micro 6502 journal september 1980

8/3/2019 Micro 6502 Journal September 1980

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TM

SE· TEMBER..28



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T H E S T A R M O D E MFrom Livermore Data Systems

~ I E E E 4 8 8 M O D E M

q: S A L E S

The STAR m odem from liverm ore represen ts a

sig n ifican t b reakth rough in the developm en t of

acoustic m odem s. The sm all, ligh tw eigh t case

h ou ses a h ig h"p erfo rm an ce m od em th at com petes

w i til th e h ig hest !;U al ity s tan d a r d -s i z e d e o u piers

a va il ab le . Y et , becarse of it s c os ts e ffe ctiv e d es ig n ,

the STAR has beem ,Ie th e pri Ge/performan c e leader

in the . indust ry

CIRCUITRY

T he s w ite h ab le , fo ur -S€C t io n b an d p ass I i It er p ro v id e s

the user w ith excellen t out-of-band rejection to

assure accurate p rocessing of the received car-

rier, even at sig naJ levels of less than "-4 7 dBm ,

Further, th e p rov en salt lim iter a n d p hase lo ck

lo op d iscrim in ator y ield s d ata th at is essen tially

j itte r fre e.

Th e osclnator is b uilt USin g h ig hly stab le, s tate-

v ariab le circuitry th at d eliv ers a n early h arm on ic

Iree. p hase coheren t sine w ave to the teleph on e

network , assuring com patib ility w ith all o t h e r1 03 ty pe m od em s. Becau se 0 1 t he p u re n es s 0 1 the

sine w ave, the STAR r oodemexc e e c s even th e

s lrin g en t h arm o ni c reQU irsm en ,s ot all' C C tTT

countries.

8 8 2 3 2 M O D E M

S A L E S 1 3 9

CARR IER DETECT

To ass u re ace u ra t e te le D r o c e s s i ng con n e c t ion s ,

th e carrier d etect circuitry p rev en ts the m od em

from attem ptin g to op erate w hen excessiv e n oise

w ou ld p rad u c e e rro rs o r cau se m arg in al o peratio n.

T h e c ir cu i try also ha s a s pe ciaJ am p i itu de s en so r

th at p re ve nts chatter w hen the received Sig nal

fades.

E X C L U S I V E A C II U S T I C CHAMBERS

Th e exclusive trip le seal of l iverrrere ' s n ew flat

m oun ted . cup s lock s th e h an dset in to th e acou stic

c ham b er y ie ld in g superior aco us tic is olatio n an dm ech an ical cush io nin g. Desig ned to ad ap t to m ost

c omm o n h an d se ts u s e d th ro ug ho ut th e w orld (als o

fits GTE h an dsets). the STAR offers the utm ost in

fle xib ility a nd tra nsm is sio n re lia bility ,

SELF TEST

T h e self test fealure o n th e STAR allow s th e us er to

v erify to tal o pe ra tio n o f th e acoustic m odem by

using tne term in al in th e lull d up lex m cda No n eed

lorre m ote assistan ce in d iag nosin g term in al o r

modem p r e d u c t s .

Utiliz in g th e ex perien ce g ain ed from b uild in g h ig h

Q ual ity co up lers for o ver !w e Iv e y ears . L iv erm o re

h as d esig ned a co up ler su perio r to an y it its class fo r

c os t e lli cie n cy in i nd u st ri al , c o m m e r c i a l business o r

hOme s it ua ti on s . Y o u can s e e why we call it th e

STAR!

SPECIFICATI 0 M SDII II R ll a. 0 to 300 baud.

Cam p ltib tU ly . B ell 1 03 aM 1 1.3; C CIlT .

T lu sm i t F re q u.e nGt es .* O rig in ate ~ 1 07 0 H z/ Sp ace,

1270 Hz /Mark ; Answ er ~ 2025 Hz/Space, 2225

Hz/Mark.

H e e e i n F l l q u e l J G l u . * Orig in ate - 2025 Hz /Sp ace,

2225 Hz /Mark ; Answer - 1070 Hz/Space, 1270

Hz/Mark

F l l l q u e R G V Stl bl l I IV.. ±D.3 p e r c e n t ,

ReCllin r Sen aiHv ity .-5 0 d Bm ON., - 53 d Bm O F F .

T rln lm lt L 2¥ 1 lI.-15 dBm.

M od ulltlo n. FreQ uen cy s hift k ey ed (FSK ).

C l m r r Delret D e I l V . 1 .2 secon ds ON: 1 20 m sec OFF.

E I A Tannlnal 1 ~ ~ r f 1 c e . Com patib le w ith RS 232

specifications.

InlerflCll. IEEE 488,

Op lilln llln lei1 ms. 20 rn a:

' "I nt ema ll on ll ( CC IT n t r e q u e n c i e s Iwllable.

S w itc he s. 0 ri 9 in atel Off! A nsw er; Fu ll Dup Iexff BStj

Half 0 u p le x .

Indictlu rs , Transm it Data, Receive Data, Carr ier

Rea dy . T es t.

En v i ron m nlli. Am bi en t o p eratin g tem p eratu re 5 0 C .

to 50"C, Relative hum id ity 10 to 90 percen t {n on -

condensing}.

!' ow e r. S up p lie d b y 2 4 VAC/1 S0 MA U UCSA lis lo o

w all-m ou nt tran sform er. In pu t 1 15 VAG, 2.5 w atts

(220 VA C, 5 0 Hz ad ap to r av a.ilab le o n reQuest),OilJllnslons. 10·· x 4· · x 2"Weigh t 1 .7 Ib s, (2,2 Ib s, sh ip p in g w e ig h t in c lu din g

AC adap tor ,)

W.m nty . Tw o years on parts a n d labor.

7,75

945

6502 7 ,4 5 10 @ l 6.9 5 50;Q ) 6 .5 5 100 ( \ i J 5.15

6 502A 8.40 10 [Ii) 7 .9 5 50 §l 7.35 io n (Ii) 6.90

6520 PIA 5 .1 5 10 @ I 4 .9050@ l 4 ,4 5 100@ 4 .15

6 522VIA 6.90 1 0 @ l 6.50 50 @ 5.10 tn u @ SJO

6532 7 .90 10 @ 7 .4 0 5 0 @ 7.00 10 0 @ l 66 0

2114 -l4 5 0 4 .5 5 20 @ l 4 .35 100 @ 41 5

2114 -L300 5 ,9 5 20 @ 5 .4 5 100 @ l 5 10

2 71 '6 E PROM 2t,00 5 @ l 19 .00 10 @ 17.00

4116-200 n s RAM 7 .00 a @ I 625

6550 R AM (PET BK ] 1 2.7 0

5 -1 00 Wire WraD 2.6 5 Solder Tail 2.1 5

CASSETTES-AGFA PE-611 PREM.IUM

H ig h o utp u I. ID W noise. 5 screw noosing, I a b e t s .

C-l0 t 01 5 .5 5 5 01 25 .00 1 00/ 48.00

C-20 1 01 6.4 5 5 01 29 .5 0 1 00/5 7,00

C-30 r 0(7 30 5 0/34 .00 1 00/6600

All other lenglhs available, Wrrte for price list,~~- .~~.~ ~~.-,-.~~~_- -~~. - - - -

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O is ke lt e. S to ra g e P a ge s

D is k l ib ra ry Cases

1 0/ 3.1 0 50/2.B5 10012.75

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1 0/2.4 0 5 0/2.35 1 00/2.30

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C o m m o d o r e ' C O M ·P E T S P E C IA L S

-up 10 $235 tree« - t v merchandiseq. : wilh purchase 01 one 01

4 : lollawing CBM-PET

$ 7 4

25

72178

26 8

7 5

Centronics 7 3 7 Proport iona l Spacing Pnnter s a o oN E G Spinwriter-parallel 2450

SYM'·1 5209 w llh 4K RAM S 238SYM BAS-I BASIC in ROM B~

SYMRAE·1/2 Assembler In ROM 85

MDT 1 0 00 S ynerlek Developm en t System 1345

K T M- 21 80 S y n e « e k V id eo B Q a J d 34 9

KIM- l (add 534 for pow er supply) 15 9

S ea w ell M ot he r b oa rd -4 K RA M 1 95

Seaw ell 1 6K Slah c RAM- K IM. SYM, AIM 320

S· t 00 Static RAM kil SALE 198

l.e ed ex V id ea 1 0 0 1 ·2·' M on Itor 1 29

zeni th Zi g Termin al (la c lory a s m I 77 0

K L ·4 M Fou r VOice MUSIC B oard lor PET $34 .90

V i s i blc Mu sic Mo oi lo r (4 Voice) for PET 29 .9 aSPECIAL-KL-4M W I I ~ Visible MUSICMan ilar 5 9 90

M I C ROT H EL LO lo r PET b y M ic ha el Riley $9.95

Ma.chlne l an g ua ge v ers lo n =v o u c an 't w in at Level 5

PAPER M AT E 6 0 Co m m an d P['1Word Processor s 2 9 . 9 5F u 1 1 -ea I u r ed v e rs io n b y Michael Riley

ril A P Products 15% OFFAll Book and Software Prices are Discounted

PET Personal Co m pu te ' G uid e IOsborne) $12.7 5

PET an d the IEEE--488 Bus (Osborne) 12.7 5

6502 Assembly Language IOsborne) 94 5

Pro gram m in g I.h e 6 50 2 (Zaks) 10,45

' 6502 ApplicaJions Baok (Zaks) 10.4 5

P rD g ramm lo g a' M ic ro ca m pu te L 6 5 02

6 50 2 So~w a re BaokOOOk (S celbi)

115 E Stump Road A B C t WRITE FOR CATALOGMontgomeryVil le PA 18936 215-699-5826

o m p u e r sAd d 5125 per order fo r sh rp pm q We p ay balance

, of UPS surtace charges on all prepaid orders

uems:FREE

8032 32K ·80 colum n CRT $1 795 235

801 6 1 6K "BO column C R T 14 95 205

8050 Dual 0 isk Dnv e- 9 50 000 by l es 15 95 220

CB M M odem -I E EE In terface 39 5 50

C BM VOIc e Synlhesl ler 39 5 50

BN luI! s iz e g r aDh ic s keyboard 79 5 10 0

1 e K .Full S,ze Graph ics or Bus n ess K eyboard 995 145

3 2K F ull S iz e G ra ph ic so r B us in es s K eyboard 1295 205

2 04 0 D ua l D isk D riv e-34 3.0 00 byles 1295 205

.2 022 Traelor Feed Prin ler 7 9 5 100

2023 Pressure Fe ed Punter 595 90

C 2 N Ex lernaf Cassette Deck 9S 12

U se d P ET s ( I im i l ed QI . I < i ntilies) Call

; ' ; ; ; ' : - E D i i c " A T r C i r ~ i A C D - l s C O U ' N - T S - ; ; ~ - ; ; ; '

Buy 2 com puters, get 1 FREE. , . ~ ~ r~ ~ - ~~r ~ ~ · ~~ _~ __ ~ _ ~ . _ ~ r~ _ '. m - .- ._ . & _ ~ ~ _~ ~ ~ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ , ~ _V IS I CA LC fa! PE T (C B M fPe rs on a I So l Iw .a re) $ 128

CBM .Assem b !erlEd llOi (disk ) 89

CBM General Ledger. NP, A /R NEW! 27 0

c e M Fu ll S iz e · Graphics Keyboard

W ord Pro I-for BK PET

W iX d Pro 1 1 -1 6 O f 3 2K , 2 04 0, Printer

Word Pro I JI- 32 K . 2 04 0, P rim e r

WiXd Pro IV fo r 8032

PAS C A L Com p i l er for PET

s 44 .9022.90

7.9079.00

149.00

Programmers Taol k iHET flOM Utililies

PET S p ac em ak er Sw i le n

D u s I Covcr l o r P E T

lEE E-Paraflel Pri n te r In te rl ace l or PET

lEEE- RS 2 3 2.Printer Interlace for PET



September 1980Issue Number 28

Staff

Editor/Publisher

Robert M. Tripp

Associate Editor

Mary Ann Curtis

Assistant Editor/

Advertising Manager

L. Catherine Bland

Circulation Manager

Carol A. Stark

Art/Advertising Coordinator

Terry Spillane

Software Consultant

Ford Cavallari

PET Specialist

Loren Wright

Comptroller

Donna M. Tripp

MICROTM is published monthly by:

MICRO INK, tnc., Chelmsford, MA 01824Second Class postage paid at:

Chelmsford, MA 01824Publication Number: COTR 395770

Subscription ratas.tj.S. $15.00 per yearForeign surface mall $18.00 per year

Central America air $27.00 per yearSo. Amer/Europe air $33.00 per yearother air mall $39.00 per year

For back Issues, subscript ions, change01address or other Information. wri te to:

MICROP.O. Box 6502

Chelmsford. MA 01824or call

6171256·5515

Copyright© 1960 by MICRO INK, Inc.A ll Rights Reserved

Articles

7 Creating Shape Tablea, Improved!An improved Apple Shape MakIng routine

by Peter A. Cook

Auto-Run·Save, Y·t Plotter, Canary for the PETThreeassorted uti li ties lor the PET

by Werner Kolbe

l.oadlng KIM·1 Tapes to AIMLoad any KIM program anywhere in the AIM memory

by Larry P.Gonzalez

\.

14

19

25 CompactAn in-place 'Stripper' program on the AIM

by Sieve Bresson

A C1P and H14 System, Part 2Information on how to drive the H14 printer

by William LTaylor

30

34 XREFER

49

A BASIC program for assembler cross referencingby Joel Swank

A Versatile HI·RES Function Plotter for the Apple IIPlot any expression as a function of an angle

by David P . Allen

Tiny PILOT for the AIMUseful language for the AIM-65

by Larry Kol lar and Carl Gutekunst

Mean 14: A Pseudo-Machine Floating PoInt Processorfor the Apple II

A quick and easy to use mathematical processorby R. M. Mottola

59

87

Departments

5 Editorial: Games, Games, Games ....by Robert M. Tripp

MICRO Club Circuit

PET Vet

47

48

48

57

by Loren Wright

MICROBES and UPDATES

MICROScope: KIM-Venture

by Dr. Mark H. MeinrathThe MICRO Software Catalog: XXIV

by Mike Rowe

8502 Bibliography: Part XXIVby Dr. William R . Dial

Advertisers' Inds.lI

73

78

19



So u t f ie a S t e r n S0 ( t w a r e 6414 Derbyshire Drive • New 0.rlean.s,LA 70126. . I I 5041246·8438 504/246·7937

Southeastern Software 'NEWSLETIER' for APPLE II OwnersNOW IN THE THIRD YEAR OF PUBLICATION

10 Issues per year for $10.00Back Issues available at $1.00 each

EXAMPLE:

Send $'0.00 and receive next 10 IssuesSend $30.00 and receive 30 Issues beginning with #2

DATA CAPTURE 3.0 - $29.95

Is DATA CAPTU RE 3.° just another Smart Termi-nal program? NO! It is a GENIUS Terminal pro-gram for use with the Micrornodern II@). I t will'capture' ANYTHING that appears on the screenof your CRT. ANY program or data. If you areusing the Source you can even 'capture' CHAT.There is no need to create files inyour file spaceon the other system to transfer data to your Apple.If you can list it you can capture it.

.. You can then SAVE the data to disk, dump itto your printer or even do simple editing withDATA CAPTURE 3.0,

.. You can use DATA CAPTURE 3.0 to com-

pose text off line for later transmission toanother computer. Think of the timesharecharges this will save you!

.. Use DATA CAPTURE 3.0 with the DanPaymar Lower Case Adapter and you can

enter UPPER or lower case from the key-board for transmission to another system.You can also capture UPPER/lower casedata from another system.

.. A program is also included to convert your

programs to text files for transmission usingDATA CAPTURE 3.0. .

.. DATA CAPTURE 3.0 will save you money if

you are using any time,sharing system.

Requires DISK II@, Applesoft II@)

Add $64.95 to order the Dan Paymar Lower CaseAdapter

B.AD BUY DISKETTE- $9.99

Of course it's a bad buy. Ifyou have issues #2 thru

#11 of the NEWSLETTER you can type theseprograms in yourself. Includes a couple of bonus

programs.

Requires DISK 1I@,App!esoft II@

We sh ip within 3 working days of receipt of

order and welcome your personal check.We also accept Visa and Master Charge.

LCMOO for PASCAL - $30.00

Firially! DIRECT entry of UPPER/lower case intothe Pascal Editor. Why pay hundreds of dollars for

a terminal just to set lower case entry with Pascal?If you have the Paymar Lower Case Adapter youcan use this program.

.. Left and right curly brackets for comment

delimiters.

" An underline for VARs, program names andfile names .

* The ESCape key does the shifting and Con-trol Q is used for ESCape, Have you ever

typed in a page or two of text and lost it byhitting ESC accidentally? This won't happenwith LCMOD.

Requires Language System and Paymar LeA

Add $64.95 to order the Dan Paymar Lower Case

Adapter.

MAG FILES - $18.00

Finding it difficult to keep track of aU thosemagazine articles you are reading? This programwill help you do it. MAG FILES is Menu driven withseparate modules for creating, editing, displayingand searching for your data. If you are using onedrive a program is provided for transferring data toanother diskette for backup, A sample data baseof over 60 articles is included. The screen format-ting and user orientation are what. you have cometo expect of Southeastern Software.

Requires DISK.II@, Applesoft II@.

MAILER - $15.00

Don't let the low cost fool you. This is a single drive

version of the program we use to maintain theNEWSLETIER subscriber list. Can be easily con-verted to 2.3 or 4 drives. Binary search and linearsearches for finding any name in tile. Sort onnames and zip codes. Selective print by zip codeor key. The separate modules are menu drivenand will run on 32K system. There are 13 separatemodules on the diskette for maintaining a mailinglist. Sample data file included.

Requires DISK. I f c ® , Applesoft II~\

• Apple, Apple II Plus .•Disk II and .APPLESQFT II are trademarks of Apple Computer Company.

• Micromodem II is a trademark of D.C. Hayes Associates, Inc.



Games, Games, Games ....

ts that a crown that Lana iswearing? What did our Simian

ancestor do to receive such royaltreatment? Lana has

demonstrated the rudiments of

linguistic competence - the"crown" is an array of electronic

sensors which are used to learnmoreabout the phenomenon Lanahas displayed.

While our Lana Is flctltous, the

scene depicted on our cover isbased on an actual experiment. A

chimpanzee named Lana hasbeen taught to communicate with

a small computer, using a specialpicture language.

Using a computer as the mediumfor the picture language, the

designers of the Lana experimenthaveattained somesignificant ad-vantages. The computer allows

24·hourmonitoring and massdata

"Words, words, words! I'm so sick of words ....n isthe start of a song sung by Liza Doolittle in My FairLady. In this song she expresses her despair at

the interest in words to the exclusion of other mat-ters. I can fully understand her feelings. She feels

that there is a lot more to life than just the "words"on which Professor Higgins spends all of his time.In a very similar vein, I feel that there is a lot more

potential to the microcomputer than its popular useas an entertaining game-playing device. This is notto say that I am totally against computer games.Actually, I see nothing "Illegal, Immoral, or fatten-ing" in using computer games for pure enjoyment.If a game can be used to interest people in the com-

puter and/or help to teach them something, all thebetter. My complaint is that all too often, "TheGame" Is the exclusive useof the computer and theexclusive Interest of the user.

I believe that the game glut poses two seriousproblems. First, I personally believe that one of themost fundamental problems of our modern SOCietyis the isolation of the individual. While there are ob-

viously a large number of factors Involved, the factthat individuals spend a large portion of their timewatching television (the current figure just an-nounced is 7.25 hours of television per day!) must

be Significant. It bothers me to see a majority ofmicrocomputer users spending their time playingsolitary computer games. While this is probablybetter than passively watching the TV,it does notdomuch to encourage social contact or interaction.Is the main impact of this fantastic microcomputerrevolution going to be greater dependence onmachine based interaction and less on inter-personal interaction? Given the natural interest Ingames, why not invent computer based games tobeplayed by more than one individual. The computercould either beone more player (the elusive "fourth

MICRO in the Lab

Cover ArtistTerry Spillane

for bridge") or could provide adynamic environmentfor games which are played exclusively by thehuman participants. While a few games areavailable along these general lines, by far the mostcommon types of games are the one-an-one: onehuman against one microcomputer.

The second aspect of my "Games, games,

games"complaint is that there are so many otheruses of the microcomputer waiting to bediscovered, but most of the potential discoverersare too busy playing games to consider alternativeuses. Somewhere In the vast pool of new com-

puterists there must besome individuals who couldbecome the Einstein of the computer world. Thereis room for revolutionary improvements in the pro-gramming and application of computers. If the newcomputerlsts, who are being introduced to themicrocomputer via games, get trapped into thegame playing habit, then who will make the newdiscoveries and exciting improvements?

I havenosimple solution. Since computer games.

are fun, many people are going to spend all of theircomputer time and money playing them. MICRO is.,going to be starting several series of articles in the

coming months that will try to show how produc-tive work can be as exciting and challenging asgames, and vastly more rewarding. In the mean-time, you should seriously consider how you are us-

ing your equipment, your time, and your money.Isn't It perhaps time that you started contributing tothis field, instead of just playing around In it?

storage. Only ten years ago, theequipment needed for this experi-

ment would have taken up half aroom and it would havecost over

$10,000. Now, however, a simplesingle board Microprocessor (like

the KIM-I) has more than enough

processing power for such a task.Perhaps even more importantly,the computer can easily analyze

sentences in a phrase-structurelanguage for correct form. Actual-

ly, your Micro does this each timeyou run a basic program!

The Microcomputer's place In

the lab has becomewell establlsh-ed; the Lana experiment is justone example. The next few years

should see Micros being used ineven more innovative ways in thelab...perhaps soon a Micro may

even be generating, rather thanmonitoring, language!

J . L



udge this character generator for yourself

Regular PETGraphics

MIPLOTyWatanabeCorporation

Oomparethe two Snoopys and

you'll begin to see why the newHAL POG 6500 is attracting somuch attention. It's the program,

mabIe character generator for yourPET that gives sharp, detaUedgraphics .

Important features include:• Storage for 64 new characters

• Built·inCB2 sound amplifier that produces alltones in the human hearing range

•

•

•

••

Designed for .straight forward interface to any

microcomputer that outputs the ABen code,

MIPLOT can even be used by operators with no

plotter experience.

• Incorporates pre-pr-ogrammed "intelligent'· functions

requir-ed for produemg graphs and drawings

• Solid and broken line Izypascan be specified• Bull t in character generator for letters, numbers andsymbols .

• Characters can be enlarged and rotated to fourortsntattona

• Special printer mode outputs character data as-is

• Uses commonly available hard fiber--tip pens• Maximum plot speedapproxtmately 2 inches per

second

• Built in self-test, mode

(plus shipping (# ha.ndJ.1ng).

•

•

•

• FOG Manual and demo program

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Creating Shape Tables, Improved!

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . """'''''''' . . . . .~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Building a Shape Table for use with the Apple HI·RES

Graphics can be a painful task. This Improved Shape

Making Routine turns the pain into pleasure.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Three cheers to John Figueras for

unraveling the mysteries of the Ap-

ple shape table in MICRO 19:11. His

article presented an extremely

useful tool for creating shapes, and

greatly simplified a task which had

been so difficult and time comsum-

ing as to be hardly worth the effort.

After- using the Figueras pro-

grams a few times, It became ap-

parent that they would be much

more convenient if they were com-

bined into one large program. Also,

they contained several minor errors

which needed correcting .. This arti-

cle describes changes and correc-

tions which greatly increase the

usefulness of the original programs.

Combined Program

Comblntnp the programs for in-

itializing, creating, and displaying

shape tables into one large program

eliminates the need for typing the

name of the next program each time

you need to load it from the disk,

and then waiting for It to be loaded.

It also eliminates the need to con-

tinuaHy re-enter the name and star-

ting address of the desired shape

table, and the subsequent wait for it

to be loaded.

I combined the three original pro-

grams by treating them as sub-

programs. Since they all used

Septembar-1980

similar line numbers, they required

extensive renumbering. This was

easy to accomplish using the

'Renumber' program found on the

DOS 3.2 master diskette. The

numbers were not done con-

secutively in order that the last two

digits would remain the same as in

the original programs in most

cases. The new line numbers corres-

pond to the old ones roughly as

follows: title page, 100-150; in-

itialize, 1000.1300; create shapes,

2000-3300; and display shapes,

4000-4500.

Title Page

The program begins by listing the

title information and then by

automatically loading the numerals

shapefile. I have used the term

'shapefile' throughout the program

to denote a shape table which has

been stored as a disk file, as oppos-

ed to one which merely resides in

RAM.

The program has been converted

for use with a single disk drive by

omitting the volume and drive

numbers from the disk commands,

because with the prices of drives be-

ing what they are, I would venture to

say that most of us have only one.

A short menu then appears, which

allows selection of any of the three

subprograms, or termination of the

program.

MICRO -- The 6502 Journal

Peter A. Cook1443 N. 24th St.Mesa, AZ 85203

InltiaBzing Subprogram

The greatest change made in this

subprogram was the removal of the

steps for producing the cursor. Plac-

ing the cursor Into every shape table

as the first shape in each one was

wasteful of space, and very contuc-Ing . The cursor is always available

as the first shape in the numerals

shapefile, which is loaded when the

program begins. Details of the

numerals shapefile will be covered

later. By using the improved pro-gram, your tables will now contain

only the desired shapes, and will

start with number one instead of

number two.

Because of the removal of the cur-sor, line 1060 now adds a few morezeros so that the starting address of

the first empty shape will contain a

zero end-of- record mark. Line 1090now calculates the index to the frrst

shape Instead of to the cursor. The

variable ADDR had to be changed to

ASVE to make it compatible with the

shape creating subprogram.

Lines 1260·1300 were changed tolet you know that the computer is

doing what it is supposed to do, and

to ask if you want to save the file on

disk at this time. You can save time

by waiting until the end of the shape

creating subprogram before storing

the shape table on disk.

The menu is then repeated at the

28:7



bottom to avoid having to return tothe title page.

\Shape Creating Subprogram

This subprogram assumes thatyou are stili working with the sameshape table that you initialized Inthe previous subprogram, andshows you what its name and star-

ting address are. In case you wantto work on a different shapefilewhich was previously stored on thedisk, allowance is made for enteringIts name and address. The desiredshape table is then loaded into itsproper location.

The computer then checks to seeif there is any space left for moreshapes In that table. If not, it so ad-vises you and tells you the addressof the next free byte after the end otthe table. The original program at-tempted to do this, but actually it

accessed the first two bytes of thecursor vectors instead of finding thezero end-of-record mark, and thusprovided a meaningless number.Lines 2132-2262 include thechanges to correct this.

Since the cursor is now located ina different shape table than the onewith which you are currently work-ing, the computer must be able toswitch from one table to the otheras needed, to line 2264 remembersthe pointer for the new shape table,and uses it again in the line 3170.

The text at the bottom of the plot-ting grid has been improved by ad-ding line 2350 to show the numberfa the shape you are currently work-ing on. The limits of the startingcoordinates are shown in lines2360-2380, along with the fact thatcoordinates are measured from theupper left. Error checks were addedto prevent entering coordinateslocated outside of the grid, whichcould stop the program in some in-stances.

The word "ERASE" was added tothe list of keyboard commandsLEFT, RIGHT, etc. In the originalprogram, no checks were made onthe values of x and y when enteringL, R, U, or 0, so if you accidentallyexceeded certain grid boundariesthe program would shut down. Thiswas especially easy to do if youwere using the "repeat" key to movethe cursor. Lines 2600-2664 now

28:8

+ + +

+ •

- - - - - . - - - - - . - - - - - .-

1Figure 1.Upper left eerneret the display grid, showingthe starting points for the three possible digits of theshape number, and for the shape Itself.

contain error checks which prevent

the grid limits from being exceeded,and sound a beep if you attempt todo so.

sometimes confusing. Line 2390

now places a large" +" in the star-ting square, the points of which arealways visible around the outside ofthe cursor or around the outside of aplotted circle. The original programalso attempted to give a reverse im-age of the cursor if it passedthrough a plotted circle. The succes-sion of XDRAW commands,

The original program placed apermanent cursor mark in the star-ting position. This meant that therewere always two cursor marks visi-ble within the grid, which wasJ ... - - -

*4E23.4E08

4E20- 08 00 18 00 lE 30 30 004E28- 3D 00 4C 00 5 0 00 60 uu4E30- 70 013 80 00 3B 00 RB 004E38- 3E 24 20 36 04 00 DB DB4E40- DB 24 0C 20 15 17 35 364 E 4 8 - 1E 3F 0F 18 00 18 27 004E50- DB DB DB 08 58 e o 18 364E58- 36 F6 20 0400 DB DB DB4E613- 08 18 0C 20 15 FS BF 174E68- 2E 20 25 uu DB DB DB 084E70- 18 28 20 35 lE lE RO FS4E78- 3F 0F 18 04 00 DB DB DB4E80- 2E 20 B5 23 0C 18 24 Be4E88- 0R 18 17 04 00 DB DB DB4E30- 12 0E 20 e o 18 24 lC 3F

4E98- 27 2C 2025

00DB

DBDB

4ER0- 32 0E 20 00 18 E4 3F 274ER8- 0C 0C 2D 04 00 DB DB 084EB0- 38 18 28 20 35 1E lE 1E4EB8- 36 04 00 DB DB DB 20 0e4EC13- 20 15 F6 3F 17 76 20 3D4EC8- 18 24 00 DB DB DB 92 204E03- 3D 18 00 18 24 E4 3F 174E08- 7E; 20 04 30

Figure 2. Hex pairs of the numeralsshape table.

MICRO -- The 8502 Journal September 1980



however, was incorrect for all com-binations of plotting, erasing, andpassing through the starting posi-tion. Changes were made in lines2680,2740,3040 to correct this. Nowit is always obvious where the cur-sor is located and where the startingpositi.on is located.

The erase command is only effec-

tive immediately following a plotcommand. There is a way to eraseany other plotted point, however,and that is by simply plotting overtop of a point which has alreadybeen plotted. This will not erase thecircle plotted in the grid, but thepoint will not appear in the finishedshape when it is drawn to the rightof the grid after the quit command.

In the original program, the warn-ing "SHAPE TABLE FULL WITHTHIS SHAPE" appeared both afterthe second-last shape as well as

after the last shape. Changing N toN-1 in line 3230 allows the warningto appear only after the last shape.

The menu is repeated again at thebottom to allow selecton of anyother subprogram, to to run th'esame one again.

Shape Display Subprogram

This subprogram starts out as theprevious one did, by listing thename and address of the shapefileyou are currently working with. If

you wish to display a different one,enter its name and address.

Some variable names were chang-ed to keep them compatible with therest of the program. ADDR waschanged to ASVE, and NN waschanged to N. In line 4114 (line 70 inthe original) NL was changed toNLO, although either variable is ac-ceptable since Applesoft onlyrecognizes the first two charactersof a variable name.

In the original program the screen

went black after the shapefile wasloaded, and you had to remember topress any key to start the display.Line 4150 keeps the instruction onthe screen until you need It, and line4202 takes you immediately into thefirst page of the display.

The grid lines created by theoriginal program had an odd dot pat-tern which was not very useful

September 1980

because it didn't show where thestarting positions of the shapeswere located. Lines 4250-4310 werechanged to present the dot patternshown in Figure 1.

Pressing any key after the lastpage of the display puts the menuback on the screen.

Numerals Shapefile

In order to use the above program,the 'numerals' shape table mustalready have been stored on the diskin order to have the cursor available.If this has not been done, it will benecessary to load the shape tableusing either of the two followingmethods.

•••.-

• •••• • ••••• • • +••• •• •• ••••• ••• ••••••• • • •• • •• •• ••• • •• • • •••• ••••• •••• ••••• ••••• • •• • •••• •• • •••••••••• •• •• • •• •• ••• •••••••• ••• ••••• •• •• • •• •• ••• ••••

• • • •• • • •• ••• •••Figure 3. Cursor and numerals. Thestarting point is in the center of thecursor, and five spaces to the rightof all the numerals.


Figure 2 lists the hex values ofthe entire numerals shape table.It can be placed in RAM byenter-ing the monitor mode, typing theaddresses at the left, such as4E20, followed by a colon, follow-ed by each two-character ele-ment separated by a space. Sincethere are 1B 8 elements, this maytake some time. When you have

finished, don't forget to savewhat you just typed before yourun the program. Use BSAVESHAPEF1LE NUMERALS,A20000, UBB.

The numerals are of the samedesign as the Apple numeralsand are depicted in Figure 3. Thestarting point was placed fivespaces to the right of eachnumeral, so that the finishednumeral will be shifted off to theleft of the shape which isdisplayed in the same block with

it.

Another method is to type injust enough of the shape table tohave the cursor available, andthen to form your own numeralsby using the shape creating sub-program. To do this, POKE eachof the values in Figure 4 into itsproper location by using the for-mat POKE 20000, 1.Transfer it tothe disk using BSAVESHAPEFILE NUMERALS,A20000, L30. Then run the pro-gram and select the shape

creating subprogram. Enter thename SHAPEFILE NUMERALS,and the address 20000. Form allof the digits in the order zerothrough nine by following the In-structions on the screen, andthen you will be ready to createand display other shape tables.

Conclusion

The program listing ispresented on the followingpages. In order to save space, allremarks were removed except fora title at the beginning of eachsubprogram. Basically, the sameremarks apply as published in theoriginal article.

In closing, Iwould like to thankJohn Figueras for providing Ap-ple users with a most useful addi-tion to their repertoire of uti lityprograms.

28:9



Location Value

20000 1

20001 0

20002 24

20003 0

20024 62

20025 J6

20026 45

20027 54

20028- 4

20029 0

Description

Number of shapes completed Major Peter Cook is a jet pilot in-structor at Williams Air Force Base

in Arizona. He uses his Apple 1 / tosimulate aircraft scheduling pro-

blems at work, and designs games

for his kids at home. This is his se-

cond article for MICRO.Location in t ab le, s ta rt in g a dd res s + 24

Cu rs or v ec to rs

Cu rs or v ec to rs

CU rs or v ec to rs

CU rs or v ec to rs

CU rs or v ec to rs

Z er o en d-o r-r ec or d m ar k

Figure 4. Minimum entries for pro-ducing the cursor in the numeralsshape table.

JLI::;T

iie

REM SH~PEFILE CRERTE/DISPLRYP. COOK~ J~N 1980

AD~PTED FROM .J. F I t3UERASMICRO HA6AZINE~ DEC 1979

HOt1E : PRI ~n : PRI ~n II**********************************

******"HT~B :3: PRINT "SHRPEFILE eRE~TE/DISPLAY"PRINT : HTRB 12: PRnH liP. COOK, .JAN 1980"HTAB :3: PRI ~n "ADRPTED FROM.J. FIGUERAS"HTRB 9: PRINT "HICRO HAG~ZINE~ DEC 1:37:3"

PRI NT : PRI ~H II**"**********************************"**** II

112

114

118

118

120

130

0$ = CHR$ (4): PRINT O$;IINOHON C, I ,0": PRHlT 0$; "BLO~D S

HRPEFI LE NUHER~LS"IJTRB 13: HTRB 6: PRUH "1 It·~T I Al I ZE SH~PEF I LE"PRINT : HTt=lB E;: PRUH"2 CREHTE SHAPES"PRHH : HTRB 6: PRINT "3 DISPLRY SHAPES"PRINT : HTRB 6: PRItH "4 Et·l0"~JTRB 23: I t'~PUT "SELECT (1/2/3/4)? ";IN$

132

134

136

1413

144

146

1591091310113

1920

1040

113E:~j113701091311113

112~)

IF I.J~L (IN$) .:: 1 OR UAL (I

t~$) > 4 THEN lJTAB 23: HTt=l818: PRUH " ": GOTO 140ON lJRL (IN$) GOTO 19113,2010,4010,150T£::<T : HOt·1E: ENDREH INITIALIZE.TEXT: HOHE : PRINT "INITIALIZE NEH SHAPEFILEII

PRI ~H : PRI ~n" NRt·1EOF r~Ek~ SH~PEFILE": INPUT" ?" ;~~AHE$PRItH : PRr~n" ST~RTING HDORESS (OECIHRL)": INPUT"?"ASI')E

PRINT : PRINT" ~mHBER OFSHAPES TO 8E STORED IN FILE": I~~PUT II ?II ;t.1

FOR I = 13 TO 2 * " N + 3POKE RS'JE + 1,13: ~~EXTt'~=2*t~+2POKE RSlJE + 2~N - 256 * " INT(~~ ./ ~5E;)POKE ASI..JE+ 3, INT (~~ / 256)

126~j PRINT: PRHlT "SHAPEFILE IN

ITIALIZED"128~3 IHPUT" SAIJE ON DISK (Y/N)? II ;IN$: IF IN$ ~ > "Y" THH~1310

12~30 PRItH 0$;" BSRVE ";N~HE$ ; " ~A" s ASUE,; " # L"; ~~+ 1

1390 PRINT: PRItH "SRUED"13113 t..JTAB21: PRUH "1 tur T 2

CRERTE 3 0 I SPU:IY 4 END"1320 GOTI] 140b)00 REH CRERTE SHRPES.2010 I = 0: TEXT : H0t'1E : PRINT "

CRERTE ~~EHSHt=lPES I ~~SHAPEFI

LE"2~j20 PRI NT : PRnrr ..CURRENT SHAPEFIlE RNO RDORESS:"

2~j30 PRINT HTRB 3: PRINT t·~t=lHE$

2040 PRINT: HTRB 3: PRINT RSUE2050 PRHH: PRINT : PRINT "FOR

NO CHRNI3E PRESS RETUR~~:"2070 PRINT: INPUT" DIFFERENT

FILE? II;IN$: IF LEN (INS) =o THEN 21380



2075 NRHE$ = IN$:I = 12080 PRINT: INPUT" DIFFERENT

HDDRESS? ".. N$: IF LEN (IN$) = ~j THEN 210tj.

2~38 5 H Sl.JE= I ..JH LI N$ ): I = 12100 IF I : 0 THEN 2131021110 PRINT 0$ ..BLOAD "..HHE$;" ,

R II ..t=lSUE2130 H t = I > ~ = PEEK (RSIJE + 2) + 256

* P EEK ( RSI JE + 3)2132 FB = RSUE + P EEK ( RS~JE + ~1A

~ < - 2) + 256 * PEEK (I=lSUE+t-1Rr: 1)

2140 HRX = (MRX - 2) / 22160 N = PEEK (RSUE)2220 IF t·1HX> N THEN 22692222 IF PEEK (FB) < > £) THEN F

B = FB + 1: GOTO 22222224 FB = FB + 12230 PRHH: PRItH : PRINT "SHAP

E TRBLE FULL. NEXT FREE BYTE"..B

2240 GOTO 131~322610 INDEX: PEEK (ASUE + 2 * N +

2) + 258 * PEEK (RSUE + 2 *H + 3)

2262 RDDR = ASUE + INDEX2264 RHI = INT (RSUE / 256):RLO =

RSUE - 258 " * " RHI: POKE 232.HLO: POKE 233.RHI

2280 t~= N + 1: POKE HSIJE.N2300 HeOLOR= 3: SCRLE= 1: ROT: 1 3

:CYCLE = 02310 HGR2320 FOR X = 0 TO 150 STEP 10: HPLOT

;,(.0 TO X.15~): NEXT2330 FOR Y = 0 TO 150 STEP 10: HPLOT

0.Y TO 150.Y: NEXT2350 HOME: ~JTRB 21: PRI-H IISHRP

E t~UH BER ";H .." OF I I . .HAX2360 PRIH "EtHER START ING COORD

S (UPPER LEFT 1.1)"2370 INPUT" x (1-15 Y ? . . . . X: I F X - c

1 OR X > 15 THEN 23702372 X = 10 * X - 52380 INPUT "Y (1-15)? II;Y: IF 'i .;:

1 OR Y > 15 THEN 238132382 Y = 10

*Y - 5

2390 HPLOT X.Y - 4 TO X.Y + 4: HPLOTX - 4.Y TO X + 4,Y:XS = X:YS= 'T '

2410 PRINT: PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

2420 PRINT "HOUE CURSOR WITH KEYS"

243~3 PR ItH" L-LEFT R-R IGHT U-UP D-Dm~t·~1

2440 PR INT II P-PLOT E-ERRSE I ? !-GlUIT"

2450 POKE 232.32: POKE 233.782460 KEY$ = "":KSUE$ = "": GOTO 2

57024810 IF FLRG = 1 THEN 25202500 XORm·~ 1 RT x 1 • Y 12520 Xl = X:Yl = Y:FLHG = 02530 ~~DR~H 1 AT X . Y

25 5~3 K 1$ = K SlJE$ :K S~JE$ = K EY $2570 GET KEY$2590 IF KEY$ < : :> "U" THEN 261026 00 S 'r 'H BOL= 0: Y = ' r l - 10: IF Y c

5 THEN Y = Y + 10: GOTO 2664

28102 GOTO 27802610 IF KEY$ c > "RII THEN 26302620 SY MBOL = l:X = X + 10: IF X :>

145 THEN ~-:: X - 10: GOTO 26E:4

2822 GOTO 2760263f~ IF KEY$ < > "0" THEN 2650

2640 SYHBOL = 2:Y = Y+

10: IF Y>

145 THEN Y = It - 10: G OTO.2664

2642 GOTO 276102650 IF KE'I$ - c :> IIL " THEN 287~3268 0 SY t1BOL = 3: X =~:. 10: IF x . ; :

5 THEN X = X + 10: GOTO 2664

2662 60TO 27602664 1.)T'l8PEEK (37): PR INT GHR$

(7): GOTO 25702670 IF KE'I$ <: >" P" THEN 26902680 FLAG = 1: GOSUB 3000: GOTO 2

5202690 IF KEY$ = "Q" THH~ 31002710 IF KEY$ c > li E" TH EN 25 7~j2720 HCOLOR= 0:FLHG = 0: GOSlIa 3

~)00

2740 KSUES = KI$: HCOLOR= 3: GOTO253fj

2760 IF KSUE$ = " P" TH EN S' r' MBOL=~3't'HBOL 4

2780 CYCLE = CYCLE + 12790 IF CYCLE < : :> 1 THEN 281028100 8'ITE = SYH80L: GOTO 24802810 I F CyCLE < : > 2 THE~~2800

2820 8'ITE = BYTE + 8 * SYt-1BOL2840 IF BYTE > 7 THEN 248028810 BYTE = BYTE + 8: POKE AODR.8

YTE:RDDR = ADDR + 12:3810BYTE = 24:C'r'CLE= 2: GOTO 24

2~30029102930

80IF SYH80L :> 3 THEN 2930

BYTE = BYTE + 84 * SYMBOLPOKE ADDR.BYTE:RDDR = ADOR +1

September 1980 MICRO -- The 8502 Journal 28;11



2950 IF SYMBOL = 0 OR SYHBOL ~ 3THEN 2980

29713 CYCLE = 0: G OTO 24 802980 CYCLE = 1:BYTE = SYMBOL: GOTO

2480310100 FOR '1 '2 = 'I - 3 TO Y + 3 STEP

6: HPLOT X - 1~Y2 TO X + 1~Y2: ~~EXT

31010 FOR '12 = Y - 2 TO Y + 2 STEP4: HPLOT X - 2~Y2 TO X + 2~Y2: NEXT

3020 FOR Y2 = Y - 1 TO Y + 1: HPLOTX - 3.82 TO X + 3~Y 2: ~t EX T

3040 RETURN3080 IF KSUE$ <: ~ lip" THEN 3150

31100 IF CYCLE <: :> 2 THEN 312133110 POKE ~DDR.BYTE:ADDR = ~DDR +

13120 IF CYCLE < : :> 1 THEN 314103130 BYTE = BYTE + 32: GOTO 3150314 13 8 '1TE = 43150 POKE RDDR,BYTE:~DDR = ~DDR +

1

31710 POKE RDDR,0:RDDR = RDDR + 1: POKE 232,RLO: POKE 233.RHI: >mRRH N RT 200 #75

3180 INPUT nSRVE SHRPE (Y/N)? ";KI$

3190 IF KI$ = "Y" THEN 322032010 N = ~t - 1: GOTO 22610322~: 1~~= N + 1:RDDR = RODR - RSUE

3230 IF N - 1 <: t1RX THH~ 327032413 PR I~n..HRRN ING - TRBLE FULL

~HTH THIS SHRPE"3250 IF ~~ :> H R X THEN 3310

32710 POKE RSI.JE+ 2 * ' N..RDOR - 256 * I~n(ROOR / 256)

3280 POKE RSl.JE+ 2 * ' ~ ~ + 1 ~ INT(RODR / 256)

3290 I~~PUT "DOt~E (y/t-~)'? "; K I$331310 IF KI$ = "~P" THEN 2161333110 I NP UT" SRt) E SHRPEF IL E < "t /t·~

" ? ";KI$333~3 IF KI$ = "Y " THEN 33603340 IF KI$ = "N" THEN 337033513 GOTO 331033613 P Rlt H Dt;. "&SRUE II;.N RHE $; "~

R" ;.ASI.)E;...L" ;.RDDF:

3370 HOME: GOTO 13113401010 REH DISPLAY SHAPES.40113 I = 0: TEXT : HOHE : PRINT "

DISPLRY SHRPES IN SHRPEFILE"

4020 PR n rr : PRnH " CU RR Et H SH RPEF ILE R~m RDORESS: "

4030 PRIT : HTAB 3: PR I~n~mHE$

4040 PRINT: HTRB 3: PRINT ASUE41350 PRINT: PRINT : PRINT "FOR

N O CH ~NG E ~ P RESS F:ETURt-l:"

413713 P RINT: INPUT" DIFFERENTFILE? ";,IN$: I F LEN (IN$) =o THEN 4 1380

41375 N RME$ = IN$:I = 141380 PRINT: INPUT" DIFFERENT

ROORESS? ";IN$: IF LEN (IN$) = 1 3 THEN 41013

4085 ASUE = V~L (IN$):I = 14100 IF I = 0 THEN 41144110 PRINT O$;"BLORD "jNRHE$;"~

R" ;RSlJE

4114 NHI = 78:NL0 = 3241213 RHI = I HT ( RS lJE ./ 2 56 ): A LO =

ASUE - 256 * RHI41413 ~4 = P EEK (A SU E)41513 UTRH 23: PRINT "PRESS SP~CE

BRR FOR ERCH PRGE OF TRBLE": GET KEY$

41613 HGR: POKE - 16302~e4 17 13 H COL OR= 3: SCRLE= 1: ROT= 13

4180 FOR I = 1 TO N4190 IMOD = 1- 36 * ' INT (I / 38

)

42130 IF IHOD·;: :> 1 THEN 435042132 IF I = 1 THE~4 424042113 GET KEY$42413 CRLL 62451342513 HPLOT 0,0 TO 27e~13 TO 270~1

80 TO e~180 TO 0~e4260 FOR L = 45 TO 225 STEP 454270 FOR J = 15 TO 165 STEP 1542813 HPLOT L,j4290 ~~E~<TJI'L4300 FOR L = 3~3TO 150 STEP 3543113 FOR J = 15 TO 255 STEP 1543213 HPLOT J"L

4330 NE:X:TJI' L43513 IF 1HOD = 13THEN IHOD = 3643613 ROW = INT «IHOD - 1)/ 6)4370 COL = It-10D 6 * Rm~ - 14380 Cl = INT (1/ 130)43913C2 = I - 1130* Cl4403 C2 = INT (C2 / 10)4410 C3 = I - 10 * ' INT (I / 13)4420 POKE 232 ..4LO: P OKE 233 ..·~HI44313C1 = C1 + 2:C2 = C2 + 2:C3 =

C3 + 24440 IF Cl = 2 THEN 446044513 DRRH C1 RT 45 * COL + 5~30 *

ROH + 74460 IF C2 = 2 R~m Cl = 2 THEN 4

48134470 ORAH C2 HT 45 * COL + 10,30

* Rm'4 + 74480 ORR~~ C3 AT 45 * COL + 15..'1

* ' Rm-~ + 745130 POKE 232,ALO: POKE 2331'RHI4510 ORR~'~IRT 45 * COL + 3e.~313 *

R O l - - l + 15452~3 N D~T I

4530 GET KEY$: TE7~T : Hot-iE: GOTO13113



Skyles Electric Works

Presenting the Skyles MacroTeA

Text EditorTo help you write your p rogram, MacroTeA include, a

power ful text edi tor wi th 34 command functioml:

AUTO Numben:l il 'l l! ! autOmI:l1ic;a!lv.

NUMBER Automat ical lv renumber s lI nBS_

fORMAT Outpuu {ext file in easv-tc-read r;;ohJ""'I"iS~

COf'V CoP'M a line 0' gf"OUPor linM to . . newlocation,

MOVE Mo'lo'" a line0grQupat ltnesto a new

loc-ation.

DEL.ETE Oftlt ll ts a l in e o r g roup of l inE! 'S .,

ClEAR Ciears the U!xt 1Ue.

PRINT P 'r in u ;e I i r in :e - O r g ..- ou p c lli ne ~ IC I

t he ; PET screen.

PUT Sa\ r"es e l in e Org roup o f I In-es o f t ex t o n

the tap-e ~o r disc].

GET Loadi;a previously saved line cr g:rOup0.1lin~

of text fmm the tece (or d~$cJ.

DUPliCATE Copil5 tnt tile modulE !5 . Iro(TI on e UIIPI!'

reeo~de' \0 the 01....r,Stops on soec! fic

m o du le s 1 ;0 a Uo w c :1 ·u .n ge -s b Ed ote It Is dupli-

~i lu rd_ Thi 1: c ommand makes an unlimited

liltng!h pro.gr-am t tex I 1i tel practieat,

HARD Prints out text Hie on printer.

A$sembles . tex l f ile whh or wlthOiJ l e l i&:t io9~

Assli!'mblv may h t I J lopeeif1eodfor tbe cbject. code

(prOS1f"i!l1T'I1o be recorded 0~1ac'ed in RAMmemor\,,

Dces second pass ct as-.'59mbly,,Anoth-er

commend thai rna"es unfimltUd ler1.glntex'

fi I !1 - [source code I pract ical,

Runs t ex@!:;utes ) a previously assembled

pr'ognim.

SYMBOLS Pri nt s ovt the symbol ,abll! !" tl abel Hl sL

ASS~MBLE

PASS

RUN

Fast ~~~Fast AssemblerBrieflv I the pseudo-om ere:

• BA Comma"d s the C ls semb -Ie. .-o b egin plac i"g a ssemb le dcode- where i".dl(:iit~ed,

• CE Commands the i!lSli8rnbhHrecontinue -i!I5S1!1rnbivnlesscertain s er iou s 8 rrO( 1; oc -c ur . A ll SHa rI . ar e pd l " l 1eO eut.

• lS Comm,liIncs the "$Semble, (0 .$t.;;lrl1l:5tingsource [textfile) t-ern this ,point 01"1 ,

• l.C CQmmalld~ ~",e.'lJembler t o 5 t, OP list source [text HI@')

from Ihis 'Poinl in ,he progr:am.

• CT Ccmrnencts ItHl: '&u.emblet" to r;;ontinull: (n:in SOlJrCl!

proglam 1 1 & ; I ( t f il e tl on tape.

• OS CommandS '''e 8n~mb!e( to store the object code in

memory.

• OC Comm&nd5 the auembl!lf to no. store cbjeet co-de in

memory,

• Me Commands ehe uSl!lmbler' 10 :nOfe oblect cad!! at reee-

l ~o n di ff ll :r ~nl f rom I hif !: 1 0( -i lt lc .n. in whfch II i'5 aueMblln-g

object code.

• SE Commands ~he 8 $~mbler' 10 note an e)((emal addres,_

• OS Command$ the .a$~lT'Ibler 10set aside - ! I I b loc k o f -s;torage.

• BV Commands the assemble' to store data.

• $1 Comm-Ellnds.the assembler to $tore all inti!:rnal eddress.

• o e Commi i'ods. tne assembler 10 ca.lculate iilll extemet l.abale;(Pfenlan~

• DI Commands t he a ese rnb te r t o C a1 e; ul ;! ll e an internal lab!!1

ex Pression.

• EN Informs t he as-sembler (hat lhiis Is t he el'\d 0 ' thepi'ogt"lJm,

• EJ Ccmmende the assembler to eject 10lop of paglltonprinter copy.

• SET A dlrecttve not a c seudo-oc. dJrfICIS the essernblers (0

Jed efi n e th e v a I ue of 8 1la be l ,

SET GiV~5 corncl et e cont rol 01 ( he sl ae and l ocat ion Macro As semb le re I t he l~ :I l1 filii: ~:5iOUJC~ fi Ie l" Iabe I fi hl [svrnbQ I

ri;!biel and retocatebte bufler. The macro oseudo-ops Include:

DISK Gtves ccmptete 3CCe-sS to the I!levct'i DOS

-commenl;l5;

PUT GET NEW INITIA LIZ<

DIRECTORY copy DUPLICATE

SCRATCH VALIDATE RENAM~

ERROR REPORT

MO

ME

EC

Th is i s a mac ro beginning in:n(uet1on definItion.

Ttue isend of a rnecrc ir,struuion dl!'finitfClI1,

Do nor output mo!JCn)-gen~rated code in s.oun:: 10

lisling.

Do O output mac ro -q en eret ad code in source

li:ning.

Enhanced Monitor· .. By having 16powerful commands;"

A Automatic MacmTI!A cold stan "rom Monito,_

Z Automatic Mi'CN;lTIB'_Aarm ~tart from Monitor.

loa,ds from ta.pe DbJeC'l code I'tognilm,

S Saves to t,,~e objl!(;t code btttwee" Iocetions

,pl!Cif~ed,

o Dis.alsembles object .c:oc:iabKk to soun:e-listing_

M Djs;plaY$ in memory Object code U.rt ing at $.I~·uld

,oeition, The norma. PET scree" edit mii lY be u1!d

10 chan.ge the object code ,

R Dilpleys in regis11!'-'Contents mlil'Ybe changed Y1 i i ng

PET screen e-dit capabilities.

H I-tunts n-rernOry to-e partieul-i!lr group of object

cocf.eJ.

W Allows yOU (0 Will I: ( h rough t h e pi ro-gram one lteQ

at a time.

8 Brl&-8kpoirUto occur e tt er sp~i fj~ n lJm' be ro f

paSJOH pas t :s;P8Cii ied a-ddreJ:50.

Start 01" spec:ified ~dres$. Quit it STOP key or

br1!'skpoint occurs.

EDITOflers unbelie

vablV iXIwerful search <I,,,dreplace

ceP(lbility _Many lClrgll!computer assemblers

lack 'his. scphistlcerlcn. Conditional AssemblerIIl'i!lrc:hHrext We lur da'ffnl::!ostrlng~. OPlionall-y

prints t hEm and counts t h em : t.e., thls command Th e conditional as s e rnb lv pseudo-cps are:eeums nurnber 01 characters in text tile,

FINO

MANUSCFUPT £!imlnat65 l in e numbe rs on PAINT and HAR 0

eommand . Make- s Mac roTea a t rue a nd ( lower .

fu1 text Editor.

BREAK Brea'-$ to the MonilOr pomcn of Mifllc:roT!1<1.

A rerum to Te) (~ 'Edho r . .. .. .. ' 1 .01".11 '0s- . ' 5 of I".t,:)(t

is pos$ible-.

uSER Im",t"oV'l:;!$ or tailors Mac:raTlil'ii'~Te:.lt Editorto user's needS: "tie-n-vcureen" eernmend.

ES

lEO Ir the label e:K"preJ'5'Qns -i!!qlJal10 aero,assemble 1"'" block 'O f source code ~text fire),

U the 13bel expresslcn i l not equal to zer o ,

<I .~ s i l l 'rnb ' e 1! l ' iSblock ofeccrce code (text fileL

If the lubel exprunic.f1I ts po"i't i....-. assemble ,his:b l oc k o f ~ o ur Ci !! . c :o d e_

If the label !1'l(p,-'es$lons negathli~. auemble

this block of sOUCI:l eoee.

Th i ' s . Is t he end of 8 bloc 1<_ of sour ce cede .

o

T Transters a program Or part of ill program Irorn ol')e

memory area 10another.

Got t Runs mechfne ianguage progr-"m starting al

selected location,

£ ,: .:~ts back re BASIC ,

O/splay memory lind dec :oded ASCII e -har.1CtetJ.

Pack ~hlll memcrv with s:~ec:ifie-dbyte.

INE

IPL

IMI

x

What are the otherunique features of theMacroTeA?• Labels up 10 10 char ecters in length

• 50 different symbols to choosefrom for eacncharacter

• 10 I~ different label'S possible

• Create executable object code In memory or

store on tape

• Text editor may be used for composing letters,

manuscripts . etc.

• Text may be loaded and stored from tape or disc

• Powerful two-cassette duplicator function

• String se.arch capability

• Macro' may be n."ed 32 deep

• 2 5 Assem bier psu e d0-0ps

• 5 Condi tional assembler psuedo-ops

• 40 Error codes to p inpoi nt p robl ems

• 16 Error codes. related to Macro~

• Warm-Slan button

• E I1 han ced m on itor WI tl 1 16 comrn an d s

... 8 completely solid state firmware system ... all in ROM and RAM. Notapes to load. The system isavailable from the time you turn on your PET tothe time you shut it off.

15chips on a single high quality printed circuit board; interfaces with PET'sparallel address and data bus or with Skyles Memory Adapter. Acomprehensive 170 page manual is included

Truly, there is simply noother system of this magnitude at anywhere nearthis price. $395.00·

rCetitornie residents: please add 6% or 6.5% sales lax as reouired.

VISA, MASTERCHARGE ORDERS CALL (800) 538-3083 (except California residents)

CALIFORNIA ORDERS PLEASE CALL (408) 257-9140

1

231 E South Whisman Road

Skyles Electric Works Mountain View, CA 94041(415) 965-1735



Auto-Run-Save, Y-t Plotter, Canaryfor the PET

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A potpourri of programs is presented for the PET.These

include two obviously useful utility programs and one

program of dubious utility.

~~~~~~~~~~

When you have several programson a tape, you can only select aspecific one by entering LOADtogether with the program name,

and then you have to wait until theprogram has been loaded beforeyou can enter RUN. This was onereason for me to develop the Auto-Run-Saverwhich allows you to saveprograms In a form so that they runautomatically after the load. The se-cond reason was, that the Auto-Run-Saver can also be used for nearly

perfect program protection. If the

stop-key Is disabled and otherpossibilities of program interruptionare avoided, your program cannot

be stopped and therefore can not bechanged nor can it be listed. Auto-Run-Saver is written for 8K PETswith the old ROMs.

Using the Program

Auto-Run-Saver mainly consistsof machine codewhich is combined

with a short BASICloader that gives

Werner KolbeHardstr. 77 CH 54 32Neuenhof Switzerland

the instructions. After running themachine code is located in the lastpage of the 8K memory. You load

the program that you want to saveand place an empty tape into thecassette unit. Instead of SAVEyounow enter SYS7636 and your pro-gram is saved with the auto-funfeature.

Program Description

The trick of Auto-Run-Saver is,that it writes a header on the tape

A I_ITC- -:LIt -- .J - = : : ;A··...EF-:5 POKE134.250:POKE135.30:CLR

10 FORI=7936T08131:READN:POKEI.N:NEXT20 INPUT II:!l.F'F~OGRAt'1'~At'1E~A $30 A =lEN(A $ ): IFA )16THENA =1640 FORI=1TOA:POKE8057+I.ASC(MID$(A$.I.1»50 NEXT .60 PF.: It-H :' F . : INT ":f !U LOA D TH E P F.:OGRAP1"A $78 PRItH"J~12. PLACE A BLANK TAPE UHO THE CA::;SETTE Ut-HT8 £1 P F.:t H" : ro . Et HER : ;' ,' 87 6369£1 PRHn":~I!lFOR FURTHEF.: F.:ECOPD:3REPEAT FRot'lSTEP 2 _50£1 I1ATA165 s 124" 141.,14(1. 31 ..165.,125.,141 145., 31.169 .. 1 ..13:3.,241.,169.122 ..1:.585 DATA249.169. 31.133.25£1.169. 75.133.238,169. 13.133,247,169, 2,133.248518 DATA169. 22.133.229.169, 2,133.230. 32,103.246. 32.113.248.169. 1, 32

515 DATA237.245.169.111.133.247.169. 31.133.248.169.122.133.229.169. 31~133- - - - - - - - - 4"" - - - .- .-1 1·-- - 1·-·- ·-·4....1 .-0;:: 4 1·-"-' ·-'4'-' 1FI :" 1··'420 [IHTH:::::3~..:1., :3~., 1:3.1 ~ t I ; . : : 2 : 0 ' ~t." ·3 J 1:1: : :1.4 ~j,1 '; :.;: ~ .::. " ,.. o . b_~,' -.. ~ :" .:'I.I': :' '; :1 " ..,._I.J .:...

525 DATA1:3:3~,229.165 ..125.,l~!:3l2~a)., 76 .. 1:~':.,247., € 1 . . (1~.16~~.112~,141i 5.. 2~,17~3

530 DATA 5. 2. 16.251. 96. 0. 0. 0. 0. 8. 0.147. 83.217. 54. 53. 54n - - 1~ 14....- ~- ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~0 ?0?00000 ?0535 IHTH ~ •. (. ~. ~~, ~~. ~~. ~~. ~~. ~~. ~~. ~~, ~~. ~~, ~~. ~~. ~~. ~~

540 DATA :'::2.2. 8., 169. ,169.141. 125., 2., 169..5, 141 ..126. 2,169., O ..141 s 123545 DATA 2.169. 4.141.124. 2.162. 8.189.190. 2,157. 12. 2,202.208.247_

- - -- - -- -.- 1c-.... .-,1:"1:" 1·..,'....-,.-, 1'- .-.1:",7- 14·-' 1·- .-,.-,.-,: - o c 1ql:" ·-:'4··-5121 I IHTHl t, ;: :, t :=:.,It,~.r : . : : d . . 1 or...::.:r ._I .• ~ { .• .: :.~j.:.:.! C . . 1.::,._1t::1.f ' '::_J _ C I . I ~ .: '- ~ . I "'~'l.i _.......,.:.. - , _ 1 , 1

555 ItATA t 1 . 1 147,1 : 3 2 .1 2 1 : : : :,I 1 : 3 . 1 ( 1 . . £ 1 , . ~J.I ~J

28:14 MICRO -- The 6502 Journal September 1980



which later advises PET to loaddirectly into its keyboard bufter(dec. 525 to 536). In our case aSYS656 together with a carriagereturn is entered, leading to a smallmachine code routine which is apart of the program name. This

routine enters RUN, Ret. into thekeyboard buffer, puts the correctload addresses into the according

places of the cassette buffer,disables the stop-key and finallyjumps to the load-routlne located inthe ROM at F3C3.The disassemblv(listing 2) may serve to understandthe whole process more in detail.

ALITCI f;::Ut--I SA··.·'ERD I SASSEt' 1BL 'T '

..'P C

7liEIISR AC ~·~R 'f'R SF'2(1 5:3 41 56 FE

1F001F(12 8D sc iFIF(15

1F07 81 11F(1A A91F0C tl5IF0EIF101F12IF14IF16 A9IF 18 : : 1 5

IFIA A9iF 1 C es1FIE A9

lF20 85 F,:3IF22

The program mainly consists oftwo parts. The first one from 1Faato1F79 does the SAVE. The secondone from 1FBBto 1FBF is savedasapart of the program name and per-forms the LOAD and RUN of theBASICprogram.

First (1Faa to 1FOg) the LOAD

routine is updated with the actual"End of BASIC pointer". Then allnecessary painters are set towrite aheader on tape. The name for theheader is 75 characters long ( hex.4B ) starting at 1F7A. The start ad-dress in the header is set to 0200and the end address is 0216.

A5 7C

A 5 7I191 ir01F1

A 9 7A

F9IFFA

4E :

EEenF7£ 1 2

A 9

A 9 16IF24.85 E5I F26 A 9 ( 12IF28 ::::5 £6IF2A 20 67 F6IF2D 2(1 71 F81F30 A9 ~~11

After having written the header,the pointers are prepared to write apseudo program on tape, whichstarts at 1F6F and ends at 1F79.This "program" will make PETassume that B Keys were pressedduring the loading: CLR, S, y, 6, 5,CA, CLR. The subroutine 1F60 is awaiting loop in order to provide agap between the pseudo programand the BASIC program. Afterwriting the BASIC code on tape(1F4B to 1F5D)the "Auto-Hun-Save"is complete.

When loading such a program,PET will immediately execute theSYS656, which will lead it to thecode located in the disassemblylisting at 1FBB. This routineprepares the painters to load the

BASIC program without header,itstores CLH, R, u, CA into thekeyboard buffer and it disables theSTOP·keyduring the loading bystor-ing FF into E810

Protecting a Program

IF32 20 ED F5IF:35 A9 6F

IF:39i F : ; : E :1F : 3D A 9I F: 3F 8 5iF41IF4:3 :::5i F 4 5lF4E:IF4B A 9IF4D :::5

iF4F A9

A 9F7i F

H~q.

?R£51FE6OD F7

iF

1F51 ~~:5F:::I F53 A5 7CIF55 ~35£5IF57 A5 7DlF59 :=:5E61F5B 4C ~~1DF71F5E H0IF5F 00

IF60 A9 7~~1

The Auto-Run-Saver disables thestop-key only during the loading.Therefore your BASICprogram must

contain the line

a POKE537,136

IF62 8I1 05 02IF65 AD 121502IF68 10 FB

IF6A 60n order to disable the stop-key duroing the run. Further on all the INPUT

L I l ASTAL D A

STRL I l ASTRLIIRSTRL I r ASTRL I l ASTRL I l AS;TAL I l A

STRL I l ASTRL I l A

3TA. _ T : _ : ; R

']SF~LIIR

L I l ASTRL I l ASTAL I l A::;TRLDAS:TA~JSR:']SF.:

L I l ASTRL I l A

STRLIlASTRL I r ASTAJt'lPBRKE : F . : KL D A

:3TALIlABF'L

F~TS:

N V * E : D I Z C012t1~j0000

$7C$lF8C$7D

$lF91=$t1I$Fl= $7 A$F9=$1F$FA= $4B$EE=$(1II

$F7=$02

$F8=$16$E5==*:02$E6$F66?$F871=$01

$F5EII

=$6F

$F7=$lF$F8=$7A

$E5=$lF$E6$F70I1$lF6~3

=$0~~1

$F?=$04

$F8$7C$E5$7D$E6:tF7f1D

=$7£1

$ £ 1 2 1 2 1 5$02~j5·

$lF65



statements must be replaced by anappropriate subroutine using GETA$. Of course it will still be possibleto copy your program, i.e. with a se-cond cassette recorder, but it will bequite difficult to change it in orderto take out your copyright label.

Important Memory Locations:

7C,70 End of Basic PointerF1 Current deviceF9, FA Start of program name

EE Number of characters in nameF7, F8 Pointer to program startE5,E6 Pointer to program end027B,027C Start address for loadE810 Todisable stop during load,store a number higher than 9 in thelow 4 bits

F5ED Writes aheaderF70D Writes without header fromaddresses in F7, F8, E5, E6F3C3Loads program without headerF667 Sets buffer pointerF871 Tests if cassette motor runs

Using'.the PET Printer 2022 as a V-IPlotter

The Pet printer 2022can easily beturned into a Y·t plotter using thefollowing short program.

Listing

The function to be plotted musthave the form Y = F(T).The value of

Y should be calculated in asubroutine starting at line 500. Ymust be between 0 and 480.

Program Description

After opening all necessary chan-nels the line feed distance is reduc-ed by printing CHR$(18)to channel5. Then from line 10 to line 35 sevenconsecutive values of the functionare calculated. The correspondingprinting positions are stored in D%;the column in the printing positionis stored in S%(1 ) where I contains

the row posltlon, The followingloops from 40 to 100determine thevalues of the characters that have tobe transmitted to channel 5 in orderto program the programmablecharacter. For this purpose allvalues having the same printingposition are combined. The posi-tions which were combined aremarked with D%(J)=99. Because itis not possible to program more

28:16

E~0>o

a :o-0~

<1 >I/)

a.

1F6B 0131F6C ~301F6D 001F6E t H Z 1

1F6F 0S1F7€1 eoIF71 9]

1F72 531F?;;:D9 36IF76 36 ODIF7E:

IF791F7A1F7DIF7FIF811FE:2

93£ 1 t1 .

4E 41 4D45 4F46 50

1F€:4 41 4It1F86 45 2(1

IF881F8B1F8D1F9€1IF921F95IF97IF9A1F9C1F9F

1FAl1FA41FA71 F A : : : :

1FAA A2IFAC1FAEi F ! : l1FB21FB4lFB71Ff:A

1FRB

2f 1 20 £1 t 1

A9 A9BD7Ir (1 2

A9 £1 5

8D 7E 02A9 003D 7B (1 2Fl9 (14

8D 02C(18

:BD BE9D OCCADO F7

A S !9De A10E:E4C04

l a s2~~1

FF 7F

<1 >-0<I IQ)

I

<Ila.< III-

FA10 EB

F : : : :

IFBC 931FBD 521FBE n s lim


E : R KB R : KBRKf : R : KPHPBRK

ct'lPROL

B R : KLSF,~E O F . :

LSR'~I'~I':':I

.??~?~?~??

E O F . :E O F . :

JSRLIlA

STALIlA

STRLDA:3TALDA

5TAL m . : :LIlA5TA

LIlA5TADE;,::BPL

JP1P

BRK

C t ' 1 P

$4D41$4F$50

($4D ~ : ; . : ; : : r

$2(1

$~)020=$A9$f127D=$~35$027E=$~)0

$~J27B=$(14

$027(:=$08

$02E:E..:.~$~)2~3C.

$1FAl=$£18

=$26$7FFF s ~ < :

$ l F A E$E8Hl

tF3C3

tOD s ;: .:;

September 1980



.....-T PLOTTER. '.r-:

1 OPEN!, 4-:OPEN5.·-4..5: OPEt-I6,4/_6~;PRIHT#6., CHR$( 18)2 D H 1 A ( 5 L D;~( 6)~S~~(6)'" ", ,'~.,,' .".

:3 PRINT#l ..CHR$( 19)5 D T = = l10 FORI=€H06: GETA$: IFA$=IIIITHEN20

15 PRINT#6.CHR$(24):CLOSE5:CLOSE616 PRINT#l:CLOSEl:EHD20 GOS;UB5~30:RE~1ITI::::F (T)~- T T " D T D"'I'" 'Y"'" '-..... , ' l " . , ' U - : : . I O : T i ' · '' 'l ·' : : J : : . 1 = +: ;;..;, .l= Ib: ~~,h. ~ ...;;, r',-O;";~.u;- ;'. .. ,}" ... ':35 t..JEXT' , ,','C • - " . , > . . .40 FORI=0T06: IFI'~ ~ ·( I »?5!ltHENl~~i!' I45 FORJ=0T05: A( . . .)=0 : t~4E}trJ - r \,

sa A . (C : - ~ " "' ··I , ' 1 · · \ , = · - : ·,;;.~I ~'I ·I'FI* :;-I::iTHE··.tl"l· j';j ._v ...~.-.-'. ~ , ; , o - " c .. I...... ; " _ ..•,- ._~ ...... , 'I, I _ J : : , "u,

70 FORJ=I+IT06:jFD%(I5~~D~~jJT~EN10090 A(S~~(J) )=A(S;~(..J)+2t(.6~;J~D~~,~J)::;:99100 NEXT] .,11~3A$="I': FORJ=0T05: A$=A$+CHR$(A(J») : NE>nJ115 PRINT#5.A$:IFD%(I»0THENPRINT#I.TAB(D%(I»;120 PF:INT#1..CHR$(254)CHR$'( 141).;140 NE~{:TI150 PRHH#l, CHR$(29) :GOT010200 REM * * * Y O U R F U N C T I O N ****50£1 Y=1 ( 1 1 . ; 1 + 100*8 I t · ~: T,/50*rr,""2:)'510 RETURNREAD',.,.

.' ...'

".

than one character per line, everycharacter that has to De printed inthe same line must be followed by aCHR$ (141) resulting in a carriagereturn without line feed. The pro-gram continues to plot the functionuntil a key is pressed.

PET Singing Like a Bird

A few weeks ago my wife boughta canary. The bird was not ac-customed to Its new surroundingand therefore instead of singing, itsat in its cage silent and sad. So-meone had to keep him company!

PETcould do it. The following shortprogram turns PETinto awonderful-ly singing canary. You only have toconnect a speaker (with a smallamplifier) to the user-port outputCB2.

C:At-.JAR~·

1(1 PfUNTu:;20 PlUtH "25 PRHH 1I1Il!I '1:30 H=.5:L=51:K=1:36

4£1 N=6S:POKE59467,16:M=59464:RG=5946650 B=N*~:t,m( 1)+25: F=N*F.:,..m(1:;;:=F+B: D=(F/70+H)*F.:t·W( 1 )+H: Z=D*:300*F~ND( 1 ),...A6 0 P = A / N * H : G E T A $ : I F A S T H E N P O K E 5 9 4 6 7 . 0 : E N D : S T O P70IFRND(1){.lTHENFORI=0T02E3*RND(1):NEXT80 POKERG.L;FORI=0TOZ:IFRND(1){HTHENPOKERG.K~L9 £ 1 I F R N I I ( 1 »PTHENl1(1100 FOR..J=ATOBSTEP~D:POKEMJJ;NEXT:POKEM.0:NEXT:GOT050110 FORJ=BTOASTEPD:POKEM.J:NEXT:POKEM.0:NEXT:GOT050

F~EAnY .

: l ! l l ! l t ! l f . D ! D ! J **** ~::ANAR'T'~ ***** II:!!I,,-r~::ONt~ECT SPEAKER T O CB2.

PRESS A t ~ 'T ' K E l T ' TO STOP II

September 1980MI.CRO-- The 6502 Journal 28:17



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Loading KIM·1 Tapes to AIM

. . . . . . . . . . . " " " " " " " " " " . . . . . .~ . . . . . ." " " " " " " " " " " " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " " " " " " " " " " "Here are the routines required to overcome the problemof loading KIM format tapes into an AIM when the baseaddresses need to be changed. They permit. the user tospecify from the keyboard the new starting address for aload, overriding the KIM generated starting address.

" " " " " " " " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " " " " " " " " " " " ~ " " " " " " " " . . . . . . . . . . .

The Rockwell A1M·65 is an ex·cellent system for the computerhobbyist, given its ASCII Keyboard,on-line thermal printer, easy-to-use1 /0 chips and timers, and 8Kmonitor. In addition, the AIM isKIM·1 compatable and allowscassette 1 /0 in KIM format. Thismeans that the abundant softwarethat is available for the KIM·1 can beread via the AIM cassette interface.This feature is particularly ln-teresting to those of us moving upto the AIM from a KIM·1.

In actual, practice, however, dlt-ferences between the memory mapsof the KIM·1 and the AIM·65 makethe loading of KIM tapes to the AIMmore difficult. The problem is in thefact that the AIM monitor makes ex-tensive use of Page One memorylocations, while the KIM·1 does not.In particular, 80 bytes of AIM PageOne, beginning at location $0116,are used as the tape 1 /0 buffer. So,

although the KIM·1 can load pro-grams Into Page One from tape, theAIM cannot; KIM tape files whichload to Page One cannot be loadedwith the AIM tape. load routines.

The KIM monitor has a featurewhich a.llows cassette files to beloaded with a starting address dlf-ferent from the load address storedwith the tape file. This is done byspecifying "FF" as the file 1 . 0 . Thefile name and load address on tape

September 1980

are ignored and the file is loadedwith the starting address previouslyentered into RAM ( KIM locations$17FS and$17F6). Unfortunately,this feature w as not included in theAIM routines that load KIM·formattapes. This problem of loadingKtM·1 tapes has been noted by otherauthors (Burnett, 1979; Tripp, 1979),but no solutions have beenpresented.

The program below is a simplemodification of the Rockwell AIMmonitor routine to load KIM·formattapes to a new load address. Corn-ments are included in the program,so little explanation should be reoqulrsd. The New Load Address isstored on Page Zero at locations$0000 and $0001. These could bechanged, however, to any convan-ient location ..The entry point to theprogram is at $0900. The program iscompletely relocatable; all that is reoquired to relocate the program isthat this entry point be changed duro

ing assembly.

The assembly·language sourceversion as prepared on the AIMEditor is shown in Figure 1, with theassembly listing and symbol tablein Figure 2, and the disassembledlisting and hex dump in Figure 3.

Execute the program with the pro-gram counter set to $0900. Themessage "To =" will be displayed.


Larry P. GonzalezDepartment of Physiology and

BiophysicsUniversity of Illinois Medical

Center

P .O Box 6998Chicago,. IL 60680

Enter the new load address followedby a carriage return, and then con-tinue as for a normal tape load.Don't forget to change the tapespeed ($A408) to the appropriate.value for your KIM·format tapes ($5Aor $58) prior to running this pro-gram.

I have found this program to bevery useful in gaining access to pro-grams which were initially dumped

to tape from a KIM·t. Now I don'thave to enter all my KIM programsby hand to make them available onthe A I M , even if the original tapeloaded into Page One.

ReferencesBurnett, J. An AIM·65 user's notes.MICRO,1979,12:5·7Tripp, A.M. Ask the Doctor, Part V.MICRO, 197913:.34·36

Larry P. Gonzalez is an AssistantProfessor of physiology andbiophysics at the University of /I.linois Medical Center. He has 12years in the use of minicomputersfor reel-time data acquisition andSignal analysis. During the last twoyears he has been developing asystem using an A/M·65 in the col-lection and analysis at eiec-trophysiologiesl data.

28:19



Flgur. 1. Source LI.tlng: KIM TapeLoad to New Addreaa.

I F A G E

r: C'; ~J - : : O w t C" /l-!:;_~~L~ :Ll-~

L C ~C : A T I C t r - ~5 , . '

NEWRD=$0G:NEW ADDRESI f'JFLC1=!R412

ADDF=$A4iC

P i = t G E.._~.r. r-.......;. r r-r- "" o z"

- -_ 1 ..... - _ ,- ~ !; , I ~ ' "d _

_ , 1_ :_ !'. L_ .,_ ~ \ ~ ~ l i: ; _

STA~~T'=$El ~:~2

t' : : T c;UT C' - . : i : ' CA ,~-::._1 ~~ ]. l...-~ .L.."""'i":""~-

GET I [:a = $E4 2 5

TO=$E7A?

CF~LF":::$E3F(1FACK~$EAt;4C L F . ~ C t : : := $ E E ~ 4 [ )

TAI5ET=$EDEA

. PAGE EMAI~ PROGRAM~

;STORE NEW ADDRESS

L D A5TR

~,r';f·.C~..l..,;iiL'- : ! : . . . • • ~ - ' . \ ..l-

JSET INPUT DEVICE;CODE FOR KIM-l TAPE

LDA #$4BS T R I N F L C j

_r·r-T.1 t.J C. I F I LE tiR ~1 E

.-, ...;r,.

H~'~U

~ ,-. r-, 7 I ,- -r- T : :- - 1::LUH!)t:._.l .~;l ~ - . _ C L P C : K

L D R D K i J S F : TAISET

LORDK2 J5R r~CTTw~~' -, . . J , !:" , 1 ~ !! !

f" " " • . , .. . .- - I r-.• .-.7; ,-r-.:-",_:; ; 1 ;_a ;:10' ,-

1...1l...~':_: l...1,_;: !:..··1'·_~

C:D:_!TC!-;;_L 1 : l-

;OLD LOAD ADDRESS

;:-".1 ;_I_-~_~, "_!.-Io ~_

~_-:!... :'-.~}~".

S T A.-.T;-, ••. . . . . .~; ;-;..,-!=~'-;_'-:- '-

5TA RDDP+i

! C iH f",.V T.....__1 r _. r - , . ...

#$02

,

- - - .. _LUHD r;. /"

\ ~. ,-.11"" . . t.' .-,_ 1' •• !.- ;; I __ ~ 1 to' \"_

1 . . .1~:Ii;!..... L... 1_ 1! ...r-, I_

Thi C~ c- : t , / C:c ! : c . ~,_"}:! s . . . ·:··.ii....:-·_l-·.

; RETURN TO MONITOR

.'

Jf'1F; 5TR~:T_ PAGE

.P A GE

.Hm

Flgur.2. A•• embly LI.tlng and Sym.bol Tlble : KIM Tape Load to NewAdd .....

;KIM TAPE LORD TO

j~~ BY L. P . GONZALEZ

==0000 INFLG=$A412

= =0000 A DDR= $A 41C

= =0000 CK SUM= $A 41E

5UB-ROUTI~E EQUATES

STA~~T:::$E:1.E2

= =0000 RBY TE= $E3FD

= = 00 ~J S TB Y TE = tE 41 3

= =0000 GETI D=$ E4 25

r-, r-, .-.,-,= = ~:fj1i-5

CPLF=$E9F0

==0000 PRCK=$EA84

= =0000 CL RCK =t EB4 D

GETTAP=$EE29



·t D I 5PLFfT~; & R E A D N E W A D D R E S S

+r=r: 7,-,,_~7.. ;:;__'

!I~!

r~C. p~ ADDF.~ES5

AD1CR4 .

RD1DR4 L D A ADDp·+l

; S £ T I N P U T D E V I C E... r..'1"'""._

__ lo-.

} 1!1 l....

~ G E T F I L E N A M E A N D

2 0 E A E D J S R 1 A I S E T

2tiFDEJ:

September 1980

21 .34E~E5

2f14BE5H~:)iti

~~ e--,

.)~~:

L[)A[:RLF

Ft~Ar1G ET I[)

G·ETTRPI r · fFLGT ."...!..i.

==[193:8

A 5 01 L [ : ~ A NE~~AD+iR[ )DR+l

--;-.-.

: : = ~H

2~J25E4 T r: c=....1 _~)._

.-._""- "!"!"'o\ ~._ . ~ ,~_: ;1 .. . ; .l. l....

C:D21A4.-."~r.~ IU.....

~-' j !! J]:

L( )AD}<2

LOAD~::5L O A D K 6

" r

T:' ~ L O R D K ?L O RD r . : : I

J5Rf"'1-;r-· L·-

~ru.r-.

B C : C T .1:._I..l..

4CB5EJ::==0959 Jir-t:l ;_ . ~ !"

[)[tEE5TA~:T- . . - . 1 1 " '. ~ _ . _ -

• " ~ . .. . .. c I"_ ~~ I _ l " 5l...·;· -, ~=

T R 1 S E TT O

L O A D K ICDiER4 C : L O A D K i

LORDK2

LOAD~:::5

C D 1 F A 4 e M P C K S U M + l .31

J2

; R E T U R N T O M O N I T O R

START

A4iEEB4[::

E3FEi

EtlA2E425EE23R4 i2

096[-

0SlA

092A

~3362

0917

8421C·i' ::.~--)!.-~I_r~

' """" J -_

!.. -~~ ~

l . . . """!"' . . .. l. . . . . .: .

E7A7

~ - : : - ! ;~::;'"i7'_"_'.l- i

0918

~394A

037f;

A 4 12

P 4 i E8421Ei82

GET 1 [::

TABL.ET A l S E T


E54E~

EEA2

28:.21



Figure 3. DI... nembled. LI.tlngand Hex Dump: KIM rape Load toNawAdd .....

/43

0917r:-~.--.

_ _ 'l..~ _~~"._

r":__-_ ,J.-.'1"_1 _-" ; ..: .:_ . L_. L....

~ ";-:";;;W. . . _ ..~:r-, r-- .r',

!, . . .. l . l .. . I : .. . . .

A4:1Dr-.:-~[:LC-r-~~;

A421

EE23~2F0962

E4:1J:

R41E

A4, lF}J978

~ 0914 __ ~? E8 /~

09:18 4D EB ~~ ~H~i91C cD _ __ ~_. = :~392(i \,.._"'~H . _ 86

: ) 09 24 C9 . ~ D0 F2{ 0928 F0 F3 20 ._( : 092C -- A4-s, ~ 092:(i 2fi tf,b t :.:f ::,-.,-._.

~ ~ 0934 48 E5 q~ ~~

r) 0933 3D iC ... A S~ 09 ? C ~1 ~u 1D A4

o ~~41 , . - , ~ . e: '!_) E4 C:[)

~i944:-~·1 H.q ~.! ~~ CF

~ 0950 __ 20 :~ EA

[-:960 4f: __ : : : : : u . . . . 11

3964 __ ~_·U l.t:. H4

t396:3 F(l __ 4(~ 85

097(i __ 1}- _. F~3

~ J. 0973 20 ~~ E9 4C( 097C 82 _~ ~8 00

- _ : : ' f i T t7:~1~ ...... -~ ~ _ ;_t i"-,

EE29

6951 ze

J5~:

BEDfJ9 6A 4C096D -'\~

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THE TX-80 MATRIX PRINTER with GRAFTRAX



Compact

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Another member of the "Stripper" family· programs to

strip REMarks from BASICprograms· this version works

on the AIM and does the stripping in place. It does not

require the use of disk or cassette tapes.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The "Apple Stripper" Program inMICRO 23:11·12 removes the REMstatements from a program using aBASIC program and a disk file. Iwould love to use this method, but a4K AIM·65 with a tape recorderwould make for a long wait. Theassembly program given here wasprogrammed slightly betore "AppleStripper", and does the compactionin place.

Compact is a program to strip outblanks and REMs from a BASIC pro-gram. This is done to save space

and increase the operating speed ofa large or heavily documented pro-gram.

The program is run as tollows:

1 ) Load in COMPACT. I put it inhigh memory tor the 4K AIM.

2) Initialize BASIC. Make sure itdoes not overlap COMPACT.

3) Escape back to the Monitor.

4) Run COMPACT. On the AIM,just hit <FL>.

COMPACT operates by scanningthrough the BASIC program lookingfor quotes, blanks, and REMtokens.Blanks are stripped out as they areencountered. Al I text betweenquotes is ignored. A REMforces oneof two things to be done. If thecharacter counter is zero, then theREM is at the beginning of the lineand the whole line is removed. Anon-zero character count indicates

September 1980

the REM is placed after text, soonlythe remainder of the line is removed.In all cases, pointers to the loca-tions to be removed are passed tosubroutine PACK, which does theactual deletion.

PACKperforms the nontrivial taskof clostnq up the BASICprogram tooverwrite the unwanted string. Thenthe BASIC pointers are changed sothat BASIC still knows where theprogram is located.

The final operation in PACK is a

jump to $B329. This is a subroutinein the BASICROMwhich relinks theline pointers of the program. TheNBLP (New BASIC Line Pointer)subroutine expects the "standard"BASIC line format of:

o 1 2 3 4 n

:10, hi.lo, hi:basic text :00:LINE LINE ENDOFPTR NUMBER LINE

It scans through each line, firstchecking the line Pointer high bytefor a $00, which would indicate the

end of the program. If the linepointer is not zero, the line isscanned until a $00 is found. Thataddress plus one is the beginning ofthe next line and is placed in the linepolnter. The NBLP pointer is movedto the beginning of the new line andthe process starts over.

For those of you who do not havethe AIM, an assembly language

MICRO-- The 6502Journal

Steve Bresson1302 Strawberry LnHanover, MD 21076

NBLP is also listed. Assuming yourBASIC stores its programs in thesame format as the AIM, only a cou-pie of things need be known tomakethis program run on your machine:

1 ) The address of the Beginningof BASIC (BOB) pointer.

2) The address of the Top ofBASIC (TOB)pointer.

3) A couple of 2 byte locationsin page 0 for temporary useas pointers.

By plugging these values into thelisting you should not (hopefully)have any problems.

Program listing

1) Assembler output of "COM.PACT".

2) Start up of BASIC so that top

of memory is not affected.

3) Crossed out PGM. skip this.4 ) BASICPGMto becompacted.

5) Test run to show program out-put.

6) List of BASIC Pointers at

$0075 - top of BASIC beforecompaction.

7) <l> <F1> K EY RUNCOMPACT

8) RUNof Compacted PGM.

9) List of Compacted PGM.

10) New top of BASIC PTA=$0261,OLD=$02LAC!

11) Change of M.L. PGM to use'NBLP1' instead of BASIC

28:25



ROM PGM.

12) BASIC test PGM with addl-tionallines.

13) Run of COMPACT with 'NBLP1'

14) New Listing.

p .

- • - ~_ l""_ .•••

• - - ;1_"- -

-. _.-"._.,-

C O M P R C T R B A S I C P G M

_ }02 S TRA W BE RRY L N, ~8 NOV ER, MD 2 107 6

==0000 N8LP=$8329

:-=[ilDC

:+:=$ECe

28:26

B O B

R574STA LINE+1.

MICRO -- Thei8502 Journal

r- ,r;,.-_I,

! :!~_.",

~r ; H DEL +1_-_, 1 i ~_;--I

: :~ 1 1 . : ' : ' 1 t)C. L

..: -) t::T5

'-.I"".~~1- --1 ~;,_1'.,1: :..... ADC

! ..,. 1 1 .. . ~ ~ .

r , ~'d~L- J_! H_

HH

A5FF

= : 922 CtilP" # ..- n .~~.~..-..-. ~. - _ . ' -~-./J.j~j;:; b f-~tt. f) i.; " !_; . F ! H f 1A 5 F A

,-,;-- r- - ,

f_}t ~L 1

R6FEDELL I N E + l

September 1910



· PACK ViC. 2. 25. 80. SL

,DEL:HOLDS DEL AREA5TAFT RDDP;SAV: HOLDS END OF :EL PPEA+i RDDF.

L(:~A DEL+1

5TAL[)H

OTC+1H5R7

SEC£56A S8C SA'): 1 . 8 CLC.'-~~~~-. _ " - _I_!,_I} ._

A6751 :-.~. ,I

L .. L- ; . .··I res

==~3F72E575

5TR GTO

~;E~C T O E

AS

D E C CiT ,O+1

CLC.-r- .-.-._

t:.::-;t!h

;JMP NEW BASIC LINE

• REPLACEMENT FOR THEA I M BASIC ROM PGM

September 1980

A5 7 4 LDR BDB+l

;NO! LOOK FOR $ 00

R A T R : : ' : :

91FCCHANGE BASIC PTR

A5F[: t LLlA Tt1 1P '+i

Bee NELF2

E f · J D

(2):: 5>MEMOP~ SIZ E? 3750~ . J : IOT H '~>

322(i 8 --TE5 FREE

: M 65 BASIC Vi ~

(4) ~.~;TTl!--; r-s r-'~c...:~! ;_)l


40 C = 11 : REM ABC

~~ GOTO 78 . REM YY

(~)

JUST RAN THE TEST

_" - ..- -; ~;;.j~ i

I " "_"111 ... . ..

TEST !l

Too of BASIC

" .-}

.-, .- ',--=.-.t:[~j{~

(n) JMP NBLPI.,

_ . = FA O 4C R3 OF R47E5~ W I T H NBLPl L I N K

ThIS 15 A TEST

~.i2; R E r ; 1

F"F:r NT ii TH I 5TE5T~~ 1

_ RTEST n

28:27



-v, r-,

_:,t1

45 D = 55: REM A SDDF

- -, ,_, .l}UNt. :

(13)

~ . : 1 : - •

•~ "~ ' i":;

(1 4 ).L _ ~ ST

T=:-T n~L --.~~

Steve Bresson is a 1977 graduate ofthe University of Akron with aB.SEE. He currently works for theDept. of Defence in Baltimore,Maryland. He has experience in For-tran, APL, CHPL, 8080, Z80, and6502.

Steve owns an A/M-65 and hasmany plans for it, but hasn't gottensround to building any of them yet.

28:28

BOX 120ALLAMUCHY, NJ 07820201 -362 -6 5 1 4

inc .

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AID is a resident, two pass disassembler thatcreates a TED compatible source file andassigns labels to all address references.Addresses external to the object file limitsare defined as equates in the source.

AID BUILDS SOURCE FILES FORALL YOUR OBJECT PROGRAMS

AID will save interim files to disk therebyfacilitating the creation of source files of vir-tually any object program limited only by thesize of the program, the symbol table and theuser defined source file buffer.

AID is available from HDE or the followingdealers for $95.00.

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A C1P and H14 System, Part 2

~ " " ' " " ' " " ' " " ' " " ' " " ' " " ' . . . . . . . . . . ~ ~ " " ' " " ' " " ' " " ' " " ' " " ' " " ' ' ' ' " ' ' ' " ' ' 'A previous article provided the information required to

Interlace an H14 printer to an OSI C1P computer. This

article provides the software necessary to drive the

printer.

~ " ' ' ' ' " ' ' ' " ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ~ ' ' ' ' ' ' ~ " ' ' ' " ' ' ' " ' ' ' " ' ' ' . . . . . . . . . .

In a previous part of this series ofarticles I promised some softwareto further the use of the C1P and aprinter. Inmy system the printer is aHeath H14.Yours may beof anothermanufacture. In any case, this soft-ware should support your printer ifyou have used the modifications toyour ClP and have interfaced yourprinter. This program wifl help youwith your task of writing all forms ofbusiness and personal letters.

The program in listing 2 gives the

user of the C1 Pand the H14systemthe needed software to allow the for-mat of business letters. This pro-gram will allow the user to developletters, which are in the modifiedblock form. The program allows the

user to store the heading; the com-plimentary close; and the identifica-tion as a permanent part of the pro-gram. That is, your street address Inthis heading, the closing, compli-ment such as "Sincerely yours" andyour name as the identification. Theinside address; the salutation; andthe body of the letter are entered on

Queryfrom the computer.

To begin, the program at line 30through 65 is used to develop theheading; the inside address, and thesalutation of the letter being writ-ten.ln the example program, lines 30and 35 contain the heading. Thisheading is stored in Strings and isa permanent part of the program.You will have to enter your own ad-dress in these two lines. This data

28:30

will be printed out when you call fora printout of your letter. At lines 37and 40, you will be asked for themonth which will be stored in A$(4).Line 40 gets the date and year. Thedate and year is stored in thenumerical varibles Eand Y. Lines 45through 55are used to collect the in-formation for the inside address andthe salutation. This data is stored inStrings. These Strings are: A$(9),A$(5),A$(6),A$(7), and A$(8). TheseStrings are not a permanant part ofthe program. That is, each time the

program is run these strings will re-quire new data and must be Input bythe user. These are all inputstatements. Lines 60and65form thecomplimentary close and the iden-tification for the letter being com-posed. This data is permanant andwill have to be entered when youload the program for the first time.To continue, the program at lines 70through 210is where the bodyof theletter is entered by the user. Thisdata or letter text is stored in Stringarrays. Up to 256 lines of text can beentered and stored In memory ar-

rays. B${I) holds each line of text.That is, as you type in each line oftext, that line will be placed in B${I).

The variable I contains the linenumber for the text data whch goesInto B$. I f I equaled 1 then B$(1)would become position B$(1) exc.The length of each line in the text forthe body of the letter is set to a max-imum of characters. If you typemore characters in the line than the

MICRO-- The 6502 Journal

William L. Taylor246 Flora Rd.

Leavittsburg. OH 44430

set length the computer respondswith overwidth and the line of text isdeleted. You will have to type in theline again. The statement at line 140sets down a pointer to indicatewhere a line will end. This paintershould not be exceeded. At line 180,line 180 is the INPUT statement forthe text input if all the letter text hasbeen completed. Line 210 causes aHETURNthrough the body routine ifthe letter text has not been com-pleted. When the body of the letterhas been completed, and the user

types the escape key(&)the programbranches to line 5000.The routine atlines 5000 through 6000 is used toinsure that the letter is placed cor-rectly on the page. This subroutinechecks for the number of lines thatthe user has entered into memory.The body of the text is read and thenumber of text lines are stored inthe variable L, the variable L ischecked against a constant of 32.The value of variable L is subtractedfrom 32 and stored in the X variable.The X variable is then divided by 3.

The final value of X is used to spacethe letter properly on the page. Thatis, the paper will be advanced theamount that is equal to % X. For ex-ample, if you only had 6 lines of textin the body of your letter, this valuewould be subtracted from 32. The Xvariable then would be 26. After

dividing the X Variable by3, X wouldbe approximately 8. This value willadvance the paper 8 spaces beforethe heading and date are printed

September 1980



out. The routine from 5000 to 5070obtains the final value for the Xvariable. The routine from 5080through5095generatesthe linefeedsfor the paper advance. This is ac-complished with a PRINTstatementin a' FOR-NEXTloop. At line 6000 aRETURN is executed and the pro-gram returns to line 1000.

Beginning at line 1080 the mainbody of the letter text is retrievedfrom the array and printed out to thescreen and the'printer. This is donewith the FOR-NEXT loop at lines1080and 2000.At line 2007a gosubis executed. The subroutine at 4000Is used to produce the correctamount of spaces between the bodyof the letter and the cernpttrnentaryclose. This subroutine uses thevalue in the X variable in the samemanner as the routine at line 5000.At this point, FI should explain thestatement at line 4000. The state-

ment at line 4000 uses the keywordLOAD followed by the keywordPOKE, 515,0. The statement LOAD:POKE515,0actually returns the C1P -ta the fast CRT routine. The LOADcommand expects an INPUT fromeither the cassette recorder or thekeyboard, but immediately we turnoff the LOADcommand by POKEingthe flag at 515 with zero. Thisdisables the LOAD command andreturns the program to line 4030.

On return from the subroutine at4070 the complimentary close and

identification are printed in the let-ter. At line 2033we again return theprogram from a SAVE mode to theregular program execution with thestatement LOAD: POKE515,0.Fromthis point the program jumps to line3000where the user will be asked ifmore copies of the letter aredesired. The "Letter Writer" pro-gram has some features that arehidden from the quick observer.Themain feature Is that the text editingfeature of .the C1.P's ROM BASICcan be used to edit the text whenentering the lines in your letter. This

is done with the use of Control Cand Control P. If a letter Inyour textwas incorrectly inserted, you maychange the letter bytyping acontrolO. This win delete the last letterthat you entered. Also, if a completeword was- mispelled simply countthe letters in the word and type con-trol a the correct number of timesthat were in the word. Now type inthe correct word or correct spelling

September 1980

01 <

LIST

1 RE~1 LETTER ll'R ITER 8'/ u. L. TA'iLOF~

2 REM AUGUST 15.19793 PF~t + O ( TI L E T T E R W R I T E R II

4 PRnrr :PF~nrr :PRI NT1 0 P F.:I tiT" DATE VEAR At..jD LETTER TE>n !"UST BE

Et..jTERED"

30 A$(2)="246 F'I or-a Road"35 A$(3)="Lea',)i t.tsbul'"'s, Ohio "37 It-lPUT" 1"1Ot-lTH"; A$( 4)

40 I t-lPUT" TODA'/.S DATE---At-.l[) \'EAF:"; a. ......45 I t-IPUT"COl'lPAt-l'.,-''' A$ ( 5 )

47 H~PUT"STREET RDDF~E5S" ;A$(E,)

49 H4PUT" CIT\-'.,STATE ZIP";A$(7)

50 1t--4PUT PEF5ot·~..; A$.::8)

55 It--lPUT" GREETH4GII s A$ ('31>60 A$( 10)= !lSi nct?t-'e 1':I ., "65 A$(I)="t>1t-·. Lllilliarl', L. Ta'::!1or' 'J

70 D=6480 I=25E,90. DIl'l E:$< I)1(10 F'PI t..jT

110 FOR 1=1 TO 256

120 PRrur I140 POKE 54181+(0-50).94180 I t..jPUT B$)::I )190 IF LEt..j( (E:$( I») > r > THEt-l PRIt-lT"OIJERld1DTt-ft':.r=I-l

200 IF 8$< I )=">" THEt..J5(100210 t·4E:'·':T I

25[1 GClTO5000

100[1 SAUE1005 PRINT TAB(SO);A$(2)

1010 PRINT TAB(50);A$(3)

1015 PRINT TAB(S0);A$(4);E;Y

1020 PRINT:PRINT:PRINT:PRI·NT

1030 PRH~TA$(5)

1035 PRINTA$(6)1~14D PRnnA$(7)

1050 PF~I t..jT: pr;~t-lT1055 PRI-lTA$0 : 8)

106E1 PF~It..fT: PRINT1 [1'7(1 PRlt~TA$( 9)

1075 PRlt·n: PRlt·.jT

1080 FOF~ 3=1 TO 1-110'30 PR I t-ll'B$'::3)

2000 HE~<TJ2[107 GOSUE: 400(1

2(HO PRH-IT

2(120 F'RHiT TA8(50) ;AS( 10)

2025 PRINT;-PRINT:PRINT·

2030 PRI t · . f :T TAB( 5(1) ; A$-(1J

2035 LOAD: POKE 5IS,a

MICRO -- The 6502 Journa' 28:31



for the word that was mispelled. If acomplete line In the letter wereneeded. you simply type aControl P.This will delete the entire line oftext. This program also allows the

use of the C1P's lower case letterfeature. That is. when you wish toenter lower case letters you needonly to release the Shift-Lock key to

shift Into lower case lettera mode.This will allow you to use both

capital and lower case letters inyour text.

In part one of this series I gavethe reader the necessary 'hardwareinformation to allow the C1P tofunction in a 300 Baud RS232Cmode. The use of the C1P and aHeath H14 Printer was describedalong with the modifications to theprinter to be used with theChallenger C1P.Somesoftware wasgiven. This article has been an ex-tension of that article. I hope thatthis series has been of interest andwill be a tool to help you further im-prove your computer system andsoftware.

p . . '

051

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4050 PF.: -r r4(160 t·~E<T A

4070 GOTe: 20105(100 L = t 15010 FOR J= l TO I -15020 L =L+l5(13(1 F~F.~t·~TE:$(._T)

5(140 t 4Ei <TJ5 05 0 I F L = 32 TH EN 10005060 I F L < 32 TH EN X = 32-L

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051

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collection (16K) CS-4003 $7. 95

Know Yourself through these va6d self-tests.Find outbov« your life style effects your Life Expectancy

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CS-4001 $7.95. Space Games and Sports Games are onone disk (16K) CS-4501 for $14. 95

Sports Games -1puts you in the Apple World Series

Take the field In the Great American Computer Game.Mix up your pitches to keep the batter off balance. Move

your fielders to snag the ball before he gets to first. Ballsand strikes, double plays, force outs, and errors let you

play with a realistic strategy. Also in the line up-Slalom,

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XREFE.Rstands for 'cross reference'. The 'BASIC pro-gram presented here premitsthe output of an assemblerto be sorted and cross referenced. The cross referencel.isting can be a very valuable tool when debuggingmachine language programs.

When programming in assemblylanguage the quality and features ofthe assembler being used can makea great deal of difference in howwell the project proceeds. That'sone reason professional program-ming departments are wi.lling tospend a lot of money to buy and sup-port large and powerful crossassemblers for their programmingefforts, Most computer hobbyiststhough can only afford to use soft-ware that runs on their ownmachines. These assemblers for themost part, offer only the most basic

features.

I .bought MICRO-ADE(1) as analternative to programming my MOSTechnology KIM-1 microcomputer inmachine language. MICRO-ADEis alarge step up from machinelanquaqe, It is also a large stepdown from the1BM-370 assemblerto which I an accustomed. I soonfound that most of the more advanc-ed functions (expression evaluation,mac ros, rel.ocatabll itv , and cond i-tional assembly) I could easily getalong without. One thing I sorely

missed though was the sortedcross-reference table. A cross-reference table is invaluable whendebugging or modifying a program,especially when the program waswritten by someone else.

I implemented M!CRO-ADE as mysystem assembler by modifying it toread source files from, and write ob-ject fi l es to my disk system. It a c -

28:34

cepts unnumbered source filescreated by my system editor andgenerates its own line numbers. Itcreates object files that are loadedby a special load program. It haseverything I need except a cross-reference table. To remedy thissituation I wrote XREFER. XREFERis a program in MICROSOFTBASIC(2). It reads the same sourcefiles as MICRO·ADE, and producesa sorted label table giving the linenumber of the detlnltlon of eachlabel and the line number of eachreference to each label.

Implementation

The main task of a cross-reference program is data storage.It must be able to handle a variablenumber of labels, each with avariable number of references. Themost obvious way to allocate the reoqulred storage in BASIC is to dimen-sion 3 arraya, a one dimensional ar-ray for labels, a one dimensional ar -ray for definitions, and a two dimen-sional array for references. This willwork,but. one quickly runs into a

problem. Most labels are referencedbetween 1and 5 times in a assemblylanguage program, but in most pro-grams there will be one or morelabels that are referenced 10, .20ormore times. To dimension thereference array large enough to.holdthe maximum number of referenceswould use a large amount ofmemory. This would also waste alarge amount of memory since most

MICRO-- The 6502 Journal

Joel Swank4555 SW ·142nd # # 186

Beaverton, ·OR 97005

of the memory allocated for labelswith fewer references would beunused. Allowing for a large numberof references for each label alsoreduces the number of labels thatcan be handled in available memory.To dimension fewer than the max-imum would result in an incompletecross-reference. This problem canbe overcome by dividing thereference storage into two 2 dimen-sional arrays. The first has an ele-ment for each entry in the label ar-ray and each element has room for afew references (5 or 6). The second

is used as an array fo overflow ar-rays. It has only a few elements buteach element has room for a lot ofreferences (20 or 30). The referencearray for a label is fi.lled,the nextavallable overflow array is chainedto it, and all subsequent references

to that label are stored in thatoverflow array. This allows more ef-ficient use of available memory.

Larger source files will no doubtexceed available memory no mattern ow efficiently it is used. No matterhow much memory is bought there

will bea program that needs more.Is there no way to make the programhandle an infinite amount of data?Yes there is! In this case the rangeof labels accepted into the table inanyone reading of the tile is limited.Then the tile is read multiple times.Each reading wil l extract a differentpart-of the entire table. For Instancethere may be only enough memoryto store one-third of the labels in a

. September 1980



large assembly language program.XREFER can be run 3 times on thesame source file. Labels beginningwith A-G are cross-referenced in thefirst pass, H-S in the second, and T-Zin the third. The resulting 3 tablescan then be joined to form a com-plete cross-referenced with enoughpasses of the file (Actually XREFERis limited to 32767 lines by the in-teger variables used to store the linenumbers). Setting a range on thelabels also allows operands otherthan than normal labels to becrossed-referenced. Immediateoperands, absolute hex addresses,and data assignments can also beextracted if desired.

WhHe the fl.le is being read for thecross-reference table there is someother useful data that may begathered. A table of opcodes and acount of their occurrences wouldalso be interesting. For the MICRO-ADE defaults several addressingmodes and optimizes others. Someaddress modes are Implicit to theopcode. This means that those ad-dress modes cannot accurately becounted. Nevertheless the addressmodes that are counted correctly(IX, IY, 1M)are worth the small spacerequired.

XREFER is logically divided intofour sections, initialization, datacollection, sort and print, andsubroutines. Listing 1 is the

XREFER program listing. The in-Itialization section prompts the userfor options, allocates storage andopens the input file. The arrays fordata storage are dimensioned ac-cording specifications input by theuser. This allows the user to tailormemory usage to the source file be-ing processed. When the cross-reference table option is selectedXREFER prompts the user for thesize of the label table, the number ofreferences per label, the number ofoverflow arrays and the length ofthe overflow arrays. Determining the

numbers to enter for each of theabove is a matter of trial and error.The data collection subroutineshave built-in overflow detection toaid the user. Mesages are printedwhen any of the arrays overflow.There are also overflow counters torecord the number of times data Islost. These will give the user an ideaof how much to increase the size ofthe arrays. When a program has toomany labels for the available

September 1980

storage, the number of labels ac-cepted can be limited by decreasingthe range of labels accepted. It maytake several runs to determine thecorrect parameters for a large pro-gram. XREFER also allows the userto select whether or not any of thethree tables is built on a given run. Ifa table is not selected its storage isnot allocated. The last thing re-quested is the filename. After thefile is opened the assemblerlanguage source statements areread one at a time and the threeparts (label, opcode and operand)are extracted. the comment field, ifpresent, Is Ignored. The label is in-serted into the label table and itsdefinition line number saved. Theopcode is stored and counted andthe address mode extracted. Thecomment field, if present, is ig-nored. The label is inserted into thelabel table and its definition line

number saved. The opcode is storedand counted and the address modeextracted and counted if present.The operand Is then used to add areference to the reference array (Anew entry is made into the labeltable if necessary). The linenumbers are generated as the linesare read in. When the end of the in-put file is reached, the sort and printsection of XAEFER is entered.

The Shell-Metzner sorting techniqueis used. Shell-Metzner requires afew more statements than the ubi-quitous bubble sort but it executesin about a tenth of the time for atable of 200 labels. Any sortingalgorithm requires switching of thedata elements it is sorting. Thelabels in the label table in XREFERare connected logically to a datastructure of definitions, referencesand overflow arrays. Switchi ngiabels would destroy this logicalstructure. Labels would end up withthe wrong references. Moving theactual data around would require alot of time and memory. Instead aspecial array (SRT%) of painters is

sorted. Before the sort, SRT% is in-itialized to 1, 2, 3,,,.elc. must bedimensioned at least as large as thenumber of elements being sorted.The sort comparison is made bet-ween elements indexed by SRT%.Then the painters In SAT% are swit-ched if necessary instead of the ac-tual data. After sorting is finished,the SRT% array is used to index thedata for printing. The labels areprinted in alphabetical order with


their definitions and references. Thesame technique is used for both theopcode table and the label table.The address mode table Is a statictable and is not sorted. Ater all therequested tables are printedXAEFER gives the user the oppor-tunity to repeat the printing sectionto get another copy of the tables.XREFER can also be restarted atline 7200 to print the tables.

Operation

Listing 2 is a sample run ofXREFER. XREFER prompts the user'tor each parameter. In this run thearrays were purposely dimensionedtoo small to show the errormessages generated when they overflow and what to change to correctproblem. Note that answering 'N' tothe' SYMBOL TABLE (Y or N)?' willcause all other questions about thesymbol table to be ommited. Alsoanswering 0 to 'NUMBER OFOVERFLOW ARRAYS?' will effec-tively delete overflow processingfrom the program.

I use XREFER to document all ofmy larger assembly language pro-grams. I use the cross-referenceoften during testing. With it I canquickly locate every reference to adata area and every place asubroutine is called. XAEFER takeslonger to generate the cross-reference listing than MICRO-ADEtakes to assemble the same sourcefile but the resulting cross-referencetable is well worth the time.

(1) MICRO-ADE is an assembler forthe 6502 microprocessor. It is soldby MICROWAAE Ltd. 27 FirstbrookRd. Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4E2L2. It does not use the standardMOS Technology syntax.

(2) XREFER is written in 9 digitMICROSOFT BASIC. It is distributedby MICRO-Zcompany Box.2426 Roil-ing Hills California 90724. It has

been extended to add disk I/Ocapability.

LISTING 1:XREFER implemented inMICROSOFT BASIC for the 6502microprocesser. XAEFEA uses stan-dard BASIC syntax except for thedisk I/O related commands. The disk1 /0 commands are implemented asstandard BASIC commands with thepostfix character # # . DIM # #allocates a buffer for the file. GET

28:35



# opens the file for input. END #sets the statement number to beex-

ecuted when the end of the file isreached. INPUT # reads line of thefile. VariablesfoJ1owed by a # areinteger variables. Integer variables

are used wherever possible to savestorage. Integer arrays require only2 bytes of storage per entry while

floating point arrays require 5 bytes

per entry.

I I~ T

Listing 2: A run of XREFER

genterating all three tables for asmall assembly language program,

'01111

1 I~ II

' 2 1 1 11

131111

14211

15011

160 11

17~11

l e l l n191111

~1l0112'011

22011

23011

241111

2511~

26011

27011

281111

291111

J81l~

311111

321111

)JIlII

J 4 1 1 ~

JS0U361111

37011

3BII~

39004 1 1 1 1 1 1

41011

4200

431111440 f l

4 5 1 1 1 1

4611114711fl

4B00

4 ' 1 1 111

snll5 ' 1 111

520~

531111

5 4 1 1 1 1

5 5 1 1 1 l

561111

5 7 0 1 1

581111

5 9 1 1 ~

6111111

611111

62011631111

6411~6500

66 1111671111

6811\1

6'1011

7001'7100

7 2111 .

710~~7 4 1 l U

758U

76011

?7111!7Be~

79110B O O U

B'OII

REM l\l-\f:r[H

"E~HEM

H EM INITlAlllATION

Rn l

~IMh' 1

TRU[.-1 ,rAl~[.1l

PAINT "r~lEH nPTrON!>"

I NP UT "UYMnOL 1 A OL r (y ml II)": ~N~I

I F ~Nt;;$<>"Y" TH EN 3nll

I N P UT "NUM~[H or ~YMOOlU 10 OIMCNLION":NUNINPUJ "/rlIM001 r.r H(fr.fl(Nr.[~ 10 nlMCNtilOi'!": Xil

IN? U r ..nil C H flU MO .ll ~r rvr.H HO W fJUIAY ~ . . : Q V

IF n v <-0 111( I 21,\1~

I N P u r "UJ1fH I ENOlH nr nvnl rlOw t.HIIAY\;" :O L

Ill'" tlOVfVI.( I1V, nL)I NP U r ..~YllaOl H A NOr 10": HL $

INPUI "lOYMQOL KANor til" :HH$

I T ' I b .f H U EOIM LAflEL$ (NUM) , !'IrF'I.( flU!.!), Kef'l,i "UII, XH)

INPur "npCOOE TABLe( Y OA NI" ;i\N~~

Ir i\NS$ . > "Y" T II E N 3 ~0 0DIL l ~ODf$ (6e), r.OH"I.( 6~)

el'l •• IHUE

INPU I "AO[)HE~~ MODE TAIlLE (Y Oil 1'1)": i\Nb$

IF IIN6S < , "Y" HltN ~~uOIM MODE$ (9), !!C,n'l,( q)

I.n.... IHUcLIOOES(7) ." C ,MOO($ (5) «:«: ,1.100($ (9) ." ' ! lm £ "FoAl-~ HI 6'MOD[$llJ."1~$("i\YMLXlnMIXIY" ,]"2+1,2) :N,XI

INPur "[NTEA FILENAME" ; 1 1$

IF NOT en. ~NO 1I0T L r'J.ill,N n5~B

A-C,O

IF ~IU,"bfl . TJ IE:N I \.NUMI l l M S H T' J .( A !IINN[]'l,. I

~nH 1 FI$, ,Nod I ~OrD 72B0

ROIREM f)AT~ COLLcC1IDN

flE~'lNPUT# I lIN"I F LINES."" n~ L[FTS{LIN[$,]).- rHEN ~70'

REM ~(T IADEl, rPCODE ~ND OPERAND

GOSU[I 'O'~0RE M ,HORr l A G [L

IF NOI ,1 " TIIE;N S?BOTI-LEFT$( 1.IIDE$, I): IF T$,.HL5 AND T$<.t1HS [fIEN COl> U n 17aU

REM til0A, HEF(K[NCE

T$.I.IIO$(O~$,I,'J'Ir T$>.Al$ AND T$ • • I 1i1$ rHEN GOt:iUIl~05CB

IF' COOE$ · " " THfN 6709

MOCES.~IO$lcCD[$,1.21I f Nor CT" TIIEN 640~REM r.OUN T opcno£r.O~UB 232011If" NOT '·T '!. £IEN 67011

AE ~ COU NT ~aDE

GOSUB 21200LlNNO'll>.L!NNO'J.+ 1

COTO 5000

REMREM t:iORl A N a P RI N T DATA

AE "IF t JOT L1'1. 1rID~ 11700

AE M

RE M SaAT IIRE'- TABLE

Rn.!

FOR 1.1 TO NUM: IF L ABEL$ (1) <> .... THEN flEX T

N'IO. I ~T ( 1- 1) ,IR.N'IO

IA.M"IO?IF IA.~ THEN 9500

"-'B.-''''

8200 J't.-l

83110 I'I,.J'l,

B400 L".I 'J.+......8 S I li l I F LABELS ( S R T, , ( 1 ' 1. )<-LABELS (SAT,,( L"» rHE~ 89nB60e Tl,(f"I,.6.RT'I.{ L'l.J ,SHT"(L ... I .SAT ... . I'Ll ,6Al'1.( l'lb)-HIP"B7U I'L.l'!I.-''''B800 I F 1">-1 THEN 8400

B98B J ' I o - " " . '9000 I F J'l"K'I. THEN 7900

91110 ~oTO 8302

92U REM

9311P AEM PRINT XAEF TABLE

9400 REM

95 a0 1,·1960B PRINT:PRHIT .. SYt.lBOL" ." OEFINEO "v" AEFEAENCE" ..

9?IlU 6.6I1T,,( I) ,IF lAOELS( 61 .... " THEN Inn

9BIII PHIN'! LABELS( S) ,llrF"l.( S),

9980 FOR J-O To XH10eOll IF AEF'I,(S.J)_B THEN 11202

18100 IF POS(I I ) ,S5 THEN PHINT,PAINT .... , .. · ,

112U I F REf'l.(6, J),O T>IEN 110U

1!3U L.-AEF",(S,J)-1

"48 B FOR K.O TO OL

115~' I f I IOV fL "( L,K ).B TH EN " 210, .618 I F POS(I I ) ,6S THEN PAINT:PHINT"",--,

11701 PRINT ROVFL"(l,~);,.8U N[!IT

, . 9 1 1 . GOTO 11200

11111 PAINT REF'II>{S.J):

11111' NEH J

112&1 PRINl

113B. X.l.',IF 1<.tIUM nlEN 9700',411 AEMIISPI REM SOAT opeOOE TABLE

11611 RE M11?U IF N OT en. THEN 15In

',8 •• GOBuB 248011I9U FOR r. I TO 68, I~ COOEs( J) ..... " THEN NrH

'21" 1-I"Io.INT(I-.) , ! A . ' I I .12.U ! . I ' l o . I I l I o / z122U IF 1,1'/0.0 THEN 13700

123U K'JI..""'-M'Io124U . 1 '100'12500 r.. . .1\

'26" l'JI.."'+I.I'IoIZ7U rr COC(S(aHl'l.(!'l.J)ur:OOESI ~"l"(L"") THEN IJ'U12901 Tt.!P'JI..aRT"( I.") I UIlT. . IlI.) .SHT'I.( I .. ) I 6 1 1 T ' I. ( Ill.J.MP1 0

129n IlI. .n, -1IlIoun, IF 1 10 • • 1 THEN 1260~131dS J... .I'I.~Ij)2U IF J'hK4 HI£N I~ 190133~e r.OTO 12SU11496 REI!

135MO REM PAINT npCOOE TADlE1 )6~a ArM

137111 PRINT ,PRtNT "OPr-ODE uI;lAll£ TABLE"

I' 9~ S .).1, FO~ r. 1 TO 6 e']90B rCA K·' ,~ ~l au o o T S- CO DE !( sln,,( J »14H10 IF U ... ·· THEN 15100

142[10 T.LEN{T$) :IF l<J THEN T$.T$+" ":GIlTO '''2~1I

: : ~ : : : 3 : ~ . ":T$;CeNT'II>(~HT%(J)J,

145U 0 ~EXl K14600 PRINT

147110 NEH 1

'4802 REM

14900 RE~ P H I NI A DOA EH ~ MODE TA 9lE

'S0US AEM

'5 Hie IF NOT 1.11% THE" 1620~

152~0 P R I NT : P H I NT : P H I NT '"ODAES~ ~O DE O CC UH EN CE S·lSJOII MOOES(7)." Z ":MOOE$ (81." i\ •

'54110 J-D

15500 FDA K.I TO JIS6~0 IF J,9 THEN 16200

~;~:~: ::~:~.. .. :1'00[$( J) ; >.leNT'!. ( J),

' 5 ' 1110 NEXT16011~ P H IN T

'6U10 GOTO 15503162~2 P RI ~T: PH IN T: PA IN r: rN PU T " REP EA T" :A N~~163'111 II' ~NS$." Y" TIIEN 72B0

16411~ ENO

165"0 RE M

'66~0 HEW SUBROUTINES oTART HERE" • "

167~0 REM

16S99 REM STORE LABEL

16900 AE ~17D0~ FDA 1.1 TO NUM

171n0 IF LABELS(I).LASEL$ THEN 17600

1721)0 IF L AB EL S( r ). "· TIIEN '7S08, 7 3 1 1 9 NEXT

174"0 01.01+';PHINT"lOO IlIINY LABELS" :AE1URN

175~e LABELI(IJ-LABEl$

176000FPL( I ).LINNO'I.17711B RETuRN

178110 REM

179H0 AE M PARSE fOR I A BEL OP CODE A NO n P ERA N Olel!~e REII

1 81 1) II CODE!.....OP$."..

28:36 MICRO -- The 6502 Joumal September 1980



'B2~e LABELS-"·:IF LEF"TS(ll"lE$,ll <> " •. THE~ 'e5S~'B30~ K-2'e40~ GOlD '91001e5~e FOR K-l TO 6lB60e IF UIO$(LIN[$,K.l)_ " - THEN 1900019700 lABEL$_LAeEL$+~rO$(LrN[$,K,I)16Boo 'lEXTlB9D0 RETURN191~O K_K+'19100 FOR J_K TO K+5192~O U.MIOS(UNE$,J,ll :IF T$_-" HIEN 20190I 9 3~ O IF 1$-" - TI-f(N 1960019400 COOE$-COOES.T$19500 I I [ X 119600 J _ J . ,19700 FOR K _ J Tn J+619800 T$-MIO$(LINE$,K,1) :JF T$_"" 0 1 1 T$_" " rHEN 201~O19900 np$-OP$+TS200no N EX T

201 i!6 RETURN202110 REM20300 REM COUNT R[rEH[NCE

204no REM

205~0 FOR I-I TO NUM

20600 IF LABELS ( I) oOPS HIE N 2 I , 0020700 I F lABElS(Il-"" THEN 2100020600 "EXT20900 O'_0,+1:PRINT"TOO NAN' LABELS-:R[TUHH

21000 LA6El$(I)-~P$2' , 00 FOR J- O TO X I l212110 IF A , " I > ( I . J').~ T Ol EN R EF 'L ( I . Jl-LINNO'L: RETLJRN213U NEXT214n0 IF OV<1 rHEN PRItlT"NO nVERrLO~ ARHAn.-: 4_C4+' :HETUII"

215011 J-J-l216~0 If' AEPIo(I,J)<1l n~[N 22400217ua rOR K-0 TO "V:If ' f lOVFL'Io(>:,0) -1l TH(" 22ge9218~e "E~T:02_n2+1:PRINT"NaT ENOU G H CVEAFLOW nHHAYd-:R[TUA~219011 AEM SET UP CHAIN

221lU0 AOVFL'L(K,Il)_REF'L(I,J)22'00 RE''L(I.J)_-K-,

222110 ROVFL'L(K,l)-LINNO'Io:H["fUH"22~no REM .00 TO OV(ArLO~

224110 K--REF'L( I,J l-

225~1l rOR L-l Ta DL:IF AOVFL'L(K,L)-Il TH(N 2271l~22600 U(XT,OJ-OJ.l:PRINT-CVEAFLOW ARHAY~ KOT LONG ENGUGH-:H(TUAN227~1l ROVH"( K .•L) _1.INNO'L:ArTUHN

~2eOIl R[TURN22909 RE~2)111111AEI' STORE IINO COU I ; T r.peaaE231110 liEU

23200 COOE$-LEFT$(COOE$,J) :FOR ]-, TO 592JJU il I F eOO[$(I)-COOE$ CUTe 2J71l1l2 3411 0 I I' COOE$(0-"" TIIEN 2J60~2351lB ,:[XT23600 CODE$(I)-COD($23700 CCNT~(I)_CCNT~(I)+'236ne RETURN

23900 RE U240"0 REM COUNT MlDAEBS ,,:oor

241~0 REII242~e

FOA I-m TO 8243P~ I F "001'$1. I ) -1100[$ THEN 2~50e244110 NEXT245"0 MCNT~(l)-MCNT~(I)+'246110 RE1uRN

24700 R[~ INIT SORT POINTER ~ATHIX248CIl FOR 1-1 TO ~:SRT~(IJ_J:MEXT'R TuRN

JK

H UNF " N TE f l o P T I ON t .ib Y MBOL TA BLE( Y DR N ) ? YN U MBER OF SY MBOL S TO DI MEN SION ? 1~~

N UMBER OF REFEREN CES TO DI MEN SI ON ? 4

EN TEf 1 N U MBER OF OVERFL OW A RFI A Y t J? 4n JTEFI L EN GTH OF OV ERFL OW I \H RA Y S? 25

SY MB[) L RA N CE L O? II

SY MBOL RA N G E I I I ? Ln pCo OE TA BL E( Y n R N ) ? Y~DDA ESS MODE TA BLE( Y r R N ) ? Y

r N T[f \ FI L EN A ME? 2/ L OlI o UTOO !..A N Y L A BELST 0 0 ~..A NY L ABEL :: ;TOO MA NY L A BEL STOO MA N Y L A BEL STOO MA N Y L A BEL ~TOO MA N Y L A BEL S

H

n A EA K I N 17100OKH UN

EN TEf I OP TI ON SSY MBOL TA BL E( Y DR r ~) ? YNU MBER OF SY ~8 0L S TO DI MEN SI ON? 110

N U MBER OF REFERENCES TO DI MENSI ON ? 4EN TER ~UMBER OF OV r RFL OW A RRA Y S? 4

EN TEO L EN G TH OF CV EFI FL OW A H H A Y S? 25SYMBOL RA N G E O? A

SYMBOL RA N G E I ' I ? Z

~P COOE TA BL E( Y DR N ) ? Y

A OORESb ~OOE TA BL E{ Y OR N ) ? YEN TEH F" I L EN A ME? 2/ I _ DA OQOV ERFLOW A RRA Y S N OT L ON D EN OUG HOV ERFL OW A H RA Y S N OT L ON G EN OU CHn V ERFL oW A RRA Y S t JOT L ON G EN ' OU OH@

FJREA K I N 88~0

OKH U N

EN TER OP TION SU Y M8 0L TA BLE( Y OR N ) ? YN U MBER OF SY MBOL S TO DI MEN SI ON ? 11~

N UMBER OF REFER[N CES TO DI MEN SION ? 4ENTER N UMBER OF OV ERFL OW A RA A Y b ? 4EN TER L EN G TH OF OV ERFL OW A RRA Y S? 35SY MBOL RA N G E L O? ASY MBOL RA NG E f lI ? l

OP CODE TA 8L E{ Y OR N ) ? YA DDRESS MODE TA 8 L E( Y OR N ) ? YEN TER FI L ENA ME? 2/ 1 OA DQ

ciYMBOL DEFINED REFERENCE::;/\DTMPH 32

125ADTt.1PL 31 123'LLOCX 9 2I'.LTH 30 29 3/\Ll L 29 29 0t.RMBUF 38 1ElACKX 80 336flA DA OO 218 203 212flADFIL 17 7 1~7 130 134[lADGET 27 6:lADAET 18 0 128 14 3 168BCbBAO 14 9 113

G I N O E X 86 24 0 259 29 6

BUFADO 82 28 8

r - u r r 4 22 114 116ElU FFER 5 4f',UFPTH 4 1 38 6

n U FP " ( L 4 0 3B3

n u FPTR 39 255

r Y T B Y E' 216 19 9 210

CH Rb A V 4 3 2~B 213

CRLF 67 1a 1

r :T K P 26r,URCHR 34 326

150

334

September 1980 MICRO -- The 6502 Journal 28:37



n IA PTR 33 343 346 35~ 353 36~ 36)nPT)-I 28 Classified AdsDPTL 27

DRIVE 78 285 328nRVSAV 35 33 e

D8DR 15 287 • ·PROM BLUES??ns EC 17 284 317 1.2.6KProgrl,lm does work fQr y0U.

nSTK 16 281 314 Verily, erase, program, copy

rNDOFF 913 135 PROM to flAM, exit. For any 6502.

Loads at $0200. Listing and jn-FNDOFI 94 structlons: $9.95. Cassette: $2.00EOF 215 201 (ASK tall l ity only). custom

rRRET 219 22~ 227 assembly: $:2.00.All 1st Class PPD

FCBPTH 38 111 cant. USA. Foreign ada $2.00Jeff Holtzman

F CBP TL 37 11119 6820 Delmar-20SF'CBPTH 36 244 247 250 26!1l 27!1l 273 280 283 St. Louis, MO 63130

286 289 292 298 391 3ea 389 312PET Machine Language Guide:

315 318 329 335 337 339 341 345 Comprehensive manual ta aid348 355 358 365 368 371 382 385 ma.chine language programmer.388 More than 30 routines fully detai l-

F ILEFiR 95 ed. Reader can put fa immediate

FILTYP 83 299 use. Old or New ROMs. $6.95 plus.75 postage. Visa, Master Charge.

rIRbT 142 133 Abacus Software

FLoC 19 311 P.O. aox 7211FLTK 18 3013 Grand Rapids, MI 49510

FNAME 77TAPE MOTOR CONTROL

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nPNLU P 370OPt,;RLT 375(:RGOFF 99DUTCH 7~r.UTbP 68

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POUN 191

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PRTBYT 69

PSTH 25

PSTL 24

REAOSC 252A EDR [~ 135

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SEARCH 61

START X 84

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331

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OEQ 7 EM! 2

CL C 8 C'.~P 1 1

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PHA 3 PLA 3

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In this issue of MICRO, the Ohio Scientific Small

Systems Journal presents a system overview of OS-65U

level I and a very informative article on expanding OS-

65D mini-floppy·BASIC.

OS-65U Level I allows the setup of a simple, cost-

effective, multi-terminal network using a single disk

based computer in concert with several personal com-puters. The system is extremely well suited for the

educational environment and demonstrates some of the

'hidden power' of the personal computer.

The article on expand ing mlnl-tloppy BASIC

demonstrates a clever method which allows up to 26

new reserved words to be added to BASIC.

As always, reader comments on article content are

always welcome. Please submit suggestions, or any

other contributions, to:

Ohio Scientific, Inc.

Small Systems Journal

1333 South Chillicothe Rd.

Aurora, Ohio 44202

05 65U LEVEL I - UPLOADING AND DOWNLOADING

ON A MULTI - TERMINAL SYSTEM

Even small systems can take advantage of the

storage capabilities of anyone of a group of Challenger

computers (C-1P's, C-4P's, andlor C·8P's). This feature

permits networking of computers, sharing a central file

system, and even information Interchange between ter-

minals.

The OS·65U operating system can service and support

several satellite "personal computers" from a central

host computer. Each satellite computer can be a C·l P, a

C-4P, or a C-8P, and for the remainder of the article will

also be referred to as a "terminal". The terminal can

stand alone with no reduction in its capabilities or it can

use the resources of the host computer to extend its

capabilities. Hardware modifications, readily performed

by your OSI dealer, will be required. The satel.lite com-

puters/terminals, when initially ordered can be specified

with an "Option·11" for the C·XP systems. The Ootlon-t t

allows up/down load as well as retaining normal

cassette I/O. The host system requires installation of a

multiple I/O port board, designated as CA·l0L8 for 8

ports. In general, any disk based system can serve as

the host computer. It Is convenient to choose the one

with the greatest disk storage capability, in order to pre-

sent the maximum increase in storage to each terminal.

Each satellite computer, whether the C·1P, C-4P or

C·8P, retains all the features of the stand-alone com-

puter. These features include 8K MICROSOFT (R) BASIC

in ROM, the ability to SAVE and LOAD cassette pro-grams, and access to all the computer's r memory and

accessories. For example, the home control· features of

a C·4P MF could be enjoyed while using the comp.uter

for computer ·aided instruction.

Programs. and data files can be downloaded from or

uploaded to the host computer in a Level I Mulli-

Terminal System, This feature permits applications

such as Computer Based Education, with the ability to

access the lesson or course on the host computer while

retaining the powerful BASIC programming capabili ty at

each computer terminal. Sharing data and exchangi

programs while retaining isolation of each independen

giving its user the full resources of the computer at t

station. The CPU (Central Processor Unit) of each s

tion is totally available for the user, since it does

have to timeshare its resources with the host. T

benefits of fast response, high data transfer rates, a

low cost are not compromised.

USE:

To each terminal on the Multi-Terminal Sy.stem,

hosl computer will function as a high speed serial p

which can be addressed by a filename. Each termin

uses its serial port at a clock rate set by jumpers in

host computer (with data rates up to 19.2 Kilobaud!)

To use the Multi-Terminal System, BOOT up the h

system and RUN the program MULTI. All current OS·6

Systems contain this program on disk file. Now, BO

up your terminals(s), with the Cassette/Level 1 swit

positioned at LEVEL 1. If you do nothing else, your

minal is a stand alone computer. Let's take advanta

of this status 10 enter a very short program.

NEW

10 PRINT "TEST MESSAGE":END

When you type

SAVE

the facilities of the host computer will be made availab

assuming the terminal switch in the LEVEL I positio

Since we wish to save this program we type

REM S FILNAM

where FILNAM Is the file name of an available disk

on the host computer. The host computer expects'

next entry to be

LIST

which effects the transfer of the program to the h

computer's file, FILNAM. To discontinue transf

capability to the host computer, type, for example,

entry

LOAD <CARRIAGE RETURN>

then

<SPACE>

The symbol <SPACE> denotes a blank spac

Similarly, the symbol <CARRIAGE RETURN> denote

a carriage return. These symbols will be used wh

there is some chance of ambiguity of notation. Othe

wise, <CARRIAGE RETURN> is assumed to terminat

a keyboard entry. If we now enter

NEW

we will clear the workspace on our terminal. We c

check' this by typing

LIST

To ,download our proqram from the host computer'

disk file, we again get the services of the host compute

by entering the command

SAVEand then

REM L FILNAM

then

LOAD

The file, FIU'JAM; will be transferred from the host com

puter's disk and displayed during transfer to the te

minal, as we can observe by typing

<SPACE>L1ST

The short program should- be listed on our termina

screen. If we had wished to list on the host computer's

printer, the command would have been

Call 1·800·6850 TOLL FRE·E




SAVEREMP

LIST

<SPACE>te: LOAD, <CARRIAGE RETURN>, <SPACE> ter-ate link.

Provisions are made in the program MULT! to dlscon-cta terminal which has requested services of the host

omputer (by typing SAVE)but has not finished its re-st by enteringREML F!LNAM

r approximately 13 seconds of Inactivity, the pro-

ramMULTI will assume that no further activity Is ex-ctedfrom the calling terminal, and the host computerll again scan the terminals for Input.

Storing copies of programs, such as educationalaterials, and uploading and downloading the pro-

msto each terminal makes these programs available

thin an educational network. (These same benefits ofloading and downloading could prove equally usefula small business environment.)

Ina typical application in education, a C-SFDFmighte used as a host computer while four satellite com-ters, say C-1P's, serve as individual student stations.lthough each satellite costs about half the cost of a

umb terminal, it possesses more abilities than many

minally intelligent terminals. The proqrarn MULTI

would permit each terminal to request downloading ofthe current lesson. For simplicity, the instructor maywish to modify MULTI to permit automatic downloading

to ease lesson startup for less experienced students.

Each student could then save his/her lesson ontocassette for future use after the lesson Is completed.

In a typical lesson, the student mayhave needof thecomputing power of BASIC.A null response to a lessonquestion will return the student to BASIC. After com-

pleting his/her calculations in BASIC the student couldreturn to the educational programwith the results of the

calculation in hand.

In a similar manner, student responses can beautomatically stored for instructor review bywriting theeducational program with storage of the answers in ananswer array. By SAVElng the student's program in astudent file on the host computer, individual answerscan be reviewed and student progress assessed by theinstructor. These possible features are all within theflexibility of BASIC programming. These features allow

the power of a sophisticated computer aided instruction

system to bybuilt on the resources of youras65Uhostsystem and the simple BASIC programming of MULTI.

Since the satellite stations can be run with high baudrates and downloaded programs can themselves re-

quest downloading, then it is possible to use the exten-sive graphics support which is available from OSIwithineducational program with the results of the calculationin hand.

L EV EL 1 SETUP

OHIO SCIENTIFIC 133 Chillicothe Road. (216)831·5600



These ideas are intended to point out the power of

what appears to be a relatively simple program.

Summary

Several methods are available to obtain source

materials, including cassette or keyboard entry, and

disk entry from the terminal or host computer. the

methods provide a variety of ways to transfer materials

between systems.

Since MULTI is written In BASIC, it provides the flex-

ibility to support your specialized Level I needs, pro-

viding specialized uploading and downloading, logging,

and branching to special servicing programs by the

methods suggested.

Flexibility characterizes the LEVEL I System. It pro-

vides the benefit of sharing common programs and us-

ing central files while retaining the dedicated computer

use at each terminal. It provides a case 01 "having your

cake and eating it too!"

Adding New Reserved Words to BASIC

In this article, we describe a method that can be usedby 1he assembly language programmer to add new

reserved words to Ohio Scientific Microsoft BASIC on

mini-floppy disk based computers using OS·65D B3.x.

This method involves mimi mal changes to the BASIC ln-

terpreter. These changes can be accomplished by seven

POKEs. Using this method, one can add up to 26 new,

words, each of which is a single letter followed by an

asterisk { O J . To simplify the assembly language code, we

require that each new reserved word contain no embed-

ded blanks. Each new word can be executed either in the

immediate mode or from a running program.

Ohio Scientific Microsoft BASIC is implemented by an

interpreter. This means that the BASIC program is

stored in memory in ASCII, just as it was entered from

the keyboard (with exceptions which we will describe

later), When a BASIC program is running, the interpreter

(a machine language program) examines each line, ex-

ecutes the appropriate code and then advances to the

next line. To do this, the interpreter maintains a pointer,

which we will call TXTPTR, that paints to the area in

memory which contains the BASIC statement currently

being interpreted by the interpreter. Note: A pointer is a

word in memory that contains an address.

TXTPTR is a 16·bit word at $C7 and $C8 on page O.The

low byte of the address is at $C7 and the highbyte is at

$Ca. Note: $ is 'shorthand' meaning hexadecimal. When

the interpreter begins to scan a line of BASIC code, TX-

TPTR points to the first non-blank character on the line.

Alter interpreting the line, TXTPTR must be incremented

until it points to the byte containing the terminator for

the line, either $00 or $3A (carriage return or colon,respectively).

As we said. previously, a BASIC program is stored in

ASCII as it was entered from the keyboard. One excep-

tion is that a carriage return is stored as $00. The other

exception is that all reserved words (PRINT, NEXT,

GOSUB, etc.) and all operators (', + ,AND, SI N, etc.) are"tokenized", that Is stored in one byte in a special code

which is not standard ASCII. The token for an asterisk is

$A5.

When a line of a BASIC program is stored in mem

the first byte after the line number is one of the tok

The one exception to this is a LET statement w

omits the reserved word LET. That is, LET X = = 0 or X

Hence, if the first group of characters on a line is a

which is not a BASIC reserved word, the interpreter

ches to the code for LET. This is where we Insert a

to our new code which will look for new words and

ecute appropriate code if one is found.

The code for LET begins at decimal address 2470

650 V3.x on mini·floppy). The first three lines of

code are, in machine language, $20, $2E, $OF, $85,

$84, $97. We replace these seven bytes with hex 20

50, EA, EA, EA, EA. This calls a machine langu

subroutine at $5000.

Address $5000 is where we will put out new c

this address can be changed to any other available

dress by the user. The changes in these eight bytes

be accomplished by:

POKE 2470

POKE 2471,0

POKE 2472, 80

POKE 2473, 234POKE 2473,234

POKE 2475,234

POKE 2476, 234

An appropriate place for these POKEs is in BEXE

They can also be put at the beginning of a BASIC

gram which contains a new reserved word. In our sam

programs we put our new code at $5000. Aller the

code is assembled, it can be stored on disk wit

DISK!"SA---" instruction and then brought into mem

by a DlSK!CA-·· ''. Thus, on the disk which contained

sample programs, we added to BEXEC' the s

POKEs above and a DISK!"CA--" instruction.

In Listing 1 we introduce one new word, C·, which

itiates a machine language screen clear. The prog

is, in outline, the loll owing:

Step 1) Check the second character on the lin

see if it is the token for an asterisk. The

if the first character is a C. If either of

fafl, branch to BACK where we executed

machine code that was deleted from

then RTS back to LET.

Step II) If the line is C· then execute the screen

code.

Step III) Add 2 to TXPTR.

Step IV) At this point we want to return to the p

from which LET was called, so we canceed to the next line. Execution of an R

however, will take us back to LET and a

tax error will result. Thus, we first exec

PLA:PLA to remove one address from

stack and then RTS.

In the next example we insert two reser

words: C· as above and S' which will ac

a switch to enable or disable the scrolling

Call 1-800-6850 TOLL FREE




Listing 1

HI 0BC7.

20 0 OA~=30

10 5000

5060 5000 AOOI

7(1 ~Il02 e1l.C7

aD 500. C9A5

.0 5006 OOZE

00 SODS 98

10 5009 S,C7

20 SOOB C91330 500D 00027

0

a o '50 OF ' A '9Zft

90 :SOli AOOO

~ o 1 3 A '2:0 8

10 501~ 990000

% 0 : 'H H B ca30 501 I)IIFA

D ! i01E: [E1750

50 '501E CA6(1 501 F OOF~

70 ~021 A.DO

o :5D23 a017'!iO

aO S026 ASC7

~O 5028 1B

50 5029 690Z

~Q 28 sSC7

70 5020 ASC8

380 'S 02F 69(JO

.0 SO 3' 8SCH

' 0

6(J !i033 bB

0 SO~1 6e

503:5 cO.0

0 ~036 2fl'

410 5037 2E

or5039 as

.0 ~03A .6

50lS 91

tC l '5 (1 JC 9 7s a s e s o 00

. . .. .

the screen after a PRINT.The effect of S' is

the same as:

X=PEEK(9770)

IF X=64THENPOKE9770,0IF X=O THEN POKE9770,64

TXTF'TR;:::'5C7

TOI~E.N=J.A5

NE~ORD LO~ . .LDA (TXTF'T:R}, '" -get 'Znd . cr rr - ot th e 11 .f" oIE !'

CH P t"H]I{EN

BNE BACf{ ].f no s.er- tcK.erl then R'TS

DE YlOA (TXTfTR) , 'f 'ilat. 1 s t, chr- of tMe 1,. ne

CMP .' CE:NE E;ACI{ . 1 . 1 ' not, "I;" t.nen baC'''~ te LET

NEWCOE \..0111 132

LO.... 10

LD> ISPU TIT 5TA ~DOOO,' f

I.HVBNE puTIT

I.HC pui:IT.-Z

DEX

SHE PUTITLOA .. 00

S TA f ' UT IT. ..

ASC::U for 21 b I iJn"'~~e~o~ fer lnde~~d STAnco or poa91;!os Of1 scrl! 'G-n

if Y roll'!!:. over t.hen chanql!'

page

r l! '!O. tore feT"

f1l 'xt coal I,

:ne~~ to updatE' TxTPTA ~~fore r~~Wrri to EASIC

UPOA TE LOA TX T PTR

CLC

AO C

STA

LOAAO e

STA

TXTPTR

.ZTXTPTR

r):TF'rR+l

.0I xT iF 'TF; :" ' l

; there er e tloO r·f ;Lt.1.1rr. addr"'i~es. 01"1 t.he 'St..aC'k

;pljll off th~ t.ep' ce.e so t. hat ... 1' ret .vrr, to l .h'"

;plaC' :1 l wner-e I ,. ..E1"wa;. e e I xed , ifls1.e2ldi of to LET

PLAr-"LA

RT S

:BAC: 1~ the ,.,.aChl ria ceee ll'1.!i11. UGi1io de le t.f!'d fr c'"' LET

;~~d T"eplacl!'d b~ ~SR S~BOO

sting 2 is outlined as follows:

ep I) Compare the second character on the line and

e token for an asterisk. It it isn't, then branch to BACKthe first program.

tep II) If it is an asterisk, then enter a loop which com-resthe first character on the line and the entries of aable called, NAMTBL, which contains all the legal

haracters. In the sample program the table has threetries, 'C', '5', o. Thezeromarks the end of the table. Ifis last entry is reached, then webranch to BACKand a

ntax error will eventually result, This table can beex·anded to up to 26 letters in any order.

ep III) If a match is found, then we use the indexgister from the compare loop to get anaddress from able of addresses (actually a double table; one for lowyte, one for high byte), put the address into a JMP ln-

truction and then execute the JMP. The effect is themeas an Indirect JMP.

Step IV)After executing the codewhich is appropriate tothe word, exit through UPDATE,as before.

Following the steps outlined in example two, 24morereservedwords may beeasily added.

L i s t i n g 2'

10 DOC7-

20 O OA ~II!:

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.E;NO

OHIO SC.IENTIFIC133Chillicothe Road. (216)831-5600



50iT[Uaf\~FOR

O S lVideo Games 1Heal.! • On. Tank Battle, Trapl

$15

Video Games 2 1.5Gremlin Hunt, Ind'y 5000, Gunfight

Board Games 1 15Cubic, Mini· Gomoku

Dungeon Chase 10A real- time, 0 & 0, video game

Cl Shorthand 12Two key command entry

One tape supports all recent ROM -systems.

Color and sound on video games. Some

programs on disk.

FREE CATALOG

Orion Software Associates

147 Main Street

Ossining,NY 10562

oqressive

mputingOHIO SCIENTIFIC

Hardware: G1P VlDEO· gives true 32 or 64 chr/line withguard bands. This is not a rnake-shtft mod. It makes yourvideo every bit as good as the 4P's plus you have switchselectable 1,2 and 3 MHz CPU clock as well as 300, 600and 1200 baud for cassette and serial port-all crystalcontrolled. Send for aur $1.00 catalog for more details.COMPLETE PLANS $1B.95KIT $39.95or sen-d your 600 board to:

Rick Lotoczky3281 Countryside CirclePontiac Twp, M I 48057

and he will Install the video mod for Just $79.95.OTHER mods available: Add sound:RS·232 port,cassette motor control, cassette interlace plans. (300,600 and 1200 baud)SOFTWARE.;(with docu mentation) for CI, C2, 4P and BP_Chess 1.9, Backgammon, Ex.cellenl Card Games, Arcadetype games, Utility Programs, Mini Word Processor,Memory Maps, Editing Cursor, etc.Catalog with free program (hard copy) and Memory Mapfor BASIC in ROM Models $1.00We now accept VISA.

Progressive Computing

3336 Avondale CourtWindsor, Ontario, Canada N9E IX6

(519) 969·2500Note: Any modification will VOID your 051 warranty.

WP-6S0Za very fine word processor

Tape (Cl,C2.C4J $75

5~Disk (C1.C2.C4) $758" Disk for 650 $75

8" 650 & . 65U ..... $125

DescriptiveBrochure FREE

Dwo QuongFok Lok SOW23 East 20th Street

New York City, New York 10003(2121685,2188

! J M O O © ~ @ © [g ] ~®®for the AIM

AIM MlcroChess with .Player's and ProgramflMlr's Manual,complete Source Listings, Ob)ect on Canette Tape.S15.00plus shipping [$1..00 USI$2.00Anywhere Else)

MICRO Software, P.O. Box 6502, Chelmsfon:l, M A 01824



MICRO CLUB ClRCUIT

N.E.O. Apple Corps

Meets on the third Saturday of each

month. Various sub-groups meet during

the month, Over 170 members in this

fairly new group. They -can be contacted

at:

N.E.O. Apple Corps

P.O.Box 39364

Cleveland, OH 44139

"Our newsletter was inoorrectly liste.d. Ifanyone requests information on APPLE

BITS they may use the above address.

OUf primary objectives are to inform

area Apple owners of new points of in-

terest and to introduce the community

to personal computers through monthly

demonstrations. "

Wollongong Computer Club

Meets every fortnight and includes a

number of small users groups. Presently

they are TRS·80, OSI, Pet, Apple, Z80,

8085 and Sorcerer oriented. Address any

correspondence to:Paul Janson

14 Hayward Street

Kanahooka, NSW 2530

Australia

"We also have members with no

machine just a common interest."

Appleseed

Meets every other Wednesday at 7:30

p.rn. at local computer .stores and other

locations depending on the program and

facilit ies required. Publish a newsletter.

Dr. Terry Mikiten is President. Address

inquiries to:

John Ghidoni, Treas.

12801 Huebner Road

San Antonio, TX 78230

"We aim to provide a forum for intorme-

tton exchange, to provide education in

the techniques and application of the

apple compu ter by members and outside

sources and to provide an interface with

other similar clubs throughout the coun-

try, specifically including the lnterne-

tionet Apple Core."

The G.R.A.P.E.Group for ReligiOUSApple

Programming Exchange

A new international group, and as such

they do not have membership meetings.They express their purpose, interest, and

activities to be together in i ; I . common

desire to share their faith and gifts In

APPLE programming. They publish a

monthly newsletter, The Grape vlne.

GRAPE's full policy statement will be

sent to all persons expressing an ln-

terest by writing to:

G.R.A.P.E.

Stephen M. Lawson

PO.Box 283

Port Orchard, WA

98366

Permian Basin AmateurComputer Group

Meets on the second Tuesday evening

and the second Saturday at different

locations. John Rabenaldt Is President

over 15 members. Several specatl ln-terest groups. Write to:

John Rabenaldt

Ector County School District

Box 3912

Odessa, TX 79760

"AIM: To exchange Information on small

computers and assist in hardware and

software projects. "

Salem Area Computer ClubAddress Change

The new address for this club is:

3485 Mock Orange Ct. South

Salem, OR. 97303

Look what yo~ get for only $5.00

Video Plus II™ now offers:

• Character Generator in EPROMDesign Your Own Characters up to 8 x 16 Dots

• Programmable Character WidthWell Spaced 80 Character Lines with 7 x 9 Upperand Lower Case for Word Processing

Dense 136 Character Lines with 5 X 7 Upper Case

only for a 4000 + Character Display

• Reverse Video on Selected Characters

• Extra 1K RAM for Programming

• Improved ASK Software in EPROM:Fully AIM, SYM, KIM, Compatible

Works with Monitors, BASICs, and Editors

Supports Fast Hardware Scroll ing

• . Flicker Free Operation

• Improved Stand Alone Option· $206502 Based Stand Alone System

ASK Software Supports the Stand Alone Mode

• Communication Option· $35Includes Programmable Baud Rate

Handles RS232 and 20 MA Current Loop TTY

• Blank/Unblank Portions of Any Line

The original VIDEO PLUSTIIIcost $245 and the ASK EPROMwas an additional $45, lor a total package price of $290.

Now, for just $5.00 more, VIDEO PLUS IITIIIincludes all the

features of the original board, the improved ASK EPROM,

all of the features listed above, and other enhancements for

only $295.

Other improved products include MOTHER PLUS II''',PROTO PLUS II .... and A PLUS II'M. Available 1 October

1980. Write or call for addltonal Information, data sheets,

etc. All prices are US/Canada only and do not Include shipp.

ing or applicable taxes.



PET VETI will increase my knowledge

and experience by constantly

reviewing the literature, keepingtrack of newdevetoprnents In soft-

ware, hardware, and firmware, andby strengthening my communica-

tion with Commodore. Us.ing theMICRO Lab's PET system, I'll betesting programs and products for

the PET, and increasing my own"hands on" experience. As part ofMICRO's commitment to the PET,

I will become truly an expert. Weare aware that many of the PET-oriented magazines are no longer

in existence, and it is MICRO's in-tent to increase our PETcoverageto help filltha! void.

Meanwhile, I'll bewOf.kingto ex-

pand and improve MICRO's PETcoverage. This means printing

more PETarticles, keeping you in-formed 01newdevelopments, and

answering your questions in a"PET VET" column. In the AugustMICRO we published James

Strasma's review 01 the Program·mer's Toolkit, and you can expectthat other new PET/CBM hard-ware, software, and firmware, will

be reviewed In future issues.Jf you've beenwondering where

to send that PET/CBMarticle, thisis the place. Send for a MICRO

writer's guide if you're havingtrouble getting started. Also, sendin your questions for the PETVET

column. They can be directedtoward any aspect 01 PETorCBMuse.

Finally, remember that there issomeone here at MICRO whoknows and cares about your PET,

Loren WrightP;O. Box 6502

Chelmsford, MA 01824

As the newly appointed "PETexpert" on the MICRO staff, I'dlike to introduce myself. I have

experienced many of the same

joys and frustrations you have,Iromthe early lack of docurnenta-

tion to the arrival of the newROM's, My experience with thePET includes applications toteaching, interfacing peripherals

and Instruments, hardware rnodl-fication, character set substitu-tion, and extensive programming

in BAS.ICand machine language.

and Updates

, ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

MicrobesLes Cain found that in "OSI BASIC in

ROM, What's Where" (23:65) the five missingkeywords can be found by changing line 120

to:

120 FOR G= 41062 TO 41089 STEP 3

The program will then include:

AC69 ANDAC66 ORBAEF >

A808 =AC96 <

Wendall A. Malpass of Wake Forest, NC.sent the following variations in for someAIM-65 programs:

from 19:38 "Clear"Location 0305 - LOA 035F

should be: LOA 035F, Y

Location 035F - 43 4C 02should be: 43 4C 52

Reference to loaded character is at 034E, not0340.

from 19:39 "Mover"Location 02C A - 4E 4507

should be: 43 4C 57

and from 12:7 "Write to Memory"If not printing, last line cannot be read. Ichanged location 0058 to: JSR E993

then, location OOOFo: BEQ 0058

0027 to: BEQ 005B

location D05E - "RTS" r s preferred over

"BRK" .

Jerry Tenenbaum of Toronto, Canada, sentin the following information regarding the ar-ticle "Plotting a Revolution" in 16:5:

On page 8, byte 1E6B should be E2 (not EC)

Loren Wright, MICRO PET Specialist,found the following microbe in "Plotting withSpecial Character Graphics" 24:11:

On pag.e13, Figure 1, the second row of sym-bols was upside down. The whole figure I

should appear in this order:

D~~~~IJ~~~~[J~~ __ _ _

Figure 1

Marvin DeJong of Point Lookout, MOfound that:

The Morse Code SendlReceive programdescribed in 21:19 will not work i f a MotherPlus is attached to the AIM 65. The mother-

board's Ie U2 prevents any device on the AIM65 from pulling the IRQ pin low. One solutionto get the SendlReceive program to work isto disconnect pin 1 of U2, another solutionwould be to disconnect the motherboard forthis program.

The Mother Plus has recently been re-designed and no longer presents this prob-lem,



AVersatile HI·RES Function Plotter for theAPPLE II

One of the obvious uses for APPLE HI·RES capability isto plot various mathematical functions. The program

presented here is very general purpose and permits the

user to simply plot any expression as a function of angle

from 1 to 360 degrees. A modification is included which

will permit the program to be used on an AlARI as well .

. . . . . . . . .~~~~""""'~""""'~~~""~~~

A few years ago when scientificcalculators first made their ap-pearance I was enchanted by theease with which calculations usingtranscendental functions could beaccomplished. This prompted me todust off the old trigonometry bookand delve into some basics throughwhich I had once passed somewhatpainfully. Maybe pain isn't the word.Probably boredom and drudgerywouId be better words. Log andfunction tables are probably the on-ly documents with less magnetismthan the little Rock telephone book.

I expect that many a buddingmathematics curiosity hasatrophied over the dryness of logtables.

With the power and freedom ofthis nifty calculator at hand I sud-denly found myself unfettered bythe yoke of boredom and I swiftlyrecovered much of myearly curiosi-ty by travelling quickly through

basic trigonometry. Gone were thestumbling blocks of look-up tablesand I was able to travel down many

diversionary "what if's" to see what

September 1980

David P. Allen19 Damon Rd.

Scituate, MA 02066

really happens when certain valueschange in mathematical formulae.

But as exciting as all this was,and because much of mathematicsrequires visual images, I looked for-ward toa time when,with the helpofa small computer, I could generategraphs and figures as well asnumbers to excite and satisfy mycuriosity.

And so it was that after acquiringanApple" computer, oneof my firstexercises was to develop a program

MICRO -- The 6502 Journal 28:49



which would use Apple's excellenthigh-resolution graphics to plot thepath of a variety of mathematical ex-pressions. This program is theresult and I have had much, muchfun with it.

The program was developed on anApple II with 48K of RAM and an Ap-

plesoft ROM card. The entire pro-gram takes only slightly more than3K of RAM, depending on the com-plexity of the function being plotted.

Those who do not have the Ap-plesoft ROM card may still use thisprogram by changing line 480 toread "HGR2" instead of "HGR~'under these circumstances thefunction plotted formula will not be'printed at the bottom of the screen.All other functions work as-descrlb-ed.

The heart ot the program is line

1010 which contains the functionbeing. explored. A typical function islisted here. When run, the programfirst defines some trigomometricand hyperbolic functions which arenot directly available in ApplesoftBasic. I t then proceeds to plot the Xand Y axes. As currently arrangedthe expression under investigationis plotted as a function of changingangle, from 1 to 360 degrees. Bychanging lines 670 and 900 other In-dependent variables could be in-troduced. The program is complete-ly protected against off-scale plot-

ting and automatically scales itselffor the range of Independentvariables selected.

When the plot is completed theprogram dutifully presents a print-out of the function and awaits yourpleasure at the push of the returnkey. It then presents you with ahelpful. list of all of the additionaltunctlons defined by the program inaddition to those resident in Ap-plesoft Basic. Line 1010 is listedand the cursor invites your screenediting of this line for further varia-.

tions.

A word of caution: any attempt toplot mathematical "no-no's" suchas square roots or logs of negitivevalues will earn you a quick errormessage. Do not despair. Use of theABS command will quickly get youback in business when these valuescrop up!

28:50

This program. has all kinds oftinkering possibilities. You might trysurrounding line 1010 with a FOR...Next loop 10 introduce othervariable changes and to allowlonger expressions than you can

conveniently type into tine 1010 allat once. Just beware! This programis subtly raced with a curlous nar-cotic which has been known to keepthe user awake all night! Have fun!

Jl

FI5T

100 REM ************************110 f(E1'1 * F U\JC TI 0 N pun TEk *120 REM * BY DAV ID F. ALLEN ' "130 REM' . . . ( C) CO PYR IGHT 1980 ' "4,0 REM

' "APPL ES0FT I I BASIC ' "ourtesy of Roger Wagner's "VAR-

150 REM D~<i"*** . **~*************~~~

160

170

180

190

200

210220

230

2L. i0

250

RE t'1

REI"REMREf'l1REM

REi"!REM

REM

REM

REI""

THIS P~0GHAM PL0TS A

CURVE F0R ANY EXPRESS-I ON A S A FUNCl10N 0F

INC~EASING ANGLE FR~M1 T0 360 DEGREES.

C~ANGE LINE 1010 10 A

~' U N CTI 0N Y OU ~I SH lCPL0T.

26.0 REI'1

27.0 REM

280 REM ** DEFI'JE FUNCTIO~S **290 F<EM300 DEF Ft'J SCH(X) = 2 / ( E?(P (

X ) +

c x i

J o o ! . 0

EX P ( - X » : REr-1 ::iECH

DEF fN CC~(X) = 2 / ( EXP (EXP ( - X»: REM C5CH) -

(X)

320 DEF FN CT:-HX) = EXP ( - .~)

I ( EX P (X ) - EX P ( - X» '"

2 + I: REM C01H(X)

330 DE F FN SEC(X) = / C0S e x) : DEF fi'l CSC(X) = / !::lIN

c x i: DEF FN CeTex) = 1 / 1A'J·(X)

340 DE F FN SNH(X) = ( EXP (X·) -EXP ( - X) ) / 2: REiVl SINH(

X)

350 DEF FN C0 H(X) = ( EXP e x ) . . .EXP ( - X » / .2: REM C0.sHC

X)

360 DEF F,',J TAH(X) = EXP ( -X) / ( EXP e x ) + EXP - X)) II< 2 . . . 1 : REM TANI-{(X)

370 REM

380 REM390 REM ** PL 0.1

GRAPH AXES **400 REMLI)O HeMEMICRO -- The 6502 Journal September 1980



420

430

440

4~O460

470

480

490

500

510520

530

9~76

540

550

560

570

560

590

600610

620

630

REIV,REM M0VE CURSeR 10 B~110M

REM LINE.

REM

Vi AS 24

REM

HGR

HeeLeR= 7

HPL0T 0~80 10 279~80

HPun o. 16 r e 0..143

f0R I = 0 TO 219 S T E P 10HPL. 0T I ~ 78 1 0 I ~ 6 2 ; 4 PL 0 T 27

T0 279~82

NEXT I

F0R I = 16 10 144 STEP 16

HPL0T 0..I T0 4, I

NEXT I

REM

REM FLAGS F0R FIRST PL0T

REM AND SCAL E.

REM

f = 0: G = 0

960 Rn1

97.0 REM980 REM

990 REM

1000 REM1 0 J O ' 1 ' 1 =

NEXT LINE DESCRIBES

FUNCTION T0 BE PL0TTED

SIN (X) + cas (2 * X)

1020 'I' = r + ' 1 ' 1

1030 '( = Y * 20

lO~O

1050

1060

1070

1060

1090

HEM

REM

REM

X = I

f(EM

REM

SCALES X

* S

RELATES PL0T 10 X AXIS

1100 REM

1110'1'= - ' 1 ' + 8 0

1 J 20 REI'1

1130 REM SUBROUTINE PREVENTS

1 1 4 0 REM 0FF-~CALE CRASHING.1) SO REI'1

1160 G0SUB 1830

I f ASS (H2) >

ASS (R2)

IF G = 0 T H E N S =

1320

A BS (R 1) TH EN

1330

1 3 4 0

13~0

640 RH1 R 1 AND R2 MAY BE SET 1170 REM

650 REM FeR eTHER LIMITS. I1BO REM puns FIRST POINT.

660 REM 1190 REM

670 R1 = I: R2 = 360 I 2 a 0 IFF = 0 TI.jEN HPL 0T X. '( : F =680 REM I

690 RH1 1210 HPL01 TO «,«700 REM ** BEGIN PL01 ** 1220 NEXT I

710 REM 1230 PRINT: LIST 1010

720 REM CHANGE SlEP FOR MORE 1240 REM

130 REM elR LESS RES0LUTI0N. 12tJO REi'') BLA,\)KS 0UT LII\J[ It

740 REM I F RI ~ R2 TH EN STEP 1260 REM AFlER LlSTl~G750 REM

MUSTBE

NEGATIVE.1270 REM LINE 1010.

760 REM 1260 t~EIVI

770 F0R I = Rl T0 1-<2 STEP 5 1~90 P0r<E 1616,160: P0r<E 1617 .. 16

780 REM 0: P0KE 1618,160: Pk:}r<E 1619,

790 REM NEXT 3 STEPS ESTABLISH 160

800 REM H0RIZ0~TAL SCALE. 1300 REi"l

8·1 0 REM 13 lOR EMili AI T I (\)G FeR Y " UR PL EA-820 IF ASS CR1) > = A8S CR2) THEN

A8S (R 1 )

=

70 * 4 I R

I:I' = 0

H =830

R =0:40

: G = 1

8~G X =860 REM

810 REM C0NVERTS DEGREES T0

880 REM RADIANS.

890 REf.,

900 X = X * 3.14159 I 1809)0 REM

920 REM P R E V E N T S CRASHING WHEN_ . .930 REI'1 X = O.

9L!0 REM9~0 If X = 0 THEN X = .00001

REM .,RE"j Ui\N'URE! PU,\ICH

REM

H E I " " rPC"'(E

10 CC~\jTII\lUE!

- )6

38-'1, 1281360 RE:>l

1370

1380

1390

1400

1410

1 < 42 0

1<430

REMREMRElvl

kEM

THR0WS PREvIOUS ~EY-

STRG"{E AI ..AY wI T..,

' G E l Z!' !

RE,"lGET Z 5.

REM



1430 REM

1440 REM1450 REM

1460 REM1410 REM

1480 TEXT

1490 PRINTSEC(X)

1500 PRI ,~T

C5CeX)"

1510 PRINT

C0T(X)"

1520 PRINT

.sNH{X)"

1530 PRINl

C0HCX)"

1540 PRINl

TAH(X)",1550 Pf<INT

5CHeX)"

1560 PRINTCC~(X)"

1570 PRINT

CTH(X)"

1580 REM1590 REM

1600

1610

1620

1630

1640

1650

REMREI"1

REM

REM

REM

VTAS

CLEAR "SCREEN ,AND

PRJ NT rUNC Tl0N 5 F0R

REMINDER.

H0ME

TABC 9)J "SECA.NT = FN

TABe 9)J"C0SEC = FN

TABe 9) J "c~nAN = FN

TABe 9)J "S I NH = FN

TABe 9); "C0SH - FN

TABe 9)J"TANH - FN

TABe 9)J"SECH = FN

TABe 9)J"CSCH = FN

TABe 9)J"C0TH = FN

N0W WE SET UP LINE

1010 F0R EDITING.

'P0KE 32 ... 2' MOVES

MARGIN 50 CURSGR CAt'li

FIT IN FR0NT.

(12)

1660 PRINT ··CHANGE LINE 1010 ASDESI RED AND"

1670 PRINT "RUN AGAIN'"

16BO P0KE 32 ...2

1690 LIST 1010

1 7 00 REM1110 REM

1720 REM

1730

1140

1750

1760

li701780

1790

1600

1810

1620

1630

18~0

1850

1860

1670

28:5.2

REM

N0W WE RE5T0RE MARGIN

A ND M0VE CURS0k IN

FRe,'liT F L PJE /I.

REi"1

P0KE 32,0

P0KE 37, 13: P~KE 36 ...0

REMEND

REM

REM SCALE ANTI -CRASl-1INGREM SUBR0UTINE.

REM

I f X <

I F X :>

If Y <

ljo - Y :>

RETURN

0 THEN X = 0

279 lHEN X = 2790 THEN Y = 0

159 THE:J '( = 1 !:> 9

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

* ** FUNCTI0N PL0TTER ** ** -->TABLE 01' VARIABLES<-- *

* ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

CCH(.> - HYPERB0LIC C0SECANT310

C0H(*' - HYPERB0LIC C0SINE

350

C0TC*> - C0TANGENT

330

CSC(*) - C0SECANl

330

cnH *' -HYPERBOL I C C0T ANGENT

320

F - fL~"G F0R FIRST PL0l

620 12"00 1200

G - F"LAG F0R SCALE

620 840 640

1- L00PING VARIABLE

520 530 530 540 ~50 560 560

570 770 850 1070 1220

R - SCALE FACT0R

620 830 840

Rl - PUnTING" RANGE - START

670 170 820 820 830

R2 - PL0TTING RAI\lGE - END670 770 820 830 830

S - SCALE

840 1070

SCH<*> - HYPERBBLIC SECANT300

SEC<*) - SECA,'ll

330

. 5 . \ 1 ~ .{ ( * ) - HY PER8OL I C SI ,\I E

340

TAH(*) - HYPER B0L I C TAN GENT

360




x - H 0RI Z 0N TA L P L a TTI N G V A L U E300 300 300 310 310 310 320

320 320 320 330 330 330 330

330 330 340 340 340 350 350

350 360 360 360 360 850 900

900 950 950 1010 1010 1070

1200 1210 1330 1630 18L10 1640

y- V ERTICAL PL0TTING vALUE850 1020 1020 1030 1030 1110

1110 12001210 1850 1850 1860

1860

V I - FUNCTION VARIABLE

1010 1020

Z$ - K EY STR0K E USERUP PER1420

EN00 F V AR • LIST

David P.Allen is founding partner,chairman of the board and executiveproducer of the Video Picture Com-pany, inc., Boston.

His technical background in-cludes consulting engineer forBoston Broadcasters, Inc. to designand build a new VHF facility forchannel 5 in Boston. Developed andoperated for channel 5 the first elec-tronic news gathering mobile unit inNew England.Senior Engineer, consultant for

RCA Corp. in designing educationaltelevision facilities.David Allen's other publications

include "Television System Design"for the United States Air Force. Heis a/so a contributing editor forVideography Magazine with mon-thly production column and other ar-ticles.

- - - - - - ~ - - ~ - - - ~ - ~ere's a bonus for Atari 400 and

800 computer users. I discoveredthat with only slight modificationthe function plotter program runsbeautifully on Atari 400with only 8k

of memory. The only feature left offfrom the Apple program is the list offunctions, since the Atari basic hasno 'FN' command. Atari userswoulddo well to note that contrary ,to

some Atari instructions, there isnot'TAN'function inAtari basic. Thedilemma fo this absence is easilyovercome by using 'SIN' functiondivided by 'COS' function whereevera target is to be derived. Here Is a!isting for Atari computers.

f J -September 1980

1 REM FlK TIOH P LOTTER P ROGR~ 12 REMBY mJID P. iliEN3 REMAT~I FLOATII{; POINT BASIC4 REM C(PVRIGHT (C) 1 980

5 REM6 R E M T H I S P R O G R A M P L O T S A7 REM C U R U E FOR A N Y EXPRESS-8 REM 1 C tl A S I I FlJ'CTIGI O F9 REM HCREASING ~E FROM10 REM 1 TO 368 ~S.Il REM t t-m :;E LIt-E ~12 REM T O A F U N C T ! GI \ '00 W I S I i

13 R E M T O P L O T14 REM1 5 REM40 R E M E S TA E l. I S H GRfflI S T I I R T I I - ( ;

4 1 REM IN} ENDING POIHTS.42 R E M

43 R E Ms e Rl=I 'R2=360B 8 R Bj8 9 R E M90 RB1 SET Q { A P H I C ~TERS9 1 R E M

92 REM1 90 GRff'Hl CS r29 0 CClDR 125 0 S E T O O L D R 4 , 9 , 42£8 R E M

269 RBi2 71 21 R 8 1 F 1.O T G R A P H AXIS

2 7 1 R E M27 2 REM300 F tD T L 1 'OR~TO L 00400 PLOT 1 , 40 ORUolTO 1 5 7 , 4e50 0 F(J( I ~ TO 80 STEP HI680 PLOT L I ' D R f ' M T O 3, r700N£XT 1S 8 f l F(J( 1 = 1 TO 1 5 8 STEP 39

.900 PLOT L 38 'D ROW O r. 421000 ~EXT Ill00REll1 1 1 0 REl11123 R E M SET FLA GS FG! F I R S T PLOT

1 130 REM J . " t I J Sm.E.

1 1 4 9 R E I11 1 5 0 R E M2800 F-"0' G = : a2 9 1 0 R E M

2 8 2 B R E M2830 R E I 1 S T A R T P lO T T I I{;29 48 REl1260 REM2tI6O R E M ~ E STEP FG! M ORE2 8 6 1 R E l l Ci L E S S RE&UlTION.2862 REI1 IF RI)R2 n£N STEP2863 R EM MUST BE i'£ GA TiV E2864 RS l (PRECEDEDBY I I M INUS2!l6 5 R81 S I G N ) .

2B66 REI12867 R E M

2100 F~ l=Rl TO R2 STEP 32 110 REM212<1 REM2130 REM f . E X T T tREE STEPS ESTABL ISH2140 REM lilUZ.DHT~ SCAlE.2 150 R E M216~f~2200 IF PilS< RD>= t:eS< RZ) TI£N R::AB$( Rl238e IFA8S( R2 »= M5(RI) THEN R= AElS<R2

2 4 0 f J IF G = 0 THEN 3=158.J 'R' G = 12 5il0 X.. I '1 '-"025 59 REl1

2551 R E l 1

25 52' RB1 C C t ,l ,J " lH C € G I ' £ E S TO2553 RB1 ~IAitS.2S54 REM

2555 00 12600 x=X: tJ . 141.59 /100265£1 R8126 51 REI!2 652 REMPREVENTS CkASHING IaN

MICRO -- The 6502 Journel

26 53 R81 :~= 0.265 4 REM2 6 5 5 R E M28tl0 IF X =0 THENX =I. a-es2 8 5 0 R E M285 1 REI12852 REI1 I £ XT LHt : C f: SCRlBES2 .8 '5 3 R £ l 1 .F l. J l. . t T l il ' I T O S € . ' P L O T T E D .

2 8 5 4 R E M2855 REM

2 90 0 V I = SIN OO iC OS ( X ·'2 )3 00 0 '1 '= )'+ \,1

3100 Y = Y * 2 l 2 I3150 R E M3 151 REI13152 REM SU t.ES X .

3 153 R E M3 154 R E M

3 2 0 0 X = U S325 0 REM3 2 5 1 R E M3 2 5 2 R E M R£i.ATtS P lO 1 T O X A X I S .32.5 3 RB 13254 REI133IUl ' j' = -V+4£ l3350 RS1335 1 REM3352 REM &S.c 'OUT It£ F fi1 lJENTS335 3 R EM IF F-S C~E cr.:ASHING.3354 R E M

3355 REM

3400 G ! J S l : E 500034 50 RB134 51 REM3452 R E I 1 PLOTS F IRST POINT.3 4 ,5 3 R E M3 4 5 4 R E M3590 IF F-"0 T H £ N P LO T X , Y 'F= l'3 60 0 ~T O X ,Y

3 70 0 /'£ XI I3 7 5 0 R E M3751 R E M3752 REM DISPLAYS ElnIT ION IF37 53 REM PLOTTED Fl. .ICTION ID£ATH37 54 REM ~IC DISf'LAY.375 5 REM3 7 5 6 R E M3800 LIST ~390000

s o o e IF X<0 T H E N x = e5 1 0 0 IF X>158 T I £ N X = I 5 85200 JF 1 '<0 THEN V=05300 IF '080 THEN ' 1 ' = 8 9S 48 8 R ETl RIj

1 REM FOCTI ON FLOTID PROGRAM2 R E M B Y D A V I D P . A L L E N3 REI1 AT~ 1 FLOATlI{; POINT BASIC4 REM C O P Y R I G H T (e) 19805 R E ! 16 R E M T H I S PROGRAMPLOTS A7 REM C lR I . ) E F O R ~ E X P R E S S -

8 REt! I(} l .AS A Fl.tVIGI OF9 REM I fC I; '£ASING t:tn..E FROM1e R B 1 I T O 3 6 I 1 C E G R E E S .1 1 RE!1 rn::ta LIt£ 2900

12 REM 10 A FUHCT lCH 'r1 lJ WISH

1 3 R E M T O F iO T .1 4 R8:11 5 REM1 6 REI1 G R A R H I C S 8 U ERS ION

1 7 REM REQ UIRES l1 INltu1 OF1 8 Ral 1 6K RAI'I M E J t J R Y .

1 9 R E M

2 11 R EM

40 REM EST~ISH ~ ST;lilTIIii4 ! REM J . " t I J ENDlh { ; POINTS.42 R814 3 RB i5 il R l" 'I' R 2= 361 1S 6 ' R E MS S R £ M

28:53



9 8 R E M S E T G R W H I C P f R A I " E T E R S

9 1 R E M9 2 R E I11Il9 ~ICS 820 0 a:L~ 12 5 8 S ET OO l O R 4 , 9, 4268 R91z s s R8127 0 REM F \.O T GRAPHAX IS2 7 1 R E M27 2 R E M388 PLOT 1 , 1 : DR AWTO1 ,1 60

4 8 9 PlOT 1.00 : DR lW "O 31 4, 88589 FOR 1 = 0 TO 1 60 STEP 1 9 . 968e P L OT I . J : O R A WI O 6 , 1789 NEXT I800 FOR 1 = 1 T O 31 4 STEP 7899 9 P L O T I.6 : ~ ~T U 1. 841800 !-EXT I1 100 REl11 11 0 REI11129 R E M S E T F L A G S F C R F I R S T P L O T

1 130 REM ~ SC?i...E.

1 14 0 REMI I S C l R E M2000 F= 9: G= 820Hl REM282(l R E M2830 REI1 START P lO TT lt{ ;

284 0 REI1

29 50 REI12860 REI1 ewta STEP FOR I 1 C . f I E

29 61 R El1 O R L ES S R ES ll..U TIO N.2 8 6 2 R E M 1 f R 1 > R 2 T I - £ N STEP

2963 REM MUST BE t.£GATIVE2964 REI1 (PRECHEJ BY A MH I U S

29 65 REM SIGH).

2866 REll

2867 r.B12100 FOR I:Rl TO R2 STEP 32 11 13 R EM21 29 REM21 30 R EI'I t£ X1 T lf(£ E ST EP':; ES TA SlJSH2 14 0 R Ell fU lZ OH Tt:i.. SC ALE .21 50 REI121 60 RElI2200 IF ffiSO, I)> = A I 3 S ( 1 i : 2 ) nEN R=ABSCR1 )2300 IF ~ 1 < " 2 » = ~ RI ) nEN R = A B S < R2 )

2 4 0 0 IF G = C T H E N S=314.1R: G = I

2500 ) { = o J ' "(=0

2sse REl12551 R E M25 52 REM aN.I£RT CEGR£ES TO2 5 5 3 R E M R;() I A I -I S '

2 S 5 4 R E M2 5 5 5 R E M2600 X«t3, 14159 / 18 8

2650 REM2 fi 5 1 R E I 12652 R E I 1 PREVENTS C R A S H IN G I . I £ N

26 53 REM X :::0.2 f i 5 4 R E M265 5 REM2SOO 1 F X ::il THEN X =l, a::-05

2 S 5 0 R E I 1285 1 Fel285 2 REM N£X T LINE [ESCRIBES2 85 3 REI1 F lK :T IIl~ T O B E . PLOTTED.

285 4 REl1285 5 REM2900 Yl=SINCX); tCO$(X"2)38 00 Y = Y+Y l

3 1 00 Y =Y "- !< "2 0

3150 R £M

31 5 1 REM

3152 REM SCALES X ,

3153 R913154 R E M

3200 X =US325 0 R813251 R E t !3252 REM R£l.ATES PLOT TO X AX IS.

3 2 5 3 R E M3 2 S 4 R E M3300 ' 1 ' = - ' 1 ' + 1 : 8

3 3 5 0 R E M3351 REM

3352 REM StlIROUT I NE PREVENTS

3353 R El1 (H-SCIU CRASHl f I G '3 3 5 4 R E M3 3 S 5 R E M3480 G O S t B 598I l34 50 R8134 51 R8134 5 2 R EM F 1 .0 T5 F IR ST FU I NT '3453 R E M34 54 REl13 5 0 0 I F F = 8 nEN P L O T X , '1 "F : : I3600 ~lO X, '1 '

370 0 I£ )(T I37 50 REM

37 51 REM3752 REI1 OISPLA'1 'S EQ.¥IlIctI (f'

37 53 REI1 PlOTTED FU NCTION BENEA TH

375 4 REM ~IC DISPlAY,

3 7 5 5 R E M

3 7 5 6 R E M3800 LIST 29003900005 I l O O IF X<0 Tt£N X~5100 IF X >31 4 THEN X =J1 4

5280 IF '1 '< e T tF -N '1 '~S300 IF Y)16 Il n EN '1 '= 160

S4 00 R ETlR H

1930 Fourth Street, San Rafael, CA 94901 (415) 454-6500

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'PROGRESSIVE SOFTWAREPresents

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Missile-Anti-Missile (Aplslt) Curve Fit

,

.[~ ~~. . . .. . .

~~ • •. .•

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Sales Forecast provides the best forecast using the four

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copy * Binary Copy * Disk

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All programs require 16K memory unless specified

- t : t * * FILES•Builds Serial -Files

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A File manipulator that allows the user 10 search for a str-ing within a file, sort dale by blocks handle many files at a

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Written by Marc Goldfarb.

• A complete package for Educators! Roster is a general

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Roster on Disk (only) $49.95 pi us $4.95Postage and Handl ing.

Written by Douglas 8_ Eamon, Ph.D.

Hardware

Light Pen with seven supporting routines. Some of these

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CASSETTESAGFA PE-611in 5 screw housingC-l0 10 /5 . 6 5 100 /46 .00

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. . 10/$31,00

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Disk Library Cases B'·· $2.95 5"· 52,15

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A T L A S TE N H A N C E T H E F U L L C A P A B I L I T I E S O F Y O U R D I S K II

SO FTO UC H A NO UN CE S TH E" D IS C M ANAGEMENT S YS TEM"

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PROGRA!ofS ! I 'R J TfEll F OR T IlE APPLE II COMPlf fER. TIlES ys rm PROV 1Df .S su t, L SEARCH , EDIT I NG AND DATA

TRANSfER CAPM ILlTlES,

A TW EN'I"i-SIX P AGE BO OK LET PROVIDf.S DETAILED,

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INCLUDED A .R E S UC H TEC~NIQUES AS :

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LEOM1NSTBR. MASS. 01 45 3

-'CIC

P E T a n d A P P LE II U s e r s

PASCALA B A C U S S o ftw a re m a k e s a v a ila b l e i t s v e r s i o n o f T IN Y P A S C A L f o r

t h e u se r s o f t w o o f t h e m o s t p o pu la r p e r s o n a l c o m p u te r s .

T I N Y P A S C A L i s a s u b s e t o f t h e s t a n d a r d P A S C A L a s d e f i n e d b yJ e n s e n a n d W ir t h . I t i n c l u d e s t h e s t r u c t u r e d p r o g ra m m in g

f e a tu re s : I F -T H E N - E L S E , R E P E A T -U N T IL , fO R T O /D O W N T O -D O ,W H I L E - D O , C A S E -O f - E L S E , F U N C a n d P R O e . N o w y o u c a n le a rn t h e

la n g u a g e th a t is s I a t e d t o b e c o m e th e s u c c e s s o r t o B A S I C .

T IN Y P A S C A L is a c o m p le t e p a c k a g e th a t a ll o w s y o u to c r e a te ,c o m p i l e a n d e x e c u t e p r o g a m s w r i t t e n in t h e P A S C A L la n g u a g e .Y O I I c a n s a v e s o u r c e a n d o b je c t c o d e o n d is k e t te o r c a s s e tt e ( P E T '

v e r s i o n o n ly ). C o m p r e he n s i v e u s e r's m a n u a ! in c l u d e d . T h e m a n u a l ~

c a n b e e xa m in e d f o r $ 1 0 ( r e fu n d a b le w it h s o ft w a r e o rd e r ) .

R E Q U I R E M E N T SP E T I S K /3 2 K . N e w R O M S c a s s e t t e $ 4 0

P E T J S K l3 2 K N ew R O M S d i s k e t te $ 3 5A p p le I I 3 .2 K A p p le so ft R O M w / D O S $ 3 5

A p p le I I 4 8 K A p p le s o it R A M w /O O S $ 3 5

T IN Y P A S C A L U s e r 's M a n ua l $1 06502 I n te rp re te r l i s ti n g $2 0

F R E E p o s ta g e in U .S . a n d C A N A D A

A U o rd e r s p r e pa id o r C O D

~

~

•

49510

HURRY! OFFER EXPIRES SEPTEMBER 30, 1980

COMPLETE YOUR MICRO COLLECTION: Orderback issues from now until Sept. 30, 1980 andreceive our soeclat price.

Special prices on Issue numbers 7 (Oct/Nov 1978)through 18 (Nov 1979).

Issues 7-12 Regularly $1.75 SurfaceIssues 13·18 Regularly $2.25 Surface

SUMMER SPECIAL PRICEAny Issue 7-18 $1.00i n the U.S.Any lssue 7-18 $1.25 Foreign

All back issues will be shipped Surface; Air Mailservice only at our regular rates.

ALSO! DO NOT MISS THIS!Send MICRO to a friend. For the same limitedtime, you can send a back-Issue to someone whowill enjoy MICRO as much as you! Simply send inthe address label from your MICRO, along with thename and address of who you would like It sent to.This issue will be publisher's choice.

MICROP.O. Box 6502




, ' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Number 2

KIM - VENTURE ™

1. Microcomputers which can use product: KIM-12. System hardware requirements: The only requirements are a standard 1K KIM-1 and a Phill ips-typecassette tape recorder,3. System software requirements: None,4. Product features: KIM·VENTURE is a fantasy-logic game of the "dungeons and dragons" genre. Theobjective of the game is to negotiate through a complex maze, find the hidden treasures, and returnhome with them. The KIM's keypad is used to direct movements and to manipulate the environment,e.g., picking up treasure and various tools along the route. Feedback in the form of present location,hazards, available tools, etc. is provided by cryptic messages written In the KIM alphabet (see "The FirstBook of KIM").

5. Product performance: KIM·VENTURE is programmed in three parts which must be loaded separate-ly. Of the dozen or so times that all three sections were loaded, not a single load error was encountered.The program is well thought through. For example, the LED messages take some time for the inex-perienced user to decipher, but provisions have been made to allow the user to lengthen the displaytime, or to have the messages repeated. The cryptic nature of the display is certainly not a liability.Deciphering the display adds to the mystery and fantasy of the game. Like most "dungeons and-dragons" games, KIM-VENTURE has multiple levels of play. As the player gains experience, hediscovers new moves and exciting new possibil ities to be explored. In short, KIM-VENTURE performs asadvertised.6. Product quality: KIM-VENTURE is a well written and very efficient machine language program. It ishard to believe that this program fits into 1K.7. Product limitations: Not applicable.S. Product documentation: The instructions for loading and playing the game are clearly and com-pletely described. In addition, a complete source listing of the software is provided and is annotated indetail, so that the program can be traced with little difficulty. For the impatient and faithless, the com-

plete solution to the KIM-VENTURE maze is also provided.9. Special user requirements: Other than being able to load a KIM program, there are no special userrequirements.10. Price/Feature/Quality evaluation: Priced at $24.95, KIM-VENTURE is an expensive piece of soft-ware; however given the relativly small market for entertainment software for the KIM, the costs ofdeveloping this type of software, and the high quality of this package, the tradeoffs are fair.(Ed's Note: Mr. Leedom will be distributing this program himself and has asked that we mention that heis now able to reduce the price significantly to $14.95. This 40 % decrease should increase the tradeoffvalue. To order simply send to the author Robert C. Leedom, 14069Stevens Valley Ct., Glenwood, MD21738)11. Additional comments: If you become impatient with problems that take more than a few minutesto solve, or have no understanding of the autistic pleasures of a good puzzle, the KIM-VENTURE wouldbe a poor investment. If, on the other hand, you savor the challenge of solving complex problems, KIM-VENTURE could be a cheap investment, measured in terms of costs per hour of entertainment.(Ed's note: One major feature of the product which is not mentioned but might be of value; KIM-Venture

comes with a fully-documented scoring program which is loaded and run when the game is finished.The scoring program then rates you as having achieved one of eleven levels of skill, and shows you howmany moves it took you to get to that level.. This allows competition between many players by compar-ing scores.)12. Reviewer: Dr. Mark H. Meinrath, c/o A.H. Meinrath, 302Dolphin Place, Corpus Christi,

TX 78411



slaving too longover a hot computer?The Temple of ApshaiFirst in the Dunjonquest™ series.

Undertake heroic acts within a

labyrinth filled with treasures and

fantastic monsters who guard these

treasures and move In real time. The

Book of Lore (included) fills in the

background and describes the

appearance of the temple. Over 200rooms and 30 monsters. There are 16million kinds of characters! Tne best

01 the dungeon computer games.

For TRS80 Casselle: 16K, Level II; Disk:32K, TRSDOS • Apple Ceseette: 48KApplesolt In cassetteor in ROM; Disk: 4 8KApplesoft in ROM. Pet Cassette: 32K, oldor new ROMs.

$24.95 cassette • $29.95 disk

Starfleet OrionFight space battles in your living

room with 12 game scenarios (data

files) using 2 to 1 5 spacecraft. ln t tnt -tely expandable, invent more game

versions of. your own. For 2 players.Includes Battle·Manual and Ship

Control Sheets.

For TRSSOceseette: 16K, Level II; Disk: 32KTRSDOS • Apple: Cassette: 16K or 32K,integer BASIC in ROM; Disk: 32K, integerBASIC in ROM • Pet Cassette: 8K, old ornew ROMs.

$19.95 cassette' $24.95 disk

The Datestones of RynDunjonquest #2. Recover thedatestones from the rogue Rex the

Reaver and his cutthroats - who'Ve

stolen the stones from the calendar-

before time runs out.

Competitive· scoring system: How well

can you do compared to other

players?

For TRSSOCassette: 16K, Level II; Disk:32K, TRSDOS • Apple Cassette: 32KApplesoft in ROM or 48K Applesoft oncassette; Ot s« : 48K Applesoft in ROM "PetCassette: 16K, old or new ROMs.

$14.95 cassette· $19.95 disk

[A ]AUTOMATEDSIMULATIONS

then it's timefor a fun break!

TRIPLE WARRANTY

(.';;\ Money back guaranlee: If'V you don't like the game lorany reason whatever, return itintact within 10 days of receipt lora complete retune. No questlonsasked.

~ Defective warranty: Cas-~ sette not functioning with-

in 30 days 01 receipt? Retum it tous and we'll exchange it. Nocharge, of course.

~ limited lifetime war·~ ranty: No matter what

happens to you r cas-sette: the dog chewed it. . .you leftit out in the rain ... whatever; Nomatter when it happens. Returnthe remains to us (with $5.00 tocover all handling and shipping)and we'll send you a brand newcassette.

Morloc's TowerDunjonquest #3. You'll find 3 kinds ofrings, a magic sword, 2 amulets, 6 orso other treasures, 30 rooms, 18 real-time command options .. and a dozen

types of monsters including the

heinous Morloc. Easy to learn, a

challenge to master. Includes game

program, 1.2 KB data file, 16 pagemanual.

For TRS80 Cassette: 16K, Level II; Disk:32K, TRSQOS • Apple Cassette: 32KApplesoft in ROM or 48K Applesoft oncassette; ots«: 48K Applesoft in ROM' Pelcessette: 24 K , old or new ROMs.


Rescue at RigelNew! Brings the Dunjonquest series

to the final frontier. As Sudden Smith,

with force shield and power gun, you

make your way through several levels

and scores of rooms to find and beam

to safety the prisoners held by the

evil High Tollah. Quickly, before your

power pack dies and the Tollah and

his minions can get to. you!

For TRS80 Cassetle: 16K, Level II; Disk:32K, TRSDOS • Apple Cassette: 32KApplesoft In ROM or 48K Applesoft oncassette; Disk: 48K Applesoft in ROM • PelCassette: 16K, old or new ROMs.


..---------------- ...---------------- ..----_~ -------.1

TO ORDER:

Master Charge or Visa card holders:

charge these to vour credit card. Just

call the appropriate tell free number:

(800) 824·7888, 'operator 861.

In Califernia; (800) 852·7777, op. 861.

In Hawaii or AlaSka: (800) 824·7919 op.861.

0, use the handy coupon: ••• l I I I I t ~Automated Simulations

Department OM4

P.O. Box 4247Mountain View, CA 94040

We believe that computer gamesshould be fun, challenging. intellectu-ally stimulating ... and provide you withmany alternatives and ways to affectthe outcome. So our games are morecomplex In planning your play.ing stra-tegy. But not in the mecnenics andrules of play. With all these games, youtake command. You determine thecourse of history.

Invasion OrionPit your skills against the computer!

Same game system as "Starfleet

Orion" but you can play it solo. 3 skilllevels; the computer plays either side

and takes care of the details. It has 10

fictional scenarios, 30 ship types, and3 weapon systems.

For TRSSOCassene:16K, Level II; ou«32K. TRSDOS • Apple Cassette: 32KApplesoft in ROM; Disk: 48K Applesoft inROM' Pet Csssette: 16K, old or newROMs.


AUTOMATED SIMULATIONS

Please send. me the following games:

Casso Disk Game

Temple of Apshal $

Slarfleel Orion $

Invasion Orion $

Datestones of Ryn $

Morloc's Tower s

Rescue at Rigel s

Plus Shipping & Handling $ 1.00

Sales Tax' $

Total :I >

My computer is _

o I enclose m y check in the amount

01 _

o Please charge to myo Visa 0 Master Charge:

# expires _

Name ___

Address _

•Cal ilornia residents: add 6 or6.5% tax



Tin.y PILOT for the AIM

~~~~~~~~""~~,~~~,~~~"'~Tiny PilOT is a compact programmi.ng language whichcan add a lot of versatility to your microcomputer. Thisversion has been developed to run on the AIM 65. It is avery inexpensive way to add higher level languagecapability to your system.~~~,~~~""~~~~~~~~,

Nicholas Vrtls' article "Tiny Pilot"(MICRO 16:41) shows that goodthings still come in small packages.However, a few routines, the editorin particular, can be deleted orreplaced when implementing the ln-

terpreter with monitor routines onthe AIM-65. After tearing the pro-gram down, Carl and I finally foundthe last place needing a CMP -CRinserted and we had enough roomleft over for two more instructionsand a startup message.

The AIM PilOT program Is mainlybuilt on the framework of Mr. Vrtis'program, with some small changesto accommodate the new instruc-tions. The first of these, P:ON orP:OFF, simply turns the printer on tooft accordingly ..To check which waythe printer is to be switched, the se-cond letter following the colon islooked at. If this letter is an 'N', thePA IFLG ($A411) byte is set to $80.Anything else is assumed to beP:OFF and $00 is stored in PAIFLG.The remaining letters are then skip-ped and the next instruction is fet-ched.

The next instruction,. H:ADDR, is a

September 1980

bit more compllcated, This instruc-tion calls a machine languagesubroutine at the hexadecimal ad-dress ADDA then returns to themain program. Fortunately, themonitor routines HEX and PACK do

the ASCII to binary conversionseasily ..The resulting byte is storedin the page zero locations calledHEXSUB. An indirect subroutine callis simulated by calling an indirectjump then advancing to the next in-struction. H: can be used to escapethe limitations of a 768·byte inter-preterby adding one's own func-tions such as multiply routines orrandom number generators .. Com-putation never was PilOT's strongpoint. ..

Obviously, this prog.ram will notrun on a lK AI'M. Also, enteringsource code would have been muchnicer if issue 19:37 (HEX LOAD)hand loading the nstlre gets rathertiring, considering that it took abouteight trys to make PILOT run on theAIM..

To enter PILOT text on the AIM,use the text editor like always,entering 0500, space, space; andbegin writing. I have the F1 function

MICRO ~~.The 650.2Journal

Larry KoUar and Carl Gutekunst257 W. Wadsworth Hall

Michigan Technological UniversityHoughton, MI 49931

key set aside to run the interpreter;• = 0200.,G, space will serve as well.The Interpreter displays its"s;gnon" message, then executesthe program. Some final cautions:there are no diagnostiCS or actualerror messages, so debugging canbe difficult. On the other hand,PILOT is such an easy languagethat it would be hard to make a sub-tle mistake. P: is foolproof enoug.h,but I would recommend using thefull address field for the H: routine(four hexadecimal characters).

PILOT is an economicallanguage, both In terms of spaceand cost. I would not throw the $100for the BASIC chips unless I had avideo monitor (more money), and thefew places Tiny PILOT falls downcan be easily worked around. Thelanguage is easy to learn, so give ita try.

References

1. Tiny PILOT: An EducationalLanguage for the 6502, NicholasVrtis, Micro 16:41.

2. Sharpen your AIM, Robert E.Bab·cock, Micro 19:.37.

28:59



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[Explanation of the examples]

For demonstration purposes, Ihave Included three example pro-grams. The first program Inputs twonumbers (one at a time) and putsfhem Into variables A and B, respec-tlvely. The two variables are then ad-ded together and placed Into C. Themachine language routines arequick 'n' dirty; I.e. you must enterthe number as a four-dlglt string. Ifyou wish to Input negative numbers,they must be Inputted In 10's corn-plement form. Anyone seriously us-Ing these routines would do well towrite them over.

The second programdemonstrates where Tiny Pilot real-

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Iy stands out, which Is In educa·tlonal purposes. After running thisprogram, the user has all he needsto know to load and save programson tape ..

The third program should provequite useful to anyone who wants 10perform program loops. It testsvariable A 10 see i f It Is equal to zeroand sets the match flag If so.

For people who wish to experl-ment with the H: command,remember the high order byte of A Isat $7B, low order at $7C. Continuecounting up for the locations ofottier variables. The ANSWER fieldstarts at $3E and works Its waydown In memory.

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T : A P P R O P R I A T E p~-

T ' T H E N M A K E C H A N G E ST : T O T H E P R O G R A M , H~

T : Y O U W I L L S T I L L ~ ~

* E T : W H E N A P R O G R A MT: I S R U N N I N G R I G H T ,T . ~ O U C A N S A V E I T O N"!"" ..... ,-.I"" -,~; • I ..__.....:-

€ • i~j (._.

J i''_

:! ~ ~" T ' ~ . _. .

T : P I L O T P R O G R A M _ . .T : T A P E , M A K E S U R ET : T H A T Y O U A R E I NT I T H E E D I T C ~ ~ ~ .

T : T H E D I S P L A Y W I L LT : P R O M P T F O R A F I L E

.--. .. t 1- 'J''''' .~.

;.,2 i.~/. l! H

T : N A M E O F 5 O R L E S ST : C H A R A C T E R S A N D H I TT : R E T U R N . A I M W I L LT : T H E N P R O M P T F O RT : W H I C H T A P E D R I V E

T : G I V E I T T H E N U M B E R- : O F T H E r A P E D R I V ET : ~~: U APE US I N G ,

T:NEED T O KNOW T O

T : L U C ~ < ~

~.-. ,-,~"...:._- - - ':- - -

;_;~i

, D~ :' -F

: i

September 1980

c =j ,_ •

) l "1"1 rt.1 ?

r ~~i ~ ~;__

R : D E M O N S T R A T E H O WR : T O S E T U P A L O O PR : B Y U S I N G T H E H.

~:- C'"T-= ~ !

C~A=i0

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6


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MEAN 14: A Pseudo-Machine Floating PointProcessor for the APPLE II

~ " " " " " " " " ~ " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " ~Modelled after the Sweet 16, this program supports a

large variety of mathematical operations on five·byte

floating point values. This 'processor' can greatly

simplify and enhance your mathematical processing

power.

" " " " " " " " ~ " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "

In the beginning of the life of the

Apple II computer, and obstacle had

to be overcome in the writing of the

firmware. As we know, the 6502 isan eight bit microprocessor, but all

too freq uently routines require

numeric operations involving double

precision integers. Repeating com-

mon operations every time they are

required could be done, but it is not

vary space efficient. For that matter,

performing the requtslte register

set-ups to use some general pur-

pose subroutines can also deplete

available memory space, if the

routines are called frequently. What

was needed was an arithmetic pro-

cessor that could handle twa-byte

integers. So, pseudo-machine pro-cessor, which in reality, is a

machine language program that

behaves like a processor.

This elegant solution is called the

"SWEET 16 PSEUDO-MACHINE IN-

TERPRETER" and is known and us-

ed by many Apple programmers. It

lives from $F689 to F7FA on the FO

Integer Basic ROM found in regular

Apple" computers. From a software

point of view. It is used very much

like you would use a

Microprocessor. Programming it reo

quires various instructions andoperands. Hand assembly is easy

because the Instruction set isn't

long and the format of the operators

is very straight-forward. A popular

resident asembler, the Lisa

assembler by Randall Hyde, will

even assemble Sweet 16

mnemonics.

The Mean 14 pseudo-machine

floating paint processor was

September 1980

modelled after the Sweet 16. It too is

programmed like a hardware pro-

cessor. Instead of being designed to

process two-byte integers, the Mean14 can perform many mathematical

operations on five-byte floating

point values. These values are for-

matted in the standard Applesoft

variable representation described in

the Applesoft manual.

What It Is Used For

The Mean 14 processor was writ-

ten to faci litate floating point

machine language programming on

an Apple" Plus or a standard Apple

II with Applesoft ROM card. Since

Apple does not provide anydocumentation for the floating point

routines in Applesoft, it is pretty dif-

ficult for those wishing to Write

floating point routines in assembly

language. Even knowing the loca-

tions and entry requirements of

those routines is only partially

helpful if either complex or

repetitive functions must be per-

formed. Of course, you could always

write your more involved functions

in Applesoft BaSiC, but the Mean 14

wi!! always perform at least ten

times as fast and probably much

more. The reason for this is Simplythat the Mean 14 has little of the in-

terpreter overhead that Applesoft

has. Using the example of adding

two values, if Applesoft is used, and

the values are represented as

variables which have not been used

before, Applesoft must allocate

space for them first. And if arrays

have been dimensioned. They must

be moved up to make space for the

new variables. If the variables or ar-


R.M_MottolaCyborg Corp.342 Western Ave.Boston. MA 02135

rays happen to collide with strings,

then string "house-cleaning" must

take place. In machine terms, all

this takes an awful tot of time. As anadded kicker, even more time must

be allowed if you use constants in-

stead of variables.

On the other hand, Mean 14

doesn't have to do all of this. Its in-

terpreter overhead is very small and

since you, the programmer, supply

the operand either by specifying

pointers or, in the Immediate Mode,

by actually supplying the floating

point value, the floating point

routi nes don't have to search for or

convert anything. Mean 14 spends

its time processing numbers - nottrying to find them or converting

ASCII strings into them.

What It Does

Mean 14 is a very simple kind of

interpreter. You give it a number and

it looks it up in a table where it picksup the address of the subroutine

which performs the specific func-

tion required. Most of those func-

tions already exist in Applesoft.

Some require set-ups to make entry

and exit easier. In all cases, the in-

struction set has been designed tomake straight line machine

language floating polnt arithemetic

a lot easier.

That last line indicates one of the

possible shortcomings of the Mean

14 for your particular floating point

requirement. It can process data on-

ly in a straight line. At present, it

contains no conditionals in the in-

struction set. This apparent problem

28:67



isn't really all that bad when you ac-tually use the Mean 14. For my own

applications, I've found that testing,branching, and loop operations can

best behandled outside of Mean 14,in 6502 assembly language. This is

because, relative to the amount oftime it takes even the simplest

floating point operation to execute,

all sorts of branching and testing,including entries and exits into andout of Mean 14, can be accomplish-

edveryquickly. For this reason, con-ditionals were left out at the Mean

14's instruction set. But that certain-

ly doesn't mean that you couldn'tadd them if you particular applica-tion required them.

Using Mean 14

Making use of the Mean 14 pro-cessor in you machine languageprograms is easy. The only prere-

quisite, besides a workingknowledge of assembly language, isa fundamental knowledge of the for-mat of Applesoft variables. Formoreon this, including a handy utili-

ty program that converts any valueto its floating point equivalent, seethe predecessor to the article, "Ap-plesof1 Floating Point Routines,

MICRO 27:53". Once this isunderstood, Mean 14 assembly isvery straight-forward.

1. Note that Mean 14 and the Ap-plesoft subroutines that it callscould leave any and all registers in

an undeterminable state. If youneed certain registers in specificstates, its a good idea to write your

self both a Save and a Restore

routine and remember to JSR to theSave before entering Mean 14. Youcould evenadd these routines to the

Mean 14 entry and exits if you like.

2. Enter Mean 14 with a JSR toMEAN14 ($8EOOn the source listing

provided.) All code between this JSRand a Mean 14 "RET" will be in-terpeted by the Mean 14processor.

Remember that byte sequence is afunction of the addressing mode. Inthe Implied mode, any operator isfollowed by the next operator. In Im-

mediate mode, an operator is im-mediately followed by a five byteoperand (constant) in Applesoftfloating point variable format. In the

Absolute mode, the operator mustbe followed by a two byte pointer tothe first memory location contain-

ing a floating point value. In the In-

28:68

direct mode, the operator is follow-ed by a pointer which points to a

pointer which points to a floatingpoint value. Remember, all pointersmust be in standard 6502 low-byte,high-byte order.

3. Consider the following section ofcode:

2000 SUBl !:::TY

2002 = : ; : T X

20(14 , _ I : ; F , :

2007 DFf:200A DF B200D DF B2010 DF B

201:3 DF B2014 DFf:

2017 DFf:201:3 L DX20lA LDY201(; RT:::;

Y:::;?WE

X::;:AVE

MEAN14

co 00 0:3

C4 05 0:3

45 el 00(10 00 00

oe: : : n 40 0:3

1 . 1 .X';::;AVE

Y::::AVE

Both the X and Y registers weresaved before entering Mean 14 inthis example. To make the code

representation less confusing, its agood idea. to show the Mean 14mnemonic equivalents of the defin-ed bytes in the comments field. I like

to deslqnata them with an asteriskbut any appropriate scheme should

do.

4. If your machine language routines

are to be called from Basic and ifvalues obtained from Mean 14operations will be used by Basic,you might want to store values

directly into the memory locationsallocated to Applesoft variables.This will make the results of your

machine language calculations

directly available to Basic. Althoughthere are subroutines in Applesoftto fine a variable by its name, theycan take a lot of time to execute. An

easier approach is to "know" whereyour variables are by allocating

them first, in your Basic program.Thus, if the first line of your program

is:

10 A :=O:B:=O:C=0:0 = 0

then you'll know that the firstvariable is A,the second is B, etc.The painter at locations $69,$69A

tells you the beginning of the simplevariable space, so you should beall

set.


5. Be careful to avoid floating point

errors such as Overflow and Dlvl -

sian by Zero, as Applesoft routinestend to dump you into Basic if an er-ror occurs. A scheme to avoid this

has also been outlined in "Ap-plesoft Floatng Point Subrout ines".

6. Good Luck!

SAVE Y

SAVE X

ENTER MEf4N 14

-~LDA $:300

· *ADD ~t.: 30~5

*:3UB #1

-lI-ABS

" .: i- : :: T A ($:3·40)

·l!-F~ET

RE::nORE X

HE::::TC:tHE Y

Format Of Mean 14 Operators

Mean 14 instructions arerepresented as single byte numbericvalues. Two quantities arerepresentedin this byte - instruction

and addressing mode. Since therewas room to spare (there are onlyfour addressin·g modes and twenty

some-odd instructions) a very sim-

ple scheme was devised to includeboth. There are also many unused

values so the instruction set couldeasily be expanded. An instructionis represented with the two highorder bits indicating the adressing

mode and the lower six bits in-

dicating the operation

Addressing Mode Instruction

Mean 14 Addressing Modes

The Mean 14 pseudo-machineprocessor instructions use four dif-ferent addressing modes. They are:

IMMEDIATEABSOLUTEINDIRECTIMPLIED

IMMEDIATE- Just like any pro-

cessor, the Mean 14 instructions

September 1980



that allow immediate addressinguse the valuefol!owing an operatorin memory for the operand. Since wedeal with floating point values, thettve memory locations following theoperator must contain the floatingpoint operand. this must be in Ap·plesoft variable format.

EX. Load FPAC1 with the value "0"

0000 00 00 00\

OPERAND

LDA#O\SYM·

40\OPERATORBOLIC

ABSOLUTE· The two bytes thatfollow the instruction (operator) inthe absolute mode must contain theaddress of the first byte of thedesired buffer.

EX. Store FPAC1 in locations$1FOO·$1F04

00 1F

\OPERAND

C1

\OPERATORBOLIC

STA $1FOO·$1F04

\SYM·

INDIRECT· In this addressing mode,the two bytes that follow theoperator must contain the addressof a two byte pointer which polnts tothe first byte of the buffer. This ad -dressing mode is useful when loopprocessing an number of variables.It allows the pointer to the variableto be changed and, since the painter

is not a part of the Mean 14 objectcode, you needn't write self modify·i.ng code to perform a. loop. Again,both the operand and the paintermust be represented in the low byte,high byte format.

EX. Store FPAC1 in $2FFO·$2FF4

81 00 20 STA($2000)

Where $2000,$2001 point at $2FFO

IMPLIED· Certain Instructions per-

form operations which do not in -valve variables. There inc] uderegister functions and exits formMean 14.

EX. Transfer FPAC1 to FPAC202 TABEX. Exit Mean 14

11 RET

MEA N 14 I N STRU CTI ON SET

L OA La... FPACl ~Jt T.h ITo emOrY

IMMEDIATEABSO LUTEINDIRECT

$40

= $CO

""'$80

STA Store FPACI in memory

ABSOLUTE $Cl

INDIRECT = $81

TAB Tr""osfer FPACl to FPAC2

IMPLl E:n '" $02

TBA Tr ...sfer FPAC2 T.o FPACI

IMP LIED 00 $03

ADD Add memory to FPACl

IMMEDIATE $ 4 4ABSOLUTE $C4I N DI RECT $ 8 4

SU B 8ubtr<lct FPAClfrom memory

I MMEDI A TE $ 4 5ABSOLUTE '" $C5INDIRECT = $ 8 5

MU L M~mory t i m e s FPACI

IMMEDIATE $46

ABSOLUTE = $C6INDIRECT '" $ 8 6

DIV Memory d i v i d ed b y FPACI

IMMEDIATE $ 4 7ABSO LUTE = $ C7INDIRECT = $ 8 7

IMPLIED $08

SQR S~u""re rooT. o f FPACI

IMPLIED = $09

EX P FPAC2 r""i"'>i!d tc !.t,e .. "wet"·

of mern or-v

I MMEDI A TE $ 4 AABSOLUTE seAINDIRECT $ 8 A

M --)0 FPACI

FPACI --> M

FPACI --> FPAC2

FPAC2 --)- FPACI

M + FPACI --)- FPACI

M - FP A CI --) - FP A CI

M * FPACI --)- FPACI

M / FPACI --)- FPACI

MPC + 1

FPAC2 ~ M --) - FPACl



LOO

CVA

CVB

RET

INT

IMPLIED

Integer vdlue of FPACI

SOB

ABS

IMPLIED

Absolute vdlu~ of FPAC1

= SOC

SON Value of the si9n of

FPACl

IMPLIED = SOD

IMPLIED

Natural 109 of FPACI

= SOE

convert two-byte integerin Applesoft integer variableformat to its floating pointeQuival ent.

ABSOLUTEINDIRECT

SCFS8F

Convert t....-byte integerin 6502 format to its +'10 ...tingpoint equivalen~

ABSOLUTE SDOINDIRECT $90

Exit MEAN 14

IMPLIED S11

**END OF PASS I**END OF PASS 2

0800080008000800

080008000800

1)800080008000800

0800080008000800

080008000800080008000800080008000800(1800080008000800(18000800

28:70

j****4***********~*****,. *;. MEAN-I 4 ",* PSEUDO-MACHINE . '* FLOATING POINT . ..,* PROCESSOR VI.(I . ..,* . ..i* R M_ MOTTOLA *;. . . 1.)/79 . . ..i .. *

,SOFTWARE ADDRESSES

TEMPL EPZ: $IETEMPH EPZ SlFMPCL EPZ $4CMPCH EPZ $40FPACI EpZ $9DFPAC2 EPZ $A5

,FIRMWARE ADDRESSES

INT:>FP EQIJ SE2F2FPSUB EQU SE7A7

FPADD £ Q U SE71lEFPLOG EQU $E941FPMUL EQIJ SE97FFPDIVI EtJIJ$EA66

INT ( FPACI ) --> FPAC1

ASS I FPAC1 ) --> FPACl

SGN I FPACI ) --> FPACI

LOG ( FPAC 1 ) --):, FPAC 1

M7:--> FPACI

ML.MH --)- FPACI

MPC --> PC

MUS~CAL COMPUTERI AND II

Learn How to Read Music!

Written by an M.A. educator withover 20 years of music experience.This two program cassette pro-vides an alternative to music

education.

• Treble & Bass Note Reading• Telling Time• Notes and Rests• Sharps and Flats• Signs and Symbols• Tempo Definitions

$34.95plus $1.00 for postage

and handling

cnec« or Money Order Please(Mi. residents add 4 % sales tax)

Check: DApple II 32KDTRS-80 Level II 16 K

Name: .Address: .Address: .

COMPUTERAPPLICATIONSTOMORROW

P.O. Box 605

Birmingham

Mi. 48012

0800 FPLOAD EQU SEAF9

0800 FPSTR EQU $EB2B

0800 TR2> 1 EQU $EB530800 TR1:>2 EQU $E9630800 FPSGN EQU $EB900800 FPABS EQU SEBAF0800 FPINT EQU $EC230800 FPSQR EQU $EE8D

0800 FPEXP EQU $EE94Q80Q8EOO ORG $3EOO8EOO OB.J $8008EOO

8EOO ;MEAN 14 PSEUDO-MACHINE8EOO ,FLOATING POINT PROCESSOR8EOO8EOO 68 MEAN14 PLA8EOl 854C STA MPeL8E03 68 PLA8E04 854D STA MPCH8E06· 205F8E JSR peINC8E09 200F8E M14A ,JSR M14BBEOC 4C098E ,JMP M14A

8EOF AOO(l M14B LOY *lS(I8ElI B14C LIlA (MPCLl. Y

8E13 AA TAX

8E14 293F AND 1I$3F

8E16 OA ASL


iGET M14 CODE LOCATION,FROM RETURN ADDRESS

,GET ONE INSTRUCTION

,GET CORRECT SUBROUTINEIADDRESS FROM TABLE

September 1980



1:11:.11- 1 1 : 1

8E18 C88E19 89A08E8EIC 488EID 88

8EIE B9A08£8E21 488E22 20:5F8E8£25 81'18E26 29Co)

8E28 F0348E2A 1020

8E2C 29408E2E 00138E30 BI4C8E32 851E8E34 [;8

8E35 814C8E37 8511"

8E39 888E3A BilE8E3C 48,8E3D e88E3£ BilE8E40 4:88£41 90138E43 B14C8£45 488E46 C88E47 B14C8E49 48

8E4A 9001'1SE4C A54C8E4E 488.E4F A54DBE51 488E52 1'19058E54 90028E56 1'19028E58 20618E

8E58 68

8E5C A88E5D 68BE5E 608E5F

BE5F 1'19018E61 188E62 654C

8E64 854C8£66 9003

8£68 £64D8E6A 188E68 1'10008£6D 60aE6E8E6E 1 ' 1 1 ' 18£6F 4C2BEB8£72 851E8E74 841F8E76 1'1000

8£78 BilE8E7A 48

8E7B C88£7C SlIE8£7E 1'188£71" 68

I:IctlU LUt-"LI::.:l

8E83 1'151'128E85 10(178E87 (l9C4

8E89 A.,8E8E88 20BEE78E8E 608E8F 851E8E91 8411"8E93 1'10018E95 BHE8E97 488£98 88S£99 FOEI8£98 68

8E9C 68

8E9D 6C4CC,0

September 1980

lA Y

INYLOA SUBTBL,Y'PHADEYLOA SUBTBL,YPHA._ISRPCINCTXA

AND UCQBEQ M14GBPL M14D

ANDBNELOASTAINYLDA IMPCL), YSTA TEMPHDEY

,AND SHOVE IT

,INCREM.M14 P. C. COUNT

,.ET ADDRESS INO MODE,.IMPL1ED?,lMMEOIATE?

# 'Ii4!)1'114(; ,ABSOLUTE?(MPCL), Y ,INDIRECTTEMPL ,GET POINTER

,OF OPERAND

LOA (TEMPL),YPHA

INVLOA (TEMPL), YPHABCC M14ELOA (MPCL),Y ,GET ADDRESS OFPHA ,OPERAND

INYLOA (MPCL), YPHA

BCC MI4ELOA MPCL

M14C

1'1140PHA

M14E1'1141"

LOA MPCHPHALDA US

BCC M14FLOA 1$$2.JSR PCADD

PLA

1'1140

TAYPLARTS

LOA 1$$1

CLCADC MPCL

STA MPCLB c e pel

INC MPCHCLCLOY 1$$0RTS

PCINCPCADO

PCl

8TH TAX.JMP FPSTR

CONV1 STA TEMPLSTY TEMPHLOY #$0LOA (T£MPL),YPHAINY

CtA LOA (TEMPL1,Y

TAYPLA

.JBk UnA·'"

LOA 1 " 1 " 1 ' 1 ( ; 1 + $ 5BPL NODI"LOA #VALUElLOY ./VALUEl. .JSR FP,ADD

NODI" RTSCONV2 STA TEMPL

STY TEMPHLOY 1$$1

LOA (TEMPL), YPHADEYBEO CIA

RETURN PLAF'LA.JMP IMPCL)

t o ADDRESS

,SAVE P.C. AS ADDRESS,OF IMMEDIATE OPERAND

,AND OFFSE.T P. C. '5 BYTES

,OFFSET P. C. 2 BYTES

,PULL OPERAND ADDRESS

~ND TRANSFER

;TO A AND Y REG:::FOR SUBS

,JMP VIA RTS

,PULL MEAN 14 RETURN,ADDRESS FROM ';;TACK

8EAO8EAOSEAD8EA!)8EAO FSEA8£1'1260BE8EA4 62E88EA6 52£88EAS BDE7SEAA A6E7SEAC 7EE98EAE 65EA

SE80 8DSE8.EB2 SCEESEB4 93EE8£86 22EC8EB8 AEE.B8EBA SFESSEBC 40E98E.BE 71.8E8ECO 8E8E8EC2 9A8E8EC48EC4

,SUBROUTINE ADDRESS TABLE

SUBTBL ADR FPLOAD-$11'101'1.·TR-$1ADR TRD2-'¥1ADR TR2:.>1-$1A DA 1"1"1'100-$1ADR FPSUB-$1ADR FPMUL-$lADR FPOIVl-$l

ADR NOOP-$IADR FPSQR-$)ADR FPEXP-$!ADR FPINT-$lADR FPABS-$l

ADR FPSGN-$lAoR FPLOG-$1ADR CONVl-$lADR CONV2-$1ADR RETURN-$1

,FLOATING POINT CONSTANtsSEC48EC~ 910(000 VALUE I HE X 91000(,(10008EC7 QOOOSEC9SEC98EC98EC9 LENGTH EQU ...MEANI4

END END

, : : t . 65536

***~*4~***44~**4********~. . . . . ....SYMBOL TABLE -- V 1. 5 ...

. ..*4**+4*******************

LABEL. LOC. LA.BEL. LOC. LABEL. LOC.

. . . . . . Z.ERO PAGE VARiABLES:

TEMPL 001E TEMPH OOIF MPCL ~'04C

MPCH (104D FPACI 0090 FPAC2 0 ( ' 1 ' 1 5

TEMPL 001E TEMPH GOlF MPCL O(l4C

MPCH 004D FPACI 009D FPAC2 OOA5INT)-FP E2F2 FPSUB E7A7 FPADD E7BE

FPLOG E~")41 FPMUL E97F FPDIVl EA66

FPLOAD EAF';:>FPSTR EB2B TR2~'1 EB53

TRI:>2 EB63 FPSGN E890 FPABS EBAF

FPINT EC2:3 FPSQR EE8D FPEXP EE94

MEAN14 8EOO Ml4A 8E09 M14B SEOFMl4C 8E43 M14D 8E4C M14E 13E"56

M14F 8E58 M14G 8E5E" PCINC 8E"5F

PCADD 8E61 PCl :;)E6B SIR 8E6ECONVI 8E72 CIA 8E7C NOOP 8ESE

CONV2 BE8F RETURN 8E9B SUBTBL 8EAO

VALUE1 8EC4 END SEC'"

MICRO -- The 6502 Journal 28:71



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The MICRO Software Catalog: XXIV

~ . . . . .

Software announcements for the 6502 based systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.Speed Reading andComprehension

System: PET/CBMMemory: 16 or 32K

Hardware: cassette driveDescription: A flexible and com-prehensive system in which theteacher creates a permanent testand question data file on a cassette.This file is used by one of the otherprograms to give a rapid scan, and

then a timed read scan, followed byquestions which are corrected. Allstatistics including reading speed,in words per minute, are thenprinted on the screen (printer op-tional). The system has many op-tions including: adjustable readrate, various methods of displaying

the text for reading, and directionsfor customizing the programs for in-dividual perferences and teachingstrategies.Copies:

Price:

Name:

Includes:

Author:

Available:

Just released$49.95 (extra manuals,$2.00)

Six programs, sampledata file, manual, all ina six cassette plastic

binderRichard A. Brown,.Ph.D.Abbott EducationalSoftware

334Westwood AvenueE. Longmeadow, MA

01028

Name: WP·INTSystem: Ohio ScientificMemory: 48K RAMLanguage: Basic, 6502AssemblerHardware: C2-0EM and C3 seriesDescription: A form letter genera-

tion package that unites two OSIsoftware systems, WP-2 and OS-

September 1980

OMS.The system extracts informa-tion from OS-OMS data files toprepare from letters with OSI'swordprocessor, WP-2. Supplied on two

floppy disks. .Price: $80.00

does not include OS-DMSorWP-2

Available: DCS Software Pro-ducts2729 Lowery Court

Zion, IL 60099

""~""""'~Copy T·FUeApple ii, Apple II plus16K with ROM32K without

Language: ApplesoftHardware: Disk II

Description: Copies any EXECfi Ieorsequential TEXTfile to another disk.

You can display the files field byfield and directly change any field inthe TEXTfile before copying. Modifyyour own EXEC programs directlywithout going thru the 'Make-EXEC'routine. Lets you display and studyprofessional EXEC programs. Self-·

prompting. Simple and easy to use.Price: $15.95Includes: Disk with program and

instructionsAuthor: David Weston

Available: David Weston

P.O.Box 25943LosAngeles, CA90025

Name:System:Memory:

Name:System:Memory:

Supersort

PET/CBMcomputers851 bytes at the top ofmemory, plus parts ofthe second cassettebuffer. The dem.opro-gram uses 7k.Machine, the loaderand demonstrator pro-

Language:

MICRO -- The 6S02 Journal

Mike RoweP.O. Box 6502


grams are in Basic.Description: Enchanced version ofKEYSORT(MICRO23 & 24). It shares

KEYSORT's advantages, and adds

several features requested byMICRO readers: Sorts 1 or 2 dime-

slon arrays of strings or integers onany of up to 127fields, with optional

subsorting on macth to anyother fil-ed or fields, all in ascending ordescending order. Delimiters are notneeded with this, and data may beeasily viewed without using MID$functions needed by KEYSORT.Copies: Just releasedPrice: $34.95Includes: full instructions, corn-

plete dem.o program,assembly source

listingAuthor: James Strasma

Available: Programma lntema-tional3400Wilshire Blvd.Los Angeles, CA90010

Video MessageDisplayApple II48K RAMApple Integer Basic

Color tv set, RF

Modulator or colorVideo Monitor, Moun-

tain Hardware Clock,Apple Disk Drive

Description: Converts a computerinto an electronic bulletin board. Aset of simple commands allows theuser to define a series of "slides"that can be displayed in any se-quence and for varying amounts oftime. Low resolution dislplays offernormal-sized characters in normal,

Name:

System:Memory:Language:Hardware:

28:73



reverse, or blinking video. Highresolution Displays permit inter-mixed characters of three differentsizes in either normal or reversevideo. In addition, the backgroundof the "slide" can be displayed inany high resolution color . Protes-sional verslon, model VMP, isavailable for the Apple II. Provideshardcopy slide logs for use by televi-sion stations.Prlce: VMD-$149.00

VMP-$199.00Available: Serendipity Systems,

Inc.22 5 Elmira RoadIthaca, N.Y. 14850

~~~~~~~,~~~~~~,~~Micro-Inventory (MIN)Apple II, ApplesottFirmware Board

Memory: 48K RAMHardware: Tv set, RF modulator

or video Monitor, Ap·pie disk drive, Op-

tional printerDescription: Developed with the par-ticular needs of small businesses inmtnd, this packaqe provides ownersof such firms wlth effective inven-tory control. Each inventory item isassigned a unique Item Identifier bythe user, and data is stored inlogical files. Although the capacityof the system is normally limited tosix files of 200 items each, multiplediskette drives can be used to ac-commodate additional inventoryitems. Reports provided includeItems On File, Items On Hand, Items

On Order, etc. Each report can begenera·ted to include all inventoryitems or only those specified by theuser.Price:.Available:

Name:System:

$149.00

Serendiptiy Systems,Inc.22 5 Elmira RoadIthaca, N.Y. 14850

~.~~~~~~~~~~~

Name:System:

Micro-General LedgerApple II Plus, Apple IIw/Applesoft FirmwareBoard4BK RAM

Appl.e Integer BASICTil set with RFmodulator or videomonitor, Apple diskdrive

Description: Designed with theneeds of very small businesses inmind, MGL allows the user to retainfinancial control while requiring aminimum knowledge of accounting.It features a user-defined chart of

Memory:

Language:Hardware:

accounts, interactive data entry andediting routines, extensive errordetection devices, and automaticend-of-month and end-of-year reset-ting of totals. Reports produced ln -Sheet, and an Accounts Reconcilia-tion Report. The system can accom-modate 75 accounts and each ac-count may be assigned a total ofnine sub-account numbers.Price; $M9.nOAvailable: Serendipity Systems,

tne,22 5 Elmira RoadIthaca, N.Y. 14850

Name: AMSIOIL Inven-tory/Sales/Price list

System: Apple IIMemory: 32K

Language: 'ROMApplesoftHardware: Disk IIDescription: Program maintainsprice Itst, handles sales both retailand wholesale, with or without ship-

ping, maintains inventory with mon-th Iy and year-to·date format-s.Creates, sorts and provides easy up-date to price lists. Can be used forAMWAYas well.Price: $30.00 includes disk

$15 ..00 wio inventoryprogram

Author: .Allan BlackburnAvailable: AWB's

1226Wade HamptonFort Worth, TX 76126

Name: SateniteSystem: Apple II, Apple II plus

Memory: 32KLanguage: Applesoft ROM/RAMDescription: Provides the amateurradio operator or shortwave listenerwith all data necessary to trackspacecraft in either circular or ellip-tical orbits. It wi.ll provide enough in-formation so the operator can aiman antenna at the spacecraft andkeep up with it as it crosses the sky.The program has two main modes.Information for the satallltas is pro-vided in a number of publications,lncludeinq OST,Worldradio, and '73magazines. Program to screen or

printer.Copies:Price:

Author:Available:

Just released$14.95 cassette, oruser pr.ovided·dlskette$19..95 on diskette byauthor, postpaid.Specify ApplesoftRAM or ROMAI Jensen WAHIBAI Jensen19111 First Avenue

NW

Seattle, WA 98177

- - - - - - - - - ~ ~ ~ - ~ -ame: The VoiceSystem: Apple II, Apple It plusMemory: 48KHardware: No specialDescription: G,ives your apple thepower of speech! Use the standardvoice vocabulary to speak anendless combination of phrases andsentences, or easily record yourown vocabulary set to make yourApple say anything you like. Eachdata disk can store up to B D wordsor phrases which can be sorted forquick reference. What's more, theVoice allows you to speak from anyBasic program by using Print Corn-mands. Guaranteed to be the bestApple voice program available atany price ..Price: $39.95 diskAvailable: Muse Software330. N. Charies StreetBaltimore, MD .2120.1

Name: Elementary Math Edu·Disk

System: Apple IIMemory: 48KLanguage: Integer BasicDescription: Written and designedby a professional educator. Con-tains an arithmetic readiness testand four interactive lessons design-ed to teach elementary math skillson nine different skill levels. Thisprogram is self-demonstrati.ng andrequires IiUle or no instructorassistance. Recommended for thestudent with no prior arithmetic ex-perience, and as a suppl.ement inhigher level remedial situations.Price: $39.95 disk

Available: Muse Software330 N. Charles StreetBaltimore, MD 2120.1

Inventory ProgramApple II, Apple 1 1 Plus48K (Firmware card onApple II)

Language: Applesoft, AssemblyHardware: 2 Disk drives, 132

column printerDescription: Maintains a completeinventory on up to 800. items. Everycategory included to back order aswell as LOC, COST, etc. Generatessearch reports, keeps running ac-count of what was sold YTD andmuch more.Price:Author:Available:

Name:System:Memory:

$140..00 with manualGary E.HafferSoftware Technologyfor ComputersP.O.Box 428Belmont, MA 02178



A P P L EB U S I N E S SS O F T W A R E

GE NE RA L LE DGE R

lf you are a business pe r s on who is looking for

ultimate p er fo rm a nc e, ta ke a look at this out-standing General Ledger package from Small

Business Computer Systems.

OUf package features si x digit account

numbers, plus thirty-one character account

names. We have ten levels of subtotals, giving

you a more detailed income statement and

balance sheet with up to nine departments. Either

cash or accrual accounting methods may beused.

The cash journal allows a thirty-three character

transact ion description and automatical ly ca l-

culates the proper off-setting entry. You may

print the balance sheet and income statement for

the current month, quar te r , or a n y of the p r e -

vious three quarters. Also, this year's or last

year's total are included on the i n c om e statement,

depending On the current month.

There isv ir tua lly no l imi t on entries, s inceyou

may process them as often as you like, Two

thousand ( 1 , 000 from GL; 1 ,000 from any exter-nal source) can be processed in one session.

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE

Sound business management requires you to

keep up-to-date reports regarding the status of

your accounts receivable.

Now, from the same company that revolu-

t ionized account ing on the Apple IIcomputer,

with their conversion o f th e Osborne! McGraw-

Hill General Ledger program, you may now

obtain the Accounts Receivable package you

have been waiting for.

Our package al lows you 10 assign your own

alpha-numeric customer code up to six char-

acters. Date of the last activity, as well as

amounts bi lled this year and last year a re main-

tained. This Accounts Receivable system main-

tains six digit invoice numbers. si x digi t job

numbers, invoice amount, shipping charges, salesta x (automat ically c a l c ul a l e d ), total p ay m e n IS a s

well as progress b il ling informat ion. You may

enter an invoice at any time; b e f o r e it's ready for

bil ling, after you have bil led it, and evenafter it's

paid. This package also prints reports which ~.t

t be in voices you ha ve not billed yet, open items,paid i tems, and an aging analys is of open i tems.

In the final analysis, making your bookkeeping

e a s i e r is what our software is all about. With our

General Ledger package you can format your

Own balance sheet and income statement,Department financial statements may be for-

mated differently. You havecomplete freedom 10

place tit les and headings where you want them,

sk i p Ii n e s 0 r p a g e s between a c c oun Is and

generate subtotal, and totals throughout the

reports-up to ten levels if you need tbem, Ac-

counts Receivable is designed to provide youwith complete up-to-date information. The

program will print customer statements as well as

po s t invoice amounts to any of the accounts

maintained by our General Ledger p a c k a g e .These packages will support any printer/inter-

face combination. General Ledger r equi re s 11 0

columns, Accounts Receivable requires 130

columns.

Suggested Retail:

Individually $i80.00

Together .•• " ••• " ..• , . .....•. 5330.00

SMALL BUSINESS COMPUTE.R SYSTEMS

4140 Greenwood

Lincoln, Nebraska 68504

( 4 02 ) 4 0 7- 1 1! 71 !

HAS YOUR APPLE READ ANY GOODPROGRAMS LATELY?

APPLE II DISK SOFTWAREDATA BASE MANAGER

IFO PROGRAM

The IFO (INFORMATION FILE ORGANIZER) can be used lor many ap-

plications such as sales activity, check registers, balance sheets,

client/patient records, laboratory data reduction, perscription informa-

tion, grade records, mailing lists, AIR, Job costing and much more. This

can be accomplished easily and quickly without prior programming

knowledge.

Up to 1000 records with a maximum of 20 headers (catagorles) and 10

report formats (user defined) can be stored on a single diskette, informa-

tion can be sorted on any header, both ascending and descending inalpha/numeric field. Mathematical functions can be performed on any 2

fields to manipulate the InformatiOn. Information can t>e searched on

any header using >, <, = >, = <. = . and first letter. Mailing list format

provided. Fast assembly language sort, search and read routines. Many

error protection devices provided. Put your application program

to.ll.ether In minutes instead of hours.

PHOGRAM DISKETTE and instruction manual....$100.00MAILING LIST PROGRAM and instructionmanual...$40.00INVENTORY PROGRAM

2 disk drives, menu-driven program. Inventory categories Include:

STOCKII, DESCRIPTION, VENDOR 10, CLASS, LOCATION, REORDER

PT., REORDER OTY, OTY ON HAND. Ail records can be entered, chang-

ed, updated, deleted, or viewed. Reports can be sorted in ascen-

ding/decending order by any category. There are 7 search reports (3

automatic). Calculates $ VALUE of Inventory and YTD, MTD, and period

items sold, Accumulates Inventory over a 13·month period. Plus much

more. Requires a 132-column, serial/parallel printer, Complete turnkey

operation with bootstrap diskette.

Program disket te and Instruction manual .. .$140.00

PAyROLL PACKAGE

2 disk drives, menu-driven program. Employee history include: NAME,

ADDRESS II , ADDRESS 1# 2 CITY, STATE, ZIP, FED EX, STATE EX.,

SOCIAL SEC.II,DATE EMPLOYED, DEPT II, CODE, EMPLOYEE 1# ,

STATUS, MARITAL STATUS, PAY RATE, OT RATE, VAC RATE, 1# VAC

HRS. and PENSION PLAN. Program can generate weekly or biweekly

payroll. Prints W·2, OTR REPORT, PAY CHECKS, MASTER AND CUR·

RENT liles. FEDERAL and STATE Wllholding taxes are built Into pro-

gram. Maintains a CASH DISBURSEMENT Journal, Accumulates payroll

for a 53 week period. Generates numerous type of payroll reports.

Allows data to be searched, sorted and edited. Prints DEDUCTION

register and more. Maintain up to 125 EMPLOYEES/EXPENSES lor

quick and easy PAYROLL. Numerous error protection devices provided.

PROGRAM diskette and instruction manual. ..$240.00

'PLEASE SPECIFY STATE WHEN ORDERING

APARTMENT MANAGER2 disk drive, menu driven program written In assembty language and Ap·

PLESOFT 11 . All you will ever need to manage your apartment, Handles

up to 6 BUILDINGS with a maximum of 120 units each. Complete t u rn-key operation. Data categories include APT 1# , TYPE, TENANT NAME,

PETS, CHILDREN, SECURITY DEP., PET DEPOSIT. POOL PEP, MISC

DEP, RENT ALLOWANCES, DATE MOVED IN, VACANCY Ji)ATE, REF-

FERAL, CONDITION OF APT, DAMAGE AMT and COMM,ENT LINE.

Search, sort, enter, edit and vacate tenates. Maintains a MTD and YTD

rent recipts as well as complete utility reports, rent lost by vacancies.

Maintains eXl)ensesbvacated tenants report and much more.PROGRAM ISKETTE and INSTRUCTIONMANUAl...$325.00PROFESSIONAL TIME AND BILLING

2 disk drive program written in assembly language and APPLESOFT II.

Completely rnenu-drlven, Maintain all t>illing 01 clients and personnel.

Generates and invoices. Numerous reports based on all types of

criteria. Easy data entry lor RATES, CLIENTS, and MAnERS. Has

SEARCH, SORT, CHANGE (on screen editing), VIEW and BALANCE

FORWARD. IF your are a JOB CONTRACTOR, ATIORNEY, ACCOUN·

TANT, GENERAL CONSULTANT, or anyone that needs to charge for

time, this program is a must. Complete turnkey operation. Numerous

REPORTS are produced to aid in the TIME ANALYSIS PROCESS. All this

and much more.

PROGRAM DISKETTE and INSTRUCTION MANUAL. ..$325.00SPEED READING

PROGRAM DISKETTE AND INSTRUCTIONMANUAL...$200.00ALL PROGRAMS REQUIRE 48K and APPLESOFT II ON ROM OR AND

APPLE II PLUS. ALL SOFTWARE IS COMPATABlE WITH PASCAL

SYSTEMS. PROGRAMS RUN FROM ANY PORT OF THE COMPUTER

WITH SERIAUPARALLEL PRINTERS. REQUIRES 1 DISK DRIVE

UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED.

SEND CHECK/MONEY ORDER or C.O.D. To:

SOFTW.ARE TECHN.OLOGY for COMPUTERS

P.O BOX 428BELMONT, MA 02178

OR-AVAILABLE FROM YOUR LOCAL DEAlER



6502 Bibliography: Part XXIV

Continuing bibliography of 6502 related material

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Dr.William R. Dial438 Roslyn AvenueAkron, OH 44320

687 (cont'd.) COMPUTE 3, (Mar./Apr., 1980)

Butterfield, Jim, "Memo to Machine Language

Programmers," pg. 96.Ways to find zero page space on the New PET ROM.

Rehnke, Eric, "Read PET Tapes with your AIM," pg. 102 -104.

Use the General Instruments AY3·a910 device to generate

music on 6502 boards.

Zumchack, Gene, "Nuts and Volts," pg. 105·107.

READ/WRITE timing on the 6502

Rehnke, Eric, "Read PET Tapes with Your AIM," Pg. 110·112

This program opens up PET software to the AIM owners.

Herman, Harvey B. , "KIMEX - 1," pg. 113

PROM, R.AM and I/O expansion for .the KIM

Carlson, Edward H., "Fast Tape Read/Write Programs for

your OSI," Pg 115-117

Add this useful utility to your OSI C1 or C2 machines.

Fiacco, Roy, "Applications Review: Logic Analyzer for KIM,"Pg.118-120

A review of a useful piece of hardware.

688. Softside 1, No.3 (March 1980)

Porter, Gale, "The Care and Feeding 01 Integer Hi-Res,." pg. 9

-11.

Pep up your Apple Integer Programs with Hires Graphics.

Anon, "Programming Tips," pg. 15-16.

A routine for rounding off decimal numbers, on the Apple.

Chipchase, Frank D., "Renumber and Merge the Easy Way,"

pg. 19-21.

Make this useful utility into an Exec program, for the Ap-

ple.

Anon, "Programming Tips," pg. 15-16.

A listing in Integer for this game on the Apple.Micklus, Lance and Summers, Murray R., "Treasure Hunt,"

pg. 33-34.

Listing for this Adventure-type game.

Cross, Mark, "Bouncing Ball Catcher," pg. 46-47

An Applesoft program employing Hi-Res graphics.

Anon, "Switch Puzzle," pg. 50·51.

A game for the Apple.

Rubber Apple Newsletter (MarCh, 1980)

Musgrave, J. E., "Change Disk Volume," pg. 2.

Short routine for the Apple machine language.

28:76

689. Recreational Computing 8, No.5, Issue 44 (March/Aprll

1980)

Wells, Arthur, Jr. "Recreational Apple II Hi-Res Graphics,"pg.4·8.

Lines, Triangles, and other shapes on the Apple.

Lindsay, Len, "Pet Games," pg. 11.

About 75 programs for the PET are reviewed.

Hatch, Larry, "Raging Robots," pg. 34-35.

Landmine the PET Screen to outsmart the robots.

Keyser, Earl, "Frogs for the Apple," pg 34-35.

Listing for the game "Frogs."

Gull, Steve, "Playing Simon on the PET," pg. 35

Try to duplicate the sequence of tones that the Apple

plays.

690. Creative Computing 6, No.3 (March, 1980)

Fricke, Victor, "Three Mile Island," pg. 38

Notes on running the popular nuclear power plant pro-gram.

Mecca, Lorraine, "The Computer Connection," pg. 58-59.

Contained in this article is a discussion of modems and

the D.C. Hayes Mlcromodem II.

Cox, Ken, "PET as a Remote Terminal," pg. 60-62.

Notes on implementing a PET terminal program.

Howerton, Christopher, "Ches Clock," pg. 132-133.

Is speed chess your game? Use your Apple as a clock!

Carpenter, Chuck, "Apple-Cart," pg. 150· 153.

Discussion of the use of POKEs, Applesoft READ ...DATA,

String Parsing, Text Typer, etc.

Yob, Gregory, "Personal Electronic Transactions," pg. 160

·163.

Discussion of PET Logic, Two's Complement Tutorial, LightPen etc.

891. Personal Computing 4, No.4 (April, 1980)

Neiburger, E. J., "Score Your Heart Attack Risk," pg. 48-50.

Run this program, then take no changes - get a checkup

(Apple).

Wood, Don, "Word Processing with Your Apple," pg. 68·70.

Notes on Apple writer, Super-Text, EasyWr!ter, Personal

Text Processor, Aptype, Text Editor Version 3.0, etc.

Nichols, John M., "Housebreaking Your New Pet," pg. 73·74

How to run programs written for the 8K PET on the newer

16K, 32K PET.




Kilobaud Mlcrocomputlng No. 40 (April, 1980)

Baker, Robert W. "Pet-Pourri," pg 9,14.

Notes on PET Basic.

Anon, "Ohio Scientific's Small Systems Journal,"

A continuation of a discussion of multiple user systems.

Hayek, Tom, "The Basic Programmer's Toolkit," pg. 34-35.

Have a look at this helpful utility for the PET.

Chamberlain, Bruce S., "Fast Apple Peripherals," Pg. 92·96.

How to Interface high-speed serial printers to the Apple II.

Tenny, Ralph, "Get Started With MicroStart," pg. 118-128.

Hardware for experimenting with the 6502 and other CPU

chips.

Tannenbaum, Larry M., "KIM van-stepper," Pg 146.

An automatic variable speed single-stepper for the KIM.

David, D. J., "PET's Librarian," Pg. 172·173.

An automatic variable speed single-stepper for the KIM.

Gordon, Hal T., "Instruction Sets Examined and Compared,"

pg 174-180 ..

The second part 01 this article looks at cn-cblp and offchip registers.

Dunmire, Jerry, "Indexing for the PET," pg. 186·187.

A solution for the lack of a counter on the PET tape

recorder.

Hilt, Peter G., "Build a Home for your Superboard 1I,"pg. 202-205.

House your OSI Superboard with a power supply.

693. Byte 5, No.4 (April 1980)

O'Flaherty, John, "A White·Noise Generator for the Apple

II," pg. 68.A simple machine language program turns the Apple into

a white-noise generator.

Chamberlin, Hal, "Advanced Real·Time Music Synthesis

Techniques," pg. 70-94, 180·196.

Discussion of difficulties in computing waveforms fast

enough for real-time music systems.

Cross, Mark A., "Apple Audio Processing," pg. 212·218.

The Apple is capable of playing several notes

simultaneously with simple homebrew interfaces.

694. Southeastern Software Newsletter, Issue 17 (April 1980)

Staff, "Binary Search and Sort Modules for Names File," pg.

2·8.Notes on searching and sorting on the Apple.

Chipchase, Frank D., "Better Utilization of Apple

Computer's Renumber and Merge Program," pg. 8·9.

Set up a renumber and merge Binary file.

695. 051 User's Independent Newsletter (January 1980)

Curley, Charles, "Machine Language Memory Test," pg. 2.

How to adapt Jim Butterfield's Memory Test (First Book of

KIM) to the OSI or other 6502 machines.

696. MICRO, No. 23 (April 1980)

Lacy, Allen J., "Applesoft II Shorthand," pg. 5-8.

This routine allows a programmer to type in an entire Ap-

plesoft command with the use of one control key.

Tripp, Robert M., "The Value of 16 Bits:' pg. 9.

Notes on 8 bit vs, 16 bit processors.

Crouch, Bill, "The Apple Stripper," pg. 11·12.

Remove REM statements from your Basic program forthe

'run version'.

Taylor, Wimam l., "Graphics and the Challenger C1P, Part

4," pg. 16·19.This installment shows how the previous material can be

used to create pictures.

Blalock, John, M., "SYMple Basic Data Files," pgs. 21·25.

Implement Data Save and Data Load on your SYM-l.

Evans, Mel, "A Perpetual Calendar Printer lor the AIM," pg.

27-29.

A few programming tricks are used in this AIM program.

Wagner, Roger, "Bi-directional Scrolling," pg. 23.

Scroll the Apple page down as well as up.

Hyde, Randall, "The SY6516 Pseudo-16 Bit Processor," pg.

36-37.

This new microprocessor extends the capabilities of the

6502 with some 16 bit operations and improved address-ing, etc.

Strasma, Rev. James, "PET Keysort," pg. 43·56.

A complete general purpose keysorting program.

Swank, Joel, "KIM Scorekeeper," pg. 59-62.

A general purpose, multi·player scorekeeper that can be

used as a part of larger game programs.

Morris, E.D., Jr., "OSI Basic in ROM," pg. 65·66.

To help you understand OSI Basic, a table of the locations

01 the subroutines to service the main commands is

presented.

Rowe, Mike, (Stafl) "The MICRO Software Catalogue: XIX,"

pg.71·72.

Ten programs are described.

Dial, Wm. R., "6502 Bibliography: Part XIX," pg. 77·78.Some 65 more articles are referenced.

697. Rainbow, Issue 1 (January 1980)

Rennard, Bob and Simpson, Rick, "Character Input and Out-put," pg. 4·5.

Information on Apple Machine Language.

Marcuse, D., "Applesoft ROM Card," pg. 4·5.

How to use the Apple mini-assembler with the ROM card

installed.

Turnbull, Ernie, "Audio Monitor," pg. 5-6.

How to monitor your Audio from the Cassette while

loading the Apple.

Butler, John W., "Genealogy Program," pg. 6.Keep track of 250-350 families on a single Apple diskette.

Simpson, Rick, "Mini-assembler and the Language System,"

pg.7.

Use the language system and still have the services of the

miniassembler, Apple.

Rennard, Robert, "Responses and Remarks," pg. 8-9.

Apple output registers, Improved Apple documentation,

etc.

Barnes, John, "An Applesoft Sound Routine," pg. 12.

Machine language entered by an Applesoft program for

tone generation.

Mathes, Stan, "Make your Apple Sing," pg. 13.

Write a music program on the Apple.

Wagner, Roger, "The Reliable Applesoft Append," pg. 15.

Notes on using the Applesoft append program.

Anstis, Stuart, "Catch a Star," pg. 23.

Listing for an Apple Game.

698. The Target (March/April)

Anon., "Grapevine," pg. 1.

Changes to zero page usage in AIM·65 Basic.

Sliber, Steve, "Short-Cut Auto-Number," pg. 2-5.

A modification of the Short-Cut program which provides

for auto line numbering.

Bresson, Steve, "Slow Display," pg. 3.

Slow down the rate at which characters are displayed on

the AIM display.

September 1980 MICRO -- The 6502 Journal 28:77



Sellers, George, "KIM-4 Motherboard," pg. 6.Add a KIM-4 motherboard and AAM memory to yourAIM·65 by a simple hardware modification.

Clark, Jim, "An AIM 65 Scanning Subroutine - SCAN," pg.7.Scan the keyboard to see if a key is pressed, get the keyand respond to it in AIM programs.

Peterson, Gary, "Exterminating Some Invisible Bugs," pg. 8.High voltage spikes can be removed at your AIM powersupply by using a varistor and a few capacitors and diode

devices.

Bresson, Steve, and Semancik, Bill, "Lunar Lander," pg. 9.Aeal time lunar lander for the AIM.

699. Interface Age 5,(May 1980)

Rothman, Howard H., "Advertising with the Apple Corn-

puter," pg. 66·68.Put your advertising message on the SCROLLINGWONDER.

700.SoftSlde 1, No.3 (April 1980)

Ford, Robert, "Juggle," pg. 9·13.Juggle a number of balls on this Apple graphics program.

Pachln, D., "Applesoft Ampersand," pg. 16.Use the ampersand to initiate special routines.

HIli, Alan, "Shoot Out," pg. 19-22.A two-person game for the Apple graphics.

Sander-Cederlof, Bob, "Jig-Saw Puzzle," pg. 28-29.

Try your hand at assembling a jig·saw puzzle on the Ap-ple.

Crossman, Craig, "The Invisible Signature," pg. 32·33.Put your own label within your Apple program and hide It!

Sander·Cederlof, Bob, "Space War," pg. 35·37.A two-player graphics game for the Apple.

Kapur, Mitch, "Melody," pg. 40·47.

Create and save your melody using this Apple program.

Blackwood, George H_, "Intimate Instructions in Integer

Basic," pg. 49-52.Starting a series of installments on detailed programming

instruction for the Apple II.

Anon., "Display Control Characters," pg. 52.Use this short routine to detect or reveal specratcharacters in Apple programs.

701.Crealive Computing 6, No.4 (April 1980)

Lindsay, Len, "Atari in Perspective," pg. 22-30.Comparisons of the pro's and con's of the PETand the

Alari 800 micros.

Bradford, William, "Ten to the Thirty-Eighth," pg_104-110.Here is a game called GOOGOLfor the Apple.

Carpenter, Chuck, "Apple-Cart," pg. 122-129.A listing and discussion of a program, Simple File Builder.

702. Rainbow 2, Issue 2 (February 1980)

Headland, Rex, "Dollar Formatting Gosub," pg_4-5.

A dollar formatting routine for the Apple.

Wagner, Roger,"Exceeding the Speed Limit with your AppleII," pg. 8.How to speed up your Apple program.

Upson, Neil D., "An Improved Hi·Res Light Graph," pg.11-12.Display up to five color graphs on the same screen.

Wagner, Roger, "Fast GR-ScreenClear," pg. 14.

A routine in either Integer Basic or Applesott Baste.

Wagner, Roger, "An Unlikely Character," pg. 14-15.Type strange characters with special key combinationson the Apple_

Wagner, Aoger, "Append-Ectomies in Integer andApplesoft," pg. 15.After joining binary data to the end of a program, use this

routine to removethe appended part.

Deardon, Hinkley, W., "From the Pits," pg. Hi·17.Somenotes on computer accessory advertising and supp-ly practices.

Martin, Bill, "Crossing Your Wires," pg. 17·18_

Notes on running remote monitors, better audio, etc, Ap·pie.

Busdiecker, Roy, "The Number Game: An Introduction toComputer Arithmetic," pg. 20-24.All about those strange binary numbers together with alisting for a Oeclmal to Binary program.

703.Compute II, Issue 1 (April/May 1980)

Rehnke, Eric, "The Single-Board 6502," pg. 3·8.

Notes on an EPROM simulator, improved olsk-basedassemblers, Speak and Spell interface, etc.

Zunchak, Gene, "Nuts and Volts," pg. 9·14.All about the 6502ReadfWrite timing, Interfacing, AccessTime, etc.

Day,Michael E_,"RS232Communications: Part 1," pg_16-18.Learn all about the use of RS232 interfaces to connectcommunications devices together.

Stone, Harold, R ., "An Upgrade for KIM Microchess 1.0,upg.19-23.

Modify the Microchess 1.0 to playa better game of chess.

Dltts, Joseph A. and Herman, Harvey B., "Program Transfers(PETto KIM)," pg. 25-26.Using this transfer routine you can use Basic PET pro-grams on your KIM_

Isaacs, Larry, and Compute Staff, "Designing an IEEE·488Receiverwith the SYM," pg. 27·30_

Part 1: Implementing the IEEE-488Bus on a SYM·1.

McCreary, Dann, "COSAPPLE,an 1802Simulator for the Ap-

pie 11," pg. 34.COSAPPLEIs an 1802simulator and debugger designedto run on the Apple.

McCreary, Dann, "COSMAC: KIM·11802 Simulator," pg. 34.This 1802 simulator is capable 01 real-time operations of

moderate speed.

Sandlin, Larry, "Fun with the 1802," pg. 34-35.Have fun with the low cost, low power consumption 1802.

Lock, Robert, "The Serious Side of the 1802," pg_35.Applications for the 1802 will bepublished in the future in-stallrnents.

DeJong, Marvin L, "Improved Pulse Counting Software forthe 6522VIA," pg_36-38.

Sharpen up your timing or frequency counter programswith the suggestions in this article."

Oliva, Richard F., "Printing a Symbol Table for the AIM-65."pg.40.

In revising a program, a print-out of the symbol table canbe very helpful."

Sproul, Keith, "Hard CopyGraphics for the KIM," pg. 43-46.With a blt-rnapped video board you can do p.rofessionalquality graphics.

Mackay, A_M.,"24 Hour Clock for SYM·1 Basic," pq, 46·48.

With this program you can havea tlrne-ot-day clock,

Stanford, Charles, L, "Screen Clear Routines for the OSIC1P," pg. 49-50.

Speed up the screen clear routines.

28:78 MICRO -- The 8502Journal September 1980



Missing MICRO Information?

MICRO is devoted exclusively to the 6502, In

addition, it is aimed at useful, reference type

material, not just "fun and games", Each

month MICRO publishes application notes,

hardware and software tutorials, a continuing

bibliography, software catalog, and so forth,

Since MICRO contains lots of reference

material and many useful program, most

readers want to get the entire collection of

MICRO, Since MICRO grew very rapidly, it

quickly became impractical to reprint back

issues for new subscribers. In order to make

the older material available, collections of the

reprints have been published.

[A limited number of back issues are still

available from number 7 to 18 and 20 to cur-

rent. There are no 19's left.]

The BEST of MICRO Volume 1 contains all of

the significant material from the first six

issues of MICRO, from October/November

1977 through August/September 1978, This

book form is 176 pages long, plus five

removeable reference cards. The material is

organized by microcomputer and almost

every article is included. Only the ads and a

few 'dated' articles have been omitted. (Now

in third printing!]

Surface ... $7.00 Air Mail ... $10.00

The BEST of MICRO Volume 2 covers the se·

cond six. issues, from October/November 1978

through May 1979, Organized by mlcrocorn-

puter, this volume is 224 pages long.

Surf ace ... $9.00 Ai r MaII .. ,$13.00

The BEST of MICRO Volume 3, covenng the

twelve issues f rom June 1979 through May

1980 will be over 400 pages long. It is

sch~duled for late summer 1980, The price is

still to be determined,

For a free copy of the Index for Volumes 1,2,and 3, please send a self·addressed, stamped

envelope to:

BEST of MICRO, P.O. Box 6502, Chelmsford,

MA 01824

Advertiser's Index

Aardvark 32Abacus Software 56A B Computers 2,56Automated Simulations 58Beta Computer Devices 72

R. J. Brachman Associates 23Carlson 80Classified Ads 38,39Commodore Business Machines IBCComputer Applleatlons Tomorrow 70Computer Corner of N. J. 24Computer Forms 23The Cornputerlst, Inc. 47Computer Shopp':e(.~ 2.9Creative GomputW'lg 80Creative Computing Software 33Decision Systems 23Dwo QUORgFok Lok Sow 46Earth Ship 65Enclosures Group 18Hudson Digital Electronics 28Lem_DataProducts 72MCC Erigineering 22.MICRO 79,80MICRO Software 46Mountain Computer IFCNibble 40Orion Software Associates 46OSI BCOSI Small Systems Journal 42-45

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micro 6502 journal september 1980

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