microbiology 2014
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 1
Microbiology
A branch of biology that studies organisms that can only be seen with a microscope
![Page 2: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 2
Historical Overview
• Fossil evidence dating back 3.5 million years (Burton & Egelkirk 1999)
• Early civilizations isolated infected persons
• Soiled dressings were burned (Burton & Egelkirk 1999)
• Causes believed to be the action of gods
• Early treatments – leeches, bleeding
![Page 3: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 3
Historical Overview (Cont’d)
• 1546 Girolamo Fracastorius – suggests disease is cause by living germs
• 1667 Antony van Leeuwenhoek – first light microscope – sees and describes microbes
• 1876 Robert Koch – develops culture plates
• 1890’s Louis Pasteur – developed methods of sterilization, pasteurisation.
![Page 4: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 4
Types of micro-organisms
Non-pathogen(ic) Pathogen(ic)
Non disease causingCommensal
Disease causing
![Page 5: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 5
Types of micro-organisms
bacteria
parasites
viruses
fungi
![Page 6: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 6
Bacteria
Single celled organisms Structure:
- rigid cell wall enclosing cytoplasm- nuclear body but no nuclear membrane- some develop a capsule for protection - some have flagellae for propulsion- some have fimbriae enabling attachment to
other cells
![Page 7: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 7
Requirements of bacteria
Oxygen: variable• aerobic
• anaerobic
pH:Most neutral/sl.alkaline
Some highly acidSome highly alkaline
Carbon:require a small
amount for cell structure
Temperature:Optimum – 37°CWide range from
5-60°C
Food and water:required by all
![Page 8: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 8
Properties of bacteria
Spore formation
Toxin production
![Page 9: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 9
Bacterial spores formation
Protective mechanism developed by some bacteria to survive in adverse conditions
Highly resistant to:- high temperatures- freezing- sunlight- disinfectants
Some spores (e.g. anthrax) have been found to be active after 100 years of being in inactive form
![Page 10: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 10
ANTHRAX
![Page 11: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 11
Production of toxins
2 types:
Exotoxins:Living bacteria
released into andcause damage to
surrounding tissues
Endotoxins:Remain in bacterial
wall
released on deathof bacterium
![Page 12: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 12
Classification of bacteria
1. Staining properties
Gram positivebacteria:
retainvioletcolour
Gram negativebacteria:
retain red
colour
Acid fast bacteria:stain unable to penetrate due to
waxy envelope
Reactions of bacteria to a staining technique
![Page 13: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 13
Classification by
shapeRound: coccidiplococci
streptococcistaphylococci
Rod:bacilli
Spiral:spirillavibrioCorkscrew:
spirochaete
![Page 14: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 14
Cocci diseases (singular = coccus)
meningococci - meningococcal meningitis
(diplococci) streptococcus pyogenes - tonsillitis, pharyngitis, cellulitis
staphylococcus aureus - boils, carbuncles
pneumococci - pneumonia(diplococci)
Examples:
![Page 15: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 15
Bacilli diseases
Examples include:
Clostridium tetani - tetanus
Corynebacterium diphtheriae - diphtheria
Escherichia coli (E.Coli) – urinary tract infections
Pseudomonas aeruginosa - infected wounds
![Page 16: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 16
Bacterial disease examples: spiral shaped Spirilla:
Spirilla minus - rat bite fever
Vibrio: Vibrio cholerae - cholera
Spirochaete: Treponema pallidum - syphilis
Corkscrew shaped
![Page 17: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 17
CHOLERA
![Page 18: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 18
Specialised bacteria
Rickettsiae and chlamydiae o smaller than most bacteriao can only reproduce in living cells -
are therefore parasiteso rickettsiae often carried by fleas,
ticks, lice (vectors)Disease examples: Rickettsia australis - Queensland tick typhus Chlamydia trachomatis - trachoma, salpingitis
![Page 19: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 19
Specialised bacteria
Mycoplasma• ultramicroscopic bacteria• do not have a cell wall
Diseases caused:• certain respiratory and genital tract diseases
![Page 20: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 20
Viruses
• ultramicroscopic• no cell structure• no rigid cell wall• are intracellular parasites• can only reproduce within a host
cell• composed of either DNA or RNA
but not both• can lie dormant in cells with
activation occurring at a later time
![Page 21: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 21
VIRUS
![Page 22: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 22
Viruses
DNA viruses Herpes virus - herpes simplex, herpes
zoster Adenovirus - conjunctivitis, URTI Poxvirus - variola (smallpox)RNA viruses Paramyxovirus - colds, measles, mumps,
croup Piconavirus - infectious hepatitis A & B,
polio.Retroviruses Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) - AIDS Human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV) -
lymphoma
![Page 23: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 23
“BIRD FLU” VIRUS
![Page 24: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 24
SMALLPOX VIRUS
![Page 25: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 25
VIRUS
![Page 26: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 26
Fungi
• Plant organisms: mainly moulds and yeasts
• Do not contain chlorophyll• Present in soil, air, water• Multiply by producing spores• Most non-pathogenic• A few are pathogenic
![Page 27: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 27
Pathogenic fungi (mycoses)
Superficial:
skin, mucous membranes,
hair,nails
Intermediate:
subcutaneoustissue
Systemic:
deep tissues organs
3 types of mycotic infections
![Page 28: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 28
Fungi
Diseases causedDermatophytes:oTinea pedis - athlete’s footoTinea unguium – toenail
infectionsCandidiases (moniliasis):oCandida species - oral thrush,
skin infectionsoAspergillus - aspergillosis
(respiratory disease)
![Page 29: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 29
TINEA PEDIS
![Page 30: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 30
Parasites
• Survival requirements depend on a living organism – the host
• Parasite-host effects variable: from little damage to death
• Classification includes:helminths – multicellular animals (worms) e.g. flatworms (platyhelminths) : roundworms (nematodes) : flukes (trematodes)protozoa - single celled animal organisms transmitted to humans by insects
![Page 31: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 31
Pathogenic parasites
o Trematodes (flukes) : liver, lungs or intestinal infestation
o Nematodes – round worm infestation
o Echinococcus granulosis (dog tapeworm) – hydatid cysts
o Protozoa – malaria, toxoplasmosis
![Page 32: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 32
PEDICULI CAPITUS
![Page 33: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 33PEDICULI
![Page 34: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 34
Prevention
• Immunisation• Cleaning processes:
environment & equipment• Health status of staff, visitors
etc• Provision of clean water, food &
sanitation
![Page 35: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 35
Prevention
• PPE• Management of waste and
body fluids• Handwashing
![Page 36: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 36
Transmission modes the mode of movement of pathogen from exit point to
new host
Airborne:droplets
dust particles
Contact:direct
indirect
Ingestion:infected food/water/utensils/
objectshands
Vectors:Flies, rats, mosquitos
![Page 37: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 37
ENTRY POINT
ways in which pathogen enters the body
ingestion
inhalationbroken skin/
mucousmembranes
trans-placental
![Page 38: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 38
EXIT POINT
the point from which pathogens emerge to enable entry to a new site of residence
human exit points include:- breaks in skin and mucous membranes : discharging wounds- gastro-intestinal tract : faeces, vomitus, bile, drainage tube- respiratory tract : sneezing, coughing, expectorating sputum- urinary tract : infected urine- blood : bleeding wounds- reproductive tract : semen, vaginal discharge
![Page 39: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 39
Prevention
• Handwashing• Isolation• Cleaning systems:
environment and equipment• Use of appropriate PPE
![Page 40: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 40
SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
o Degree of resistance an individual has to a pathogen
o Resistance to disease influenced by such factors as:- healthy nutrition- adequate rest and sleep- effective management of stress- effective hygiene practices- adequate exercise
![Page 41: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 41
Prevention
• Procedures to manage indwelling lines: catheters, IV
• Aseptic techniques for wound care
• Handwashing• Immunisation• Treat disease processes • Encourage mobility, self care
![Page 42: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 42
BODY DEFENCES AGAINST INFECTION
External mechanical and chemical barriersFirst line of defence
Inflammatory responseSecond line of defence
Immune responseThird line of defence
Non-specific defences
Specific defences
![Page 43: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 43
External mechanical and chemical barriers
intact skin and mucous membranes: acid mantle, sweat, sebum, normal flora
gastro-intestinal tract: mucous membranes, normal bowel flora, saliva, stomach acidity, bile alkalinity
respiratory tract: mucous membranes, cilia, nasal secretions
eyes: tears urinary tract: acidity of urine
![Page 44: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 44
Inflammation
second line of body defence is non-specific: occurs whenever body
tissues are injured classic clinical manifestations:
- redness- heat- swelling- pain/tenderness
- restricted movement pus formation occurs when injured area
becomes infected
![Page 45: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 45
Inflammatory response
Tissue injured
Release of chemicals (e.g. histamine, kinins)
Blood vessels to dilateCapillaries to leakActivation of pain receptors
cause
![Page 46: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 46
Inflammation
Heat and rednessdue to vasodilation
resulting in increasedblood supply to injured
area
Tenderness/Paincaused by pressure on underlying sensory
nerve receptors from swelling.Send impulses to spinal cord to brain
Swelling (oedema)results from
capillary leakage intosurrounding
tissues
![Page 47: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 47
Pus
Mixture of: -dead or dying neutrophils-broken down tissue cells-dying and living pathogens
If area not completely cleared of infection, remnants become walled off to form an abscess
Surgical drainage may be necessary before healing occurs
![Page 48: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 48
Other non-specific defences
• Complement fixation- 22 plasma proteins
- attach to foreign cells • Interferons
- proteins secreted by virus infected cells
• Natural Killer Cells– Lymphocytes that destroy infectious microbes
plus certain spontaneously arising tumour cells • Fever
- temperature rise may kill certain pathogens
![Page 49: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 49
Phagocytosis
• Ingestion of microbes or any foreign particulate matter by cells called phagocytes
• Two major types of phagocyte:– Neutrophils (white blood cells)–Macrophages (scavenger cells
derived from monocytes)
![Page 50: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 50
Mechanism of Phagocytosis
• Three phases:– Chemotaxis – activated
complement proteins cause chemical attraction of phagocytes to a particular location
– Adherence – attachment of the plasma membrane of the phagocyte to the surface of the foreign material.
– Ingestion – the cell membrane of the phagocyte extends projections that engulf the micro-organism
![Page 51: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 51
Immune Response
o Third line of body defenceo Response is specific,
systematic and has a memory
o Cells of the immune system are:- B lymphocytes- T lymphocytes- Macrophages
![Page 52: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 52
Immune response
o Two kinds – closely allied o Both triggered by antigens
o Cell-mediated (cellular) immune responses (CMI)
o T cells proliferate into “killer” cells and directly attack the invading antigen
o Antibody-mediated (humoral) immune responses (AMI)
o B cells transform into plasma cells which synthesize and secrete specific proteins called antibodies or immunoglobulin's
![Page 53: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 53
Formation of T Cells and B Cells
• Both develop from haemopoietic stem cells in red bone marrow
• B cells complete maturity in bone marrow
• T cells leave as pre-T cells and migrate to the thymus gland to mature
![Page 54: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 54
Immune system cells
B lymphocytes:-produce antibodies(immunoglobulins)
T lymphocytes:-non-antibody
producing
Macrophages:-engulf foreign
particles
Humoral (antibodymediated) immunity
Cell mediated andhumoral immunity
Cell-mediated (cellular)immunity
![Page 55: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 55
Immunity
Any substance capable of
stimulating the immune system and
causing animmune response
Are immunoglobulins (Igs)
produced in the bodyin response to
Antigens
Five classes:- IgM, IgA, IgD,
- IgG, IgE
Antigens: (Ags) Antibodies: (Ab)
![Page 56: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 56
Functions of Antibodies
• Neutralizing antigen• Immobilization of bacteria• Agglutination and precipitation
of antigen• Activation of complement• Enhancing phagocytosis• Providing foetal and newborn
immunity
![Page 57: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 57
Immunity
Innate(genetic, inborn)
Acquired
Naturally acquired Artificially acquired
ActiveProtection acquired by
getting the disease
PassiveAntibodies passively cross
from mother to babyvia placenta or breast milk
ActiveProtection acquired by
immunisation with vaccinethat stimulates body toactively produce own
antibodies
PassiveProtection acquired by direct injection
of antibodies(immunoglobulins)
Ref: Tabbner, 2005, p.331 (Adapted from Herlihy and Maebius: 2000, p.354)
![Page 58: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 58
Immunological Memory
• Memory for certain antigens triggers immune responses
• Immune responses are much quicker and more intense after a second exposure to an antigen
• Basis for immunization
![Page 59: Microbiology 2014](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052411/556b9fc6d8b42a207e8b45e6/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Document Title (Editable via ‘Slide Master’) | Page 59
References
• Burton, G., and Engelkirk, P., (1999). Microbiology for the Health Sciences, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia
• TAFE Frontiers, (2003). Learners Resource: Microbiology and Wound Management, Dept. of Education, Employment and Training. Victoria
• Marieb, E., (2006). Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology (8E). Pearson. San Francisco
• Tortora, G. J., & Grabowski, S., (1996). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology (8 E). Harper Collins. New York