2 1 2-b 1t A 1 0 0 BOIrd + Soltw lre 199

Multlp lln lor C64 79Dust Cov er l or C6 4 o f V I C 6

A P p I E = - F R l t n n : n r T i t M - SFRANKL IN - compl el e l in l I n s la ck

QUENTINDr l l es lo r App le/F ll Ink l il

SWlppe r S ioppe ra ut oma ti c sw it ch b etw ee n p a d d le s a n d j oy st ic k

KRAFTAp ple JovstlckK ra ft App le Pa dd le Pa ir

KOII ITouc~ TI~lel·Apple /FllInklin

SPINNAKERSe ftw lr e I n s lo ck

B l1 Id e n un d So ftw lr e i n s la ck1 6K RAMCar d f or A p p le

Mulliplan-MIeI1lIllI1

S olid Olk 2 L nel S iud lor A pp leS er ia l C a rd f or A p p le

MCP RAM/80 c ol um l urd l or l ie ( AP/ TXT JZ 80 soncard a nd CP /M (Mic rosof t)RANAEl i te I w i th Con t ro l le rPara lle l Printe r Inte rface /Cable

Mlcrelek IU MCP I nl er ll CI I i n s to ckG r ap p le r + I n te rf ac eK r af t P ro d uc ts f o rA p p le i n s to ck

DC Hay es Mi cr omodem "

PFS: F i le

PFS: RlportV i d ex8 0 Co lumnCa r d

A p p lo B lu l Book

21 9

26

4030

90

59

18 5

2989

13 923 538 969

F le x F i le f o r P E T /C B M / C 6 4 $ S ODa tab a se, Re port Wr i te rw i th c a lcu la t ions , Ma i li ngus ts .

Fti-RTH~rPET/C&4wiG;_odel=c~giiVR~y---$5ti

MelJeempHorlor F o RTH lo r in dep en den t objec t cod e 30

K M i i . - P A S C A i i i f i D r PETJc"ii/C&4---------gS

E A R L far PET/CIM Disk -based ASSEMBLER 65

Su;erGrlpbtca=--iA"SICLi"'iieEllllatlna---iS

~~S ! .~hi~~~~ .: ~~~~_ r: _~~. :s _~_~/C~~ _RAM/ROM tor PET /CBM 4K $75 8K $90

W e s to c k V E R B A T IM D IS KSW r it , f o r D e l le r a n d O E M p ric es .

Sen tin al5" ss/d d 10/1.90 50/1.85 100/1.80Sen tin al 5 " d s/d d 10/2.55 50/ 2.50 100/2.45

W e s to c k D y s a n d is k sWab ash 5 " s s / s d 10/ 1.60 50/ 1.55 100/ 1.45W abash 5" SS/dd 10/ 1.90 50/ 1.85 100/ 1.75Wa b as h 8 " s s / s d 1 0/2 .0 0 5 0/ 1 .9 5 1 00 /1 .8 5

W e s to c k M A X E l l D IS K SW r i te f o r d e a le r a n d D E M p ri c e s .

D isk S tora ge Pages 10 for $ 5 Hub R in gs 5 0 for $6Oisk Ubrary C ases 8"-3.00 5"-2.25

Head C lean in g K its 12AMARAY Disk S tor age Sy stems in s toc k .

~~~~ ' :_ :' :_~~_~~~_~_ l :! !' .~N~£ ~~~~ _~~_~ ! ~~ _

C A S SE T IE T AP ES -A G FA P E - 6 1 1 P R E M IU MC-10 10/ .61 50/ .58 100/ .50

C-30 10/ .85 50/ .82 1001.70

D A T A SH IE LD B A CK UP P OW E R S OU R C E $ 2 6 5Ba ttery b a c k up Un in te r rup tib lePowe rSupp lyw i th surg e a nd

~~~~~~~!_~~~~_~~_y_~!_~~~_p_r:_~~!:.~~_

MIIIIPlI"""":'IBMor App le 185Quadboa rd lo r IBMava i la b leKOALATouchTab let s -App le , A ta ri , IBM,CBM

PelC~eII 5000 Softw are P lcule 209

P FS S oltw lre lo r IBM u d A pp le I n s la ckVOTRAXPersonal Speech System 280

BMC 9191 Color MOlitor 229BMC 12A 12" Green Mon itor 79

Brelller HR-75 D llsy Whe.' P rln ler 769

Dyeu (Brel"~ DX-15 Dlisy W beel Prln ler 469Itoh Prow riter Para llel Prin ter 379

P ills oe ic 1 09 0 P rlllle r .lIb C om sp on den ce M od e 2 79Daisyw riter 2000 w ith 48K b uffer 1020

Sellll110X 299

EPSON.Ok l~I ILS ta r Mlc re n lc s p r ln l er s I n s loc kUSI CompuMOD 4 R F Modulator 29

We S io c k AMDEKMOA l tu rsAmdek DXY-100 Plotter 590A P Products 15% OFFCOMPUTERCOVERUPSIN STOCK

BROOKS6 Oillel Surao Sup preuor/N olse FHler 54Surge Supp ressor-6 outlet 29E lectrohome 1 302-2 13" Hi-res R GB M on itor 335Panason ic 12" Mon itor (20 MHz)w ith aud io 135

SYlertek SYM-I Mlcreca llpullr 189

A L L B O O K I n d S O FT W A R E P R IC E S D IS C O U N T E D

I IS I V i de oMo nilo r1 -G nen o r AM IE R 2 0 MHz b l - r e s .

---------~~-~!-!~-~~~-!!~)~~~--~!~~~-------

7'JII"* I datasystems

12 9

29 9

95

9520 9

19 to

ZVM-122A 109 ZVM-123G 95ZVM-131 300 ZVM-135 510HERO 1 R obot (factory assembled ) 2145Z 29 T erminal (DEC and ADM compatible) 680z r-10 In tel. Terminal w ith S erial P ort 340Z 100 16-bit/8-bit Systems CALLWe s to ck e n ti re Z e n it h l i n e.

A T A R I - W E S T O C K E N T IR E L IN ES PIN N AK ER an d Bro derb un d S oftware in S to ck

215-822-7727 W R IT E FOR CA TA LOG . Add $150 pe r o r d er f or U n it ed P ar ce l

252 B e t h l e h e m Pik A B C o m p u t e r s We pay b ala nc e o f U PS s u rf ac e s h ip pin g c ha rg es o n a ll p re pa id o rd er sColm r PA 18915 e (add extra for m all A PO fFPO air) Prices Inclu de cas h d is co unt

a , Reg u la r p ric es s lig ht ly h ig he r P ric es s ub je ct to c ha ng e



=AppleManufacturer: Koala Technologies

253 Martens Ave.

Mt. View, CA 94040

Author: Steven Dompier

Description: Agraphics illustrating program with various

brush sets, colors, and drawing modes. Points, lines, rec-

tangles and circles can be plotted on the high resolution

screen with different colors. Filling and erasing is ac-

complished easily. Creations can be saved to and loadedfrom disk. The program is a combination of BASIC and

machine-language on an unprotected disk.

Pluses: The program is menu driven and much easier to

use than most graphics programs. It includes many

sophisticated features such as magnification and fill. It is

very easy to create complicated and professional look-

ing drawings.

Minuses: The Koala Tablet is recommended for its

smoothness and preciseness. It is difficult to draw a

smooth line with a joystick.

Documentation: A very complete, clear and well written

booklet is included with the program.

Skill level required: No prior skill needed. Good for ages 5

and up.

Reviewer: Phil Daley

Product Name:

Equip. req'd:

Price:

Manufacturer:

Bugbyter

Apple II

$47.50

Computer-Advanced Ideas

1442AWalnut Street, Suite 341

Berkeley, CA94709

Tom Cohn, and Pete Rowuthor:

Description: Bugbytet is an interactive MIL debugging

tool which is relocatable to any unused location com-patable with your program including into a language card.

It has a screen-oriented display which has complete infor-

mation on the status of all the 6502's registers and stack. It

includes capabilities to turn off the display to avoid con-

flict with the program. and to set an area ofmemory (such

as DOS or the monitor) to beexecuted at real-time known

code. You can set breakpoints-hard or soft-and triggers to

count the break points. It assembles and disassembles

code similar to and uses instructions like the monitor. The

accompanying 40 page documentation is excellent.

Pluses: It is very easy to use and clearly shows everything

you need for debugging. No MIL programmer who writes

large programs should be without it.

Minuses: None.

Skill level required: Beginning to intermediate MIL

programmer.

Reviewer: Phil DaleyA \IC RO ..

SOfTWARE ENHANCEMENTSYSTEM. APB-I02. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5189.00W/GPLE . APU-I , FMP . DISK .MANUAl. QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE

APU·2. 11I1I.IlY ROM"2 535.00WIRENUMBER, MERGE. HOLD, E rC .

ROM DEVElOPMENI nG. . ... 599.00W/DISK. INSRUCTIONS &EMUIJITlON ROM

AID. 12 BIT. 16 CHANNEL . 5299.00W/5 VOLTAGE RANGES.

25 11 SEC CONVERSIONPRO-I. XTRA·IARGE PROTOlYPEBOARD . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 529.95UP TO 52 ICs, NUMBERED &LErIERED PINS. HANDY POWERAND GROUND CONNECTIONS,NUMBERED 110 CONNECTIONS

48 UNE PARALLEl 1/0

BOARD . CPU·I . . . . . . . . . . . .... 5249.0025 BUFFERED UNES INWIFlLTERlNG. 23BUFFERED UNES OUT,INTERRUPT INPUT

#1 SE llER AT A P.P.LE .*

APB -I0 2 U ltr a-R om Board /Edi tor Includes:• Advanced G.P.LE.* (Global Program line Editor) in Fnmware-Wtth Insert, Delete, Rnd, Tab, Zap, Pack, Restore, End, Etc.

• F irm w are Management Program (FMP) Overlays 32K of ROM in 2K Space

-Allows jumps and calls between banks-searches for utilities by name

-Recognizes new ROMs and utilities automatically

• A PU -l with over 25 Language Extensions & Ampersand Utilities-IVIhenIBse, Print Using, Ultra Fast Search, Damaged Program Recovery

• Always in the Machine-No Searching for a Disk

• Never in the way-No Program RAM used-Connect with 4 Keystrokes / Disconnect with 2!

"If you program & hauen't used a l ine editor, get on e right away" -M IC RO M AG AZ IN E

"The most powerful program deuelopment tool I haLe" -R OBE RT W lL SO N, PR OG RA MM ER

"Excellent Product, flawless" -P HIl1P D AlE Y. PR OG RA MM ER

"Great product, exceeds my expectations" -DR S 1E V E C O O K

"An elegant solution . .. well thought out. .. worth it" -S OF TA LK R EV IE W, S EPT . 198 3

"The best thing for the Apple s ince the disk" - ED W A RD D E CK E R. P HA R M AC IS T IP RO G R AM M E R

Ho llyw ood Ha rdwa re (213) 989-1204

6842 VALJEAN AVENUE, VAN NUYS, CA 91406

• G.PLE' 1983 NEIL KONZEN. SOLD UNDER UCENSE FROM SYNERGISTIC SOFlWARE / APPLE IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF APPLE COMPUTER INC.

A.P.P.LE. IS APPLE PUGETSOUND PROGRAM UBRARY EXCHANGE. THE WORlD'S lJIRGEST APPLE USERS' GROUP WITH 25,000 MEMBERS.

USE OUR 60 DAY UNCONDmONAl MONEY BACK TRIALIF Y OU CAN PART W IT H IT -W E 'll BUY IT BA CIC

A S K A BO lIT ' D E AI.E R lU S ER G R O U P D I SC O U N TS !

No. 68 - January 1984 M I CRO 89



SJB D ISTRIBUTORS .

ONE STOP SHOPPING FOR

COMMODORE SYSTEM S.mcornrnodore LANGUAGES 84 :: INTERFACES & ACCESSORIES

In sta sp eed B as ic C om p ile r (D ) ...... $ 99 Dota 20 8 0-Co l. Exp.............. $ 15 9NEW COMMODORE PRODUCTS Nevada Cobo l (D ) . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 55 Mr . Compu te r 80 -CoI . Exp. .. .. .. .. . 60Executive 64 .................... $ Call P i lo t (D) . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 4 5 5-S lo t Exp . (64 ) ................. 65CBM B 128 -8 0 . .................. 8 25 logo (D ) . ...................... 4 5 V ic SW itc h (c on ne d 8 6 4's o r V ic 'sB S eries S oftware ................. Call Assem bler Developm ent (D ) ........ 25 to DO/Pr in ter ) . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . 14 5

WORD PROCESSING 84 :: 64 Forth (R ) .......... " ........ 4 0 C ob le s 3 M , 6 M, 1 2M lo r a bo ve . ..... Col iN EW - M irage 8 0 col. . ............ $ 95 PRINTERS· DOT MATRIX Verex (Box 0 1 10) 51 ;4 D i s kenes . . .. . 26W o rd Pr o 3 + /S pellrigh t ............ 79 Epson R X80 (8 0 cps) ............. $ 299 Connect ion (Pe t / 64 g r aph ic s ,2K Bu ll er ) 99W ordPro 3 ' (WP) . ............... 59 MX 80 w /FT (8 0 cps) ............. 3 99 Cordco Print t G raph ics . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5Spel lr igh t (D ic t ionary) . . .. . .. . .. . .. 3 9 FX 80 (160 cps) ................. 54 9 Cordco Cordprin t . ................ 7 0Paper C lip ...................... 95 F)(l 0 0 (1 60 c ps ) 14 " w id th ........ 8 59 M W 302 Parallel. ................ 65

Easy Scrip t (D ) .................. 35 Ok idata 82A . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 4 29 PE T/IE EEC ob le (1m ) .............. 3 3Easy Spel l (D) . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 19 Okidata 92 ..................... 54 9 IEEE /IEEECob le (1 m ) ............. 4 9SPEC IAL- Bus iwriter (C ,D ) ......... 3 9 NEC 8023A ..................... 4 29 In te rpOd ( In tel li gen t IEEE ,Cu ick Brown Fox (R ) ............. 49 S tp r Delta (160 cps)-N EWL ........ 54 9 RS232 , serial) . ................. 149

SPREADSHEETS 84 :: S ta r G em in i lO X (1 20 c ps ) ........ 3 09 ADA 1800 (IEEE /Parallel) . ......... 129C alc R esu lt - A dvanced (R ,D ) ....... $ 120 S tar G em in i 10/15 ............... Col i ADA 1450 (IEEE /RS232 (M /F» ..... 129Bus icalc II - M ore Power! (R ,D ) ..... 95 Trans tar 3 15 (H i Res ., Co lo r) ....... 57 5Mu l ti pl an 64 (D ) . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 9 M i c ro EdgePr in terPape r ( 540 Shee ts ) .. 10 VISA/MASTERCARDCalc Resu lt - Easy (R ) ............. 70 ESSENTIALS MONEY ORDERSPractico lc 64 (D ) ................ 45 C ommodore 64 .................. $ Call BANK CHECKBus icalc I - SPEC IA l! ( C ,D ) . ........ 39 1541 D isk D rive . ................ 24 9 C .O .D . 's A c cep te d. ( Ad d $ 5 )

DATA BASES 84 :: 1525 Prin ter (8 0 co llOM ) ......... 225In s to ck ite ms s hip pe d w ith in 4 8 h ou rs .

M irage Data Base ( D ) . ............ $ 95 1530 Datasene .................. 65M 'F ile (m erges with W ordPro) (D ) ... 8 9 1520 Planer/Prin ter (4 Co lo r) ...... 16 9 F .O .B .Da ll as , Texas ( Texas Res ., Add 5% Tax ).

M icro S pec Data M anager (D ) ...... 60 1526 Prin ter. .................... Col i Produc tssh ipped wi th manu lac tu rer 's war ran ty .

C odew riter (develo ps p ro gram s)(D ) ... 9 5 1702 M onitor ................... 24 9 P ric es s u bj ec t t o c h an g e w it ho u t n o tic e.

PRODUCTS OF THE MONTH CBM $ 50 M in im u m O rd er.

TCS 64 /8 0 - N EW ! (D ) . ........... $ 13 9 8 03 2 (8 0 co lum n Pet) ............ $ 625'Defect ive un it s must have retum(WP/Data Base/Spread) SuperPet (5 languages !) ........... 104 9

Koa la Pad - NEW! . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 8 9 8 050 Dual D rive (1 mg.) .......... 99 5 a u th o riz at io n n umber a n d in c lu d e

Delta 10 (160 cps) - N EW ! ........ 54 9 8 250 Dual D rive (2 m g.) .......... 1295 copy 0 1 invoice.

UTILITIES 84 :: 9060 Hard D isk (5 mg.) .......... 1995V ic T ree ( 4 .0 Bas ic) (R ) ........... $ 75 2031, 170K S ing le D rive .......... 295

~

64 Super E xpander (R ) . ........... 25 64K Upgrade lo r 8 03 2 ............ 259S imon 's Bas ic (R ) . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 25 S u pe rP et u pg ra de lo r 8 0 32 . .. .. .. . 59 9Cardco P r in ter U t i l i ty (C ) ........... 15 4 02 3 Prin ter (8 0 cp s, 8 0 co l) ...... 3 95MS-Backup (Bock Up Data!) (D ) .... 15 8 0 23 P rin te r (1 50 c ps , g ra ph ic s) . .. . 54 5

ACCOUNTING 84 :: 6400 Prin ter (4 0 cps , lC ) ......... 14 50H om e A ccou ntan t (C ontinen tal) ..... $ 7 5 LEnER QUALITY PRINTERSTax Advantage (merge w/home D iab lo 620, 25 cps ... . . . . .. . . . . . . $ 949a cc o un ta nt ) - NEW ! . .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 5 T ran star 13 0, 16 cps - 13 2 co t. . . .. . 769

SJB DISTRIBUTORS INC.eneral ledger, A IR , A /P, P/R , Inv. Trans tar 120, 14 cps - 8 0 co l. . ..... 50 0(In fo D eS ign 's O rig in al) (D ) ....... ea.7 9 MONITORS 1 05 20 P la no R oa d, S u ite 2 06

Nume ric Ke yp ad ( Ha rdWa re ) . .. .. .. 65 Panason ic C T 160 (co lo r) .......... $ 27 9 Dallas , Texas 7523 8Nume ric Ke yp ad ( Ca rd c o) . .. .. .. .. 3 5 Pana so n ic TR120 (w/ sp k r, gr ee n ) . .. . 15 5

TELECOMPUTING 84 :: Sany o/ Amdek-G reen , No Aud io , 1 2 " . .. 12 5TO ORDERic 1650 (A uto A ns /D ial) M Odem ... $ 95 BM C/S anyo-G reen, N o A ud io , 9" .... 95

V ic 1600 Modem . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 59 C o b le (F o r Ab o ve ) AN . .. .. .. .. .. . 15 CALL TOLL FREEH es M od em (D ow nlo ad in g S oftw are ) 65 VIC ACCESSORIES 800-527-4893Super Te rm (Downlo a d/ 8 0- 12 8 Fo rm ) . 95 8K RAM Expand. Cort.............. $ 4 0M ic ro T erm 6 4 (D ow nlo ad P /D ) ..... 3 9 16K RAM Expand. Cort............. 7 0 800-422-1048

EDUCATION 84:: 24K RAM Expand . Co r t. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 5 (W ith in Texas )

Spelling I (Koala) (D ) ............. $ 29 2 7K R AM (E xpands V ic to lu ll 3 2K ) . ... 119Geomet ric (Ko a la ) (D ) . .. .. .. .. .. . 20 3 Slo t Expander . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 3 0I .C . Baseball (D) . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 25 6 S lo t E xpander .................. 7 0 CATALOG

Bib le Baseball (D) . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 25 Joys t ick (Wico-Red) . . .. . .. . .. . .. . 25 S en d P os tc ar d w it h N ame & Ad dr es s t o

Happ y Tu to r ( Ty pin g ) ( D) . .. .. .. .. . 15 Joys t ic k B las te r ( ADR Rap id - F ir e ) . . . . 10 speed p r oces si ng .

NOTE: SJB HAS A FULL LINE OF COMPUTER MEDIA IN STOCK, CALL OR WRITE FOR MORE INFORMATION.



Introducing ournew home computer game •Cavern Creatures" Where one false move, onemistaken twitch of the Joystick can do terriblethings to an Apple. Like shut parts down.Who knows which ones? Making it act ....

awful funny and then ... KA-BOOM! ...

Gee whiz. Look what you've done.Your big shiny Apple, destroyed.

And you thought you were just havinga little fun?

BlowupThe game's finished. And maybe, so is

your Apple. Oh, but don't worry.Cavern Creatures is just a game. Full of action.

Fun. Suspense. Just like our other games.Whether they're blowing up your Apple.Or totally blowing your mind.

How M uch M ore Ca n O ne Joy st ick Jockey T ake?We've exceeded our past reputation for

bringing you some of the most super snazzy,ultra -intense, graphically involving games around.We've gone totally out of our minds with every

game from shoot 'em up, blast 'em out of the skystrategies to mind game graphics guaranteed toprovoke a mental meltdown.Are you ready?

Cav e rn C r ea t u re s"You can squirm. Beg. Plead.

And moan. Nothing will saveyou, or your Apple, from beingblown sky-high by this game.Don't worry. The effect's not per-manent. YourApple will recover.But will you?



S p a ce A rk™Skin -hunters, poachers and

mechanicals-enemy robots whoaren't exactly the warm andfriendly types-await you. Oblite-rate the bad guys. Save the goodguys. Youmight survive this.

Ard y T he Aa rdva rk™Here's a tongue that's as long

~~ •• and skilled as you are. Think youcan lick stinging ants and taran-tulas? Use Ardy's tongue as you

make it through this maze!

Roundabout™Sharpens your target skills

with 24, count 'em, 24 differentseries of targets. How's yourhand to eye coordination, pal?

ArgosTM

And if you like to push peoplearound, layoff your little brotherand take on these aliens instead.Save the Domed City fromdoomsville.

S up er B un ny "No, S up er B un ny is not

referring to all those Playboysstashed under the bed. It's astrategy /action game that justmight turn your brains into car-rot puree. Cover your burrow!

Con que ri ng U0 rld sT II

So you fancy yourself a die-hard strategist? Try conqueringthis. Maybe you'll rule the uni-verse if mom will let you off

restriction.

Bilestoad™Avoid violence, but be prepared.

Incredible graphics make thisrated R! But if you're a wimp, passthis game up. It's not for babies.

~

. . .

o ~ · ~ ~ ~ ~ g l ~ ; ~ ~ l :m ! 'r J m ' i u ,

mOATAMOSTThe most out of our minds:

M

TY! isa registered trademark of Daramosr. Inc. 8943 Fullbright Ave.. Chatsworth. CA91311(213)709-1202•Apple isa trademark of Apple Computers. © Datamost 1983



ple processors for the purpose ofreliabil-

ity (redundant design). Instead, Iwill give

some points to consider and hints on

how to proceed with designing a system

of multiple processors which share the

system resources but each "does its own

thing". One example is a commercially

available dedicated word processor. In

this particular system, a 6800handles all

the word processing while a 6502 runsthe keyboard, screen display and the disk

drives. This particular machine can

receive serial data at 1200baud, storing

the incoming data on the disk and

displaying it at the same time. Themajor

system requirement formulti-processing

is to partition all the jobs, defining very

carefully the responsibility of each pro-

cessor. In fact, it is like designing two

separate systems and then designing an

interface between the systems! Once all

the system jobs have been passed out,

you need to define the interface and

decide how the information interchange

will be handled.

Some microprocessors have been

designed specifically for multi-

processing, such as the 6801 and 6809.

Figure 1 shows just the interconnection

of two 6801 uPs. The eight lines of Port

P3 and the two SC lines combine to

make a parallel link which transfers one

byte at a time between the two devices.

The SC lines form a handshake setup

which informs the "slave" processor that

data is ready. Note that "slave" and

"master" status is defined by which is

programmed to send and which is pro-

grammed to receive. The 6809 has a

special pin called DMA/BREQ which

allows other processors or special pur-

pose hardware to request control of the

data and address bus lines for fast data

transfer or other purposes. The Radio

Shack Color Computer uses the 6809E,

which does not allow normal DMA or

other types of bus access, since this

would disturb the special relationship

between the uP and the SAM [Syn-

chronous AddressMultiplier).

Another way to interface betweenprocessors is to define special areas of

memory which can contain anything

from a single bit or byte towhole pages

of data. One processor must leave the

data for the other, and set a flag which

indicates the data is ready. The second

processor will then pick up the data and

cancel the flag. Inpractice, the memory

bus must be segmented so that each

processor has enough "private"

memory for its own tasks, and the data

buffer must be in address space which

each processor can use. At the same

94

PD~ l ] - 6 I! D LINE S

DS i r - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~HAN[O~:HAkE LI IjE~'I S31----------------------------------------1, D:,:;

Figure 1: Some microprocessors, such as the Motorola

6802 shown here, have bul lt·in provisions for communica·

tion between processors.

fLAt; 1

UP1

UP 1UP 2 UP:;:

Figure 2: Two processors sharing some common memory

area can use Interlocked latches to prevent bus conflict

(see text).

'~.5 '.'DL:,1001

1000

0111

A/[I 0110

0101~DUN1S

0100

0011

0010

0001

0000I) VDL1S

Figure 3: A Digital·to-Analog converter cannot make accurate

measurements without adequate resolution (see text).




time, there needs to be either interlock

circuitry which prevents both pro-

cessors from trying to access the area

simultaneously, or the programming

for both processors must enforce a

similar protocol. This type of design

almost always involves a dedicated pair

of latches, and each latch will have a

unique address controlled by one pro-

cessor. This is illustrated in Figure 2;

when uP#1 is using the data buffer, it

sets latch Ll to the "off" state (Q = 0)

by pulsing the CLEAR input. Ll's Qoutput holds L2 in PRESET(Q high) as

long as uP#1 is accessing the buffer. At

the same time, Ll's IQ output is high,

serving as a BUSYflag for uP#2. When

uP#1 releases the buffer, it pulses the

clock line of Ll, which sets Ll to the

"on" state, clears the busy flag and

releases L2. Similar action by uP#2

controls L2 and warns uP#1 that the

buffer is busy. Itmay also be important

that the two processors have syn-

chronized clock inputs.

If two separate computers involved

in a project must work together, one

computer can be designated as the

master, and it will send commands to

the other computer over their link,

which can be a high speed RS-232 line.

The master must be programmed to

pass the required commands to the

slave computer, besides keeping its

own business straight. It is likely that

the slave will be assigned some kind of

monitoring tasks, and the incoming

commands will trigger interrupts on

the slave. Then, depending upon the

type of command, the slave may make

a different measurement or report the

previously collected data. Whatever the

assigned tasks, part of the program-

ming for both computers will involve

specially coded commands to define

precisely the nature of the task to

be performed.

That's enough on computer com-

munications for now! I have promised

to introduce some of the real-world

hardware such as analog to digital

(AID) and digital to analog (DIA) con-

verters. Very few processes and

parameters we might be interested in

are digital. We normally want to know

how heavy, how strong, how loud, etc.

something is. Natural processes come

in all sizes, shapes and colors, and a

precise measurement will usually in-

volve values which do not change in

discrete digital steps.

Natural processes vary widely be-

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tween two limits in such a way that a

digital quantity will not be exactly cor-

rect as shown in Figure4. This diagram

assumes an AID converter with a full

scale input of 16 volts and having a

resolution of four bits (2--4, or one

part in 16). In other words, each step of

the converter represents a one volt

change. If we assume the voltage to bemeasured is 9,5 volts, we find that step

1001 (binary) is too low and step 1010

is too high. Note that even if the 4 bit

converter is 100% accurate, the best

answer it can give for this measure-

ment is incorrect by .519 or 5.5%. Ifwe

can increase the converter's resolution

to 8 bits (2.. 8, or 1 part in 256), 9.5

volts happens to be exactly 152 steps

out of the 256 possible; the new con-

verter has steps of 62.5 millivolts. At

present, about the best resolution

economically possible with an AID

converter is 16bits (onepart in 65536),

or 244 microvolts if the full scale range

were 16 volts as in our examples. Ac-

tually, typical AID converter ranges

are 0 - 5 volts, 0 - 10volts, or -5 to + 5volts. If we don't have another reader

question next month, we will get into

types of AID converters and do some

experiments.

You may contact Mr. Tenny atP.O. Box

545, Richardson, TX 75080.

95



LO O K TO

MACMILLANFOR COMPUTER SCIENC E

THIS IS VIC·20 BASICROBERTFSUTHERLANDand RICHARD M. GILMAN

Emphasizing good programming practices, the au-thors show how to take advantage of the VIC-20'sspecial capabilities such as creation of shapes andpictures in color, and production of music andsound effects.1984 Paperback 420 pp.(approx.) ISBN: 0-02-418380-6 $16.95

AN INTRODUCTION TOSTRUCTURED BASIC

FOR THE CROMEMCO C·10WAYNE T . WATSON

The only book available in its area, this book as-sumes no prior programming experience andstresses interaction with the microcomputer. Thefirst ten chapters provide a foundation to the mostcommonly used concepts in BASIC, and the lastfour chapters offer more advanced material on filesand programming structures.1984 Paperback 276 pp.(approx.) ISBN: 0-02-424580-1 $16.95

BASIC·80 AND CP/MJACK JAYPURDUM

The key features of BASIC-80© are related to themost popular microprocessor operating system,CP/M.'· Coverage includes sequential, random,and skip-sequential file structures and many use-ful subroutines for applied programs (binarysearches; Shell and Bubble sort; range checks;direct cursor control for many popular CRT's; anderror messages under direct cursor control).1984 Paperback 220 pp. ISBN: 0-02-397020-0 $16.95

IBM·PC:8088 MACRO ASSEMBLER

PROGRAMMINGDAN ROLLINS, Independent Consultant

Intended specifically for the increasingly popularIBM-PC, this book incorporates up-to-date sec-tions on IBM-PC color graphics and includes many

sample programs.March, 1984Paperback 300 pp. ISBN: 0-02-403210-7$13.95-lenlalive

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AVAILABLE AT YOUR LOCALBOOKSTORE

FOR MORE INFORMATION CALL TOLL-FREE1-800-223-3215. OR WRITE:

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96 MICRO

Advertiser Index

A B Computers 88

Amplify.... .. 36

Atari Program Exchange 6

Compu'Tech 94

Computer Mail Order 76,77

Datamost, Inc 92,93Eastern House Software .. 13

Hollywood Hardware 89

Incomm .

Interesting Software

Kiwi Software

Leading Edge .

MacMillan Publishing Co

42

38

73

Back Cover

96

75, 80

9

45

22

Micro.

Micro Spec ..

Micro Ware ,.,'

Midwest Micro Inc ,,'

Percom Data ,., .. ".".,"

Performance Micro Products 59

Perry Peripherals " .. ,,',", ' , , , , , , , , , " 72

Protecto Enterprizes 30, 31, 32RH Electronics, Inc """""" 91

Richvale Telecommunications Inside Front

S GC 86

S J B Distributors " 90

Safeware 56

Scientific Software , , , , , , , , , . 73

Skyles Electric Works 19

Spectrum Projects """" 70

Star Micronics Inside Back Cover

Strom Systems Inc 2

Titan Technogies, Inc 20

Tot! Software .. ' 58

Victory Software 21

Winders &Geist, Inc '" 1

National AdvertisingRepresentatives

Horne Office:Cindy Kocher, Advertising ManagerP.O. Box 6502Chelmsford, MA 01824 (617)256-3649

Mid-West Territory:Thomas Knorr & AssociatesThomas H. Knorr, Jr.

333 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 401Chicago, Ill inois 60601 (312) 726-2633

serving: Ohio, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Texas, North Dakota, SouthDakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, Indiana, illinois, Jowa,

Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota,

West Coast:The R.W. Walker Co., Inc.Gordon Carnie2716 Ocean Park Boulevard, Suite 1010,Santa Monica, California 90405 (213) 450-9001

serving: Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado,New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, California, Alaska, and Hawaii

(also British Columbia and Alberta, Canada)


3



T h e e c o n o m i c a l d u a l - s p e e d

W ith a fas t an d fu rio us w ork p ace, a h ig hlyflexib le p rin ter is cru cial. T hat p rin ter is th e n ew

R ad ix -15. W atch it tak e yo ur w ork an d ru n w ith it.

It's dual speed! A t 200 cps R adix firesou t a s uperb ly refined dot m atrix prin tou t. A t 50c ps it p rin ts p ro fes sio nal n ear- letter q u ality. S o n ow

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It's m ulti-fu nctio nal! In eith er m od e R ad ix-15 q u ic kly ad ap ts to yo ur n eed s. T here's s erial an dp arallel in terfac e. Memo ry s to rag e w ith a 16K

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'.' ""' . . . . . . . . . ............... .~

'. , - - . ~ , £ _. . _ - ' ., . . . . . .", . . . . ...._.._._ .... , -

,~' .. --....._--. _ . " . . . . .

. . . . . ." ". . . • . . ,.~•.~::

. , . , - - . - . . . - - ..... -.

micro 6502 journal january 1984

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