microbiology part i:microbiology & immunology part ii: pharmaceutical microbiology
TRANSCRIPT
Part 1 Microbiology & Immunology
•## Introduction to Microbiology----classification, history, & how Microorganisms affect human lives
•## Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes
•## Morphology, metabolism, reproduction
•## Physical factors that affect microbial growth•
General Microbiology
•## Antimicrobial chemotherapy
•## Normal flora & host parasite relationship
• ##Mechanisms of virulence
•## Virology, Parasitology, Mycology
• ## Immunology• # innate = physical & chemical
•(Phagocytosis, complement activation, interferons)
• • #Acquired = Naturally & artificially
•Humeral & cell-mediated immune responses
• ##Vaccines & vaccination program
•First exam. = 20 marks
•Second exam. = 20 marks
•Quiz & reports = 20 marks
•Final exam. = 40 marks
•Total = 100 marks
Is the biology of microorganisms.
-It is a bioscience for the study of the evolution, classification , morphology, physiology, genetics, ecology of microbes under certain definite conditions
The law of their life activities
and their interaction with human being, animals or
plants as well as with natural environment.
What are Microorganisms?
•. - Microorganisms
•--are minute living things that are too small to be seen by naked eye
•microscope
What are Microorganisms?
• -Viruses , bacteria, fungi, protozoa and some algae are all in this category
• -All with the exception of plants and animals
Branches of Microbiology
• Bacteria - Bacteriology
•Mycology - Fungus•Parasitology - Protozoology &
Helminthology
•Immunology - Host defenses
•Virology - Viruses
•Recombinant DNA technology
Microorganisms and Human Beings
•Beneficial activities: Most microbes are of benefit to human beings, some are
necessary( nitrogen, carbon cycles)
•Harmful activities: A portion of microbes cause diseases and are poisonous to human, and these are really that concern us in the study of Medical Microbiology, etc.
The Importance of Microbiology
•Ecological importance
•Maintaining the ecological balance in the environment )on the earth( by recycling chemical elements such as Carbon & Nitrogen between the soil & the atmosphere
The Importance of Microbiology
•Soil microbes help breakdown wastes &incorporate nitrogen gas from the air into organic compounds
•--certain microbes play important roles in photosynthesis (carbon)
•--a food & oxygen generating process that is critical to life on earth
The Importance of Microbiology
•Humans & many other animals depend on the microbes in their intestines
)microflora( for :
•The digestion & the synthesis of some vitamins that their bodies require
•some B vitamins = metabolism
• vitamin K = blood clotting
The Importance of Microbiology----Some microorganisms are used in
commercial & industrial application
# Industry: Chemicals --- organic acids ,enzymes & alcohol )ethanol, acetone, etc.(
# Food: cheese, yogurt, bread, pickles & vinegar
• #Drugs --- antibiotics )penicillin(
Modern Biotechnology & Recombinant DNA technology
•Biotechnology =practical application of microbiology to produce some common foods & chemicals
•Recombinant DNA technology=have been used to produce a number of natural proteins vaccines & enzymes
•Gene therapy=inserting missing gene or replacing defective one in human cells ,,,harmless virus to carry gene
•Recombinant DNA technology: A series of procedures that are used to join together )recombine( DNA segments. A recombinant DNA molecule is constructed from segments of two or more different DNA molecules. Under certain conditions, a recombinant DNA molecule can enter a cell and replicate there, either on its own or after it has been integrated into a chromosome.
•
•The use of microorganisms, such as bacteria or yeasts, or biological substances, such as enzymes, to perform specific industrial or manufacturing processes. Applications include the production of certain drugs, synthetic hormones, and bulk foodstuffs as well as the bioconversion of organic waste and the use of genetically altered bacteria in the cleanup of oil spills.
The Importance of Microbiology
•Environment: microbes used to treat sewage and clean up pollution
•Bioremediation
• microbes cultured for their ability to digest oil and other petroleum derivatives.
The History and Scope of Microbiology
• ##today we understand that microorganisms are found almost everywhere
• ##before the invasion of the microscope microbes were unknown to scientist
• ##thousands of people died in devastating epidemics, the causes of which were not understood
• ##entire families died because vaccination & antibiotics were not available to fight infections
The History and Scope of Microbiology
• ####we can get an idea of how our current concepts of Microbiology developed by looking at a few of the historic milestones in Microbiology that have changed our lives
Experience phase
The most important discovery in the history of biology occurred in 1665 with crude microscope ,
Robert Hooke report that living thing are made of small unite (cells) Cell Theory
Experience phase
•Cell theory = all living things are composed of cells
•The structure & functions of cells were based on this theory
•Robert Hooke 1665 )English( = reported that life’s smallest structural units were cells
Experience phase
•Anton van Leewenhoek )Dutch merchant( 1673 = the first to actually observe live microorganisms through the magnifying lens
•He made detailed drawings
•(bacteria & protozoa)
Experimental phase
Spontaneous generation = living organisms could arise from non-living matter
Dr. Francsco Redi )1668( tried to disprove it
He demonstrated that maggots appear on decaying meat only when flies are able to lay eggs on meat
Experimental phase
Louis Pasteur )French( 1861
He was Able to disproved the spontaneous generation and proved the Biogenesis theory the development of aseptic techniques used in the laboratory & medical procedures to prevent contamination by microorganisms
Louis Pasteur
Fermentation & pasteurizationYeast ferment sugars alcoholBacteria oxidize alcohol acetic acid
Heating process is used to kill bacteria in milk
Louis Pasteur
•Introduced “Germ Theory of Disease” = causal relationship between microorganism & disease
•.
•Developed Pasteur treatment for preventing rabies
•Disproved spontaneous generation
•Biogenesis theory
•Fermentation
•Pasteurization
•Rabies treatment
•Germ theory of disease
Germ Theory of Disease
•Microorganisms cause disease
•Robert Koch )1876( proved that a particular microorganism cause a particular disease
Vaccination –immunity (= resistance to a particular disease) is conferred by inoculation with a vaccine
•Pasteur )1880( discovered that avirulant bacteria could be used as a vaccine for cholera )vaccine(
•Now modern vaccines are prepared from living or killed pathogens
•Recombinant DNA techniques
The Birth of modern Chemotherapy: “Dreams of Magic Bullet”
•Treatment of disease by using chemical substances Chemotherapy
•If prepared from chemical in the laboratory
synthetic drugs
Or produced by Microorganism
Antibiotics
Modern Biotechnology & Recombinant DNA technology
•Biotechnology =practical application of microbiology to produce some common foods & chemicals
•Recombinant DNA technology=have been used to produce a number of natural proteins vaccines & enzymes
•Gene therapy=inserting missing gene or replacing defective one in human cells harmless virus to carry gene
•Anton van Leewenhoek
•Louis Pasteur
•Robert Koch
•Joseph Lister
•Paul Ehrlich
•Alexander Fleming
•Edward Jenner
Types of Microorganisms •Bacteria )singular: bacterium( are relatively
simple single-celled prokaryotes•Cell shape are either rods or coccus
•Enclosed in cell wall largely composed of carbohydrate and protein complex called peptidoglycan
•Bacteria reproduce by binary fission •For nutrition, most bacteria use organic
chemicals derived from living or nonliving
•Some can do photosynthesis•Some are motile
Archae•Like bacteria
•Cell wall lack peptidoglycan-
•Extremely salty environment
•Not cause disease in human
•microorganisms that are composed of single or multicellular Eukarya
• -Algae - Fungi - Protozoa - Helminths
•Are photosynthesis Eukaryotes with wide variety of shapes
•Reproduce sexually or asexually•Cell wall like plants are compose of
cellulose •Algae are abundant in
fresh water and saltPlay an important role in
the balance of nature (produce Oxygen&
carbohydrates)Major food source of
small aquatic animals
•Fungi (singular: fungus) are Eukaryotes
•They may be unicellular (yeast)- are oval in shape larger than bacteria
• OR• multicellular (mold)- form visible masses called mycelia
compose of long filaments ( hyphae)cottony growths on bread&fruit.(
•Large multicellular like mushroom look somewhat like plant but they are not photosynthesis
•Cell wall compose of chitin
•Fungi reproduce sexually or asexually •They absorbing solution of organic materials to get their
nourishements
•Protozoa are unicellular Eukaryotic microbes
•Move by flagella, cilia, pseudopods
•Have variety of shapes ,
•Lives free or as parasite
•They absorb or ingest organic compounds from their environment
•They reproduce by sexually or asexually
Multicellular animal parasites
Helminths included:
•Flat helminths and round helminths
•During some stages of their life cycle, helminths are microscopic in size
Viruses are differ from all others They are so small that need electron microscopy to be seenthey are acellular )not cellular(Structurally very simple:
core made of only one type of nucleic acid ) either DNA, or RNA(This core surrounded by protein coatSometimes this coat is enclosed by an additional layer , a lipid layer called envelopeViruses can reproduce only by using the cellular )Replication( ٌmachinery of the host ,living when inside living cell , non living outside