Theory and Design

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What is an Embedded System An Embedded System is a

microprocessor based system that is embedded as a subsystem, in a larger system (which may or may not be a computer system).

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OI

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Application areas Automotive electronics

Aircraft electronics

Trains

Telecommunication

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Application areas

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• Authentication• Authentication

• Military applications• Military applications

• Medical systems• Medical systems

Essential ComponentsMicroprocessor SensorsConverters (A-D and D-A)ActuatorsMemory (On-chip and Off chip)Communication path with the interacting

environment

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Memory

Processor A-D

Sensor D-A

Actuator

Essential ConsiderationsResponse Time -- Real Time SystemsAreaCostPortabilityLow Power (Battery Life)

Fault Tolerance

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Design Issues(Hardware-Software Co-design)System Specification

Functions, Real Time Constraints, Cost and Power Constraints

Hardware Software PartitioningHardware Synthesis SimulationImplementation

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General Characteristics of Embedded SystemsPerform a single task

Usually not general purposeIncreasingly high performance and real time

constrainedPower, cost and reliability are important

considerationsHW-SW systems

Software is used for more features and flexibility

Hardware (processors, ASICs, memory etc. are used for performance and security

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Classification of Embedded SystemsDistributed and Non distributed

Reactive and Transformational

Control dominated and Data dominated

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“ The New York Times has estimated that the averageAmerican comes into contact with about 60 micro-processors every day....”

Latest top-level BMWs contain over 100 micro-processors[Personal communication]

Most of the functionalityof embedded systemswill be implemented in software!

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MICROCONTROLLERMICROCONTROLLER ( 89C2051) ( 89C2051)

The AT 89C2051 is a low voltage, high performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 2K bytes of flash programmable memory.

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Pin diagram

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Qualities of 89C2051 microcontrollerQualities of 89C2051 microcontroller

Cost effectiveness.Cost effectiveness.89C2051 has only 15 I/O lines so, port1 and port3 89C2051 has only 15 I/O lines so, port1 and port3

are only available on it.are only available on it.The architecture of 89C2051 does not support The architecture of 89C2051 does not support

any external address/data bus and therefore any external address/data bus and therefore RD,WR signals are absent .RD,WR signals are absent .

The 89C2051 also supports full-duplex serial The 89C2051 also supports full-duplex serial communication and six interrupt sources.communication and six interrupt sources.

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