Microbiology

ReviewEOG ReviewMay 12-16

Microbe• Small organism you can only see with

a microscope• Ex. Virus, bacteria, protist, protozoa

Some microbes can be pathogens…

• Pathogen: something that causes a disease

• Ex. Virus, bacteria, parasite

• Remember: Not all microbes can cause disease. There’s good bacteria, too!

Virus• Non-living pathogen• Does not need to eat• Needs a host cell to reproduce

• Prevention: VACCINE

• Treatment: Anti-viral meds (NOT antibiotics)

• Ex. Influenza, Common Cold (Rhinovirus), West Nile Virus, Ebola, HIV, Polio, Chicken Pox

Bacteria• Living pathogen• Prokaryote, single celled• Found EVERYWHERE!

• 3 Shapes: Rod, Round, Spiral

• Treatment: Antibiotics• Take all prescribed – or could

become RESISTANT!

Bacteria cont.• GOOD

1. Digestion

2. Help decompose

3. Bioremediation

4. Water Treatment

(break down sewage)

• BAD• Cause disease

Protist/Protozoa•Eukaryotic Cells

1. Paramecium – cilia (small hairs)

2. Amoeba – pseudopod (fake foot)

3. Volvox - colonies, flagella

4. Euglena – flagella (whip-like tail)

Fungi• Eukaryotic

• Feeds off other organism

• Treatment: antifungal meds

• Ex. Athletes foot, Ringworm, Yeast Infection

How Diseases Spread

•Vector: Organism that spreads disease

• Ex. Tick, mosquito, rat

How Diseases Spread

Epidemic• Outbreak of

disease in a community or region

• NOT over entire continent or world

Pandemic• World-wide

epidemic

• OR epidemic over whole continent

Genetic Modification• AKA Biotechnology

• Changing genes and DNA for other uses

• Ex. Cloning – identical copies using DNA

• Ex. Medicine – making vaccines• Ex. Agriculture – pest-resistant crops

CELLS

Cells

•All living things have cells•Prokaryotic: NO nucleus

(Pro=No)•Eukaryotic: YES nucleus

(Eu=Yes)

Organelle: Parts of a cell

• Nucleus: control center

• Mitochondria: makes energy, Cellular Respiration

• Cell Membrane: “gate keeper,” surrounds cell

• Chloroplast: photosynthesis, only in plant cells

Photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration

Takes place in chloroplast in plantsMakes food for plants, gives us oxygen

CO2 + H2O + Sunlight C6H12O6 + O2

Takes place in mitochondria in animalsMakes energy

C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ENERGY

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Mitosis: Cell divides Makes 2 identical new cells

Helps replace old cells

Meiosis: Sex cell divides Makes 4 different gametes (sperm,

egg)

PMAT• Prophase: prepare

• Metaphase: middle

• Anaphase: away

• Telophase: two nuclei

• Cytokinesis: two cells

In Mitosis, this happens once.

In Meiosis, this happens TWICE!

Cancer

•Uncontrolled mitosis•Cells divide out of control•Caused by a mutation in

cell DNA