micro hydro moving mountains
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Micro-Hydro 101Bob Fairchild
Soft Energy Associates
Growing Appalachia
Moving Forward in the MountainsSaturday, April 24, 2010
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected] -
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http://science.howstuffworks.com/enlarge-image.htm?terms=hydropower+plants&gallery=1&page=6 -
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The ideal
hydroelectric site
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Power and Energy
Energy is work. It is what you pay for. It isgenerally expressed in kilowatt hours(kWh). Residential electricity costs around
$.06/kWh
Power is energy per time. It is generallyexpressed in kilowatts (kW) or horsepower(HP)
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In conventional
hydroelectric systems,Power is determined by
head and flowHead is the vertical distance from
inlet to outlet.Flow is the amount of water.
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Calculating power
Head *Flow/10,000= Power
(ft) (gal/min) (kWh)
Examples:
25 ft * 40 gal/min/10,000=0.1 kW
15 ft *1,000,000gal/min/10,000=1500kW
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Mother Ann Lee Hydro Station
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Micro Hydro
100 kW or less
(the average home uses about 1kW continuously on average)
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Dams and diversions
Structures to hold back and/or
divert water to hydroelectricinstallation
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Penstock/Canal
Penstock: pipe for carrying water
to a hydroelectric turbineCanal: open channel
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Trash rack/intake screen
Filter to prevent debrisfrom entering hydroturbine
Bar grille, screen,
perforated pipe
Coanda effect intake
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Waterwheels
Large, heavy, low speed
Good for mechanical power
Not good for electrical generation Generally lower efficiency than turbines
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Turbines
More compact
Higher speed
Better for electrical generation Higher efficiency
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Turbine types
Reaction turbines
-- Use pressure of water to turn turbine
Fully submerged
Generally for lower head sites
Impulse turbines
Turn pressure into speed with jets
Operate with some air around turbine
Generally for high head sites
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Reaction Turbines
Francis
Kaplan
Fixed blade
Adjustable blade
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Francis Turbinespiral or open inlet
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Kaplan Turbinepropeller with fixed or adjustable blades
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Impulse Turbines
Crossflow
Turgo
Pelton
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Crossflow Turbinecylindrical turbine, water flows in and out
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Turgo TurbineSingle spoons with angled jets
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Pelton TurbineDouble spoons with straight jets
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Generators
DC
Automotive alternator Cheaper
Less efficient
Custom wound forspecific speed
Permanent magnet More expensive
More efficient
Wide range ofapplicability
AC
Induction Requires only speed
matching to synch
Cannot operate alone
Synchronous
Requires speed andfrequency matching
Can operate standalone
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Pumps and Motors
Some pumps can berun in reverse asturbines
Lower efficiency Lower cost
Some motors can berun in reverse asgenerators
Lower efficiency Lower cost
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Controls
Water flow control with manual orautomatic grid connection
Battery powered shutoff for grid problems
Over/under voltage
Over current
Reverse power Over/under frequency
Other conditions
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Costs
Design work (engineering)
Licenses and permits
Civil works (concrete) Pipe
Turbine
Generator Controls
Interconnect (transformers, power lines)
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Net Metering
Offset retail rate power
30 kW maximum
Use grid as battery Carryover surplus production from wet
months
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Head vs. Flow
In general, more head is better than moreflow.
A given turbine can only handle a certainmaximum flow. More head will give morepower for a given turbine.
To get more power with more flow, you
need a bigger, more expensive turbine.
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Microhydro turbines forresidential installations
LH1000: low head, high flow(propeller turbine)
Stream Engine: higher head, lower flow
(Turgo turbine)
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LH1000 power curve
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Stream Engine Turbine
Generator $2500
Bronze Turgo runner
Head: 6 ft to 300 ft One to four jets
Flows to 100 gallons per minute
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BIG HYDROPOWER
Provides 90% of all renewable power
Provides 24% of the Worlds electricity
Provides 7% of electricity in U.S. Over 2000 Hydroelectric Plants in U.S.
Only 3% of Dams in the U.S. have
Hydropower Kentucky has 450 MW of potential at
37 non-hydro dams (larger sites)